Elements of the Science of Botany by The OG

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N NMAJS SYSTEM

CLASS

Mt^ASfDKIA

MEXA^IDRIA

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TOE rHARACTEROFTHE MUST TEN CLASSES A GiZya- or I

Stamen,

J'l.vtillum

Corolla

ELEMENTS OF THE

SCIENCE OF BOTANY, AS ESTABLISHED

B Y LI N N IE U S; WITH

EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE THE CLASSES AND OltDERS OF HIS SYSTEM.

%f}itb dBfcmotn

VOL.

LONDON: PRINTED BY

BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FOR

MURRAY, fLEET-STREET.

MDCCCXIf.

.V85 I?, v.|

DEDICATION, To Mrs.

A ***. 7

Ihis little book is expressly made for your Amelia, under your direction, to awaken her mind to the contemplation of Nature. The use of' natural history, in general, is one body from anand if one branch of it, had no

to enable us to distinguish

know

other, and to

their properties:

Botany, which is other advantage than that of giving perspicuity and order to our thoughts, a moderate proportion of time in early

life

would be well

employed

facilitate

the pursuit.

this

branch of knowledge, the celebrated Linnaeus has artificially arranged the vegetable kingdom into twenty-four great divisions, or classes, of I have given examples in each, accompanied with such amusing or illustrative facts

which as

may

serve to

make

the subject

inte-

In each class 1 have f^J resting or impressive. ÂŁ2 also given one plant, cither a native of our

own country,

or such as

that the flowers

maybe

familiarly

known,

referred to without in-

convenience ; for all knowledge worth possessing, must be derived from the source, and be acquired by ourselves. Of the English plants,

common wild flowers have

been preferred, that,

in the pursuit of this delightful study, exercise

and contemplation may be united ; for it is in the country and in the fields that the heart is made better, though in great cities the wit may be improved. That my Niece may possess the advantages of both,

Your

the sincere wish of

affectionate brother*

R. D.

THIRD EDITION

Ihis Book, which was begun a child, to 1

has imperceptibly

myself,

and,

have overstepped

facts

may

require

It is

more advanced

years j

to contemplate.

more thought and

they

may be

tended

to.

its

now, and

difficulties in lan-

sufficiently explained, yet

the gaiety of youth, with

for

of investigation,

original plan.

not sensible of any

guage which are not

an amusement

become an amusement

the progress

therefore, calculated for

though

some

reflection

amusements,

may

than stay

If this should prove to be the case,

passed by, and the classification only at-

The

references to original passages in the learned

languages are printed to able to a

Lady

known, whose nence

whom

make I

the book

accept-

have the honour of being

erudition has placed her

but whose learning

other qualities of her mind.

on an emi-

yet secondary to the

INTRODUCTION. As

plants are generally reproduced

seed,,

Linnseus

chose the parts necessary to that end as the basis

his

The

artificial

system of Botanical arrangement.

he distinguishes into seven which may be enumerated in tlie following

parts of fructification

kinds, order.

Calyx,

or flower cup, as seen in the green tu-

bular part in she Clove-pink. a flowers it

Dead a

Nettle

The

till

the seed

in others

;

colour of the Calyx

plants

This part in different

some

various in shape and structure, in

permanent

some

scarlet, in the

ripe,

usually green

of other colours

the

before the flower

falls

in the

;

Holmskioldia and Fuchsia

nevertheless in

;

pomegranate

a bright crim-

son.

That

part

which surrounds the flower

distinguished in

the language of FSotany, by the general term Perlar.thium, and the word

Calyx may

considered as only having a

precise and technical meaning,

has distinguished seven kinds. 1

Calyx, properly so 2 Involucrum. 3

called, as in the Clove-pink.

Amentum.

Gluma.

6 Perichjetium.

4 Spatha. See examples in Class

7 II.

under which head Linnaeus

Volva.

VII. IX. X.

XVL XXIV.

8 well expanded, as in the

Poppy

appear to be wholly without

The

next part

which Rose,

called

;

it,

and some flowers as the

Embothria. h

Corolla,

botanists the

khown to be white or red in the and commonly called the flowery in some is

familiarly

plants this part

Pepper, Misseltoe,

In the centre

on which the species more

also wanting, as in the Hippuris, &:c.

of the Corolla there are

fructification

particularly

parts

depend: in the Lily they

They Stamen and Pistillum.

are remarkably conspicuous. spectively,

two

and reproduction of the are

named

The

re-

Pistillum

produces the seed at the base> and the use of the

stamen

to perfect that seed,

principle of

life to

so that

may have

vegetate and reproduce other plants

of the same kind.

The

other three parts are, the seed, called, in the

language of botany, b

Semen

;

the seed-vessel, called

the Embothria there are four species.

The Tulip and

the L'ly have been supposed to be without a Calyx, but Jussieu,

a man of the highest authority in the science of Botany, has determined these flowers to be without Corolla, and that part which has been usually called a Corolla to be no other than a

Calyx. c

The

leaves that

compose the

corolla are called Petals,

and

are usually of the colours, white, yellow, red, or blue, separate

combined; but sometimes they

are green, as in the

Tuber-

ous Moschatell, the Herb Paris, the Corraea v'wens, &c.

;

the Green Hellebore exhibits a curious metamorphose, Petals

which are

change, into a Calyx.

first

and the

white, then green, and afterwards

by the general name Peri car pium

and the bare

Receptaculum,

of the flower, named

shewn

the example of the Dandelion, in the plate to illustrate

XIX. Thus they may be arranged, with

the character of Class

their distinctive

Corolla, Stamen, Pistillum,

botanical names, Calyx,

Pericarpium, Semen, Receptaculum. Plate

exhibits a

The

Pistillum

Stigma

Stamen and

with their

subdivided

into

three parts,

contains the embrio seed, are indispen-

sable ; but the Style

often wanting, as in the Grass

The Stamen

of Parnassus, Poppy, &c.

botanical names.

Germen, Style,

of these parts, the Stigma, and the Ger-

men which

into

a Pistillum, each

respective

two parts, Filament,

Anther a

essential to the fertilizing the seed,

fine

seed,

dust, or

divided

but that which is

an apparently

powder, contained in the Anthera,

The word Pericarpium expresses whatever surrounds the from a similar etymology with the wordPerianthium, and

the scientific

maybe

name

of this part

Capsula

Capsula, therefore,

considered as a generic term, and Linnaeus has arranged

seven kinds of coverings under 2

;

Capsula, properly so

coriaceous or

membranous

this

head, by these names:

called, a

dry seed vessel of a

woody

texture, as the fruit of the Tea,

Cyamus nelumbo, &c. 2 Siliqua, Pod. 3

Lbgu men

Dku pa,

(no English synonyme.)

Stone

fruit.

Pomum,

Apple.

6 Bacca, Berry. 7

Strobilus, Cone.

See examples in the Illustration of the Orders of Class

and

In Class II.

V. XIII. XVII. XXII.

XV.

10 called

Pollen, which, by

the Pistillum,

Upon

these

falling

on the Stigma of

6 the cause of complete fructification.

two

parts alone, Linnaeus established

the principle of his classification by which he has

made

a Botanical Dictionary, that enables

with more

facility

any plant that

you

to find

described by ano-

ther, or to insert ,one yourself, with

certainty of

not being mistaken, now, or at any future time:

its

this

the great and principal use of his system of ar-

rangement/ e

Linnaus has thus expressed

" While therae,

pollen

and is

day

at least

falls

this subject.

from the an-

At the same time that the its highest vigour, and

dispersed abroad.

scattered, the stigma

for a portion of the

The

his opinion

plants are in flower, the pollen

then in is

moistened with a

fine

dew.

where it adheres, of the stigma is conveyed to the

pollen easily finds access to the stigma,

and being mixed with the rudiments of the seed f

The

fluid

ancient Botanists

knew no

regular system of Classi-

fication; they collected in Chapters or in Sections tho^e plants

which appeared to them to resemble each other in the greatest number of relations. It is in this manner tha< Theophrastus,* Dioscorides,-f and other authors, who are considered as systematic botanists, have arranged Vegetables. The single mark which

characterises the Class

and therefore the petals

;

different

Ray, the

among

different

fruit

;

and

the moderns

systems. in

arbitrary,

In Tournefort,

Linna&us, the stamina,

furnish Classic characters.

* Theophrastus, the father of systematic Botany, was a native of Eresus in Lesbos,

and died

the very advanced age of

107, n the year 288 before Christ. i

Dioscorides

was a Greek physician, supposed

to hav<?

Linnaeus all

Genera

distinguish the

which have

calls

or families of Plants,

foundation in nature, and which

their

characters,

his natural

he takes from

enumeThose of the species,

the seven parts of fructification already

and from no other. 5

rated,

from

all

buds,

the other parts,

and

habit

;

the root,

even from

trunk, leaf,

some circum-

the parts of fructification

stances attending

they

do not enter into the character of the genus

Class.

prevent the Stamen and Pistillum in Plate 1,

from being considered appearance

as their

tion of those parts, I have

containing Stamina and

upon an enlarged be expected

Many

common than

in all flowers, rather

scale,

illustra-

from various plants, shew the variety that may

Pistilla

to occur in the progress of investigation.

experiments have been made to ascertain

the importance of the Stamina and

last

added two other Plates

duction and ripening perfect seed. the

character and as

Pistilla to

the pro-

In the middle of

century, in a hot house at Berlin, there

was

Date Palm which blossomed very luxuriantly every lived in

Rome

the

age of

Nero,

who

ceased to

reign

A.D. 63. g Linnaeus

defines the

parts of fructification to

temporary parts of vegetables destined

beâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;-"

the

for the reproduction of

the species, terminating the old individual and beginning the

new," This

definition,

though applicable to herbaceous plants,

cannot with equal propriety be extended

to trees.

12 year with flowers containing

produced any seed or

Pistilla

fruit that

came

to perfection.

was one of the same

in Leipsic there

In a hot-house

only, h but never-

species that produced blossoms only with Stamina.

In the year 174 9, a branch of this tree in flower was sent from Leipsic to Berlin, and suspended over the Palm-tree there, that produced only Pistilla, and that year, for the first time, it bore perfect fruit and seed)

some of which were raised other trees

sent to Linnaeus in Sweden,

from them

The importance

who

Upsal.

of these two parts of a flower to

the maturing the fruit of the Palm was

known among

the ancients, and the trees bearing flowers with Sta-

mina only, w ere always planted among those that Pistilla, that the Dates might come to perfecand among the moderns, where this fruit is an tion r

bore the ;

of food,

article

M. Michaux,

it is

now

not

less carefully

attended

to.

in his Travels in Persia, has observed,

that in the contentions and civil

commotions

in that

country for the dominion of the empire the different parties which were alternately victorious, in order the

speedily to reduce the inhabitants of the pro-

vinces,

burned all the Palm-trees that produced Staand famine would have been the consequence

mina had not the Persians -,

previously taken the precaution

to preserve a great quantity of the Pollen for the pur-

h This plant bears

on another, and

its Pistilla

on one

tree,

and the Stamina

of the Class Dioecia of this system.

13 pose of fructifying the fruit-bearing trees which pro-

duce only

from the same which had been preserved for

It also appears

Pistilla.

author, that the Pollen,

for eighteen years with-

this purpose,

had been kept

out losing

fertilizing property.

its

illustrate

Pistilla,

the importance of the Stamina and

Linnaeus

Horned-Poppy.

two separate

made

flowers,

a decisive experiment

on the from

stripped off the Stamina

and afterwards, from

a distance,

brought the Pollen of a third and sprinkled the Stigma of one of these which he had so deprived of its Sta-

mina: the seed of this Poppy came to maturity, which he so fertilized, and the other did not; the experiment was frequently repeated with the same result.

upon the knowledge of these

nature that our countryman, Mr. has produced

new

apples,

and

of leguminous vegetables.

from one

species

and

also

principles

Andrew Knight, some

varieties

taking the Pollen the

fertilizing

Pistilla

same natural larger and finer

others of a different kind, but of the

Genus, he has produced a pea of sort than

The Stamina and Pistilla to

any we were before acquainted with.

essential parts of a plant,

being demonstrated

Linnaeus

made them

the basis of his system, which he divided into twentyfour classes

;

twenty-three of which have their dis-

founded on the number, and situation or arrangement of the Stamina ; and the twenty-fourth is

tinctions

made

to include all those plants

which, from the ob-

14 of their fructification did not

scurity or uncertainty

allow of being included in either of the preceding.

