Global-is-Asian #17

ISSUE #17 • Apr–Jun 2013

China and India

Singapore public housing

Migration and health

SINGAPORE

Putting the “Public” back into Housing: Examining the HDB

by Melanie Chua As the sole provider of public housing, the monopoly by the Housing and Development Board (HDB) allows it to allocate limited land resources, and achieve economies of scale. However, concerns over public housing price increases outstripping income growth have been growing. Dr Tan Meng Wah, Research Fellow at IPS, proposes a pricing model that allows HDB flats to reprise their original role as public housing.

M THE BIG IDEA

Mandarins and Machiavellians

by Alisha Gill

B

ig idea: Top civil servants are motivated by intellectually stimulating work, while politicians by the desire to make an impact.

Despite their close relationship, there are few extant studies that compare the work motivations of senior civil servants and political elites.

Addressing this gap, Zeger Van Der Wal, Associate Professor at the School interviewed 94 senior civil servants and politicians from the Netherlands, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). He found that similar motivations undergirded the initial decision of both groups to enter public service — to contribute to, serve and improve society. Job content, career opportunities, political background and personal ideals were also important motivators. p continued on page 3 Subscribe to

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any early homeowners have indeed benefited from rising HDB prices over the past decades; changes in domestic and external environments suggest that the run-up is unsustainable. A fundamental relook at the existing public housing policies is warranted.

An investment in a HDB apartment may no longer be a sure winner, given the already high resale prices. In the event of prolonged depressed market conditions, homeowners may even suffer losses. HDB resale prices, for example, were depressed for 13 years between 1996 and 2009 before prices recovered to their 1996 high.

The high mortgage payment also means that risk of default increases in times of depressed economic conditions or when incidence of structural unemployment rises. The risks of being hit with economic problems are not limited to only... p continued on page 6

DEAN'S MESSAGE

Mr. Lee Kuan Yew’s Big Ideas

by Kishore Mahbubani

O

n 16 September this year, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew will turn 90. On exactly the same day, our School will hold a one-day conference on “The Big Ideas of Mr. Lee Kuan Yew.” This conference will also commemorate the ninth anniversary of our School.

Even though Mr. Lee has fully Kishore Mahbubani retired from public office, interest in his ideas continues to grow — in Singapore and globally. Earlier this year, a new book on Mr. Lee was released by Graham Allison, the legendary former dean of the Harvard Kennedy School, and Robert Blackwill, a former American ambassador to India. The book contains excerpts from interviews and selections of Mr. Lee’s writings. It has been a bestseller in Singapore and on Amazon. The book has some remarkable endorsements, including one from President George H.W. Bush, who says: “In my long life in public service, I have encountered many bright, able people. None is more impressive than Mr. Lee Kuan Yew.” While this book only focuses on his contributions in the international arena, the School’s one-day conference will focus on his contributions in many different dimensions. Hence, there will be panels on the state and its well-being, rule of law, geopolitics, and governance and implementation. We are truly blessed that a very distinguished group of Singaporeans have agreed to come and speak at the conference. They are Prof. S. Jayakumar, Chan Sek Keong, Joe Pillay, Janadas Devan, Heng Swee Keat, Bilahari Kausikan, Chan Heng Chee, Peter Ho and Yong Ying-I. To ensure that the insights and ideas gathered at the conference are not lost, the School has also decided to produce a volume on the proceedings of this conference. Prof. Rahul Sagar of Princeton University has kindly agreed to fly to Singapore for the conference and edit this volume. Given the success of previous volumes on Mr. Lee, there is no doubt that there will be a lot of interest in this volume. We will also share some key insights through other publications of the School, including Global-is-Asian.

The range of articles covered in this edition also illustrates the diversity of research being undertaken in the School. We are carrying out an in-depth research on the China-India relationship and we have recently launched a bi-monthly newsletter on 2

Apr–Jun 2013

key developments in the Sino-Indian relationship. The discussion on the values and attitudes of public-sector mandarins and private-sector business executives is clearly an important one at this stage as the whole world is striving to rebalance the respective roles of the public and private-sectors. With the end of the Reagan-Thatcher revolution, the time has come to strengthen the public recognition of the vital contributions made by the public-sector. Vivid proof of the difference that a good publicsector can make was provided in a remarkable essay written by Gillian Tett in the Financial Times on 8 June 2013. She highlighted that even though Singapore spends only 4% of its GDP on health care, it has delivered better results than America’s health care system which consumes 18% of America’s GDP. In short, when this conference on Mr. Lee Kuan Yew’s big ideas is held in September, it is our hope that it will lead to new insights that explain how such remarkable public-sector success stories have emerged in Singapore. Do keep up your subscription to Global-is-Asian (http://bit.ly/15i3ZHR). Future issues may contain unique insights that may not be available elsewhere.

