NUS DoA M.ARCH2 THESIS SELECTION: ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR / SWEE YEW YONG KYRA (2017/2018) by NUSDoA2022

YEAR 5 COMPILATION OF SAMPLES

2017/2018 M.ARCH 2 THESIS PROJECT SWEE YEW YONG KYRA (SUPERVISOR: TSUTO SAKAMOTO)

ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR: A PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENT TOWARDS NUCLEAR-FREE JAPAN

IMAGE CREDIT: KYRA SWEE

MASTERS DESIGN PROJECTS

INTERESTS

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES

Masters Design Projects include those explored in two Options Design Research Studios (M.Arch 1), the Advanced Architecture Studio and the Thesis project in M.Arch 2. All studios may explore issues relevant to the interests of the Research Clusters, adjunct teachers and professors in practice. Students are encouraged to capitalise on faculty expertise in widening the scope of investigations which collectively strengthen the Thesis Project in M.Arch 2.

A good Masters project is one where:

Essential and Elective modules are useful in underpinning your Masters studio investigations. Although Options Design Research studios may be varied in content and method, students are advised to be selective and to use them as ‘learning runways’ to identify a Thesis topic and to apply accumulated knowledge there. The Advanced Architecture Studio preceding the Thesis may be used to explore thesis drivers in greater detail and focus. It is expected that the Thesis project will be the most comprehensive and extensive study of all the Masters Design Projects. _______________________________________________________________________________________

• the research process informs design strategy which can be followed through a coherent sequential process of explorations or iterations • the research generates an underlying order giving rise to a number of architectural or urban propositions • the research or issues engaged with, give rise to new solutions through design, some of which are singular, permutable or recombinant • it addresses the contextual specificities of site, material, spatial, culture and program and all of the above are communicated through architectural drawings, well-crafted models and annotations which curate a design process and outcome(s) that can be understood without a verbal presentation by the author Beyond a commitment to individual academic portfolios, Masters projects play an important role in characterising the discursive ethos of a design school. It is important that you do your best.

DESIGN AS INQUIRY Masters projects can be research investigations where design forms a principal mode of inquiry. Methods can be heuristic or empirical or in mixed modes of inquiry. There are a number of research methods in design investigations leading to different outcomes but they are by no means exhaustive: • textual/graphic analysis of theoretical concepts with investigations drawn from critical discourse using text references, works of art/representation • quantitative analysis to verify qualitative hypotheses with simulation, physical experiment, prototype testing and mixed methods • scenario-driven speculative design to suggest solutions to emergent need. The process in itself is a new way of seeing/thinking which generates many solutions. One version of a solution may be articulated spatially and in full materiality • new research knowledge is interpreted in architecture as a new way of thinking/making/experiencing • existing practices, processes or existing technologies are applied to design and which produce ‘unprecedented’ outcomes

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MASTERS DESIGN PROJECTS

INTERESTS

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES

A good Masters project is one where:

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RESEARCH CLUSTERS

ASIA RESEARCH FOCUS

III. TECHNOLOGIES

The Department positions itself as a design and research think-tank for architectural and urban development issues emerging in South Asia and SE Asia contexts. Graduate coursework in design engages with key challenges in population growth, industry, infrastructure, housing and environment, climate change and rapid economic change with disruptive technologies. In engaging with trans-boundary economies and technological change, the Department addresses concerns with the environmental impact of new settlements and cities on the natural environment in the light of climate change and on the threat to heritage and cultural presentation. MArch studios anticipate planning solutions through design explorations at various scales of intervention. The Master’s coursework are thus aligned to a core of five teaching groups viz. History Theory Criticism, Research by Design, Design Technologies, Urbanism and Landscape Studies. _______________________________________________________________________________________

The Technologies cluster investigates environmentally performative/sustainable building forms and systems,and generative-evaluative processes for designing liveable environments. Its research employs traditional and emerging technologies contributing to a new understanding of the human ecosystem, and emerging computational methods and techniques for discovering the relationships between form and performance. It researches on the relationship between human and natural landscapes, at every scale, from the building component scale to the urban scale. Special emphasis is placed on the context of high density Asian cities and the context of the Tropics.