The

first

number of Class II.

eleven classes depend entirely upon the

the Stamina

two Stamina

one Stamen

as Class I.

;

Class III. three Stamina, &c.

Class XII. depends

upon the number, with the

additional circumstance of their

growing out of the

Calyx. Class XIII. depends

on the number, and

their

growing out of the Receptaculum. Class

XIV. and XV. depend on the

The

Stamina among themselves.

which

relation of the

first

of these has

two short ; and the second has six Stamina, of which four are long and two short. Class XVI. XVII. XVIII. depend upon the Stamina being more or less united, as in class sixteen all four Stamina, two of

are long and

the Stamina are united together in one sheath

;

in class

seventeen the Stamina are divided into two quantities ;

and

in class eighteen, into

Class

XIX.

more than two.

has the upper part of the Stamina,

usually the Antherae, united into a tube, and the lower part or filaments separate.

Class

lum.

XX.

has the Stamina situated on the

These seven

classes

Pistil-

are illustrated by plates

prefixed to each class respectively. Class

XXI. comprehends

Stamina grow

those plants

in separate flowers

where the

from those that pro-

duce the seed, yet both

sorts

same time on the same

plant, as in the

of flowers growing at the

Cucumber.

u includes those plants

where the flow-

ers that bear the Stamina

grow on

separate plants

from those that produce the

seed., as in

XXII.

Class

ing

Palm

the date-bear-

already mentioned.

Class XXIII. comprehends those plants the Stamina of which grow sometimes on separate plants, sometimes in separate flowers on the same plant, and

sometimes

Flags,

same flower with the

in the

XXIV.

Class

and various kinds of sea -weeds, and Fungi,

The Linncean Names of I.

IT.

Pistilla.

includes Ferns, Mosses, Liverworts^

these Classes are,

Monandria.

XIII. Polyandria.

Diandria.

XIV. Didynamia.

XV.

III. Triandria.

Tetradynamia,

IV. Tetrandria.

XVI. Monadelphia.

V. Pentandria. VI. Hexandria.

XVII. Diadelphia. XVIII. Polyadelphia,

XIX.

VII. Heptandria.

XX.

VIII. Octandria.

IX. Enneandria.

X. Decandria. XI. Dodecandrku

Syngenesia.

Gynandria.

XXI. Monoecia. XXII. Dioecia.

XX II

XXIV.

XII. Icosandria.

Besides these divisions, Linnaeus artificial

Polygamia,

Cryptogamid.

made

a secondary

arrangement or subdivision of these Classes

into Orders.

The Orders blished

upon

of this

the

first

number of

thirteen Classes are esta-

the Pistilla or Stigmata.,

16 and

shewn by

are

press

a marginal reference in the letter-

accompanying each

Class.

The Orders of Class XIV. and XV.

are character-

by the manner of producing their seed,, as shewn in the two plates prefixed to those classes. The Orders of Class XVI. XVII. and XVIII. are founded on the number of Stamina which compose ized

them.

The

XIX.

Orders of Class

united or separated, barren,

of the

florets

;

and each

are

fertile, is

marked by the

or abortive nature

illustrated in

its

proper

place.

The

XX. XXI. and XXII.

Orders of Class

almost entirely distinguished by the

number of

are

their

Stamina.

Orders of Class XXIII. are distinguished

The upon the

principles of the

two preceding

classes,

and

being three, are called Monoecia, Dioecia, Trioecia.

ral,

The

Orders of Class

and

in the Linnaean

XXIV.

are professedly natu-

arrangement are four; Ferns,

Mosses, Flags, and Fungi.

the top of each Plate

engraved the number

of the Class, and Order, and English name of the plant ;

and underneath

its

scientific or botanical

the top of each page

the Class, and a marginal scientific

the botanical

reference

contains

name of each Order, with an

explanation.

name.

name of the

English

FOULED M*

AS1BEU

TX^AXCKST--'

The

POJLJtEST is

an apparently

fine dttft contained in the AntheTa.

STAMEN ANB

ST L L riYI [

THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OE A FEAI^T

A Stamen

of the

Fiitiilose MoTiartla

of the Tea-~ulofsom

Two Stamina

of the

Sweet- ir elite .1 vernal-oTafs

I AStaxiie-])

Homed

The

of the

Fond-weed

Stamina of the

A Stamen^ Spring

The

iruited

of the

of the 'rocxis

Stamina

of the Yew i.A ginglt AnJ0vera mUtrped

A Stamen

five

TiloTie Thiifle, unfolded

Kose Bay

Stamen of

the

Water StarwoTt .4.

An th era.

filament

STAMINA SHEWING THE ^AMOFS I

THE

OBIAIRA.CTE1R

&AFFI5ARA STCE

AOTKTE1RA IK DEFTEM1EOT FLAOTS

Kftillnm the Tig

Itttflja

of the

rifti'lln-m

<»f

the Kg'

Rftilla of the Sweet frented vernal grain

KTHnr^Trthe

le&vena

Yaeovy

S tagma

Style

.-,

. (

jfrmen

PISTIJLJLA' SHEWING TOIE FAMOUS CHAMA.CTTIE1R& AFPEA1RANCE OF THE STIGMA JEKT BIFFEREJSTT FLAOTS

MONANDRIA. CLASS

OXE STAMEN. This Class has txco Orders.

ORDER

MOM)G\ .\ [ ARE'S -TAIL. This plant has only one Stamen MA. and one Pistillum, and each flower produces only One ri one seed. It is found in ditches and pools, and on lura. the borders of slow streams

;

not very

common,

but grows in several parts of Norfolk, and in the

neighbourhood of London.

blossoms

May and

Jane.

the bottom of each leaf there

a small flower

of the simplest kind, consisting only of one oval Ger-

men

without a Corolla, terminating in a thread-shaped

pointed style, by the side of which stands one

with is

large

two-lobed anthera.

and reddish,

When

sitting close to the

out any filament, as in Fig.

advanced

state the

young

anthera

this

Stamen anthera

Germen

with-

Afterwards in a more raised,

supported on a

filament and detached from the style, as in Fig. 2.

the parts of fructification often vary in shape and character in different stages of their growth, this

may serve

some

cases prevent an

unexpected difference of appearance

in other plants,

an example, and perhaps

from being misunderstood. VOL.

MONANDRIA.

The

parts of fructification of this plant having

Corolla, in

common

out a blossom

a j

and

may be

if a

Pistilla constitute

said to

has neither Co-

and on the other hand,

Stamen and

be complete, in the

botanical sense of the word, though

nor Calyx

be with-

the flower of the

plant has the union of one

one Pistillum, that flower

rolla

said to

but in the Linnaean language of Botany

;

the Stamina and plant

language,

if a

flower has

the most beautiful corolla that can exist and contains

only

Pistilla,

incomplete.

or only Stamina, that flower

Thus

the

said to

Hautboy strawberry has

be its

corolla of white petals like other strawberries, but the Pistilla

and the Stamina are not united

in the flowers

the same plant, consequently these flowers are said to

be incomplete.

Nevertheless, from the generally re-

ceived opinion of the Corolla being the flower, the description of Flowers in

modern Botanical works

Ray and Tournefort meant by

leaves of the plant

;

often

the flower the coloured

but since the introduction of the Linnaean

system the petals have

lost their

importance, and are

considered as a finer sort of cover, which

now only

generally present,

but not essentially necessary to the existence of the flower. The leaves of plants being usually green, Botanists

have given an unphilosophic distinction to the word colour by applying it only to yellow, red, and blue, or to their combinations.

In an early state of vegetation almost

of plants are green, of different shades, but the

all

the leaves

common red beet,

Beta vulgaris, the Braaena fenea, and some others, have their leaves of a dark purple.

k This fact berries,

of importance in the cultivation of Straw-

concerning which gardeners are sometimes ignorant,

MONANDRIA. common who adhere

acceptation of the word, even

to the

yields

with those

this

to the

Linnaean system.

Order belongs the Genus Maranta, or In-

dian Arrow-root, of which there are five species, natives

of South America, and cultivated in the It

West Indies. Maranta

the root of one species of this plant,

when bleached and pounded, powder used as food by valetudinarians, Europe the flour of the Potato is often

arundinacea, which,

makes the

fine

though in

thought to be substituted for

it.

British Plants of this Order. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

Hippurts 2 Salicornia 3

Zostera

for all

Mare's-tail

Glasswort Sea Grass-wrack

the other varieties have complete flowers,

difference

large beds of

but yield no

suspected

;

the consequence of

Hautboy strawberries fruit,

and

which

in this is,

that

often blossom very finely,

because the roots produced only Stamina, or

and no precaution had been taken to intersperse the two sorts, that the fructification might be complete.

only

Pistilla,

Retzius

stamina and

says, that pistilla

tion occasionally

other plants,

sometimes

this

strawberry has both

united in the same flower; the

same

varia-

happens in the Fig, Hemp, Spinach, and

whose primary economy,

also,

governed by

different laws.

The

figures

denote the whole

which precede the botanical Generic names

number

of species of each Genus, according

MONAXDRIA.

ORDLR

WATER STAR -WORT

digynia. Two~pIstiiia

ant^ stan(iing water,

ber

its

common

upper leaves

make

ditches

and blossoms from April

Octo-

a star-shaped appearance,

from whence it has its name. Of this Genus there are two species, this, and Callitriche autumnalis. this Class are not numerous, and there none of English growth with ornamental or conThe Cane or Indian Reed bears a spicuous flowers. beautiful crimson blossom, and the wild Lopezia of

Plants in

are

Mexico

an elegant flowering plant ; but

preferred the

have

humble growth of our own country, by

Mr. Sowerby's kindness, who has permitted me to use his Indigenous Botany upon this occasion, which, it is no flattery to say, is by far the most complete work of the kind ever published.

prevent any mistake in the pronunciation of

the botanical names engraved at the bottom of each plate, I have marked the quantity of the penultimate

by which, our English pronunciation of Latin

syllable,

words this

uniformly governed.

circumstance

words of more than two to our present state of

common

consideration of

syllables ; for,

knowledge

narres, denote the

Great Britain.

The

worth attending

;

to in all Latin

of those con-

and the figures before the

number

of species found wild in

MONAXDRIA. sisting

only of two syllables,

direct

us;

therefore

more than two one, which long,

but

have no guide to

such words consisting of

syllables,

the

called the penultima,

then the English accent

syllable, this

the quantity be

be marked

(

placed on

marked

(

)

shoi

penultimate syllable, then the English accent

ways thrown back on the preceding

syllable,,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

that t,

is al-

called

the antepenultima, without any consideration of

may be

but

syllable

last

what

the quantity of that preceding syllable, in

Latin poetry.

CLASS ORDER

MAKES-TAIX,

.hil/in,i

.-//rf/u;;/

•

,X\ il

irerme?l

HEPFIHRIS! VTHLUAIRIS

^S^T

JUrt-rnn-i

CLASS ORDER sT

"WATER STA]R«WDMT

4____

1/1

DIANDR1A CLASS

II.

TWO STAMIXA. This Class has three Orders.

ORDER

ENCHANTER'S NIGHT-SHADE. is

so called, probably

damp

places,

from

its

in churchyards,

This plant

being found in shady

August; and the delicacy of the flower gives a ray of cheerfulness to the gloom of its natural situation.

Some

plants blostom twice in a year, as

between the

monthly Rose.

tropics;

The time

N1A.

where ghosts were sup- One Pistil

posed to haunt j and was therefore thought to be faIt blossoms in July and vourable to incantation.

mon

MO NOG V-

others oftener,

of flowering

by the degree of heat which each

com-

species requires.

The Winter Aconite and Snow-drop blossom February. The greater number of plants during month of May; and the compound

the

determined

the

flowers, as those

of the nineteenth Class, chiefly in the Autumn.

lum.

DIANDRIA. GIBBOUS DUCK-WEED.

This

Lemnagibla.

plant grows in*stagnant water in shady places, float-

on the

ing

surface.

the Class Monoccia,

was put by Linnaeus

but has been removed here by

Dr. Smith, from the parts of fructification being better understood

they are

;

known now

be produced

on the margin of the leaf, and were first discovered by Ehrhart at Hanover, in July 1/79- Dr. Adams, a zealous English Botanist, devoted himself with great attention to

but unfortunately died with-

this object,

out making the discovery. The interest he took in this pursuit, made him sometimes the sport of his friends,

and

others,

he appeared

be frivolously

employed.

