Granny

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THE GRANNY

The third book in the famous Mrs Browne trilogy, a hilarious, compassionate saga of working-class Dublin

Praise for The Mammy ‘full of devastating wit’ BOOKS IRELAND

‘A story as colourful as Moore Street itself, but there is also pathos, compassion and irony’ ENTERTAINER

Praise for The Chisellers ‘it’s a brilliant book’

SUNDAY INDEPENDENT

‘The characters leap off the page ... you’ll have to buy this book’ SUNDAY WORLD

‘full of living and raw humour’ LEINSTER EXPRESS

Praise for The Granny

‘The perfect book for reading on the bus – permeated with a ‘can-do’ attitude and with a touching ending’ EVENING HERALD

‘... a raconteur extraordinaire ... full of real people, earthy humour and unforgettable characters’ WOMAN’S WAY BRENDAN O’CARROLL,

Ireland’s favourite comedian, is a multitalented and award-winning entertainer whose achievements on video, radio, TV and film have been matched by huge success as a novelist and playwright. His first novel, The Mammy, has now been filmed as ‘Agnes Browne’, starring and directed by Anjelica Huston.

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THE GRANNY Becoming a granny is a big shock to Agnes Browne. At forty-seven she’s not quite ready for it. The family is expanding, and spreading. Agnes realises that her ‘chisellers’ are slipping beyond her control. But that doesn’t mean she will stand by and do nothing when the entire fabric of her once close-knit family seems about to disintegrate ...

Other books by Brendan O’Carroll

THE MAMMY THE CHISELLERS THE MAMMY Talking Book THE CHISELLERS Talking Book THE COURSE SPARROW’S TRAP

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F74= 06=4B 1A>F=4 0=3 74A B8G 278;3A4= WPS \^eTS X]

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