I. HISTORY THEORY CRITICISM The History Theory Criticism cluster develops critical capacities to examine questions of architectural production, representation and agency within historical and contemporary milieu. Taking architecture and urbanism in Asia as its primary focus, members work in interdisciplinary and transnational modes. We explore a range of topics relating to colonial/postcolonial and modern/ postmodern Asian cities; aesthetics and technopolitics of tropical climate and the built environment; affective media including film, contemporary art and exhibitionary modes; heritage politics and emergent conservation practices. We develop discursive fronts through a variety of media and scales. The cluster research encompasses scholarly, creative and advocacy activities. Output includes monographs, edited volumes, research papers, architectural reviews in professional journals, curatorial practice, conservation work, film and photography, object-making, and policy-influencing advocacy work.

II. RESEARCH BY DESIGN The Research by Design cluster performs translational research through the practices of making as research rather than through traditional forms academic research. It links the importance of creating, drawing, and building with rigor, originality, and significance to produce innovative and creative designs that shape the built environment. Located strategically between the NorthSouth axis of rapidly urbanizing Asia and the East -West line of the tropical equator, the Research by Design cluster performs research through practice in three main themes: • Novel aesthetics of climatic calibration and performance; • Contemporary architectonics of fabrication, material, and resources contingent on South East Asia; and • Emergent spaces of inhabitation and production surrounding the equator.

IV. URBANISM With a comprehensive understanding of the complexity and distinctive characters of emerging urbanism in Asia, the vision is to develop sustainable models and innovative urban strategies to cope with various environmental, social, economic and technological challenges that Asian cities face today and in the future. Emergent urban issues related to community & participation, conservation & regeneration, ageing & healthcare, built form, modelling & big data, and resilience & informality are investigated from multiple perspectives and inter- and transdisciplinary collaborations to question conventional norms and conceptions and establish new visions for a sustainable urban future.

V. LANDSCAPE STUDIES The Landscape Studies cluster undertakes research to generate new knowledge of landscapes as socio-ecological systems and promotes the use of knowledge in governance systems and landscape design that improve the well-being of humans and the ecological integrity of the environment. The geographic focus is primarily high-density urban regions in Asia, but members of cluster also work in the transitional zones within the rural-urban continuum, where urban regions are expanding at a rapid rate into rural landscapes. The overall research approach is both interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary — we are concerned with not just advancing theoretical concepts and knowledge, but also applying the knowledge in practice and public policy to shape the environment. Our research areas cover a wide spectrum of socio-ecological dimensions of landscape, from landscape science, landscape management, to design research and socio-behavioural studies.

RESEARCH CLUSTERS

ASIA RESEARCH FOCUS

III. TECHNOLOGIES

ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR

3/3 thesis design proposition PROCESS AS NEW FORM OF MONUMENTALITY

ENTOMBMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

DESIGN PHASES & NARRATIVE - 2018: DECOMMISSION PREQUEL- CONFRONTING THE FEAR - 2036: DEHUMANIZATION OF SPACE - 2042: THE ACT OF GOD AND THE ENTOMBMENT - 2043: POST-DISASTER MEASURE - 2059 SEQUEL: RUIN AS VISUAL PALIMPSEST OF PLACE, A REMINDER OF FEAR

LEFT: COLLAGE: “ENTOMBING THE REACTIVATED NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS THROUGH CONCRETE POURING.”

ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR

process as new form of monumentality: C O N C R E T E

M O L D I N G

AMAOKA

THROUGH

NUCLEAR

DIFFERENT

INFRASTRUCTURE SHOWED

A N D

THE

C A S T I N G .

POWER

PHASES

UPGRADE

PLANT OF

COMPLEX

THROUGHOUT

MORPHOLOGY

WENT

CONSTRUCTION

TIMELINE

AND

DECADES

DIAGRAM.