Every object is

in nature, philosophically considered,

equally wonderful and perfect, but the investigation

of every object has not the same relation

to the well-

being of man, or his happiness in society

;

the consideration of this

principle,

it is

universally

from felt,

though not always analyzed, that opprobrious and contemptuous epithets are bestowed on those who exhaust their time and attention in minute research. Dr. Adams,

who

only wished that he might live to see

the blossom of the Lemna, by the many, would He who spent doubtless be considered as insane. "

twenty years from Spring nant ponds to less,

make

this

Autumn

discovery,

himself, be highly gratified.

prying into stag-

might nevertheEvery succeed-

ing day might present to his view the operations of nature, and the

harmony of those laws which

mind

DIANDRIA. of quick

sees constantly

sensibility

This

evolving.

research j therefore, as far as concerned the individual,

might be

worthy and

honourable as the occupa-

of tracing obscurities in a dead language:

tion

whatever

may

may be

Dr. Adams's

have been his

alone

been benefited by

may amuse

mankind; hence the time in

rustic

while he

who

they were to himself enjoyment, no one has

his

this appropriation

entertain

who

naturalist

solitude

of his time

however numerous

a learned commentator, surdities,

yet

his ab-

some portion of thus spends

his

dismissed with contempt,

only versed in Synonymes

but

whatever

gratification^

no one partook of

;

merit, or

treated

with respect.

We cal

men by

value

to themselves

the use they are of to us, not

our happiness depends upon a recipro-

communication of

benefits,

and he who

acts in hostility to this principle to find, that

he contracts the

in any way must not be surprized

circle

of his friends.

appropriate with discrimination our time, our

fortune, or our talents, with

occasion,

judgment

suited to the

the criterion of a sound and healthy mind;

and whoever employs either to obtain an object less worthy than the means, inevitably barters for his personal gratification, a proportion of his character in

the estimation of mankind.

COMMON This plant tures

SPEEDWELL.

a native of

and heaths

;

not

Veronica

officinalis

Europe on dry sandy pas-

uncommon

Endand.

DIANDRIA.

may

blossoms from

June

August, or

later

the

;

flowers varying in their colours, pale blue, pale red,

and white

but what

more remarkable,

has been

found abroad with double flowers.

The

and rough ish to the taste, were much recommended and

leaves are bitterish

they

and formerly

used in Sweden and Germany as

a substitute

for

Tea, than which they are more astringent, and

less

grateful.

name of

the botanical

this plant,

Veronica,

usually pronounced as if the accent were on the letters on, I

and

so taught in

common

two

books on Botany,

take this opportunity to remark, that there

good authority for this pronunciation. If the word be derived from the Greek, which is most probable, then the i must be unquestionably long, and according to our English pronunciation the accent must be placed

upon

that letter. Gardeners in like

Clematis, Erica, Arbutus, as in the

first,

on the

in the third,

er in the second,

which ought

cient reason for the deviation

The Greek and

Latin

accommodated

and on the

u, long,

be short, without

from

suffi-

classical authority.

languages which are used and

the

but

manner pronounce

the accents were on the a

science

of botany

are

too

be regretted, and the

often corrupted

;

evil if possible

ought to be diminished rather than in-

this

creased. 6 h

enter into

would look too much

particular criticism like

on Botanical words,

pedantry in this place;

shall there-

DIANDRIA.

British Plants of this Order. Common

Botanical Generic Names.

2 Circ^ea 3 3

Lemna Ligustrum

3 l.ycopus 5

Pinguicula

7Q Salvia 21 13 57

Satyrium Utricularia Veronica

Enchanter's Night-shade

Duck-weed

Privet

horehound

Butter-wort

Sage

Satyrium Bladdeh-wort Speedwell

2 17

Karnes.

ORDER

SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL-GRASS soms

May

Genus there tives

and the beginning of June.

are three species } the other

of the East Indies and

The

fragrance of

duced by

this grass,

rery well founded.

fore

bis works.

Sir

are na-

be pro-

said to

but the opinion I believe

Towards the

latter

William Jones,

Vol.

II.

remarks page

not

end of June

in Herefordshire

only refer you to some judicious

this

Zealand.

new-made hay

and the middle of July,

ject,

New

two

bios-

and Wor-

this

sub-

3. 4to. edition

digynia. Tw0 p istil

i a>

JMANDRIA.

cestershire, this grass

blown and

dry,

down

to the

root, yet that

sweet odour peculiar to hay while

making

powerful to the olfactory sense as in

other counties, where the hay

when

season,

be supposed

this grass, at the

made

earlier

time of mowing,

for objecting to the scent exclusively proceeding grass,

this

that

is,

may

Another reason

be in perfection.

it is

meadows where

from

does not

abound no diminution of fragrance is perceived in the harvest j it would therefore seem, under the most favourable circumstances, only to contribute its and not

share,

be the

resides in

and not

the stem,

in the

sole cause

of the fragrance

The sweet odour

of new-made hay.

this

grass

particularly in the joints,

spike or flower.

This, and

Bromus

diandrus are the only two British grasses which have

fewer than three stamina, and are the only English plants of this Order.

ORDER No

British Plant of this Order.

BLACK TRVGYNIA.

per are very

They

sixty.

PEPPER. The many. are

all

different species of

Professor

Pep-

Martyn enumerates

natives of the East

and West In-

Three Pistiiia.

dies ;

few

three of the

in the islands

of the South Seas, two or

Cape of Good Hope, but none of Europe. is a shrubby plant, and grows spon-

Black Pepper

DIAXDR1A.

taneously in the East Indies and Cochinchina.

It is

such success in Malacca, Java, and

cultivated with

especially in Sumatra, that

to every part of the world.

from thence exported is

exported also from

Cochinchina.

White Pepper was formerly thought ent species from the Black; but

be a

differ-

nothing more

than the ripe berries deprived of their skin by steeping

them about

a fortnight in water, after

are dried in the sun.

when

The

which they

berries falling to the

ground

over-ripe lose their outer coat, and are sold as

an inferior sort of White Pepper.

Black Pepper

them

and

all;

is the strongest and the hottest of most commonly used for medical as

well as culinary purposes. That which

Pepper

produced from a plant

in the

called

West

Cayan Indies,

of a very different genus, called Capsicum, of which there are rive species; and that particular species from

which the Cayan

Jamaica Pepper

made, is

Myrtus pimenta of Class of his

Capsicum grossum.

the dried unripe fruit of the

Linnaeus, a plant of the twelfth

It is a round fruit, with a and rough rind, containing within it two black kernels of an aromatic smell and taste, ap-

system.

duskish, hard,

proaching to that of Cloves, yet partaking, in some degree, of the odour and taste of

all

the other species,

whence it has obtained the name of All-spice. The tree which produces it, rises to the height of thirty or forty feet;

and

in a rich soil,

height of an hundred

feet.

will

The

grow even

to the

leaves are like those

DIANDRIA.

of the bay, but of a

much

stronger aromatic smell;

the flowers stand in bunches, and are of a greenish colour

;

these are succeeded by the fruit,

which the

Negroes gather before it is ripe, and dry it in the sun ; in drying, it becomes wrinkled and brown, though before, smooth and green.

The

tree

grows

naturally in hilly places in the north part of Jamaica.

The at

churches in the

West

Indies are usually adorned

Christmas with small boughs of Pimento as

decorate ours in England, at the

with Holly and Ivy.

same time of the

year,

CLASS ORDER

ENCHANTERS NIGHTSHADE

OIRC^EA ILYTETLANA z^ss

JLEMKA m.

'G.IBBA

ranon* Speedwell

Y3S1L0NICA OfTICINAIJTS

CLASS ORDER

^ Sweet-scented yerkaiksbass

W-AA

S2525S

CLASS H ORDER

^ A

BLACK 2

—

FEFFJEJR

(til).r Ln.i

FIFJR1R

NIGRUM

opok tthewuta t/w

TRIANDRIA. CLASS

III.

THREE STAMINA. This Class has three Orders,

ORDER PAPYRUS.

This plant

proper to the Nile:

bed of the

grows, however,

said

usually

One river,

but in some small streams issuing out

of it, some large stagnant lake or neglected watercourse in

its

neighbourhood, in a depth of water not

exceeding three

feet.

grows

also

in Syria, in the

shallow recesses of the river Jordan, and at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates.

a plant tall

and slender, of the rush kind, about ten or twelve

The stem

high.

and triangular

in the

bushy head, and

feet

naked, of a vivid green colour,

lower part, at the top

has a

the bottom a few short sedgy

leaves/

As our knowledge

of the different uses to which was applied by the ancients, must be now derived from ancient authors, I will here translate this plant

In the British

the plant.

MOgogr

not in the

Museum

there

a good dried specimen cf

lum.

Pisul-

TRIANDUIA. of a chapter of Pliny upon this subject, rather

part

than be indebted to more modern compilations. author, after speaking

We have not yet

book, saysâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; " plants or

part to

upon gums,

on shrubs of the

touched upon marsh

rivers

yet before

de-

also

from Egypt, the nature of the Papyrus

be related, since, in the use of paper consists

zation and the retrospect of past events.

civili-

Varro re-

making paper from the

that the invention of

lates,

This

in his thirteenth

Papyrus was found out during the conquest of Alexander the Great,

when he founded

Alexandria

before

which time the use of paper did not exists " The leaves of Palm trees were first used write

upon

;

then the inner bark, by Botanists called afterwards the public re-

the liber, of certain trees 5

cords were written on rolls of lead private persons

began

make

soon after that

use of linen cloth or

same purpose,

waxed

tablets for the

Homer

table-books were even used to write upon be-

War.

fore the time of the Trojan

Although Pliny has here

Varro, that the use of paper

for

find in

But while Homer on the authority of

zsserted,

made from

the Papyrus did not

Antca non fuisse would appear, from Isaiah, to have

exist before the foundation of Alexandria,

chartarum usum yet :

been applied to that purpose before he wrote his Prophecies,

which

supposed to have been sevtn hundred years before

the Christian able, the

^ra.

word

Isaiah

xix. 7.

Hebrew

have been derived from the use its

application to the

Hebrew name.

making

And w hat

more remark-

signifying the Papyrus appears to to

which

of paper

was applied

;

were even anterior

to its

TRIANDRIA.

himself was writing, neither was that part

Egypt which

now known

Sebennytisonly,

district

so,

all

land in

within the

(as,

the paper was produced;)

all

for since his time, the Nile

mud

inundations has

its

be accumulated, which has consolidated into land: for, from the Island where the Pharos caused

which

stands,

by abridge, a spread

Soon

sails

now

vessel

was

a night

and a day, with

after, as

Varro

Alexandria only

making

before the wind,

full

that distance.

also relates, in the rivalry

Ptolemy and Eumenes libraries,

joined

between

establish their respective

Ptolemy interdicted the

sale

of paper

and was use became $

the same Varro relates that the use of parchment

found out general,

Pergamus 5 afterwards that

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;on which the immortality of men depends.

" The Papyrus Egypt, or in the its

inundation has

produced in the marshes of

parts of the Nile itself, or

still

made

where

temporary shallow, not ex-

ceeding two cubits in depth.

The

horizontal root

of the thickness of a man's arm 5 the stem of the plant is

triangular, not

more than

slender towards the top,

head like a Thyrsus

;

of the bead made use

ten cubits long,

when

has no seed, nor

of,

becoming

terminates in a bushy is

any part

except the flower, to

chaplets for the statues of the Gods.

The

the roots as wood, not only for fuel, but also to vessels for domestic purposes. self,

indeed, they

the plant they

VOL.

From

make

natives use

make

the Papyrus

it-

make wicker boats; from the liber of make sails and coverings, mats and C

TKIANDRIA.

cordage, and also wearing apparel.

They chew

root also, crude or soddened, however,

tne

swallowing

only the juice.

"The

Papyras

also

produced in Syria, on the

borders of the same lake with the sweet-scented reed ;

nor had King Antigonus any other cordage for his

what he procured from thence broom lately it that the Papyrus is found grow-

naval purposes than

before the introduction of the Spanish

has been ascertained

ing in the Euphrates about Babylon, and the natives

make

the same use of

for

paper

;

and even

now

the

Parthians are fond of weaving letters in their clothes.'

