NUS LANDSCAPE : Tagore Forest Landscape Scenarios

TAGORE FOREST LANDSCAPE SCENARIOS

Landscape Architectural Approaches for a Housing Development in a Tropical City

NUS School of Design and Environment | Department of Architecture

LA4701 MLA Studio: Quarter, 8 Aug - 14 Nov 2016

Amanda Jennifer Chandra | Bai Zhuhui | Dai Junwei | Sun Hao Jen Ashley | Wu Yitong | Yan Ran

Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye

As a studio product which is not censored, It may contain mistakes or deficiencies, and proposed ideas may not represent the position of NUS.

Published by

CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment

National University of Singapore

4 Architecture Drive

Singapore 117566

Tel: +65 65163452

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2017 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-11-1954-5

TAGORE FOREST LANDSCAPE SCENARIOS

Landscape Architectural Approaches for a Housing Development in a Tropical City

NUS School of Design and Environment | Department of Architecture

LA4701 MLA Studio: Quarter, 8 Aug - 14 Nov 2016

Amanda Jennifer Chandra | Bai Zhuhui | Dai Junwei | Sun Hao Jen Ashley | Wu Yitong | Yan Ran

Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566

Tel: +65 65163452

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2017 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN:978-981-11-1954-5

STUDIO INTRODUCTION

Tagore Forest Landscape Scenarios_ landscape architectural approaches for a housing development in a tropical city

Hwang Yun Hye, Assistant Professor, Masters Program of Landscape Architecture, Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore

Background

Singapore’s land was originally covered by primary rainforests, mangroves and freshwater forests, harboring thousands of floral and faunal species in a complex tropical lowland forest ecosystem typical of the region (Wee & Corlett 1986; Ng et al., 2011). However, the clearing of land for settlements, starting from the colonial period of the late 1800s and culminating in the post-war urbanization of the 1960s, have resulted in widespread deforestation, leaving less than 5% of the original habitats intact (Tan, 2010; Ng et al., 2011). Over the years, these local habitats have further decreased and deteriorated as they become increasingly fragmented due to urban growth (Brook, Sodhi, & Ng, 2003; Corlett, 1992; Laurance, 1999). Land development in Singapore continues unabated and is projected to further accelerate, based on population policy announcements (NPTD, 2013) as well as newly released URA plan (The Planning Act Master Plan Written Statement 2014).

Under the ‘Garden City’ initiative and its successor, ‘City in a Garden’ (“City in a Garden,” 2015), nearly half of the land area of Singapore has been covered by manmade vegetation, consisting of both highly managed greenery and spontaneously vegetated areas (A.T.K. Yee & Richard T, 2011). Managed greenery includes urban parks and neighborhood open spaces, as well as streetscapes lined by trimmed trees and manicured lawns. These types of greenery are regarded as the representative landscape in Singapore, featuring a parkland aesthetic likened to the ‘English Garden’ which is now widely preferred by the public (Khew, Yokohari, & Tanaka, 2014; Yuen, Kong, & Briffett, 1999) and subtly promoted by the national greening policies. However, despite their widespread social acceptance, these green spaces tend to be low in biodiversity and provides few ecosystem functions (Yee, Corlett, Liew, & Tan, 2011). Meanwhile, the value of minimally managed or unmanaged greenery such as lowland forests, freshwater swamp forests, and scrublands have been overlooked since these are often viewed as temporary landscapes waiting to be developed. Many future residential and commercial developments labelled on the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Masterplan are sited on these ‘transitory’ green areas, which usually consists of forests and scrublands. This approach to urban development may be problematic, as the fallowing green areas possess inherent ecological and cultural values that are ignored in the planning process. As calls for conservation are often seen as impractical in the economically-driven state, alternative design and planning approaches are needed to address the social and ecological consequences of rapid development.

Both managed and unmanaged greenery in Singapore have potential to contribute to improving the health of the urban ecosystem and the diversity of urban wildlife (Tan, 2010). It is unhelpful to see economic development and environmental conservation in a zero-sum game, where a clear winner or loser emerges in any contestation over a land lot slated for development. Instead, we look to find means of reconciling these objectives that are currently framed in opposition to each other and develop design strategies that could address socio-cultural, economic and environmental concerns. surrounding context. Students should choose his/her own site within the woodland or in its immediate periphery, based on problem statements and topics arising during the research period, aided by the various design exercises and input sessions.

A 30hectre small patch of fallowing land in Ang Mo Kio district has grown into a mature secondary forest since the former kampong and its accompanying landscape was phased out in the 1970s. Currently, the Tagore forest has become an important stopover for wildlife moving to/from the central catchment Nature Reserve. According to Nature Society Singapore (NSS)’s report (2016), this fairly undisturbed area is distinctively rich in biodiversity - It is home to more than 32 noteworthy plants, several critically endangered animals including the Sunda pangolin, Sunda slow loris, banded leaf monkey and 71 forest birds species that could be further threatened if connective elements such as corridors and stopovers are lost or diminished. The forest is also regularly utilized by some member of the community. Along several informal footpaths and two scenic freshwater streams running through the both sides of the forest, recreationists can be seen trekking, strolling, and cycling towards Lower Seretar Reservoir. Sporadic informal ‘home gardens’, residents whom enjoy living near the greenery and bird watchers can also be spotted along the forest bordering estates, offering a vestige of the old kampong life that once thrived in the area. The forest patch is bounded by a 6-lane wide major road along the east side of the nature reserve (West), 4-lane wide neighbourhood road (East and South) and major highways SLE (North), making cross-boundary connectivity a challenge. It is also surrounded by a business district and two residential towns (Teachers’ Housing Estate, & Lentor Estate) which consist of private landed houses, low-rise condominiums, institutions & industrial areas, several new development plots, and reserved sites for future development. These neighboring built environments are neither distinctive nor varied; they are typically landscaped of private house estates with monotonous greenery, similar streetscapes and cookiecutter plans with catalogue recreational facilities inserted in every cluster. Such homogenous landscapes are conducive neither to the formation of a neighborhood identity nor to the establishment of a healthy ecological network, calling into question current design and planning approaches which ignore the specificities of site context.