Kishore Mahbubani is Dean of the LKY School of Public Policy, NUS, and author of The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World.

THE BIG IDEA

Mandarins and Machiavellians (continued from page 1)

Why do people do the things they do? Associate Professor, Zeger Van Der Wal, compares the motivations of civil servants versus politicians, as well as MPA versus MBA students.

PAPERS

Once in public service however, the motivations of the two elite groups become motivated by “a good salary, “success”, or more distinguishable. First, where politicians are motivated by the desire to make an “a position within society”; had negative impact and prided themselves for being equipped with the necessary skills and experperceptions of public-sector jobs and postise for doing so, civil servants value intellectually-stimulating work. Second, while both itive perceptions of business-sector jobs. elite groups are motivated by having power, only civil servants value being in proximity This study was conducted on a samto power — and increasingly so — as they move up the career ladder. ple of students that were about to graduWith a limited sample, it is not possible to generalise the findings to groups of gov- ate. Further research which Van Der Wal ernment elites, or countries and institutional systems. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that is pursuing in the next three years, supmotivational differences between politicians and civil servants largely hold across the ported by a faculty start-up grant, will different institutional settings in the Netherlands, the EU and the US, with some idio- track MPA and MBA students throughsyncrasies related to cultural and institutional factors. For example, the lack of a formal out their course of study and a few years EU cabinet and opposition could explain why the EU Members of Parliament were the after their entry into the labour market. only politicians surveyed to cite job security and salary as motivators.

This would make it possible to study the Van Der Wal cautions against a blind acceptance of elites’ account of their pubsocialising effects of the study period, the lic service ethos. First, the experimenter’s effect may be at play especially since elites actual career choice and the first experiare well-spoken and highly intelligent. Second, there is a well-known revolving door ences in the actual job market. between government and business. Hence, the public service ethos may not run as deep as the elites’ accounts will have one believe once they have left public office.

Current and future leaders Taken together, these two studies present Government or business? an interesting snapshot of what makes Big idea: Policy students are motivated by the desire to solve social problems while business current and future public and business students by a good salary and position within society. leaders tick. It will be interesting to see if The increased blurring of the lines between government and business raises questhese results are replicated within Asian tions about whether MBA and MPA students are still prone to work in one specific societies — one research area that Van sector.

Der Wal is contemplating.

Based on surveys with 131 Dutch MPA and MBA stuIn fact, the competitive remuneradents, Van Der Wal and Oosterbaan found that there is a tion in the Singapore public service may clear distinction between the career choices of both groups well render the attitudes of the public and of students. MPA students were more public-sector oriprivate-sector employee indistinguishable ented, motivated by “challenging work”, “self-development” from one another. and “a contribution to solving social problems”; had positive Zeger Van Der Wal is an Associate Professor of the perceptions of public-sector jobs, and negative perceptions LKY School of Public Policy. To learn more about him, Zeger Van Der Wal go to http://www.zegervanderwal.com of business-sector jobs. MBA students, on the other hand, Government or Business? Identifying Determinants of MPA and MBA Students’ Career Preferences: http://bit.ly/18AEaq8 Mandarins vs. Machiavellians? On differences between work motivations of administrative and political elites: http://bit.ly/13l0WPy

· Apr–Jun 2013

3

OPINION-EDITORIALS

Below is a recent selection of commentaries and op-eds by our faculty.

Shale Gas: Black Hole for Water Shale gas contributes to one-third of the United States' gas supplies. By 2030, it might provide half (and) is the only fossil fuel whose share of world primary energy is projected to increase in the next 20 years.

However, shale gas' moderate CO2 footprint is offset by its impact on water. Because of this water footprint, France in 2011 banned hydraulic fracturing, the technique used to exploit shale gas. Today, the United States' water resources are diminishing according to the 2012 Yale Environmental Performance Index. American regulators have adopted a laissez-faire approach towards shale gas so far.