The

paper

prepared from the plant by dividing the

pellicles into laminse

with a pointed instrument,

same time preserving the

From

strips as

wide

the

as possible.

the inner rind of the bark of the middle

made

part of the stem, the Egyptians appear to have their paper.

The

lamincs or layers were separated

with an instrument made for that purpose: these strips,

which were usually about two inches and

a half

h " Et tamen sdhuc malunt Parthi vestibus litems intexere."

This

fact

may

probably refer to

some ancient custom

Pjrthians to manufacture the clothes they wore of the materials as that on

which they were accustomed

of the

sams write,

and the cloth so manufactured may have served for either purpose; and when this practice was no longer in use, they may have still continued to ornament their dress with worked letters instead of written characters. i

Pliny

Be gummi

gcneribus, et Papyro>. Leber xiii. Cap. ilÂť

TRIANDRTA.

broad, were squared at the edges so as to be like rib-

bons j they were cemented together by their edges, which were laid just over each other; similar strips were then laid transversely, to give the paper a proper

when this was done a weight was placed upon them while moist, and they were substance and strength;

then

The

dry in the sun.

left to

and dimension according

lity

was

paper varied in qua-

to the uses to

This paper was principally manufactured

from the exportation of which, the

dria,

which

enriched

;

and

in the time of the

city

Alexan-

was greatly

Emperor Adrian,

Vopiscus speaks of one Firmius,

who

could maintain an

stock of paper.

The was

be applied.

time of

its first

his'

boasted that he

when paper mr.de from the Papyrus known with more certainty than the

time,

disused,

army with

not

introduction,

and the truth

probably,

that they were both so gradual that no date can accurately be assigned to either.

century

fifth

Italy

France

was

As late as

in general use in

was occasionally used till

till

the end of the

Europe; and in

the eleventh, and in

the twelfth century, k

cotton entirely superseded

it.

when paper made of Afterwards paper made

from linen was adopted, of which there is reason to believe none was entirely made of that material before the year 1367. l k

The

patus

II.

John XII. and Agraand ninth centuries on cot-

Bulls of the Popes Sergius II.

were written

in the eighth

ton paper. 1

The

2588,.

first

Paper Mill a in England, was erected in the year<

TRIANDRIA.

From Papyrus, paper

derived ; and from the

ancient custom of writing on the leaves of trees, our

book

said to

be composed of leaves.

Liber

the

inner bark of a tree, on which the ancients were also

used to write ; and volumen was the manuscript rolled

up; hence our words library and volume.

British Plants

this

Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

Crocus 10 rushgrass 3 Flower-de-luce l Small Matweed 5 Velerian 22 Galingale

Crocus 53 cyperus 3

50 Iris 1

Order,

Nardus Valerianao

69 Scirpus

ORDER

CAT'S-TAIL GRASS blows from June to Octoand is common to every meadow, but not pro-

DIGYNIA.

ber,

fitable to

the farmer.

when growing

This grass has a fibrous root

in pastures that are

uniformly moist

;

but in dry situations, or such as are only occasionally wet, n

acquires a bulbous root,

The

whose inner substance

root of the Iris suspended in

pleasant taste, and

wine

put into beer will keep

is it

said to give

stale.

Some

species of this

from becoming

Genus have only one stamen.

TRIANDRIA. is

moist and fleshy ; exhibiting a curious instance of

the provision of nature to guard the plant against too

sudden a privation of moisture from the

MEADOW FOX-TAIL,

soil.

Alopecuruspratensis,

a grass abundantly produced in rich moist

on the whole,

perhaps as valuable as any

yields a

heavy crop, and

after

shoots freely, and the after- math

and

we possess,

In such

springing early and producing plenty. tions

soils,

has been

situa-

mown

greedily eaten

both by Horses and Cows.

CREEPING BENT-GRASS,

Agrostis stoloni-

fera, produces several varieties, which form an herb-

age in deep spongy meadows of considerable value,

and often

constitutes the chief part of the crop.

In Wiltshire,

called Orcheston, about

at a place

nine miles from Salisbury, there

a small

meadow of

not more than two acres and a half which has been

long celebrated for

The meadow

its

extraordinary quantity of grass.

situated

on a small brook, which

frequently overflowed, and sometimes continues so a great part of the winter

then in a wet season. the average crop

mowing, and

has always the greatest buris

mowed

twice a year, and

twelve tons of hay at the

six the second,

first

though sometimes con-

siderably more.

The grass

of a sweet nature, so that

even pigs eat

very eagerly.

excellent, eat

all cattle

and

When made into hay it is greatly ; and horses will mixed with chaff, when

and improves beasts

in preference to corn

both are set before them together.

This account

TUIANDRIA.

was published by the Bath Agricultural Society in 1792, and verified by the farmer who then occupied the land.

The

account the farmer has also given concern-

ing the character of the grass,

is,

that

generally grows

of about eighteen inches, and then

to the height

and runs along the ground

sixteen or eighteen feet, and that he has stances of

its

falls

in knots to the length

known

running to the length of twenty-five

This grass

of in-

feet.

thought to be, principally, some

species of the agrostis,

and probably a variety of the

Agrostis slolonifera.

The

Irish Fiorin-grass,

which

so productive,

and

ÂŤo materially contributes both to the quantity and the quality of the milk

and butter of Ireland,

said also

to be a variety of this grass.

Grass

Â° is

the most general herbage on the face of

common

the earth, which to a

observer might be

supposed to be one uniform vegetable production,

growing more or but upon

less

luxuriantly in different soils j

accurate and scientific investigation,

there are found to be not less than a hundred and six-

teen different species, natives of Britain alone.

Most

of the grasses possess the valuable property of increasing

their roots,

well as by seeds} and

while the leaves, which form the herbage, are cropped Â°

this Class

and Order, with few exceptions, belong all

the numerous tribe of vegetables, called Grasses, which are thus

denned by Ray; " Plants having a round, jointed, and hollow stem, surrounded at each joint with a single

and pointed, and whose seeds are contained

leaf,

long, narrow,

in chaffy husfes."

TRIANDRIA. and eaten

the roots multiply and spread under

off,

the surface of the ground

;

and thus by

double pro-

vision of nature, are secured the preservation

and

re-

production of the plant so essential to the animal

Among

world.

of plants no one

this extensive tribe

has been found of a poisonous nature, except the

Lolium

temulentum,\\'\\\c\\\s'?>a\&toX)e intoxicating

and

The seeds of the smaller kinds of many birds while the seeds of

pernicious in bread. are the sustenance

;

the larger grasses, as wheat, barley, rye, and oats,

human

supply food for the

species.

Among

the wheat

of the most importance, which, in

tive state,

a very small seed 3 but

and the quantity

larged,

single grain,

duced no

infinitely increased.

Mr. Chailes

less

by culture

these

its

na-

en-

From

Miller, of Cambridge, pro-

than three pecks and three quarters,

pounds, by the following management On the 8th of August he took up a plant of wheat which had been sown in the beginning of

weighing

forty- seven :

June, and divided

into eighteen parts,

each of

which was transplanted separately about the latter end of September they were again removed, and In the end of the divided into sixty-seven roots. 5

March

following, and the beginning of April, they

were separated ears

;

and thus

into

500

plants,

this single grain

VIVIPAROUS FESCUE. an exception ducing

its

cerning

to the

This grass seems to

fold.

make

general law of nature, of repro-

by seed

be correct,

which yielded 21,109 produced 570,000

;

its

and, habit

if is

what

known con-

peculiarly interesting.

TRIANDRIA. The

seeds of many of the pasture grasses will germinate in their husks by the successive

often

showers and sunshine of Autumn, and especially those which spring up amidst the crags on the summits of mountains, where the sun has not been sufficiently

But

constant to perfect their seeds.

this plant

not

considered as simply viviparous by local and casual circumstances, but from the constitution of its nature \ as

its

all

habits and character have been found hitherto, altitudes

and

situations, to

be invariably the

same. Its progress

stage,

of vegetation

that in a very early

is,

the terminal floret springs out and forms a

and in that

leader, stipulae

wrapping

the stipulae

become

form leaves cepting

the

situation

has three or four

at the base, but in succession

elongated, an inch or more, and

the leader,

till all

have shot out, ex-

Calyx, which remains unaltered; roots

then occasionally spring out, the

sprout afterwards

drops from the Calyx, becomes rooted in the earth, constituting a separate and independent plant.

This Grass is

found

indigenous to alpine situations

in perfection in Scotland,

on dry

the moist crevices of dripping rocks

gathered

Lodore

water-fall, near

In considering plants according ral

affinities,

and

have myself

Keswick. to

their natu-

Linnaeus divided the vegetable world

into nine Casts

Grasses,

walls,

one

or Tribes, of

which Gramma, or

and by analogy

to the different ranks

in society, he fancifully called

them the

plebeians of

TRIANDRIA,

while the Palms were the princes, and were the nobles. His tribes are thus arranged. Palmae. 2.Gramina. 3.Lilia. 4. Herbae. 5. Arbores.

the creation

;

Lilies 1.

6. Filices.

Musci.

COMMON

narum. The Sugar-Cane Asia,

Q. Fungi.

8. Algae.

SUGAR-CANE. is

Saccharum

offici-

a native of Africa and Lower

as well as the East Indies,

and Arabia

Felix:

grow spontaneously in America, but on the other hand it is asserted that it was not known it

also said to

in those regions

till

the Europeans colonized them.

For a considerable time, however, dustriously

and

has been most in-

successfully cultivated in the

Islands situated within the tropics, and plantations that

we now derive

it is

American

from these

the greatest part of our

supply of sugar.

Very many vegetables converted into sugar. saccharina, sugar

secrete a sweet juice, easily

From

a species of

Maple, Acer

annually obtained in America in

considerable quantities ; in

Mexico

it is

obtained from

the American Aloe, Agave Americana; and at schatska

it is

Kam-

produced from the Heracleum syphondy-

lium and Fucus saccharinus:

many

roots also afford

sugar, as Carrots, Parsnips, &c.

The plant here represented produces the sugar in common use, which is prepared from its expressed juice boiled with the addition of quick lime, or

mon

com-

vegetable alkali, to saturate the superfluous acid.

The

boiling

sels,

during which time

repeated in smaller and smaller vesit

often necessary to

the impurities,, and employ additional alkali $

scum

when

TRIANDRIA,

the juice acquires a due consistence,

suffered to

cool in a proper vessel, and the sugar concretes into a

This, after being separated from

crystallized mass.

the molasses,

under the name of brown or

sold

This same sugar, more purified, be-

moist sugar.

comes white, and being the process,

cast into

conical moulds in

then the loaf sugar of the shops.

Sugar, as a part of our necessary food, or as adding to

our luxuries, tion cal

but

its

too well

men differently

haave supposed

human

known to

use as an aliment

appreciated

require any descrip-

to have a tendency to emaciate the

body, John Hunter recommended

restorative in cases of great debility.

moderate proportion there can be it is

nutritious

;

medi-

different

while the great Boer-

for all animals,

little

However,

in a

doubt but that

their earliest state

supported by milk, are nourished by a food containing a great proportion of sugar;

opinion that

all

food

saccharine quality

and Dr. Cullen

nutritious in proportion to

its

there are, however, well authen-

where an excess of sugar has been found have done much harm.

ticated cases

British Grasses. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

35 Agrostis 14 8

Aira Alopecurus

Bent-grass Hair-grass

Fox-tail-grass

TRIANDRIA. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

Anthoxanthum

Sweet-scented Ver-

nal-grass 14 25

Arundo Avena

Briza 25 Broom-grass 6"

2 11

2oCynosurus 2 Dactylis 2(5 Festuca 1^ Holcus 9 Hordium 1 Knapsia

Reed Oat-grase Quaking-grass Broom-grass

Dog's-tail-grass Cock's-foot-grass 12 Fescue-grass 3

3 4 l

Holcus Barley Anglesea Sand-grass

Lolium

Ray-grass

Melica Wood Millet Heath Mat-grass

Melica Millium Nardus Panic um

Panick-grass

Phalaris

Canary. grass

14 12

l 1

Phleum

3 Cat's-t ail-grass

POA

ROTTBOELLIA Triticum

18 1

ORDER

POA SEA RUSH-GRASS Quitch-grass

UMBELLIFEROUS CHICK-WEED This is trigynia. ~~ plant,' found wild in Norfolk and Suffolk, ^ u an annual r Three Pistilia. and blossoms in April and May. It was first noticed in

England

of Norwich.