FROM

BUILDING, DEACTIVATING, UPGRADING AND NOW RESTARTING, IT SHOWS A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUCLEAR POWER

PLANTS

ITSELF

AND

THE

ISSUES

POLITICS, ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY IN BOTH DOMESTICS AND GLOBAL SCALE. AS NOW THE STATE IS RESTARTING THE POWER PLANTS IN ORDER TO REINVIGORATE ITS ECONOMY. HENCE, THE THESIS PROPOSES TO DESIGN THE NEXT PHASE FOR

HAMAOKA

NUCLEAR

POWER

PLANTS:

ENTOMBING

PROCESS, DUE TO THE PROLIFERATED FEAR AND ANXIETY CREATED BY THE NUCLEAR REACTIVATION.

IN ORDER TO ENTOMB THE HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE NUCLEAR POWER

PLANT,

THE

CHOICE

CONSTRUCTION

MATERIAL

IS CRUCIAL. BASED ON THE SUGGESTION FROM PRECEDENT STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCRETE HAS EXCELLENT DURABILITY

AND

GOOD

RADIATION

SHIELDING

DUE

THE HIGH DENSITY OF THE MATERIAL. FURTHERMORE, THE PROCESS OF FORMWORK MAKING AND CONCRETE CASTING WILL ALSO MANIFEST THE SPIRIT OF CRAFTSMANSHIP.

THE

CONCRETE MAKING PROCESS WILL REFLECT NOT ONLY THE PHYSICAL

REQUIREMENT

ENTOMBMENT

BUT

ALSO

THE

ONTOLOGICAL MEANING OF STRUCTURE.

ULTIMATELY, THE LONG-DURATION OF ENTOMBING PROCESS EXPRESSES AS A NEW FORM OF MONUMENTALITY OF PLACE, A

NEVER-ENDING-PROCESS

AND

DETERMINATION

THAT PEOPLE

SYMBOLIZES THAT

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION.

RIGHT: INFRASTRUCTURE MORPHOLOGY TIMELINE OF HAMAOKA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, AXONOMETRIC DRAWING.

ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR

THE

STAND

SPIRIT

AGAINST

ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR

entombment of nuclear power plants t

THESIS

DESIGN

TAKES

NUCLEAR

POWER

PLANTS’

ENTOMBMENT, AND INTERIM SPENT FUEL FACILITIES

AS A

COMPULSORY TERM AND CONDITION FOR THE REACTIVATION OF

HAMAOKA

NUCLEAR

“ENTOMBMENT”

POWER

SUGGESTING

PLANTS. AN

END

THE

TERM

TERMINATION

OF LIFE. HOWEVER, THE ENTOMBMENT WILL NOT TERMINATE THE

OPERATION

HAMAOKA

NUCLEAR

POWER

PLANTS

PROMPTLY. IT WILL ONLY BE ENTOMBED AND ANNIHILATED ENTIRELY WHEN

THE

THROUGH

AUTOMATED

EMERGENCY

CONCRETE

SITUATION

(NATURAL

POURING DISASTERS

OR MELTDOWN) OCCURRED, OR AN ALTERNATE RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTION HAS BEEN INVENTED TO REPLACE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION.

THERE

ARE

SCENARIOS

THAT

THE

THESIS

DESIGN

SPECULATING:

1) CONTINGENCY HAPPENED AND THE MECHANISM OF TOMB WILL BE ACTIVATED TO MINIMIZE THE AFTERMATH IMPACT FROM MELTDOWN.

2) A PEACEFUL PHASE OUT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN JAPAN BEFORE THE CONTINGENCY HAPPENED.

LEFT: THE DIAGRAM SHOWS THE MECHANISM OF ENTOMBMENT OF HAMAOKA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS.

RIGHT: COLLAGE: “ENCOUNTERING” PROCESS OF ENTOMBMENT CONSTRUCTION BEING SEEN AS THE FEAR AND ANXIETY TOWARD NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION.

ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR

2018: decommission prequel T

NUCLEAR

SHIZUOKA

COMPANY BE

THE

FROM

PREFECTURE

HAS

REACTIVATION

SCHEDULED RESTARTING

HAMAOKA

COMPLEX.