In the 2014 URA master plan, the site is zoned as a reserved area for future use and residential housings – it is expected to be developed into several private housing clusters serving residential functions and connected to the new Lentor MRT station (Thomson-East Coast Line). Massive construction and earthworks will be slated to begin in the third quarter of this year, two rare freshwater streams will likely be cleared, and main infrastructure including concrete drains, sewers, and roads will be gradually introduced within five years. According to the recent news (Strait Times, June 2016), the URA and associate authorities (NParks) have decided to save two forested plots for at least five years, to implement a wildlife management plan for preserving or relocating critical animals and plants, and to soften the surroundings through a naturalized canal and community parks. Meanwhile, NSS highlights the significant role as a mature forest in terms of provision of ecosystem services while proposing a phase development plan to ensure buffers of two streams, reforestation along existing green corridors, and noncanalization of the river to promote aquatic and marshland wildlife.

How can we compensate for the potential environmental impact while meeting the increasing commercial and housing demands? Given the city’s development requirements, how could initial infrastructure planning be guided towards a more ecologically sustainable direction? Should the woodland be largely conserved as a destination nature park or could it be developed in an environmentally responsible fashion? Beyond simply preserving the site, can landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater ecological functions and diversity into the urban context? How can design promote a healthier lifestyle that is closer to nature for city dwellers? The studio seeks to answer these questions by devising new strategies and design applications of ecological principles, predicated on deep awareness of the multi-faceted nature of our city landscape and the intricate feedbacks between social and ecological factors in the city.

The Tagore forest patch is selected as a ‘landing’ site and serves as a point of reference for all design activities – sites selected should be inspired by findings from the woodland and its surrounding context. Students should choose his/her own site within the woodland or in its immediate periphery, based on problem statements and topics arising during the research period, aided by the various design exercises and input sessions.

Design Principle and Approach

The studio aims to highlight the value of natural resources and ecological services, and propose ways to integrate them into our urban environments. We capitalize on the academic nature of the studio to develop ideas and schemes free of restrictions commonly faced in the practice, and beyond any constraints of political correctness. Multiple issues such as identity, multi-functionality, and livability will be examined. Students are also expected to develop their ability to read existing landscapes, to assess the environmental impact of design and planning decisions, and to convert their vision into a feasible landscape architectural form.

In this studio, we also emphasize the importance of designing with reference to principles. Specifically, we look to the field of urban ecology to provide guidelines and tenets for formulating design strategies and proposals. As a starting point, we present below a set ecological urbanism concepts and their design implications proposed by Spirn (2011). However, these are not meant to serve as design restrictions and limitations, and students are encouraged to also read and reference other materials to guide their project.

- Cities are habitats : Design the city as a life-sustaining and life-enhancing habitat/ Celebrate the natural processes that shape the urban habitat and that sustain life, make them tangible and understandable

- Cities are ecosystems: Design the city as a whole, as well as every park, building, and district within that larger whole, as ecosystems that require minimal inputs of energy and resources to build and sustain

- Urban ecosystems are connected and dynamic: Identify and portray the interplay of natural and social processes that shape and structure the city / Address social and environmental challenges within appropriate boundaries at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales / Define multi-purpose solutions to comprehensively defined problems/ Take account of history

- Every city has a deep structure or enduring context: Adapt the physical shape and structure of a city – the infrastructure of roads and sewers, the buildings and parks – to its deep structure

- Urban design is a powerful tool of adaptation: Design resilient cities / Act comprehensively and incrementally.

In order to facilitate the studio objectives, six basic studio approaches will be emphasized during the entire semester. Ultimately, a high degree of invention, pragmatism and practicality is expected in the planning and design proposals.

- Research centered design: there will be an emphasis in exploring the relationship between documentation and analytical research through diverse conceptual frameworks.

- Site specificity: design is based on strong awareness of the geographical characteristics of the surveyed sites, locality and reality.

- Wide ranging spectrum: the spectrum of research happens across scales, from a neighborhood-scaled plan to a landscape detail such as a tree in a resting place.

- Urban ecology: mapping exercises provide understanding of the ecological systems and feedbacks in the site and surrounding context to inform design decisions.

- Multi-functionality: urban landscapes can potentially encompass various functional layers. Students are encouraged to produce solutions that address multiple concerns simultaneously.

- Environmental justice: human and nature may have different demands, but the research takes into consideration an ecologically sustainable direction overall.

Studio Structure

This is the first studio in Master programme of Landscape Architecture with participants from fourth year in NUS architecture and graduates from other universities in bachelor of Landscape architecture or associated fields. The 14-week period consists of 3 weeks of preliminary research to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from professionals and field trips to identify problems and challenges. The next 3 weeks are devoted to applied research activities (including site observation & measurements, interviews with residents and other relevant persons, and detailed mappings) to acquire relevant knowledge while building design strategies. The last 8 weeks focus on design application, which will culminate in a convincing design solution for the issues identified by the individual designers. A group of experts including ecologists from the Nature Society Singapore and National Parks Board, housing planners from URA, and NUS MLA lecturers will assist students in avoiding the pitfalls of shallow and superficial interventions in this academic exercise. The guidance will offer immediate and accurate perspectives on the causes and consequences of deforestation on the island, as well as how urban ecology principles can be applied to address these issues.

Students were tasked to work as individuals and in groups according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. Designers ended up with an individual project or small group projects after discussing with tutors. Every student was also expected to contribute to studio management and documentation tasks, including leading the group (Schedule planning / Field trip planning / Presentation preparation), editing materials for studio publications (Publication / Diary / Photo documentation of studio process), managing information and resources (Sharing and collating references / Data management / IVLE management).

References

Brook, Barry W, Sodhi, Navjot S, & Ng, Peter K L. (2003). Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature, 424, 420 - 423.

City in a Garden. (2015, 15/01/2015). Retrieved 21/07/2015, 2015, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/about-us/cityin-a-garden Corlett, Richard T. (1992). The Ecological Transformation of Singapore, 1819-1990. Journal of Biogeography, 19(4), 411-420.