/65,

when

was found on the walls

TRIANDRIA.

British Plants of this Order. Botanical Generic Names.

Holosteum Montia

Polycarpon

Common Names. i i

Umbelliferous Chick-weed Small water Chick-weed Allseed

CLASS HI ORDER

PAFYEX S 7

PAFYR U ______ /Wv

CYPjE EU 5 SEES

ยง

WW!::W\im 'HV IOl

TMJE PAFTJRITS

CLASS ORDER N

ffl 2

CATS « TA1IL - &3RAS S

PH1LEITM JPRATE^SE 2SZSZSZ5

=———2gsZ35

-graft

AjLOPEcrnrs pirated ;s]t^ in 2

3 StqnuU irhcrna}

Floret in an earty

state

4 Floret

in a

iiwre advaruxd. state

F&?a6&

]FESTITCA VITIIPAjRA

SACCMARTDM OFFICIKAMUM MI

class ORDER

V TOffiMIJIFEROra CHI CK^WEHD

HOILO STEUM E /AAA

I7IMIB EI[J[

ATUM ,/V/VA^y

TETRANDRIA. CLASS

IV.

FOUR STAMINA. This Class has three Orders.

ORDER

DEVIL'S-BIT SCABIOUS abounds pastures that are

August

October

abrupt root, as

grassy

somewhat moist, and blossoms from

This plant has an

inclusively.

were cut or

bitten off;

and from

the notion that formerly prevailed as to the cause of this peculiarity,

in medicine.

was supposed

Gerarde/

whimsical account concerning called is

Morsus Diaboli, or

seemeth) that

have great efficacy

in his Herbal, has given this it

commonly

Devil's bit, of the root (as

bitten off: for the superstitious

people hold opinion, that the Devil,

for

the envy that

P John Gerarde was born at Nantwich, in Cheshire, in 1545, and was educated as a surgeon. He lived in London, and in Holborn he had a considerable Physic Garden, probably

the best at that time in England, for the its

productions.

Plants, in folio,

number and

variety of

In 1597, he published a General History of now known by the name of Gerarde's Herbal.

died about the year 1607.

monogy.

—

£™

Pi5til -

TETRANDRIA.

he beareth to mankind, bit it off, because otherwise good for many uses."

would be

British Plants of this Orde Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names-

4 Alchemilla 11 1

2 Ladies

asperula

Centunculus Cornus

3 Teasel

Exacum 48 Galium l

43SCABIOSA 3 Sherardia

Two

first

Pistilla.

Little Field-maddeh

SLENDER BUFFONIA was

Wild Burnet

3 DtVIL's-IilT SCABIOUS

ORDER

Rupia 3 Sanguisorna 7

June:

March centory Goosegrass Plantain Dyers Madder

38 Plantago

digynia.

Chaff-weed Dogberry tree

4 Dips ac us

mantle

woodroof

May

and

noticed in England Ray/i by 째 J J

blossoms in

John Ray was the son of a blacksmith, born at Black In ltree, in Essex, November 28, 1628, and

Notley, near

educated at Cambridge. of Natural History,

early applied himself to the study

in 16&2, he suggested an idea, or plan of

arrangement of Vegetables superior in 1686,

any then known

he published a General History of Plants,

and ; which

TETRANDRTA. was named by Sovage

honour of the Count de

Buffon; and Linnaeus added the epithet tenuifolia, appropriate to the plant, and at the same time expres-

of the slender pretensions of the French naturalist

sive

entertained

but

France the

name

he exemplified

men

Unfortunately these two great

to that honour.

little

respect

of Tournefort

each other.

for

held the

first

place

system in the description of 1S,655 species, His method was founded upon the gene-

his

including varieties.

habit or structure of Plants

ral

herbs and trees place of growth

and seeds

;

the

;

number

the situation and disposition of the flowers

of the leaves and

From

fruit.

he arranged

all

rate,

has more

extremely

fore,

now more

;

the

and the substance

33 Classes, which he

His method

extremely elabo-

natural Classes than any artificial system, difficult,

the

a combination of these circum-

vegetables

subdivided into 125 sections.

;

of seed-leaves, petals, capsulte,

absence or presence of the Calyx and petals stances,

and duration, as

their size

their greater or less degree of perfection

when

but

applied to practice, and, there-

studied for curiosity than use.

died

January 17, 1704-5.

Ray was an ornament ral

to learning

and evcry'branch of natu-

knowledge, and had the singular happiness

years of his

life

to the cultivation of the sciences

to devote fifty

he loved.

In-

by the most ardent genius which overcame innumerable difficulties and discouragements, his labours were in the end crowned with success. He reformed the studies of Botany and cited

Zoology,

own

raised

investigations

them

to the

added more

dignity of a science, and his real

improvement

them

England, than any of his predecessors. r

Pitton

plored

de Tournefort was born at Aix.

following went to

In 1678 he ex-

Dauphiny and Savoy, and the year Montpellier, where he studied medicine, aftÂŤs

the mountains of

TETRANDRTA.

in the department of Botanical knowledge.

Buffon

himself was no botanist, but, as a zoologist, so extolled

him

his

in his

countrymen, that

own

a statue

was erected

on whose pedestal was an declared his genius e<iual to the

inscription, that

lifetime,

Majesty of Nature. Linnaeus named many genera of plants to commemorate persons who had added to the stock of bo55

tanical

knowledge j and a strong

character

feeling of his natural

very discernible in this exercise of his

One genus he named after a scholar of whose name was Browal, of obscure birth and humble fortune, and called it Browallia depressa. Afterwards this same man, by a favourable change of judgment. his,

which he culties

travelled over the Pyrenees,

and danger

and endured great

in searching for plants.

diffi-

afterwards tra-

velled into England, Spain, Holland, and other countries, cultivating his favourite

science,

and forming connections with

learned men.

In 1683 he was made Professor of Botany in the

royal garden.

In 1692 he became a

member

of the

Academy

of Sciences, and in 1700 he was sent into Asia by the king to collect plants.

died in 170s.

Voyage History of the Plants round Paris,

of Botany, 3 vols. Svo.

;

His works are, to the

Elements

Levant, 2 vols. 4to;

3. 2 vols. l2mo. ; 4. Treatise on the Materia Medica, 2 vols. l2mo. s Count de Buffon was born in Burgundy, September 7,

1707, and died April 16, 1788. He is said to have been very flattery, and with singular naivete would praise him-

fond of

by observing, that the works of eminent geniuses were few; "They are those of Newton. Bacon, Leibnitz, Montesself,

quieu, and

my own."

TETUANDRIA. circumstances,

became

Linnaeus then

named another

genus Browallia data. in pairs, thers,

and

a bishop,

former condition, and

forgot his

his

in this

rank he

former friends

same which has its leaves honour of two bro-

species of the

A plant,

he named Bauhinia,

John and Gaspard Bauhins.

The name of remem-

Banisteria he gave to a climbing plant, in

brance of

from

a rock,

Banister,

who

lost his

life

which he was climbing,

falling

in botanical

pursuits.

British Plants

this

Common Names-

Botanical Generic Names. 1

i -4

Order.

APHANES BurroNiA Cuscuta

1 l

PAHSLEY-PrERT Buffonia

Dodder

COMMOM ENGLISH ELM"

ULML'S CAMPESTRIS

COMMON HOLLY

a tree of slow growth,

and long duration; the wood

close-grained,

and

tetrag\ NIA. Four

John and Gaspard Bauhins wrote a General History of Plants, in 3 vols, folio, published in 1650, in which are det

scribed 52fi6 plants. u This

Elm

not

known

produce any perfect seed, and

has been usually propagated by grafts or suckers

VOL.

;

but now,

Pistilla.

TETRANDRIA

the bark smooth, and abounds in a mucilage of which

made.

bird-lime

ripen

the

blossoms in May, the berries

Autumn, aud

throughout

last

the

winter.

Branches of

Romans

as emblematical said

tree

this

were sent by the ancient

their friends with their

be nearly

New-year's

gifts,

of good wishes ; and the custom of

as ancient as the building

Rome

In England the houses and churches are de-

itself.

corated with

Christmas to impart an

air

of cheer-

fulness to the festive season.

In the economy of vegetation some trees preserve their leaves constantly

through the whole year, and

are not in the least influenced

by the clemency or

inclemency of the seasons j such

trees are called ever-

greens, of which the Holly

Yew, same

after

The

many

others are of the

the formation

do not drop them leaves

one.

These preserve

description.

long time

less

Cedar, Cypress, and

their old leaves a

the

new, and

any determinate time.

of ever- greens in general

succulent than

Fir, Juniper,

are

The

harder and

those which are renewed

an-

nually.

With

respect to deciduous trees,

of the leaves seems

much

rature of the atmosphere,

cultivated

called the

Wych

grafting

the falling off

depend on the tempe-

which likewise

serves to

on the Ulmus montana, commonly

Hasel, or Broad-leaved Elm.

TETRANDRIA

A burn-

hasten or retard this operation of nature.

ing sun contributes to hasten the dropping of the

Hence

leaves.

and dry summers the leaves of

in hot

the Lime-tree and Horse-chesnut turn yellow about the

first

of September, whilst in other years the yel-

lowness does not appear

the beginning of October.

till

Nothing, however, contributes more to hasten the

fall

of the leaves than immoderate cold or moist weather in

autumn

moderate droughts, on the other hand, serve

;

to retard

it.

As a proof of this

relates, that in the year

tree,

which generally

M. Adamson

position,

759, the leaves of the Elm-

fall

off about the twenty-fifth

of November, continued in verdure and vigour at Paris,

where the autumn was remarkably

tenth of December. general opinion

branches ;

and

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;In

that a

dry,

Worcestershire

this

tree

Baronet

till

the

should be without

of very

considerable

landed property in that county, has improved upon this

prevalent taste

by terminating

cutting off the top, and nailing a

his flat

pruning with board on the

headless tree.

The which

upon

following table respecting the

different trees shed

observations.

mean

their leaves,

times in

founded

TETRANDRIA,

Gooseberry-tree, and Bladder Sena,

October 15.

Walnut and Ash 20.

Almond-tree, Horse-chesnut, and Lime-tree, Maple, Hazle-nut, Blackpoplar, and Aspen-tree,

25.

Birch, Plane-tree, MountainFalse-acacia, Pear, osier, and Apple-tree,

November

Vine, Mulberry, Fig, Sumac, 10.

and Angelica-tree, Elm-tree, and Willow, Apricot, and Elder-trees,

15.

20.

British Plants of this Order. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

16 Ilex 14 1

5 S

PoTAMOGETON Ruppia Sagina Till/ea

l .

11 1

4 1

Holly CURLED PONDWEED Tasselgrass

Pearlwort Redshanks

CLASS ORDER

BEVIES -BIT SCABIOUS

— __

SCABIOSA SUC CIS A —— — — saaas

zgggs

CLASS ORDER

SUEOTHEIR

BTOTONIA

BOTFOMIA TENFIFOMA

CLASS ORDER

IV 3

~ |\J

COMMOI

JHOIXY

1^1

PENTANDRIA. CLASS

FIVE STAMINA.

This Class has seven Orders.

ORDER LOTUS.

This

a very branching thorny shrub

a native of Africa, where

it is

abounds from the

;

monogy-

east-

ern to the western extremity, and by the natives held One in

high estimation;

of Asia.

also

found wild in

autumn.

and herbaceous it is

same

;

but of

name, both arborous

this, there

can be

the Lotus of the Lotophagi of is

lum.

parts

the ancients, there seems to have been

several different plants of this

that

many

blossoms early in the spring, and the

fruit ripens in

Among

it is

little

doubt

Homer, the

thus described by Herodotus, Polybius, and

Pliny.

Herodotus. " Lotophagi

inhabit the

coast of

these Gindenes (an African people) which stretches to the sea;

Lotus.

who

This

live

fruit

by eating the

of the Lotus

fruit

only of the

size

about as

Pistil-

Â°4

PEXTANDRIA.

large as that of -the lentiscus;* in sweetness,

From

the fruit of the Palm-tree.

make

phagi also

it is

the Loto-

this fruit

wine."y

Polyuius. " The Lotus is a tree of no great height, rough and thorny, and bears a green leaf, somewhat thicker and broader than that of the bramble; its fruit at first

in size

ple ;

like the ripe berries of the myrtle,

and colour, but when

ripens

then about the bigness of an olive ;

when

round, and contains a very small kernel; ripe

up is

gathered, and bruised

it is

into a vessel,

and kept

kernel being

first

among

taken out

bread-corn, put it

for the family, the

has the taste of a

or date, but a far better scent.

it is

as food for the servants;

same manner

dressed after the

made of

both

turns to pur-

Wine

fig,

likewise

by steeping and bruising it in water, and taste, like wine tempered with It is drunk without being mixed with water, not keep more than ten days, therefore it is it

has a very relishing

honey.

but will

made is

also

immediate use.

in small quantities for

Vinegar

made of it." z

Pliny.