Policy-makers have not kept up with the rapid pace of shale gas exploitation in the past decade. Most state oil and gas regulations currently in place were written before the shale gas revolution.

The US Environmental Protection Agency only plans to propose a comprehensive rule-making package for shale gas extraction in 2014. Such rulemaking efforts need to be intensified…

In the context of wastewater treatment, policy-makers need to particularly encourage re-injecting wastewater in order to set up closed-loop systems.

Asit Biswas, Visiting Professor and Julian Kirchherr, Research Associate in The Huffington Post, March 2013

A Look at the World Economy after Davos The US has "deleveraged" more than Europe since the GFC: households and banks have sharply reduced their debt burdens. Also, the economy is undergoing three structural transformations. First, it is in the early stages of an energy revolution, with a massive increase in domestic production of shale 4

Apr–Jun 2013

oil and gas, and crude oil. Energy costs are now half what they are in Europe.

Second, it is on the verge of a manufacturing revolution based on advancedmaterials technology. Third, US multinationals, mainly in services, are poised to reap huge gains from catering to the burgeoning middle class in Asia and other emerging markets. All three revolutions are not happening in the EU, China or elsewhere.

These transformations are no accident; they spring from the foundation of secure private property rights, free enterprise and the free circulation of ideas – in short, from a culture of individual freedom and an open society. That is, and always has been, the US's superior advantage in the world.

Razeen Sally, Visiting Associate Professor, in the Boao Review, April 2013

Cities Not Countries Will Once Again Be Key to World Order Today the UAE is the most open, liveable and prosperous society in the region, making it effectively the de-facto capital of the Arab world. Stable, diversified, and far-sighted, it is to the Arab world today what Baghdad and Damascus had been for centuries past. Once again, it is time to appreciate that inter-city relations are replacing international relations. So, much of what constitutes progressive diplomacy today is comprised of inter-city relations.

(On lessons offered by Singapore) … use technology to empower the population: Singapore will have fibre-optic Internet access island-wide by 2015.

Second, the use of scenario planning to forecast diverse possibilities and strategies for a turbulent world. Third, complement urban master-planning with economic master-planning. This means investing in the vocational training systems that prepare the labour force for

rapidly shifting supply chains. Fourth, use data and social media as a tool of governance to more efficiently deliver public services and manage traffic. Fifth, constantly upgrade infrastructure to meet sustainability standards. Sixth, expand the economic footprint through investing in special economic zones in neighbouring countries. Seventh, and finally, think of all residents of increasingly multinational/ethnic cities not as citizens versus non-citizens, but as stakeholders.

Parag Khanna, Adjunct Professor, in The National, March 2013

India and China: Softly, Softly (On Indian and Chinese troops said to be in a stand-off in Ladakh) The word stand-off probably exaggerates the state of affairs. But the Indian media has portrayed it in these terms, and it is beginning to affect the nature of the debate within the country.

There is a danger that domestic politics will unhinge a cautious, prudent policy toward China in the present stand-off. The opposition parties and the government of Kashmir under Omar Abdullah are calling for sterner Indian action. A fight with China would be disastrous - in every way. India would stand exposed militarily and diplomatically. In 1962, it was Parliament and public opinion that pushed Jawaharlal Nehru into taking positions that were unwise. Let's not repeat 1962.

By Kanti Bajpai, Professor and Vice-Dean (Research) in The Economic Times, April 2013

How China Will Shape Global Diplomacy (On changing the constitution of the UN Security Council, and if China would be more amenable to this idea than the United States) Even at the height of the Cold War, when the USSR and US were apart on everything,

OPINION-EDITORIALS

they had a mutual interest in keeping the UN weak.

A similar arrangement will exist between China and the US; they disagree on many things, but have a similar incentive towards the UN. However, this position no longer really fits their interests. Because the world is converging, the need for greater global governance is growing. While both China and the US would rather the Security Council had five permanent members, this will cause the Security Council to lose its legitimacy.

And if it loses its legitimacy, both the US and China will become losers.

(On the opening up of Myanmar and ASEAN’s leverage on checks on China) Initially, ASEAN was criticised for admitting Myanmar. But think about it. If ASEAN hadn't let Myanmar in, Myanmar would have become the focus of a geopolitical rivalry between China and India.

Granted, Myanmar's opening up was a very gradual process. However, please remember that their officials attended 1,000 ASEAN meetings a year. As a result, they came to realise how backward their country was in comparison to their neighbours. That's part of the reason why they began to open up.