PLAN

AND UNIT

INITIATED

CHUBU 3

AND

NUCLEAR THUS,

ELECTRIC UNIT

POWER

THE

PLANTS

ENTOMBMENT

CONSTRUCTION WILL BE COMMENCED ALONG WITH THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT REACTIVATION AS A PART OF DISASTER PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY MEASURE FOR FUTURE THREATS.

ALTHOUGH IMMINENT, CAN

THE THE

THREAT

RAGING

CONSTRUCTION

GRADUALLY

BUILDING

OF UP

BUT

TOMB

NOT

THEREFORE

ACROSS

YEARS.

HENCE, THE PROCESS OF TOMB CONSTRUCTION WILL BE SEEN AS A NEW PHENOMENON ON SITE- A POWER PLANTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

ENTOMBING

PROCESS,

UNTIL

THE

DAY

ALL

THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT UNITS ARE COMPLETELY ENTOMBED AND DECOMMISSIONED SAFELY.

RIGHT: MASSING DIAGRAM SHOWING THE INFRASTRUCTURE TIMELINE OF HAMAOKA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS COMPLEX

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ABOVE: CONSTRUCTION SCENE OF ENTOMBMENT FOR HAMAOKA UNIT 3..

THE GRADUAL CONSTRUCTION OF TOMB HAS BECOME A NEW PHENOMENON OF HAMAOKA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS COMPLEX TO AGAINST THE ANTICIPATED EARTHQUAKE WITHIN THE NEXT 30 YEARS.

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ENTOMBMENT OF FEAR

2036: dehumanization of space T

HE DESIGN OF HAMAOKA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS’

ENTOMBMENT SYSTEM

FOR

LARGELY

CRANE,

BASED

CONCRETE

AUTOMATED

BATCHING

AND

POURING, FAÇADE MAINTENANCE AND ETC TO REDUCE THE

NEED

MANPOWER

HIGH

SIEVERT

LEVEL

ENVIRONMENT.

AS THE CONSTRUCTION OF TOMB HAS BEEN CARRYING OUT

FOR

NUCLEAR

DECADES POWER

FOLLOWING

PLANTS,

THUS

THE

BEFORE

RESTARTING 2040,

THE

THREE ENTOMBMENTS FOR HAMAOKA UNIT 3, 4 AND 5 WILL BE SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION AND READY TO FACE THE IMMINENT AND CATASTROPHIC DISASTER IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

ABOVE: FROZEN RODS DIAGRAM, IT IS A PREVENTION SYSTEM FOR RADIATION WATER LEAKAGE AT UNDERGROUND. RIGHT: ENTOMBMENT AERIAL VIEW

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UNIT. 3 ENTOMBMENT

UNIT. 4 ENTOMBMENT

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2042: the act of god & the entombment o

THE

DAY

WHEN

THE

ANTICIPATED

DISASTER

ARRIVES, THE TOMB WILL BE IMMEDIATELY CONCEALED BY

CONCRETE

THROUGH

AUTOMATED

CONCRETE

BATCHING AND POURING SYSTEM.

THE

MOMENT

WHEN

TSUNAMI

INVADES

THE

NUCLEAR

POWER PLANTS COMPLEX WILL BE A TESTIMONIAL OF HOW MANKIND GOES AGAINST THE POWER OF MOTHER NATURE. IN JAPANESE WORD (想定外 SOU-TE-GAI), WHICH MEANS BEYOND THE EXPECTATION, PREPARATION FOR THE

UNKNOWN

THERE WE

ARE

CAN

THREAT

CONTINGENCY

ONLY

TECHNOLOGY

BASE HAVE

ALWAYS AND

INSUFFICIENT

UNEXPECTED

THE

HAND

EVENT.

INFORMATION AND

AND MUCH

AS WE CAN TO PROTECT THE VULNERABLE HAMAOKA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, ONCE AND FOR ALL.

RIGHT: NHK NEWS BROADCASTING THE OUTBREAK OF DISASTER.