" That

part of the coast of Africa

which

borders on the Mediterranean, produces that celebrated tree the Lotus,

same

tree

indigenous.

which the

also

The

natives call Celtis

common

with us in

chief quantity

;

Italy,

and the but not

grow about Syrtes

y Herodotus, Lib. 4. (Melpomene) 'Axtw ÂŁs wgoifctf a-av. z This is an extract preserved by Athenaeus, from the 12th

book of Polybius, which

is lost.

'Is-ro^u vicl

tÂŤ

iv At&Jji.

PENTANDRIA. and the Nasamones, of the leaf

serrated, otherwise

many

varieties,

spicuous in the

as a shrub.

The

might be taken

the leaf of the evergreen oak. are

of the pear-tree,

size

Nepos speaks of it

though Cornelius

this

for

Lotus there

and those differences, most conThis fruit is of the size of a

fruit.

bean, and of a saffron colour, but before it is ripe it undergoes many changes of hue, like the grape. The fruit

produced

among

in clusters,

branches, like

Myrtle-berries, and not as cherries are with us in Italy.

given is

The fruit affords so sweet a name to a people and a district.

without stone, for there

bony

nut.

From

food, that

has

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;The better sort

one kind which has a

the fruit, wine

also expressed,

which the before-mentioned Nepos says they take the will not keep more than ten days berries and pound them with wheat corn, and make moreover, we food, which is laid up in tubs have even heard of an army marching to and fro

mulso ;

through Africa, having been fed with it. The wood is of a black colour, and in request to make pipes to

play upon.

the root

and other things of of the

made

the hafts of knives,

This

less account.

tree in that country

the nature

." ; '

Among modern travellers Dr. Shaw says, that the fruit is now common in the Deserts, and other parts of Barbaryj a

Mulso

still

in great

usually translated

mixed with honey, and often used b Pliny, Lib.

xiii.

C. 17.

and

repute,

Mede

sold in

the

was a new wine

in libations,

arbore Loto.

PENTANDRIA.

market

all

over the sourthern districts of those king*

doms.

Mango Africa,

Park,

his

travels

in the interior

observed two negroes sitting

who had

thorny bushes,

of which he gives

this

among some

been gathering tomberongs,

account:

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "These

are small

farinaceous berries, of a yellow colour and delicious

which were no other than the

taste,

Rhamnus Lotus of

fruit

They had

Linnaeus.

of the

gathered

two large baskets-full in the course of the day. These berries are much esteemed by the natives, who convert them into a sort of bread, by exposing them

some days to the sun, and afterwards pounding them gently in a wooden mortar, until the farina-

for

ceous part of the berry

This meal

formed

into

separated from the stone.

then mixed with a

cakes, which,

when

little

water, and

dried in the sun,

resemble in colour and flavour the sweetest ginger-

The

bread.

stones are afterwards put into a vessel of

water, and shaken about, so as to separate the meal

which may still adhere to them this communicates and agreeable taste to the water, and with the addition of a little pounded millet makes a pleasant gruel called fondi, which is the common breakfast in many parts of Ludamar, during the months of February and March. The fruit is collected by spreading a cloth upon the ground, and beating the branches ;

a sweet

with a ((

stick.

The Lotus

veiy

common

in all the

kingdoms

FEXTANDRIA. which sandy

I visited,

but

found

in greatest plenty

on the

of Kaarta, Ludamar, and the northern parts

soil

of Bambarra,

where

one of the most

common

shrubs of the country.

" As this shrub is found in Tunis, and also in the Negro kingdoms, and as it furnishes the natives of the latter with a food resembling bread, and also with a sweet liquor

can be

by Pliny

which

as the food

Among

much

doubt of

little

its

relished

by them, there

being the Lotus mentioned

of the Libyan Lotophagi."

the adventures of Ulysses on his return to

Troy, by adverse winds and unmanageable currents, he arrived at an

his native country, after the siege of

inhabited by a people called Lotophagi,

island

he landed after they

where

take in water and refresh his crews

were refreshed, he sent three

men

into the

country to learn some particulars concerning the natives,

and they found them a friendly people,

offered

them

had once

to taste of the Lotus, of

tasted,

Homer

says,

had no

who

which he who

desire to return,

but rather wished to live with them, and renounce

thoughts of home.

all

would seem, however, that they returned to Ulysses, most probably drunk, for they were refractory, and he was obliged to use force to get them on board he then confined them, bound, underneath the benches on which the rowers sat, and fearing lest any more of his men should be induced It

to try the fascinating effects of the Lotus,

diately ordered

them

all

he immeon board and departed.

PEXTANDRIA. Pope has thus

translated this account.

Three men were sent, deputed from the crew, (An Herald one) the dubious coast to view,

And

what habitants

learn

possest the place

They went and found an hospitable race*. Not prone to ill, nor strange to foreign guest, They eat, they drink, and nature gives the feast The trees around them all their food produce, name,

Lotus the

(Thence

divine, nectareous juice

call'd Lotopbagi)

which whoso

tastes,

Insatiate riots in the sweet repasts,

Nor

other

But quits

The

three

home, nor other

We dragg'd The

care intends,

his house, his country,

and

his friends

sent from off th' enchanting ground

reluctant,

and by force we bound

rest in haste forsook the pleasing shore,

Or, the

charm

tasted,

had return'd no more. c

PONTIC AZALIA, A%alia pontica. growing from four

This is a shrub

to fourteen feet high, irregularly

branched, with a slender stem covered with a smooth

brown

bark.

The

flowers appear before the leaves

are fully expanded ; of a fine yellow colour, and an It was first introduced into England by Messieurs Lee and Kennedy, from some seeds sent to them in a letter from the shores of the

agreeable fragrance.

Black Sea by Professor

Pallas.

relates, that the

honey of bees frequenting the flowers of this plant is supposed to be narcotic, and that goats, kine, and sheep have been poisoned by eating c

Odyssey, Book IX.

its

leaves.

PENTAXDRIA. He

found

on the

river

Dnieper

swampy

ground, and by the natives called the stupifying shrub,

and by them considered

have an intoxicating qua-

many cases to be efficacious as a medicine. Near Oczakow he found thousands of these plants

lity,

and

blown in a marsh, every spring-tide overflown by the sea, and saw a Tartarian farmer, who lived entirely by the profits from the honey which the bees

fully

extracted from their flowers sold in Constantinople

and other

parts of

Turkey

for medical purposes.

This

mentioned by many ancient authors, and in particular by Xenophon, Strabo, and Pliny. By

honey

Xenophon

its

effects are

recorded in his famous retreat

of the ten thousand Greeks

when

they arrived in the

neighbourhood of Trapezus. d

" In wonder

general there was nothing that excited their

but there were in the place a

bee-hives,

from which

honeycombs,

lost

all

the soldiers,

their senses,

number of

who

tasted the

and were seized with

them was able to stand upThose who had eaten a little, became like persons very drunk those who had taken much, like madmen and some even like dying persons. In vomiting, and not one of

right.

;

this

manner numbers

defeat

lay about,

and there arose

the morrow,

same hour

a general

though

after a

despondency.

however, no one died ; but about the

which they had been seized they

re-

covered their senses ; and on the third and fourth day d

Trcbisond.

PEXTANDRIA.

they rose up again as though recovering from the of medicine. e The account of the effect of

effects

honey by Diodorus Siculus corresponds exactly this, and was probably compiled from it. (( These HepStrabo speaks thus concerning it.

this

with

tacometae

Pompey

cut to pieces three cohorts of

which had forced their way through the mountains, by mixing for them in the ways, goblets of the maddening^ honey, which the higher branches of the trees here produce.

For by

they had drank

it,

senses, they easily put

upon the men when

falling

and

consequence

them

lost

their

11 to the sword."

Pliny in his Natural History also speaks of this

Honey.— '< The food (of the bees) is a matter of so much consequence that the honey may even be poisoned by

made by

At Heraclea

it.

the same bees,

As no

destructive quality.

what flowers our

own

made,

in Pontus the

called ^golethron.'

will report the result of

but more

The

Xenophon

;es. Inhabitants of the seven village

Cyri Expedit. Lib.

iv. c. 8.

g Tm5, fxaD/ofAird fxfhnofy are the

Strabo Lib.

xii.

(Art. Pontus)

its

power of de-

particularly goats,

flowers of this plant,

honey,

years of a most

authors have told us from

which, from

a plant,

stroying cattle, in general,

some

discoveries.

" There is

Ksu t«

^uev

words of Strabo.

Ettta xapufc-M/

kiyon 5xe&go«, the destruction of goats.

a?,h<t

PENTANDRIA. when

they wither in a wet spring, acquire a noxious

poison

;

equally

whence

felt in all

" The

happens that

signs of the

scent disagreeable,

being heavier than it

this

evil

not

years indiscriminately.

honey being poisonous,

not thickening properly,

eaten

are, its

colour being redder,

its

and producing sneezing, and

its

when

cast themselves

of cooling themselves ;

harmless. They who have on the ground with the hope for the effect of this honey is,

that they are melted with perspiration.

" There is in the same part of Pontus another kind of honey, which, from the madness it produces, they call menomenon. It is supposed to be collected from the flower of the Rhododendros, with which the woods abound. Hence this people (the Sanni or Maerones) whilst they furnish wax to the Romans, in part

of tribute, do not supply them with any honey, it is of a deadly quality." k

because

The

figure here represented

the Chamcerhodo-

dendros Pontica of Tournefort ; and, on the most accurate investigation, is supposed to be the same plant

which produced

that peculiarity in the

honey which

caused the effects described by these authors.

TOEACCO.

Nicotiana talacum. This is an annual America, of which botanists make

plant, a native of

seven species.

The

stalk

towards the top, and

erect

and strong, branched

rises to five

or six feet in height,

k Pliny, Hist. Nat. Lib. xxi.

c. 13.

PENTANDRIA.

It appears to and blossoms in July and August. have been first introduced into Europe as a medical herb, about the year 1500, of which this account is given by Dr. Monardusof Seville, an eminent Spanish 1

physician of that time.

M. John

Nicot,

m the French ambassador

king of Portugal, going one day Prisons, the

Governor presented him with

this

a foreign plant

brought from Florida.

planted

garden

his

Royal

herb as

where

Lisbon,

to the

see the

Nicot

grew

well ; after which he was told by one of his Pages,

young man

that a great cure had been performed on a

who had

a dangerous excoriating disease

his cheek,

by an external application of its bruised leaves* This case was examined into, and believed to be true, which gave the plant such celebrity that it was called the ambassadors herb; and afterwards so

were

said

be effected by

has

its

botanical

Among the

Nicot.

name

that

From

into France, to Francis II. it

it,

M. this

Nicotiana,

Indians

was

many

cures

Nicot sent

circumstance to

honour

called Picielt,

M. and

European name, Tabacco, was given to it from the now Tobago. The introduction of smoking this herb in Eng-

Isand called Tabaco,

land

given to Sir Walter Raleigh after his discovery

of Virginia, about the year 1580) though before the 1

For a good description of the manner of cultivating tobac-

co, see Long's History of Jamaica, Vol.

m M. Nicot was ambassador to 1561.

iii.

p. 710.

in Portugal

from the year I55C

PENTANDRIA.

year 15/0 the plant was cultivated in England, as appears from

when

Lobel; and before the year 1574,

Dr. Monardus published his book, he had seen the effects

of smoking in Spain upon some African slaves,

who had

learned the practice from the natives of

West Indies: of which he gives this account. " The Indians of our Occidental Indies use the tobacco to take away weariness, and to make light-

the

someness in their labour, so

much

scarcely stir; and that they

and return the

may

labour the next day

to their foolish exercises, they receive, at

mouth and

remain

they are

for in their dances

wearied, and remain so tired, that they can

nose, the

as if they

smoke of the Tobacco, and

were dead

refreshed in such sort, that

;

and being

when

so,

they are

they are awakened

out of their sleep, they remain without weariness.,

and are able so they

to return to their labour as before;

do always

when

they have need of

it:

and for

with that sleep they receive their strength and be

much

the lustier.