Kishore Mahbubani, Dean, LKY School, in an interview with The Atlantic, March 2013.

EXECUTIVE EDUCATION

Kazakhstan Tomorrow: Educating a young ambition

by Aika Bolat

K

azakhstan hopes to join the world’s 30 most developed countries by 2050, by aligning its plans with global practices and development process to become a crucial player in the global arena. With an average GDP growth rate of 7.4%; Kazakhstan emerged relatively unscathed during the financial crisis in 2008. However, a reliance on its resources is not sustainable, and Kazakhstan sees skilled and relevant human resources as key factors for growth and competitiveness.

Kazakhstan today and tomorrow Reminiscent of how Singapore’s first Prime Minister, current Minister Mentor, Lee Kuan Yew, envisioned Singapore 40 years ago, long-time admirer Kazakhstan President Nursultan A. Nazarbayev has placed education as fundamental to growth across primary, secondary and university levels, as well as educating leaders in the world’s top universities. The establishment of Nazarbayev University was a major step forward in producing the next generation of public and business leaders, engineers, and doctors. It now has partnerships with twelve of the leading universities in the world.

Kazakhstan has also taken a commitment to implementing public policy and in developing policy-makers and related institutes. This includes strengthening its institutions, while supporting policy-makers through funding and training in implementing policies and practices learnt from other nations. Crucial amongst this is in education.

Joining the world’s “smart cities” In 1994, Nazarbayev introduced the “Bolashak” scholarship programme to send the brightest young talents overseas to study. The “Kazakhstan’s Strategy 2050” involved development initiatives such as re-training current government officials, promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, diversifying the economy, developing science and technology at internationally competitive levels, and reforms to public service and public financial sectors.

To establish the first international Graduate School of Public Policy (GSPP) at Nazarbayev University (NU), the LKY School signed a long-term partnership agreement in August 2012. The first Master in Public Policy (MPP) programme at GSPP is expected to be launched in September 2013 with 20 scholarships provided by the Kazakh government. The first public policy programme in Kazakhstan, it is designed to international standards with a component delivered in Singapore that exposes the students to Singapore's public policy environment and strategic public-sector development.

Also last year, the Temasek Foundation of Singapore and the Nanyang Polytechnic International signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Kazakh Ministry of Education to promote vocational education in Kazakhstan. Around 140 public-sector officials, teachers, and technical and professional instructors have since received training in Singapore.

The Kazakhstan government hopes these efforts will culminate in 2017, when it hosts the World Expo “Energy of the Future”. It will promote energy revolution in Central Asia, replacing traditional energy sources with sustainable ones. The expo-site construction in the capital Astana will incorporate green technology and materials including power generated from Kazakhstan’s solar and wind sources. · Apr–Jun 2013

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SINGAPORE

Putting the “Public” back into Housing: Examining the HDB (continued from page 1)

...the low income earners. The share of managers, professionals, executives, and technicians among the unemployed has been rising steadily, from 14.7% in 1991 to 27.8% in 2001 and 36.2% in 2011.

There is also a rise in the number of unemployed older workers. Given these, asset enhancement should by no means remain the predominant tenet guiding public housing.

Public housing as a public good One possible solution lies in reconciling the conflicts between the treatment of public housing as public and private goods. New apartments can first be treated as merely a public consumption good at the point of purchase from the HDB and then as a private investment good at the point of resale.

Take, for example, a new $410,500 four-room HDB apartment in a mature estate for a prospective homeowner buying his first HDB apartment at the age of 25. (See Table) Under the current scheme, a $369,450 loan stretching over 30 years would entail a monthly installment of $1,480 and a total interest payment of $163,350.

Under the proposed new pricing model, the payment for the land price, assuming to be 50% of the selling price, will be deferred to the time of resale.

Given the lower selling price, the homeowner will need a loan of only $184,725, which he can repay over 15 years with a monthly payment of $1,241. Total interest payment will only be $38,655 giving him a saving of $124,695 compared to the current pricing scheme.

Assuming that the homeowner sells the first unit and buys another fourroom apartment 15 years later, the new 6

Apr–Jun 2013

scheme again allows him to enjoy interest savings of $208,395. If he chooses to retire in his second home, he can put off paying for the land value of $265,250 until after he passes away and the unit is sold. All in all, his savings from the purchase of the two HDB apartments amount to $598,340 comprising of $333,090 from lower interests payment and $265,250 from the deferred payment for the land value of his second apartment.