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2043: post-DISASTER measure r

IGHT

AFTER

THE

OUTBREAK

NATURAL

DISASTER, THE ENTOMBMENT IS DESIGNED TO REPAIR THE DAMAGED STRUCTURE IN ORDER TO PREVENT ANY POTENTIAL RADIATION LEAKAGE.

THE

LOWER

PART

ENTOMBMENT

WALL,

THE

STEEL STRUCTURE IS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT THE MAIN WALL AND TO ALLOW SCAFFOLDING TO BE SET UP ON SITE FOR STRUCTURAL AMENDMENT WORKS.

THE

REPAIRING

WORKS

HAVE

COMPLETED

WITHIN A TIGHT FRAME OF TIME IN ORDER TO PREVENT ANY IN

FAILURE

SIGNIFICANT

STRUCTURE

THAT

CONSEQUENCES.

WOULD

RESULT

THEREFORE,

THE

ORIGINAL TOMB SURFACE CANNOT BE FULLY RESTORED DUE TO THE LOWER QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP. THE UNEVENNESS OF CONCRETE SURFACE WILL REPRESENT A VISUAL LAYER OF CONTINGENCY. LIKE A SCAR ON THE

SKIN,

ALTHOUGH

HEALED,

HOWEVER,

CANNOT BE COMPLETELY RECOVERED FROM PAST YEAR INCIDENT THAT CAUSED THE WOUND.

RIGHT: SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF UNIT 3 ENTOMBMENT. THE SCENE SHOWS THE EMERGENCY MEASURE BEGINS PROMPTLY AFTER THE DISASTER.

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ABOVE: SCENE OF AMENDMENT WORKS ON THE ENTOMBMENT CONCRETE FACADE AFTER DISASTER.

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ABOVE: ENTOMBMENT WALL ZOOM IN DETAILED PLAN

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2059 sequel: RUIN A S

R E M I N D E R

ROM

O F

V I S U A L

P A L I M P S E S T

O F

P L A C E ,

F E A R

THE

PREDICTED

SCENARIOS,

HAMAOKA

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE FULLY DECOMMISSIONED ALTERNATIVE

ONCE

ENERGY

JAPAN

OPTION

HAS

ADOPTED

ONCE

AFTER

AN THE

ANTICIPATED DISASTER.

THE

ABANDONED

WILL

PEOPLE BE

ABLE

SOON

NUCLEAR COVERED

CHOOSE TO

POWER BY

BELIEVE

DETOXIFY

THE

PLANT

SUNFLOWER THE

SITE

COMPLEX FIELD

FLOWER

FROM

MIGHT

RADIOACTIVE

SUBSTANCES. EVENTUALLY, THE LANDSCAPE ON SITE WILL BECOME A SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF SPIRIT OF PEOPLE THAT TRY TO RECOVER FROM TRAUMA, A HOPE

FOR

PEOPLE

WHO

HAVE

SUFFERED

FROM

THE

PAIN.

RIGHT: ATOMIC CLOUD OVER HIROSHIMA IMAGE REF: https://i1.wp.com/geekdad.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Atomic_ cloud_over_Hiroshima_from_Matsuyama.jpg?resize=2000%2C1125&ssl=1 NEXT: RUIN STATE OF GENBAKU DOME IN HIROSHIMA IMAGE REF: https://medium.com/@australianredcross/for-the-worlds-safety-we-mustban-nuclear-weapons-now-1fd7082f9209

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I OF A

N THE LATER YEARS AFTER DECOMMISSIONING, A SERIES ADDITIONAL

ROUTE

FOR

WORK

WILL

TOURIST

ADDING

VISIT.

ALL

ON THE

CREATE

STRUCTURES

WILL BE INTEGRATING WITH THE EXISTING STRUCTURES IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE IMPACT ON THE ORIGINAL FABRIC. THE ELEVATED WALKWAY ON SITE MARKS AS A DEMARCATION THAT

DETACHES

FROM

THE

CONTAMINATED

GROUND

AND

REPRESENTING ANOTHER LAYER OF CIRCULATION FOR NEW PROGRAMME.