"The

black people

and use the tobacco they

feel

have gone from these

;

same custom,

the Indians do

themselves weary they take

and mouth, and Indians

who

the Indies have practised the

parts to

happeneth

lying as though they

for,

;

when

the nose

to them as unto our were dread three or

four hours; and after, they remain lightened without weariness, to labour again; great pleasure

and they do

this

with

and although they be not weary yet

they are very desirous to practise

it,

and the habit

PENTANDRIA.

become so prevalent, that their masters correct them for it, and burn the tobacco that they may not use it; whereupon they go to the deserts and secret

places to indulge in these habits.

permitted to drink

make

are glad to

of tobacco.

pened

till

themselves drank with the smoke

have seen them do

them

they are not

they are drank with wine, they

They

said.

here, and

when

say

hap-

they re-

cover from the trance or dream occasioned by the

fumes they find themselves very have been

same

after the

that thereby they do receive It its

remarkable that

effects

be found

among

this

and

lusty,

sort

no hurt." custom of smoking, and

the natives of the

West Indies,

to correspond to similar habits in

tiquity, thus recorded

rejoice to

and manner, seeing

should

remote an-

by Herodotus, when speaking of

the inhabitants of certain islands formed by the Araxes. <e

The

Araxes

river

spoken

differently

being greater, and likewise less than the

however say generally in

it,

about equal

islands live

numerous

that there are

and that

in size to Lesbos,

men who

subsist during the

kinds of roots, which they dig up, but store the fruits of the trees,

them during trees

when

the winter season.

ripe,

have been discovered, bearing

nature, which,

when

islands

in these

summer on all who lay up in and

these

fruit

subsist

men

other

of a peculiar

they assemble on the same spot

in companies, after kindling a This extract

of,

Isterj writers

made from an

fire,

and seating them-

old translation of

not having the original work at hand.

Monardus,

PEXTANDRIA. round

selves

up the

it,

they cast into the

scent of the fruit

thrown

whilst burning,

in,

they become drunk with the odour of

do with wine.

and from

to dancing,

ported to be their

King James pen

use of to

;

fruit

thrown

until they rise

Such

singing.

up re-

manner of living p"

ticular dislike to the

his

that

Greeks

as the

In proportion as more

they become more intoxicated

in,

then snuffing

rlre;

well

fumes

known

have had a par-

and employed

of tobacco,

as well as his regal authority to

suppress the

counterblast

His pamphlet entitled

it.

commences by

Tobacco,

poses to which tobacco

stating the odious pur-

applied as a medical herb, and

he concludes the paragraph with trophe to those

this

eloquent apos-

who take it for an amusement

" And

now, good countrymen, let us (I pray you) consider what honour or policy can move us to imitate the barbarous and beastly manners of the wild, godless, and a

slavish Indians, especially in so vile

custom

and

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

who

these,

and stinking

are the refuse of the world,

yet aliens from the holy covenant of

Why

naked

as they

not as well imitate

them

in preferring glasses, feathers,

such toys, to gold and precious stones, as they do

why do we

this royal

consists of nine foiio pages,

Herodotus, Lib.

VOL.

and Yea,

not deny God, and adore the devil, as they

Notwithstanding

do?"

God.

walking

declamation, which

and a tax imposed of six

(Clin)

J'e

AgafÂť; Key-ratâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;

shil-

PENT ANDREA.

&> lings

and tenpcnce a pound on the importation of It,?

yet the sovereignty of habit and subsequent policy, con-

Rymer

has preserved a warrant dated the 17th of October,

1604, to impose an additional duty of 6s. and 8d. per pound, the preamble of which will serve to shew the grievances of which the King thought he had good reason to complain. " Wheras tobacco, being a drug of late years found out, and

by merchants,

denizens as strangers,

as well

brought from

foreign parts in small quantity into this realm of England,

and

other our dominion^, was used and taken by the better sort both

fhen and

now

only as physic, to preserve health, and

this day,

through

cessively

taken by a

ÂŠf

mean and

custom and the

evil

number

now

who, contiary

make

to the use thereof,

their time in that idle vanity, to the evil

which

do spend

example and

corrupting of others, and alsodo consume that wages which of

ihem

get

labour, and

their

should be relieved, not caring drug, but rather devising

by the

make

the

how

add

wherewith

what to

many

their families-

priee they

buy

that

other mixture, there-

dtlightful to the taste,

costly to their purse,

though so much.

by which great and immode-

rate taking of tobacco thehiealth of a great

ple

of riotous and disordered persons

base condition,

persons of gocd calling and quality

most of

toleration thereof, ex-

number of our peomade unfit for

impaired, and their bodies weakened and

labour,

the estates of so

consumed

many mean

persons so decayed and

as they are thereby driven to unthrifty shifts,

only to

maintain their gluttonous exercise thereof; besides that also a great part of the treasure of our land is spent and exhausted by this

only drug, so licentiously abused by the meaner sort."

Al!.

which enormous inconveniences, as they are stated, the king proposes to remedy by h)irgon an additional duty of six shillingsand eightpence per pound,

* to act as a prohibition to its

loties^except for ratdical purposes. * I'Ue uravious

duty was twopence oe? pound*.

impor-

PENTANDRIA. tinues to

make

째7

one of the most productive branches

of revenue in every civilized kingdom in Europe.

COFFEE, CoJjFea Arabic*. The dom exceeds twelve feet in height it ;

upper part sending off

trailing

Felix and Ethiopia, and was

first

was

first

fruit

the bark

;

by Ranwolfius

noticed

by Alpinus.

by Bp. Compton,

of this tree

round fleshy red berry,

known. The use of Coffee appears

the fifteenth century.

Constantinople,

well

Arabia

by the Mufti of Aden,

In 1554

from whence

began

its

use

became gradually

first

adopted in the western parts of Europe. first

have originated

in Ethiopia, but the practice of drinking Persia,

in \6q6.

containing two seeds, the appearance of which

was introduced from

a native of Arabia

described in 15QI

cultivated in Britain

The

the

slender,

branches

brown and almost smooth. in 15/3, but

coffee -tree sel-

In Paris the

coffee-house established in that city was in the

year lfJ/2. in

London

1652 the

first

shop was

established for the sale of coffee, and eight years after, it

contributed to the public revenue by a duty of four-

pence upon every gallon made and sold. M. La Ptoque, in his Voyage de V Arable heureuse, has given this account of the culture and

management " The

of the coffee, as practised in Arabia Felix: coffee- tree

there raised from seed, which

in nurseries,

sown

and the young

trees planted out as there

The

Arabians choose for their

occasion for them.

plantations a moist and shady situation

eminence, or

at the foot

a small

of the mountains, and take*

PENTANDRIA.

titi

great care to conduct from the

mountains

little

rills

of water, in small channels, to the roots of the trees it

being absolutely necessary that they should be con-

stantly watered,

When they

fruit.

order to produce and ripen the

observe that there

good deal of

upon the tree, and that it is nearly ripe, the water is turned off from the roots, to lessen that succulency in the fruit which too much moisture would occasion.

fruit

In places much exposed

to the south, the coffee-trees

sheltered

are planted in regular lines,

poplar tree, which extends

its

kind of

branches on every side

when

to a great distance, affording a necessary shade

the heat of the sun

drops

The

after

coffee

berries

are

under the

trees,

afterwards spread upon

to the sun until

which the husk

made

rollers,

the fmit

are then shaken, and the ripe fruit readily

off.

mats and exposed dry

When

too intense.

to maturity cloths are spread

advanced tiie trees

either of

thus cleared of

wood its

they are perfectly

broken with large heavy or stone.

husk

the sun, and lastly winnowed."

it is

When

the

again dried in

" 1

Both the outer pulpy part of the berry, and the inner

membrane immediately

investing the seed, are

prepared for use by the Arabians 3 the former

much

esteemed, and constitutes the coffee d la Sultane latter

chiefly

;

the

employed by the common people,

and sold under the name of Kischer. The seed* used us, and which by the Arabians are thought to be too heating, are principally imported into Europe

This account

adopted from Mr.

Ellis's translation.

PENTANDRIA. from Yemen, where the

coffee

$9 most abundantly

cultivated.

Coffee has been cultivated in Batavia and Surinam by the Dutch, in Cayenne and Martinico by the

French, and in Jamaica by the English

mismanagement colonial coffee

coffee

Whether

human

the

all

when

The Mocha

less

prejudicial

than tea has not yet been

must still be left These two qualities,

particular effects

its

experience of individuals.

however, appear to be that

coffee be

and

of these, from

others.

constitution

ascertained, to the

be the worst.

said to

superior to

some cause not understood, our

the stomach

common is

to all constitutions ;

oppressed with animal food

strong coffee affords considerable relief, and conse-

quently that

supposed to promote digestion, and

WOODY NIGHTSHADE. mara. if

also,

suspends the inclination to sleep

This plant

common

Solanum dulca-

hedges, particularly

well supplied with water, and the flowers appear

about the

The

latter

roots

chewed,

first

end of June.

and

stalks

this

Nightshade, on being

cause a sensation of bitterness, which

soon followed by a considerable degree of sweetness

;

and hence the plant has obtained the name of

Bitter-

sweet and the specific distinction, dulcamara.

It pro-

duces red pendulous berries, which though not of so poisonous a quality as those of the Deadly Nightshade, yet there effects;

and

no doubt of as

they

may

their possessing deleterious

be mistaken by children for

PENTANDUIA.

they should be prevented from eating

red currants,

them.

DEADLY NIGHTSHADE,

Atropa

bella-

This plant grows in shady and stony waste

donna.

grounds, but is no where very common. The flowers,, which are bell-shaped, are of a dark or brownish purple, and make their appearance in June or July. The ripe

berries are

shining back

Both the leaves and

fatal effects, particularly

tempted

sician,

they are of a

berries of this plant are a strong

narcotic poison, and there are

to eat the fruit,

and sweet

when

September,

colour-.

taste.

many

instances of theii

on children,

from

its

who

are readily

alluring appearance

Sauvages, a learned French phy-

supposes this to be the plant which produced

Roman

such dreadful effects upon the their retreat

soldiers,

during

from the Parthians, under the command

of Anthony.

Among

the

Scots,

according to their historian

Buchanan, the poisonous

known

records of

than

effects

very early time;

at a its

of this plant were

and the instance he

use does more honour to his candour

reflects credit

his

country.

The

root also

partakes of the same quality as the leaves, but less virulent ;

Banquo

and Shakespeare,

his

Macbeth, makes

say,

Or have we eaten of the insane root, That takes the reason prisoner ?'

have introduced

this plant

with the Woody Night-

PEXTANDRIA.

shade, te illustrate the importance of scientific botani-

The

names.

cal

English,

are

all

Atropa, Circaea, and Solanum, in which ob-

called Nightshades, but

and are

viously have very different characters,

genera.

In like manner

we have

and a dead Nettle, ground Ivy

distinct

common Nettle and common Ivy, a

and Docks; which are not at and have only obtained their

different kinds of Thistles all

allied

nature,

names from vague resemblance or fanciful associations. Lamium, Glicoma and Hedera, Rumex

Urtica and

and Arctium, Carduus and Sonchus, &c. at once fix hence the mind, by giving precise and distinct ideas :

the importance of technical language, so often unjustly depreciated.

A familiar idiom

too frequently

misty and confused; without clearness there

al-

ways danger that the truth is misunderstood; and the value of truth, in all its possible bearings, in every pursuit and investigation, cannot be too scrupulously attended to; for every thing depends upon it, as well in the physical as in the moral world.

British

Plants of

Botanical Generic TsTames. 7

10 1

8 7

An a gal lis Anckusa ASPERUGO Atropa AZALIA Borago

this

Common 2

Order.

ames.

Pimpernel

Alkanet CaTCHWEED Dwale

ROSE-BAY

Borage

1 ]

PENTANDRIA. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

Campanula

Bell-flower.