Khew, JoanneYuTing, Yokohari, Makoto, & Tanaka, Toshinori. (2014). Public Perceptions of Nature and Landscape Preference in Singapore. Human Ecology, 42(6), 979-988. doi: 10.1007/s10745-014-9709-x

Laurance, William F. (1999). Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis. Biological Conservation, 91, 109-117.

NPTD. (2013). A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore Population White Paper. Singapore: National Population and Talent Division.The Planning Act Master Plan Written Statement 2014. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/~/media/ User%20Defined/URA%20Online/master-plan/master-plan2014/Written-Statement-2014.ashx.

Spirn, A. W. (2011). Ecological urbanism: a framework for the design of resilient cities. Retrieved from http://annewhistonspirn. com/pdf/spirn_ecological_urbanism-2011.pdf

Sustainable Singapore Blueprint. (2015). Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources and Ministry of National Development, Singapore, from http://www.mewr.gov.sg/ssb/files/ssb2015.pdf.

Tan, Tiang Wah Hugh (2010). The Natural Heritage of Singapore (3rd ed.). Singapore ; New York: Prentice Hall.

Yee, A. T. K., Corlett, Richard T., Liew, S. C., & Tan, Hugh T. W. (2011). The vegetation of Singapore - an updated map. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, 63(1&2), 205-212.

Yuen, Belinda, Kong, Lily, & Briffett, Clive. (1999). Nature and the Singapore resident. GeoJournal, 49(3), 323331. doi: 10.1023/A:1007060728210

CHRONOLOGY

8 August - 14 November 2016

Studio Orientation

Our studio begun with a studio orientation by studio tutor, Prof Hwang Yun Hye. The students were assigned a couple of exercises to be completed throughout the course of the semester.

Exercise 1 was issued, an assignment based on the understanding of ecological design principles and strategies, students were tasked to apply relevant the ecological theories on the Tagore forested area.

Exercise 2 was assigned in a bid for students to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the site through three types of research activities, namely a) Theoretic investigation b) Physical condition c) Intangible contents. The students were tasked to comprehend a series of readings, and translate their understanding into contextual studies.

Studio Orientation

Our studio begun with a studio orientation by studio tutor, Prof Hwang Yun Hye. The students were assigned a couple of exercises to be completed throughout the course of the semester.

Seminar Session 1 by Dr Ho Hua Chew

Exercise 1 was issued, an assignment based on the understanding of ecological design principles and strategies, students were tasked to apply relevant the ecological theories on the Tagore forested area.

Exercise 2 was assigned in a bid for students to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the site through three types of research activities, namely a) Theoretic investigation b) Physical condition c) Intangible contents. The students were tasked to comprehend a series of readings, and translate their understanding into contextual studies.

Seminar Session 1 by Dr Ho Hua Chew

the secondary forest has a very high potential of transforming primary forest, given time.

, whereby the group attempted to track the location of the streams, and established that forest used to be a rubber plantation. Shawn verified that

After the seminars, there was a sharing and pinup session among peers with regard to their individual contextual studies, selected accordingly from their areas of interests. Topics such as vegetation, biodiversity, hydrology and urban infrastructure were shared.

for an understanding on the workings and importance of urban forest ecology.

MLA 2016.indd 19 9/12/2016 5:20:25 PM

Exercise 1 & 2 Final Presentation

The final presentation of Exercise 1 & 2 was joined by

The students presented their findings in the categories of “Physical” and “Intangible” aspects of the site. These information were imperative to the design process in the later phase of the semester.

The students were required to propose their issue statements and also look for suitable approaches to resolve them.

5 Sep Proposal of Issues

19 Sep Mid Review

4 guest reviewers were invited for the mid review session, namely, Mr Tan Kit Chuan from NParks; Dr Abdul Rahim Hamid, Research Fellow of NUS Department of Architecture, Dr Jessica Cook, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture, and Mr Ryan Shubin, Landscape Architect from Ramboll Dreiseitl.

The reviewers gave the students a myriad of advice and offered design suggestions regarding their individual research and site issues and how the students could possibly progress towards a design.

Following the Mid Review, Dr Mark McDonnell joined the studio in a session and the students presented their project schemes to him. The session was fruitful, whereby he contributed valuable advice as to how they could proceed with their design.

26 Sept Mid Review Follow Up

10 Oct Design Development

During this period, the students focused on the development of their design strategies, making them more realistic and specific to their sites.

Students returned to their targeted site to confirm feasibility of their design proposal with studio tutor

26 Oct Last Site Visit to Confirm Design Feasibility

29 Oct Design Feasibility Consultation

A studio session is conducted with Mr Tobias Baur from Ramboll Dreiseitl, who is an experienced landscape architect. The students presented their design development and the session concluded on a favourable note whereby he gave advice crucial to the progress of their projects.

More intensive studio sessions were needed to further refine individual works.

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

TAGORE HISTORICAL TIMELINE Changes of Landscape and Landuse

Sources: NUS Geography Department NHB (www.nhb.gov.sg)

URA Ang Mo Kio Planning Report 1996 https://www.cardcow.com/images/set548/ card00060_fr.jpg https://remembersingapore.org

LANDUSE

Resource: URA Masterplan 2014

HYDROLOGY

Natural Waterbodies

Manmade Waterbodies

Watershed

Water Direction

2 km N

CHARACTERISTIC OF NATURE STREAM

CHARACTERISTIC OF NATURE

STREAM

CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL STREAM

Lentor Stream

Lentor Stream

Lentor Stream

Nature lover’s track

Nature lover’s track

Wild Pig(RC)

Tagore Stream

Tagore Stream

Tagore Stream

Angiopteris evecta

Dracaena fragrans

Solfshell Turtle

Fishing Gardening

Fishing Gardening

Pennisetum purpureum

Painted Bronzeback(WC)

Dieffenbachia amoena Asian Toad(WC)

D-D Section

Plan A

Plan B

Plan B

C-C Section

A-A Section

Elaeis guineensis

Ficus variegata Elaeis guineensis Dracaena fragrans

Iguanura geonomiformis

Pennisetum purpureum

Long-tailed Macaque(WC) Areca catechu

Common Treeshrew(WC)

Caryota mitis

Dieffenbachia amoena

Malayan Giant Frog(RC)