This pricing model results in lower monthly mortgage payments, and shorter repayment period of 30 years for two HDB loans, which in turn, lessens homeowners’ risk. This is a contrast to the current picture of ‘asset-rich and cash-poor’ Singapore households that have up to 75% of their retirement wealth locked in housing asset upon retirement compared to the 20t for average American elderly households.

The proposed scheme allows a nest egg for homeowners to fund their retirement without having to downgrade. More importantly, it unshackles the younger Singaporeans from heavy housing loans.

There is also little fiscal impact, as proceeds from land sales go towards reserves. In fact, low mortgage payments leave households with higher savings in CPF and empower them to take care of their own long-term needs with minimal handouts from the Government.

By enhancing transparency, the proposed pricing model helps the Government regain goodwill towards an otherwise well-strategised and executed national housing programme.

Extended article: http://bit.ly/11JATQN

Table: Savings that 4-Room HDB homeowners enjoy by deferring the payment of land value Current Model (30-yrs loan)

Proposed Model: Option 1 (20-yrs loan)

Proposed Model: Option 2 (15-yrs loan)

$410,500

$205,250

$205,250

Estimated Land Value (50% of Selling Price)

$0

$205,250

$205,250

Less Grant / Subsidies (See Notes)

$0

$0

$0

Net Selling Price

$410,500

$205,250

$205,250

Downpayment (10% of Selling Price)

$41,050

$20,525

$20,525

HDB Loan (Selling price Downpayment)

$369,450

$184,725

$184,725

Monthly Repayment

$1,480

$988

$1,241

Total Loan Repayment

$532,800

$237,120

$223,380

Total Interests (Total Loan Repayment HDB Loan)

$163,350

$52,395

$38,655

First HDB Apartment

HDB Selling prices

Difference of

$110,955

Difference of

$124,695

Total Value Paid (Total Repayment + Downpayment)

$573,850

$257,645

$243,905

Resale price at the end of loan period

$690,500

$610,500

$570,500

Profit to homeowner

$116,650

$147,605

$121,345

Cumulative CPF Contributions

$810,000

$810,000

$810,000

Less Total Value Paid

$573,850

$257,645

$243,905

Add Resale Value - Land Value Payable

$690,500

$405,250

$365,250

CPF Ending balance cf

$926,650

$957,605

$931,345

POLICY BRIEFS

Migration and Health in the Development Agenda: Towards evidence-based policies for migrants’ health in ASEAN While free movement of labour has long been considered a positive factor for economic growth, the potential social and economic costs from "unhealthy"migrants have to be measured and such evidence must inform policy-making.

Ms. Marie Nodzenski and Dr. Phua Kai Hong argue that health is the key determinant in the final outcomes of migration.

A

ccording to the World Bank, remittances to developing countries represented $372 billion in 2011. Remittances make a larger contribution to developing countries’ economies than Overseas Development Aid and Foreign Direct Investments, thus contributing to lower poverty and to the building up of human and financial capital for the poor.

Phua Kai Hong Health is a determining factor in the migration experience. It is a prerequisite and outcome of sustainable development, and as such, it will determine whether migration will have a positive impact for the migrant, the family and both sending and receiving country. Migrants in poor health are a cost for both origin and destination countries.

It is necessary to understand that: 1) migration contributes to development (of origin and destination countries) and 2) health will be a determinant in the positive or negative outcome of the migration experience This article highlights the importance of, and challenges in, data collection and the sharing of information within ASEAN to inform policies for migrants’ health.

Migration and health in ASEAN Why is migrants’ health a pressing issue in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)? According to data from the World Bank, in 2010, intra‐ASEAN migration represented 4,123,515 individuals or around a third of total ASEAN migration. Over the past decades, migration flows within ASEAN have steadily increased. This can be explained by the rapid economic development of some countries in the region (like Singapore) and the consequent widening development gap between countries in ASEAN (consider Singapore vs. Myanmar).

ASEAN states have traditionally been reluctant to allow migrant settlement. Such policies tend to limit access to health care for migrants and foster negative perceptions, resulting in the poor health status of many

migrants. This, in turn, may impose a burden on national health systems or become a health threat to host populations.