AT THE END OF THE LINE, THE COMPLEX WILL BE OVERTURNED FROM A DEHUMANIZED SPACE INTO A PLACE RECLAIMED BY NATURE. NONETHELESS, THE MYSTIC OF PLACE IS NOT FULLY REVEALED AS THE TOMB IS STILL REMAINING CONCEALED AND DISTANCE AWAY FROM HUMAN BEING WITH ITS MONOLITHIC AND MIND

MONUMENTAL IS

THE

FEAR

EXPRESSION. FROM

THE

WHAT

HAS

LEFT

ANTHROPOCENTRIC

OUR

OBJECT

WE CREATED WHICH GOES AGAINST THE RULE OF NATURE.

TOP: DISMANTLING WORK TO START AT HAMAOKA UNIT 1 AND 2 IMAGE REF: www.world-nuclear-news.org RIGHT: CONCEPT COLLAGE RENDER: ACTIVITIES SUGGESTION ON THE AFTERLIFE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS SITE.

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ABOVE: RENDERED PERSPECTIVE OF HAMAOKA COMPLEX IN RUIN STATE.

THE SEA OF SUNFLOWER REPRESENTS THE HOPE AND SPIRIT OF PEOPLE IN DETOXIFICATION OF THE CONTAMINATED SITE IN A SYMBOLIC MANNER, LIKE A GHOSTED EXISTENCE THAT STAND AGAINST NUCLEAR POWER.

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ABOVE: AFTERLIFE OF STRUCTURE FOR FACADE MAINTENANCE.

THE DEMARCATION FROM GROUND CAN BE SEEN AS A DETACHMENT FROM POTENTIAL CONTAMINATED SURFACE AND A NEW PARADIGM FOR FUTURE VISITORS TO CIRCULATE.

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AFTERLIFE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AXONOMETRIC

VISITOR CIRCULATION VIA SCAFFOLDING THE MODIFICATION OF SCAFFOLDING FOR FACADE AMENDMENT WORKS IS CURATED IS SUCH WAY THE VISITOR CAN UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEX IN A MORE INTIMATE EXPERIENCE THROUGH NARROW PATHWAYS AND TOUCH ELEMENTS.

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VIEW FROM SEAWALL

ARTICULATION BETWEEN ENTOMBMENT AND SEAWALL THE CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO WALLS IS CONNECTED BY SCAFFOLDING AND PROVIDES A SEAMLESS PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY FOR VISITOR.

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ABOVE: AERIAL VIEW OF HAMAOKA COMPLEX IN RUIN STATE.

THE ORIGINAL CIRCULATION OF COMPLEX IS NOW COVERED BY LANDSCAPE AND THE ELEVATED WALKWAY IS REPRESENTING THE CIRCULATION OF FUTURE USE.

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OBSERVATION PLATFORM AXONOMETRIC

VIEWING AS STRATEGY THE 12M TALL OBSERVATION PLATFORM PROVIDED VISITOR A VISUAL NAVIGATION WHEN THEY ARE PHYSICALLY BOUNDED BY THE STRUCTURE WITHIN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS COMPLEX.

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VIEW FROM OBSERVATION PLATFORM

LAYERING OF WEDGE ALTHOUGH THE PLATFORM ALLOWS VISITOR TO NAVIGATE THEIR POSITION WITHIN THE COMPLEX, HOWEVER, THE OVERALL SIGHT LINE IS STILL RESTRICTED WITHIN THE COMPLEX DUE TO HIERARCHY OF STRUCTUREâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HEIGHT DIFFERENT

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ABOVE: RENDERED PERSPECTIVE OF HAMAOKA COMPLEX IN RUIN STATE

THE ELEVATED WALKWAY CAN BE SEEN AS A DEMARCATION FROM THE ORIGINAL GROUND COVERED BY LANDSCAPE, A DETACHMENT FROM POTENTIAL CONTAMINATED SURFACE AND A NEW ROUTE FOR FUTURE VISITORS TO CIRCULATE.

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