D-D Section

Plan C

Angiopteris

Areca

Spotted

Copper-cheeked Frog(RC)

Elaeocarpus

Pennisetum

geonomiformis

Plan A

Plan C

Angiopteris evecta Spathodea campanulata Areca catechu

Areca catechu Leea umbraculifera

Hevea brasiliensis

Indochinese SpoGed Barb(WC)

mastersii Horsfieldia polyspherula

House Gecko(WC)

catechu Aglaonema commutatum

Asplenium longissimum Caryota mitis

Pennisetum purpureum

Masked Rough-sided Frog(RU)

Musa acuminata

Dieffenbachia amoena

Musa acuminata

purpureum

Bamboo

Bamboo

Durio zibethinus Pellacalyx axillaris

Caryota mitis

Caryota mitis Caryota mitis Aglaonema commutatum

The middle of the main island contains a number of rounded hills; west and southwest the land is a series of low ridges, while east and southeast, the land is generally flat.The highest point of Singapore is Bukit Timah at only 545 ft. (166 m), while the lowest point is the Strait of Singapore (0 m).

Composition

Sand is typically imported mostly from Indonesia, but also from the other neighbouring countries of Malaysia, Thailand and Cambodia.

Deforestation

Excavation and filling analysis

Height analysis; the lower area accounted 17ha which is much better for vegetation and store water.

Slope analysis: the area accounted for 18ha where slope is smaller is approriate for infrustructure.

SINGAPORE WILDLIFE MAP

Habitats and Related Organisms

FAUNA HABITATS

Source From : Flora Fauna Web. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from https://florafaunaweb.nparks. gov.sg/Home.aspx B. (n.d.).

Animals that visit the durian tree, Durio zibethinus. Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http:// www.besgroup.org/2014/05/01/animals-that-visit-the-durian-tree-durio-zibethinus/ Refer. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://refer.dnzhishi.com news/2015/0423/277674.html

Bird Ecology Study Group, Nature Society (Singapore). (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://besgroup.blogspot.sg/2007/01/breeding-ecology-of-little-tern-6.html

Simpoh air (Dillenia suffruticosa) on the Shores of Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/others/dillenia/suffruticosa.htm

EDGE BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURE

Edge Structure

Edge Shape

Eight common boundary type

Patch Shape

Edge Management and Strategy

Boundary arrangement for protecting a natural resouce area

PRECEDENTS: EDGE MANAGEMENT IN SINGAPORE

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

HISTORICAL CHANGES OF NATURE RESERVE Changes of Edge and Landuse

EDGE IN TAGORE NEIGHBOURHOOD

Tagore Forest Structure

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ANALYSIS Surface Temperature at Site

VEGETATION SPECIES MAPPING

VEGETATION HABITAT MAPPING

Locations in Tagore forest

OVERLAYING VALUABLE FAUNA AND VEGETATION HABITATS

There is a positive correlation between these two mappings.The areas that are overlapped are the valuable patches for both animal habitats and forests.

The studio is divided into different teams to consider the different aspects on site and to come up with ideal scenarios to safeguard the interest on site according to the different scenarios.

The issues considered are:

1) Forest Conservation & Inserting Habitats

2) Water & Edge Conditions

3) Accessibility & Resource Management

RECOMMENDED SCENARIOS GIS results

VARIOUS LANDSCAPES IN TAGORE FOREST

Sources: URA Masterplan 2014 (www.ura.gov.sg) Google Maps (www.maps.google.com)

HABITATS / LANDUSE

Size and Connectivity of Major Habitat in Singapore

Distribution of secondary forests on land zoned for residential, commercial, institutional and reserve sites in URA Master Plan (2014)

Source: Puay Yok Tan Yuanqiu Feng Yun Hye Hwang , (2016),”Deforestation in a tropical compact city (Part A)”, Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, Vol. 5 Iss 1 pp. 47 - 72

ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION

Source: Abdul Hamid, A. R. 2015. Ecological Networks, Their Application For Biodiversity Conservation In An Urbanized Environment. Doctoral Dissertation. National University of Singapore

PROPOSED SCENARIO FOR NATURE CONSERVATION

PROPOSALS

CONSERVING TAGORE: REHABILITATING AN URBAN FOREST

Sun Hao Jen Ashley P90

CLIMATE SENSITIVE LANDSCAPE INFRASTRUCTURE

Yan Ran P107

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN TAGORE FOREST

Dai Junwei P117

TAGORE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS A FOREST EDGE

Amanda Jennifer Chandra P133

INSERTED URBAN GREENERY AS LOCAL HABITAT

Bai Zhuhui P149

INTERWOVEN WATERSCAPE OF TAGORE FOREST ESTATE

Wu Yitong P165

CONSERVING TAGORE: REHABILITATING AN URBAN FOREST

Sun Hao Jen Ashley

Since independence, Singapore managed to industrialize rapidly and has continuously managed the changing demands of the demography and the economy. In order to establish urban habitats for the people, much of the secondary forests in Singapore have given way to the built environment. Our site of focus, the Tagore Forest faces a similar threat of being repurposed into community estates, catered for the growing population.

This project aims to reconcile the conflict of reducing forest size in the face of urban development, while conserving the biodiversity of the forest. Design of the project revolves around expanding habitats for specific wildlife endangered species, which calls for a heterogeneous mix of patches with variable cover, species and stand age classes. Cultivating a forest in a city means creating favorable conditions with foresight over long periods of time, because forests are slow growing.

In addition, this urban forest project aims to be responsive to the needs of the local residents. Some urban residents may be unfamiliar with and even fearful of the dense wooded territory. While improvement of forest biodiversity and potential benefits are prioritized, residents living nearby should play a part in enjoying the forest as a recreational space. Alternative forms of the human-forest intervention is proposed to encourage emotional attachment to the forest as a respite within the city, a place for social interaction and a way to connect to a new home. These interventions are namely using balconies as elevated boardwalks, inviting residents to partake in community gardening and allowing the gardens to mature into wild forest buffers after 20 years so as to widen the forest corridor. This urban forest landscape hopes to inspire attachment to place by extending the spectrum of outdoor sensory experiences and offering people an active role in preserving the forest.