Data collection and analysis No comprehensive studies on the links between health and migration have been carried out in Asia.

Three main problems with existing data are commonly identified: a lack of frequent updates (which is problematic in a dynamic region like Asia with a rapidly changing migration landscape), a lack of disaggregation (interventions cannot be targeted properly according to population groups), and a lack of efficient registration system (especially in developing countries).

The way forward Moving towards an ASEAN Economic Community as the next step of economic integration and transforming ASEAN into a single market and production base by 2015, intra‐ASEAN migration is likely to increase. Such changes, to be sustainable, will need to take into consideration the welfare of migrant workers in the region, which is to become an area of primary concern in the field of economic development.

The gaps in data collection and dissemination in the region exist both in quantity and quality. Yet, more research to inform policy on the issue of migrants' health is needed to shed light on the potential long-term social and economic costs unhealthy migrants would bring on sending and receiving countries.

In an era of globalisation, it is necessary to develop more adequate systems of data collection at the national level as well as a regional mechanism allowing for data sharing in order to manage issues, such as migrants’ health, which have become transnational in nature.An efficient data collection and sharing mechanism will be crucial to the improvement of the health status of migrants in ASEAN. Extended article: http://bit.ly/18cjIi4

· Apr–Jun 2013

7

EVENTS

China and India: Towards Strategic Rivalry or Partnership?

by Sharinee Jagtiani

T

that both share he rise of China and India concerns domestihas informed much scholarcally, and as players ship on its competitive aspects in the international and conflicting nature. Major system. They seek emphasis lies on the resentment to modernise, but that follows the border dispute, also recognise the as well as existing economic and need to sustain the security competition between ecological system. the two giants. There has, howHe emphasised ever, been limited discussion on the interest that the possibilities of cooperation both nations had in despite the fact that it is clearly in restoring the global their mutual interest to do so. financial system and Sino-Indian relations Prof Kanti (left) and Prof Huang Jing (right) shared their opinions during the Q&A session multilateral order. being one of the key projects The questionof the school, the LKY School and-answer session revealed that Sinohosted the panel discussion ‘China and India: Heading towards Strategic Rivalry or Partnership?’ on 26 April 2013. Chaired by Prof. Kishore Mahbubani, Dean of the LKY Indian relations continued to be seen as contentious and competitive. Questions School, the topic was highly topical, given the Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s recent raised included the failure of negotiavisit in May to New Delhi. It was his first trip abroad since assuming office in March.

The panel discussed potential areas of cooperation which will allow the Sino-Indian tion to resolve border disputes comprehensively. Responding to the scepticism, rise to be incorporated into the international system. the panellists reaffirmed their optimistic It included four leading scholars on the subject: Dr. Pan Jiahua, the Director of positions by stating that while uncertainty the Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies and Professor of Economics at may prevent cooperation, the likelihood the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing; Dr. Sanjaya Baru, the Director of war between the two countries was for Geo-economics and Strategy at the International Institute of Strategic Studies in very low.

London and the Honorary Senior Fellow for the Centre for Policy Research in New Prof. Huang stated that war would Delhi; and from the LKY School, Prof. Kanti Prasad Bajpai, Vice-Dean (Research) , only be the case if a combination of three and Prof. Huang Jing, Director of the Centre on Asia and Globalisation. situations in both countries: poor econoProf. Mahbubani said in his opening remarks that that Sino-Indian relations have mies, military domination of decisionhistorically impacted Southeast Asia and holds deep consequences for the region. making, and intensive nationalism. Prof.

Dr. Pan raised the issue of energy security and how both countries have a high Bajpai also added that historically, China demand for energy resources as large steel producers. While this may be essential for and India have not made serious miscaltheir development, it comes at a huge environmental price. Dr. Baru focussed on the culations of each other’s interests. ‘irritant’ issues that acted as barriers to Sino-Indian cooperation. These stemmed from The panel discussion paved the way the unresolved border dispute, to India’s support to Dalai Lama and China’s support to for a successful closed-door conference on Pakistan’s nuclear proliferation programme.

Sino-Indian cooperation. It ran over two Despite these concerns, Prof. Bajpai was positive on the prospect of Sino-Indian days and was attended by delegates from cooperation. Trade relations have been growing and they are the only two countries both countries. that seem to be a part of each and every Asian multilateral forum. Prof. Huang added Subscribe to

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