IDENTIFYING VALUABLE PATCHES FOR TARGET FAUNA

CLIMATE SENSITIVE LANDSCAPE INFRASTRUCTURE

Yan Ran

While the forest will be replaced by residential areas in the future, the increase of intensity of development will worsen microclimate condition, as well as fragmentation of habitat. This project aims to propose a multifunctional landscape infrastructure to minimize the urban heat island effect and facilitate wildlife movement while keeping the infrastructure functions according to the need of the users.

Three main strategies are proposed. Firstly, a suitable location of the road is chosen according to the topography in order to reduce the soil waste for road construction. The existing large canopy trees are maintained by increasing the density of the vegetation structure. The road parallel to prevailing wind is fully utilized as efficient ventilation corridor. Secondly, to provide a microclimate adaptive cooler promenade for people. Some ecological methods will be introduced here such as vegetated swale that can induce evaporative cooling to the surrounding. Additionally, micro-topography based on existing topography is created to bring different air pressure and consequently creating air flow. Besides that, existing water feature is used to create a linear park to provide more cooling effect. In addition, homezone street type and shared street space provide a living street with more activity functions. Low speed vehicular permeable roads minimize the heat island effect. Thirdly, trees for fauna’s food resource are inserted along the street. There is continuity of the tree canopies on both sides of the street to allow the arboreal creatures to move around.

TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS

ANIMAL HABITATS

DESIGN REQUIREMENT

ROAD NETWORK PLANNING

Possible Juctions

Forest & Stream

Contour

GPR Distribution

Total area: 30.29ha

Road area:4.69ha

Road porpotion:15.5%

Average GPR:2.2

Sun Path & Prevailing

Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sep

Wind Analysis (Nov - Mar)

Roads in the direction parallel to the prevailing wind can be used as ventilation corridor.

Shade Analysis

Overlay of the shade on 10am, 13pm, 17pm all year round

ROAD TYPOLOGY BASED ON WIND AND SHADE

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. There are not much shadow on the road.

Wind is blocked by the buildings. There are a lot shadow on the road.

Road direction is parallel to prevailing wind. Roads are near to the stream.

Road direction is parallel to prevailing wind. Roads are near to the forest.

Road direction is not parallel to prevailing wind. Roads are near to the forest.

Type A

Type C

Type D

Type E

Type B

ROAD DESIGN PROPOSAL

Keep more green volume and shaded area.

Vegetated swale induce evaporative cooling to the surrounding. Micro topography based on existing topography are created to bring different air pressure and to create air flow.

Using water feature to create a linear park which provides more evaporative cooling and more interesting walking experience for people.

Provide shaded living streets which has less car getting through in order to decrease the impact on forest

Homezones and shaded street on the low vehicular speed permeable roads in order to minimize heat island effect.

Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D

Type E

PLANTING STRATEGY

Providing Continuous Shaded Area Inserting Food Resource for Fauna

pervious material

Crossing on a speed bump

bus stop with green roof planter box

LINEAR PARK

Broad walk

Waterside canopy tree

Calophylium Putcherrimum

Syzygium grande

Terminilia catappa

Pellacalyx axillaris

Waterside sub-canopy tree

Cerbera manghas

Clappetonia ficifolia

Waterside shrub

Leea indica

Dillenia Suffruticosa

Mimosa pudica

Existing tree

Acacia auriauliformis

African Tulip Adinandra dumosa

Existing stream

Lentor Stream

SHADED GARDEN Before

Broad-leafed Mahogany

Rain tree

Dysis leptocheilos

Plumeria rubra

Drainage

Traffic light Street lamp

After

Heat from sun

Tree filter

35% shading

Acacia cincinnata

Peltophorum pterocarpun

Pterocarpus indicus

Piper aduncum

Acacia mangium

Pennisetum purpureum

Panicum maximum

Stachytarpheta indica

Cerbera manghas

Plumeria obtusa

Dillenia suffruticosa

Mimosa pudica

Ardisia elliptica

Heat from sun

Tree filter

Heat from sun

70% shading

Section A-A’

Ornamental trees Big canopy trees (provide continuous shade) Shrubs Plants with remediating properties (cleanse the water run off)

Section B-B’

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN TAGORE FOREST

Dai Junwei

Facing with loss of nature resource due to housing development on secondary forest in Singapore, we need to find the appropriate and sustainable way to utilize the resource. These resources ought to be reused and adapted in the new development. The project aims to reuse site resources such as water, trees and soil and to recycle what is existing on the site rather than transporting large quantities of material in and out.

Firstly, in terms of planning the value of the two streams in site are reassessed and the Tagore stream will be naturalized based on the hydrological impact assessment. Some bioretention swales will be added in the low lying area along the stream as the main approach to utilize water. The valuable trees will be reserved as the main plantings in the residential park and other trees will be recycled as surface pavement material and playful structures. The existing topography is utilized to design new road network, layout of buildings and topographic landscapes, which has minimum interverence to nature.

Secondly, one residential patch based on the planning area is selected to show how the resources can be fully utilized by phased landscape development combined with building construction. Layout of building is designed to minimize intervention of humans. Storm water can be stored and recycled for irrigation in the low lying area before being discharged into Tagore Stream. Excavated soil dug from the building foundation can shape the terrain of the low area to accommodate both storm water and human activities. Valuable trees are reserved as the ecological extension of the residential park while other trees are made into playful structures and wooden deck which fits the terrain.

This project hopes to give a new way to design high rise housing development on former secondary forest by resource management.

TIME LINE OF URA PLANNING

Waste of Resource

Water:

Let the stormwater stay longer in the low area and slow down the speed of water in Tagore Stream while irrigating the vegetation in the condo.

Trees: Plan the layout of building to follow the location of trees and utilize other trees to be the material of playful facilities and pavement.

Land: Apply the core tube as the structure of the building to fit the topography and minimum the earthwork and utilize the excavation to shape the landscape terrain.

HOW TO MANAGE WATER

The Role of Streams in Tagore Forest

Water sources of two streams

Tagore Stream has 4 managed sources however Lentor Stream has only 2 managed source, which means Tagore Stream is much more important than the Lentor Stream on the aspect of water connector due to its complicated structure.

Teachers` Housing Estate Central catchment Tagore RD Forest

Yio Chu Kang RD

Forest, Yio Chu Kang RD and Teacher`s Estate

Tagore Stream

Lentor Stream

HOW TO MANAGE WATER

Catchment of the Two Streams

According to the formula of the peak discharge calculation Q = c i A The peak discharge of Tagore is almost 2.6-times than that of Lentor. Because the catchment area of Tagore is 2.5-times than that of Lentor and the degree of slope in the catchment of Tagore is also much steeper than that of Lentor which effects the coefficient.

QTagore = 2.6 QLentor

Capacity of Flood Storage of the Two Streams

Tagore Stream has stronger capacity of floud storage than Lentor Stream.The lowest area is just the place where 4 source finally join and the cancel of Lentor also will give a little burden to Tagore. It can be used as bioretention swales. The concret canal of up reach of Tagore should be naturalized and also planed a small pond in the junction of the three branches.

HOW TO MANAGE TREES

Reserved Trees on Steep Slopes

The dense secondary forest with high generation which is just on the slope near the lowest area should be reserved because of not only its high biodiversity but also its function of slope protection and its moisture content ability. Combined with the planned swale in this area, this place can be utilised as a rain garden serving the surrounding residential areas.

Recycle Wood from the Trees with Low Value

There are about 1159 trees in total recycled to be used as material of playful facilities and pavement. These trees with little value are removed for housing devlopment although there are small part of sparse forest with high generation.Because some trees are even on the flat area which can be used as residential development.

HOW TO MANAGE LAND

Landuse Based on the Terrain

Flat areas without valued trees are used as development of residential areas and Flat areas with valued trees are used as biodiversity connectors. Slope areas without valued trees are modified for the mountainous residential area and slope areas with valued trees are reserved as part of residential park.

Road Network Based on the Terrain

The road planning in Tagore Forest adapts to the terrain and connects the important surrounding infrastructure. The network can be divided into two categories based on the size. The maximum slope of main road, sencondary road is 7% and10% respectively. Main road functions as the connector in landscape scale and secondary road connects different residential zones in the site.

HOW TO MANAGE LAND

Cuts and Fills Based on the Terrain

The main area that need balanced eartwork is the east part of the forest where residential development is approriate to plan because of its “V” shape of section. So the slope can be adjusted to terrace based on the balanced earthwork.

Blalanced earthwork

DESIGN AREA

Selection of The Design Patch

Water

Land

Tree

LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

TREE MANAGEMENT

3D Green Mass Recycled Trees

LAND MANAGEMENT

MASTER PLAN

AThis large open space is a good green area for residents to gathering together where interpersonal relationship can be promoted psychologically with the comfortable green space.

This place has two parts which are connect by wooden deck. One is the area under the building where children can play without limit of weather. The other is on the other side of stream where a big banyan tree can used as the playful facility.

This place under the building is the transition area with dense vegetation between the condo and Tagore Stream, providing habitate connection between condo and Tagore Stream while providing privacy for the condo.

DThis area is dense forest with high generation which is reserved together with the central froest, giving residents an ecological corridor to the central park.

TAGORE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS FOREST EDGE

Amanda Jennifer Chandra

Recognising special qualities of Tagore neighbourhood as being surrounded by secondary forest, various potential and challenges are addressed in order to retrofit the neighbourhood to adapt into future deforestation and development scenario whereby the cost of deforesting can be compensated by landscape treatments on the existing neighbourhood.

Various strategies will be implemented to bring back the connection between human and nature. The first design strategy is to compensate the loss of forest by learning from the composition of the plants in Singapore’s primary forest and applying similar forest composition as planting scheme in the neighbourhood. Some valuable and endangered forest species are introduced within the neighbourhood forest.

The second strategy is to retrofit existing building structures and re-design new housing typology to fit the context of forest edge. Light broad walk structures will be built to control and ease the circulation within the neighbourhood forest while easing the access for management. The broad walk will also subtly delineate the boundary between private backyard space and public area. Backyard decks are built to facilitate backyard domestic activities on landed housing while the residents can enjoy their backyard forest at the same time. Rooftop connectors are added to facilitate domestic activities and rooftop leisure activities on condominium. New housing typology is constructed while respecting the existing maturing forest.

The third design strategy is combining design with people’s management, in which the residents can actively taking care and manage the forest while they are doing their domestic activities every day. Sustainable living is introduced by the forest nursery management scheme in which the residents can enjoy the product of their backyard forest garden. All design strategies are to be designed with time. Re-development phases will be planned for the planting, rebuilding, and management activities in the process of retrofitting the neighbourhood.

EXISTING SITE CONDITION

STRATEGY 1

Recreating Forest in the Neighbourhood

Various Activities along Backyard Nursery and Forest Edge

Images are taken from Nature Society (Singapore) Report, Nature Society’s Position on Lentor (Tagore) Forest, April 2016

INSERTED URBAN GREENERY AS LOCAL HABITATS

Bai Zhuhui

Tagore forest has a rich history, from village to plantation and then to secondary forest. It supports 94 animal species. With urban sprawl, would those valuable animal be isolated and homeless? The project, themed “reducing urban context gaps for animal movements”, proposes a framework of improved urban context which qualify with high standard to have dynamic animal movements.

Five issues are highlighted. Firstly, while regarding Singapore as one green system, Tagore forest is isolated. In small scale, though locates well, Tagore Forest does not have a strong connection with surrounding green spaces. Also, animal’s movements and habitats would be affected by the shrinking of forest and development of urban area. Urban context could provide potential habitats and be stepping stones. On the other hand, it can also create many barriers for animal movement. Last but not the least, balancing human and animals needs is also a critical problem during the process.

In order to solve the problems listed above, three strategies are used: 1. Aggregating available open spaces. This will be achieved by creating multiple functional zone within existing driveway system and also designing new house entrances. 2. Inserting local habitats in managed environment by designing new vegetation layers and utilize vertical structures such as fences and walls. Meanwhile, green roof is also a recommendable approach. 3. Proposing new housing landscape typology to support continuous growth of nature. This strategy would achieved based on setting up the link between front yard and street greenery, backyard and drainage.

During the process, solving urban potential problems for animal movement is the core of the design. A win-win situation for both human and animals’ movement is the goal to achieve.

EXISTING URBAN GREENERY

Urban Greenery Typologies

SITE FENCE ANALYSIS

Urban Managed Enviroment

Solid fence

SITE TREE ANALYSIS

Fruit tree

Flowering tree

Others

Fence with gaps N

Urban Managed Enviroment

50 m N 50 m

ANIMAL MOVEMENTS AND HABITATS

Tagore Forest Animals

Straw - headed bulbul

Banded leaf moneky

Giant asian river frog

Red-legged crake

Painted bronzeback snake

Sunda pangolin

Blue-eared kingfisher

Slow loris

Softshell turtle

White rumped shama

ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION MAP

Tagore Forest Animals

Chestnut-bellied malkoha

Red-legged crake

EXISTING ANIMAL MOVEMENTS Tagore

Forest

Tall Grassland Sparse Forest Dense Forest Dense Forest & Tall Grass Scrubland Aquatic Sparse Forest & Disturbed Area

Changeable hawk eagle

Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo

Straw head bulbul Oriental pied hornbill

Averrhoa carambola

White-throated kingfisher

Orange bellied flowerpecker

Oriental magpie-robin

Antigonon leptopus

Oncosperma horrindum Cinnamomum iners

Macaranga griffithiana

Cinnamomum iners Claoxylon indicum

Musa acuminata

Sunda pangolin

Long-tailed macaque

Common plam civet Painted bronzeback

Wild pig

Durio zibethinus Manihot esculenta

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Kyllinga brevifolia

Crimson sunbird

White rumped shama

Common emerald dove

Alstonia angustiloba

Caryota mitis Hevea brasiliensis

Banded leaf monkey

Slow loris

Green creasted lizard Softshell turtle Malayan giant frog

Manihot esculenta

Colocasia esculenta Angiopteris evecta

Spathodea campanulata

Alangium ridleyi

Pennisetum purpureum

Urban

Source From : Flora Fauna Web. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov. sg/Home.aspx

B. (n.d.). Animals that visit the durian tree, Durio zibethinus. Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://www.besgroup.org/2014/05/01/animals-thatvisit-the-durian-tree-durio-zibethinus/ Refer. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://refer.dnzhishi.com/news/2015/0423/277674. html

Bird Ecology Study Group, Nature Society (Singapore). (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://besgroup.blogspot.sg/2007/01/breedingecology-of-little-tern-6.html

Simpoh air (Dillenia suffruticosa) on the Shores of Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2016, from http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/ others/dillenia/suffruticosa.htm

BARRIERS EVALUATION

Urban Barriers for Birds

Urban Barriers for Ground Animals

A. Exising park

B. Exising shopping area

C. Green corner------bird habitat

D. Green strip ------animal corridor

E. Green island ------animal corridor

F. Proposed street

G. Green roof

H. Apartment green roof

I . Road - side animal corridor

J. Apartment context greenery

K. animal corridor

H. Apartment green roof

I . Road - side animal corridor

J. Apartment context greenery

K. animal corridor

STRATEGY 1

Aggregating Available Open Space

Bio-soil to support plants

STRATEGY 2

Inserting Local Habitats in Managed Enviroment

New wet green animal path

Green Crested Lizard

White Rumped Shama

Straw headed bulbul

Red Legged Crake

Frog

Turtle

Slow Loris

1. Nocturnal animal noisy

2. Stiff competition from arboreal monkeys in areas where the two overlap.

3. Poisonous teeth

Hide and nesting area

Nesting area

Shrub layer needed animals

Green Crested Lizard

White Rumped Shama

Slow Loris

Sunda Pangolin

Red Legged Crake

Long-tailed Parakeet

Frog , Snail. Squirell.

Fruit Tree

Noise

Transportation/ Human

Buffer Tree Buffer Tree

For slow loris, planting design would be at least one row of buffer trees along private garden to prevent monkey from noise and make them feel safe. Another row of buffer trees needed along driveway to reduce human contact with it. Fruit tree would be in the center.

Private garden night noisy

Fruit Tree

Buffer Tree

Canopy Tree

Noise

Transportation

Banded leaf Monkey

1. Travel to the best places for food.

2. Diet consists of fresh immature leaves, forest fruits and seeds such as rambutan.

3. Arboreal lifestyle.

4. Shy in nature of which they hardly come to the ground

Fruit Tree

Private garden

Daytime

Quiet

Buffer Tree Canopy Tree

WILDLIFE MOVEMENTS

Shrub & Drainage Greenery Related Movements

Private Garden Related Movements

Tree & Greenroof Related Movements_ Birds

Tree & Greenroof Related Movements_ Ground Animals

STRATEGY 3

New Housing Landscape Typology

Greenroof possiblility

Garden vegetations. Garden vegetations would be used as supplement of street corridors. Green-roof . Instead of asthetic use, this green roof would focus on provide birds food and resting places. It is more for animals.

Living hedge .

Drianage greenery .

Butterfly garden .This garden would attract butterflies and bees. It also works as a hiding and feeding place for small animals and birds.

House type 1: Front yard + side yard + back yard

Front door fence. Front door hedge could be climbering plants, green hedges and also potted plants.

House type 2: Two side yard + front yard + back yard

Drianage greenery .

Green-roof. It is more for animals. In this type, green-roof could act as a bridge to link front yard and back yard.

Butterfly garden/ Bee Garden.

Side-yard . Side yard link front yard and back yard directly.

Front door fence. Front door hedge could be climbering plants, green hedges and also potted plants.

Street Trees / vegetations. Street trees are designed according to animal needs.

INTERWOVEN WATERSCAPE OF TAGORE FOREST ESTATE

Wu Yitong

Located nearby the Central Water Catchment and 1-mile west-south of the Seletar Reservoir, two precious fresh water streams in Tagore forest was historically connected to mangrove swamp of the Seletar Reservoir in 1940s. With the rapid human development over 70 years, the connection with reservoir was cut and partial of nature streams were canalized. According to the new development plan of URA, the major patch of the Tagore forest will be converted into residential district and the nature streams will be gone before new canal construction. Consequently, the ecological corridor connection via Tagore forest will be broken and large amount of runoff will increase drastically.

Design Intent

To solve the conflicts between nature preservation and urban development, this project aims to express and highlight natural processes and dynamics through landscape design intervention.

1.Managing increased runoff and improving the water quality with new development. Based on the ecological principles and current situation of site, this project partitions the conversed area of forest and new development area, on the scenario of which increased runoff is calculated as a demand of water design. New water detention area is design for storm water management and buffer zone of soft scape is design to improve the water quality.

2.Reconnecting the ecological corridor and regenerating habitats for wildlife. Existing concrete drainages and canal are naturalized to develop a continuous water habitat for wildlife. Different types of habitat are designed to attract target species and to direct the wildlife movement.

3.Creating more interaction between human and nature.

To enhance the nature exploration and recreation experience of people, visitors are encouraged to access part of habitats to see wildlife and different types of nature landscape. Existing urban park is redesigned to be a more nature-like and multifunctional spot for residents to explore nature. Ev more, new streams are inserted into both existing and newdevelop residential area so that people could observe nature dynamic in their daily life. The design demonstrates the strong capability of landscape intervention that can solve the conflicts between nature preservation and urban development.

Tagore Stream

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT DEMAND OF SITE

WATERSCAPE TYPOLOGIES ANALYSIS OF SITE

WATERSCAPE TYPOLOGIES ANALYSIS OF SITE

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AND WATERSCAPE TRANSITION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

HABITAT DESIGN

WILDLIFE MOVEMENT AND HUMAN ACTIVITY ARRANGEMENT

This part demonstrates the design strategy of naturalizing concrete drainage and canal as well as design habitats to attract target species and direct the wildlife movement.

This part demonstrates the design strategy of increasing water detention area and reserving buffer zone of soft scape.

This part demonstrates the design strategy of redesigning urban park for residents to create more interaction between human and nature.

This part demonstrates the design strategy of inserting new stream into existing and new residential area to create more interaction between human and nature.

PART 1——THE ENTRANCE OF TAGORE STREAM

Naturalizing Concrete Drainage

PART 2——THE MAIN WATERBODY AREA

Increasing Water Detention Area

Dry Season

Rainy Season

PART 3——THE WATERFRONT URBAN PARK

Redesigning Urban Park for Residents

PART 4——NEW WATERSCAPE IN HOUSING AREA

REFLECTIONS

This landscape-oriented studio offers a vibrant take on designing our project with an ecological goal in mind. We were taught to survey the forest, gather data and analyze the site in great detail. I was intrigued by the marvels of nature and how the tiniest details that we had uncovered about the forest could eventually be translated into our design proposal. The academic journey started off with rigorous research and analytical thinking, and ended with an evaluative process of designing the outcome of the landscape of the Tagore forest after a presumable number of years. All in all, the landscape studio has served as a good foundation for students to build a knowledge on the landscape of Singapore, and I am excited about the future opportunities that is to come in the landscape studios following after.

The studio offered me a fresh perspective about the way to think and design. During the semester, I realized that reasonable design is based on fully analysis of the site, and the project should be progressed in steps. I learned that logical thinking and clear mind is necessary for a landscape architect. I used to focus on the superflous aspects instead of the site’s unique attributes, now I find there are a lot things should be carefully considered. Our tutor taught me to “Make it more complex”, and this is the way to learn. After this semester, I strive to improve to get better and further in next semester.

This semester’s studio is really an enjoyable learning experience for me. Not only the we managed to have hands-on learning by exploring the forest, we also got lots of input from various guests that kindly spared their time to teach us various knowledge based on their areas of expertise. It may be a tough journey. However, this studio has been successful in imparting the basic knowledge about ecology, which is something necessary for designing in Landscape Architecture field. This is just the first step for my studio mates and me. I hope that we will keep learning more in the future!

Sun Hao Jen Ashley

Yan Ran

Amanda Jennifer Chandra

Before this studio, I designed and planned the circulation for human, animals and habitats as only decorations in renderings. I did not consider the welfare of the animals until I encountered this project. It was like treasure hunting, and animals’ movements were my treasures hidden in the urban context. It is difficult to assess whether the animals would enjoy their new urban adventures, as I attempted to reduce barriers faced by them. I enjoyed the times when I designed for those cute living things and it felt like I was the heroine who could largely improve the living standards of animals. I am proud. I gained a lot of knowledge about monkeys, birds, and their habitats. Moreover, this ecological thinking process could be applied to my future designs.

Bai Zhuhui

This first MLA studio gave me a completely different view towards landscape architecture. Firstly, on the aspect of learning object, the core of the studio focuses on the ecological design which is a new field to me compared with my postgraduate research of contemporary landscape in China. Facing with loss of nature resource due to housing development on secondary forest in Singapore, I learned how to minimize the impact of human to environment to get a harmonious relationship between them through resource management. Moreover, on the aspect of learning, the skill of thinking critically is required to support every proposed idea. The process of design inconsists of sufficient research, essay reading or site research is more important than the outcome. Lastly, the skill of my presentation improved significantly. I hope these gains will become a stepping stone for exploring more in my future study.

Dai Junwei

Exploring in the Tagore forest is really an adventure for me. I am inspired to think that we should take the responsibility to highlight the ecological value and conserve for the biodiversity of the forest through our design. In the design process, besides hearing the advice from the different experts, I have learned to combine ecological principles as well as apply Geodesign methods to make my design more convincing. The communication with our tutors also taught me a lesson that how to think is more important than what to think. I would require critical thinking and presentation skills to improve and sell my design in the future. The topic of this semester is a great example of illustrating that as the relationship between nature and human development becomes increasingly tense, we still could find a balance between them with our landscape design intervention.

Wu Yitong

Student Editors

Chang Mei Fen Pearlyn Liu Yu

Qian Xuanyu

Chen Wei

Wang Chao Chao

Chia Ming Kuang

Nur Afiqah Bte Agus

Copyright © 2016 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-11-1954-5