Chirona Convolvulus

Centory Bindweed

110

Cyclamen

c-ynoglossum

Cyclamen houndstongue

Datura ECHIUM Euonymus Glaux Hedera HOTTONIA Hyoscyamus

Thorn-apple

21 8 1

6 4 8

12 21 1

42 19 8 5 5 7

Impatiens

Illecebrum Jasione

VlPERGRASS Spindle-tree

Saltwort

Ivy

FEATHERFOIL

2 l 1

Hfnbane Touch-me-not Knotgrass Scabious Sheepsbt

Lithospermum Lobelia

Gromwell

Lonicer a Lycopsis Lysimachia

Water Gladiole Honeysuckle

jMenyanthes Myosotis

Buglos

Loosestrife

Buckeean

Scorpion grass

Rampion

Phyteuma Polemonium Primula Pulmonaria

Jacobs-ladder 4 Primrose

Ramnus

Ribes

Samolus Solanum

16 5

20 7

93 3

19 19

43 5

Symphytum Thesium Verbascum Viola Vinca

2 1

6 7

Lungwort Buckthorn Currant Brookweed Nightshade Comfrey Flaxweed Mullein Violet Periwinkle

PENTANDRIA.

ORDER

WATER-HEMLOCK on the margins of young, in which eat

it,

but

;

found in ditches and

horned

situation

and are poisoned

always under water,

rivers,

nate this plant from

when

cattle

when

sometimes

they can discrimi-

other herbage

they reject

it.

Linnaeus and Stillingfleet are of opinion, that cows

only eat smell

it,

it when under water, because they cannot and when summer advances and dries up the

ground, they are very careful not to touch it. In Lapland, when Linnaeus was making a botanical tour

through that country, a

fatal disease prevailed

amongst

the cattle at Tornea, the cause of which was wholly-

unknown at

to the farmers.

When

I arrived, says

Tornea the inhabitants complained of

he,

a terrible

disease that raged

among

upon being

let into

the pastures in the spring, died by

hundreds.

They

affair,

and give

the horned cattle ; which

would consider this what was to be done in

desired that I

advice

order to put a stop to this evil." sidering the subject with

Linnaeus, after con-

minute attention, discovered

the disease to be produced

ing eaten

in the

by this water-hemlock bemarshy pastures in its young state

under water 5 he therefore recommended the farmers, to carefully eradicate these plants, easily effected, as

not

at all difficult to find;

done, he advised

which might be

they grew in marshy grounds, and

them

but

if that

keep their

could not be

cattle

on upland

digysia. Two

Pistilla

PENTANDRIA.

grounds till the season of the year was sufficiently advanced to make the pastures sound and dry, being convinced that later in the year the Hemlock would

be rejected by the scent alone. The farmers took advice and the evil was removed/ This is an

his

instance 1o demonstrate the advantage a

illustrious

man

scientific

even serve

who

has over plodding ignorance ; and

shew the mean

no value

see

may

part of the creation,

any thing but what they can im-

mediately convert into money, that even a

may

tellect in natural history

little

in-

contribute to their views

of human happiness.

FOOLS PARSLEY, JEthusa the advantages of Botany, that siderable tic

which enables us

senapium.

Among

not the least con-

to avoid using,

for

domes-

may be poisonous common in every garden,

purposes, those plants which

prejudicial.

much and

This plant,

resembles parsley that

cases have occurred

easily

common

parsley,

so it,

where the most dangerous

consequences have been the result of

while

taken for

Apium

this

ignorance:

peiroselinum,

Linnaeus says, the cattle that died were seized with con-

vulsions, swelled,

and

a few days expired with horrible

bello vings. Stillinsfleet

noxious

For

there.

sheep pects

it is

of opinion, that

sheep

observed by shepherds, that the great danger to

immediately

owing

what makes low grounds

not the moisture, but the plants that grow

after

poisonous plants in

which he susyoung and tender 6hoots of

a fresh spring grass,

to their cropping the

common

with their proper food.

PEN TAX Dili A. â&#x20AC;˘

herb, Fools parsley

rateful

though these plants have yet they are to

\ery

be distinguished from each other by a

the leaves of the

green, and

Al-

highly poisonous.

a strong general resemblance,

knowledge and

little

when

common

The

attention.

colour of

parsley are of a yellowish

bruised in the

hand have

a strong,

but not disagreeable scent ; those of the fools parsley are of a very dark green,

much more

finely divided,

and when bruised have very little scent. But one character which distinguishes this herb, not only from Parsley but from all other umbelliferous plants, is,

three long narrow pendulous leaves

pose

its

partial

which com-

involucrum, and which grow from

the base of each of the small umbels 3 to

of the plant

fact the figure

shew

introduced, that

this

might

be clearly understood.

The by

plants of this kind of inflorescence,

botanists

sonous

when

called

their native situation

on the contrary,

but, soil,

which

an umbel, are apt to be poiis

wet or marshy ;

they they grow naturally in a dry

they are often aromatic, as parsley, caraway, &c.

this

which the

Order

Gum

Asa

the Ferula

fcetida

Asa

made.

fcetida,

from

PENTANDRIA.

British Plants of

this

Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

.Egopodium

^thusa

Anetkum

Angelica

10 4 â&#x20AC;˘2

Order.

Athamanta

Beta Bunium Bupleurum

Carum qCaucalis

Herb Gerard Fools Parsley Fennel Angelica Common Parsley Stone Parsley Beet Tig nut Thorough wax

Caraway

Bastard Parsley Chervil Gooseeoot

Water Hemlock

ChjERophyllum Chenopodium 3 Cicuta 5 Conium 2 Coriandrum .... 3 Crithmum 7 Daucus 11 Eryngium 63 Gentiana 6 Heracleum 4 Hern aria 15 Hydrocotyle 8 li

3 11

2 o

...

2 2

Hemlock Common Coriander Samphire Carrot Eryngo

Imperatoria Ligusticum

Gentian Hogweed Rupturewort March Pennywort Masterwobt

Sea Parsley

CEnanthe

Dropwort

Pas tin ac a

Parsnip

Peucedanum

Phillandriu v. Pim pin ella

5 l

2 l

Meadow Saxifrage Water Hemlock

Anise

PENTANDRIA. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

Sanicula Scandix Selinum

Si Son

3 11

9 Si u

Common Sanicle

Shephekds-needle Wild milk i Parsley Stone wort

4 l

Water

Sm yrniu m Swebtia

Ulmus

El m

-2

ORDER PASSION-FLOWER.

Pa r s v t

Common Alexanders March Felwort

thirty-seven different species. J 1

this

This

genus there are trigynia. is

the

common may be

blue Passion-flower, which in a few years

to more than forty feet high, and the grow to a very considerable size. It grows naturally in Brazil, but is hardy enough to thrive here in the open air, and is now become the most

trained

stalks will

common

species in England.

This beautiful Genus was unknown covery of America, and

the

different

till

the dis-

species are

chiefly

found in South America and the Islands.

has

name from

its

parts of the flower to the *

This

montana.

Passion of Christ.

Wych Hasel or broad-leaved The common Elm, Ulmus camp estâ&#x201E;˘, is is

a fanciful analogy of the different

the

and Ordc. before mentioned, Tetrandria Digynia.

The

Elm, Ulmus of the Class

^ Thr^e

Pistil la

PENTAXDRrA

7s Jesuits,

who went

as missionaries to

thought they discovered

South America,

in the three pistilla the repre-

sentation of the three nails with

which our Saviour

was nailed to the cross the five stamina, the five wounds; and in the radiant purple nectary, the representation of the. rays that might be supposed to have surrounded his head when he expired on the ;

Cross. 1

British Plants in this Order. Common K

Botanical Generic Names.

3 Alsine 1

Cohrigiola

Sambucus Staphylea

2 l

Tamarix Viburnum t

Alsine

flor

Indias,

Sand stratwort Elder Winged Bladder nut-trek Tamarix Way-faring-treb

Granada, 6 Granadilla misterios encerrados,

quien no causara gran maravi

Figuranse

De una

los

doce consagrados

color verde,

La Corona,

los

la,

amarilla,

Clavos

tres

morados,

Tan natural estan, casi al vivo, Que Yo me admiro agora, que lo escrivo. Argento, o, Rio de la Plata, Canto III. p. i

This extract written by

Don

from

Martin de

in the expedition

an la

historical

Barco,

with Zaratej.l 572=.

poem

who went

28 cantos,

out to America

PEXTANDRIA ORDER

GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Of this is

only this one species j and

plant of this Order.

plant there

tetragy-

the only English

[

parts of Four

most

a native of

Pistiih*

Europe, by the side of bogs and moors, and in wet

meadows.

produces milk-white flowers

The

and September.

but that part of th e flower which

lines ;

nectary, of

which there

August

curiously constructed than

called the

round with nu-

are five, set

merous yellow glands, supported on

petals are veined with pellucid

foot-stalks,

be found in any

other British flower.

ORDER FLAX blossoms i

native of

June and July

England or not

Flax appears

have any

whether

;

have been cultivated ;

it is

be pentagtyiA -

doubtful.

knowledge

historical

Old Testament

as early as

mentioned

cultivated in Egypt."

in the

tall,

slender, annual plant, with a beautiful blue flower.

When and

it is

laid in

ripe

pulled up

water to soak

till it

taken out, spread in the u

air

Exodus, chi

by the

roots

begins to rot; to dry,

:x. v. 3i,.

and

by hand, it is

is tit

then

for

tha

rive

Pistiii?.,

PENTAXDRIA. which

operation of breaking, &c.; after

and by the loom made sheeting to

thread

From

be nearly worth

so fine as to

spun,

from the coarsest

the finest cambric. x

made

into cloth

this its

plant

weight

be afterwards manufactured into

in gold,

Thus by

industry and ingenuity a simple vegetable

lace. is

converted to one of the most ornamental and expensive luxuries of dress.

Flax not only supplies us with that cloth called linen, a

word derived from Linum,

the classical

of the plant, but the seeds furnish an

oil,

name

called linseed

oil,

of great importance in painting and varnishing

and

after the oil

called oil-cake,

;

expressed from them, the refuse,

applied to the fattening of cattle, a

food profitable to the farmer,

but injurious to the

quality of the meat.

Botanical Plants of

this

Common Names.

Botanical Generic Namas.

Drosera 25 Linum 9

3 Sibbaldia

Sundew

Fiax

Procumbent Silverweed Thrift

39 Stat ice

x In the simplicity of former times, island provided within themselves

conveniences of

hemp and steeping

life,

flax for in

when

families in this

most of the necessaries and

every garden supplied a proper quantity of

domestic use.

The

necessary preparation of it, was so offensive Henry VIII. a law was

water, previous to dressing

and detrimental,

Order.

that in

the

reign of

PENTANDRIA.

ORDER

GREAT SUN-DEW. Of

iiexaoy-

genus Professor

this

Martyn enumerates nine species, three of which are of English growth. These plants are of a small size and singular structure. The leaves of most of the species, next the root, are furnished

on the upper

hairs

edge

surface,

six PlbUlla -

with glandulous

and fringed round the

these hairs have each a small globule of pellucid

;

liquor like

dew, continuing even

in the hottest part of

the day, and in the fullest exposure to the sun ; hence the English

name San-dew.

This

ties.

This species

common

ORDER MOUSE-TA 1L

a native of gravelly corn-fields,

The

spikes of seeds resembling the

to drink,

and

this

common

on pain of

law

and

said to

ManyPistilla-

of a mouse, whence Flax in any

every time, twenty shillings

force, yet is

Hemp or

;

often infringed, as flax

always of a whiter colour and

much

be stronger and more durable than that

which has been steeped

VOL.

NIA.

pond, where beasts were accustomed

forfeiting, for

still in

steeped in running water softer,

tail

prevent any person from watering

stream, river, or

ro lygy-

flowers are ex-

and are succeeded by long slender

tremely small,

found

not unfrequent about London.

made

some other counthe only English Genus of this Order.

wild in Norfolk, and

in pits, or pools, of stagnant water.

PENTA^DRIA.

82 it

has

name.

its

The

plant varies extremely in size,

according to the luxuriance of the early in the

sheds

summer,

seeds,

its

after

which,

and then withers.

soil. it

blossoms

soon ripens and

This

English Genus of this Order of which there this

one

the only is

only

species.

Dr. Smith observes, that

this plant

remarkable

instance of few stamina, (though they often exceed five) to a

multitude of pistilla.

CLASS V ORDER 1

LOTOS

TJu-

CafyxkCoroTL

7t th>-

it, Itl/l.i I

STZL

M1A3.I KTU ยง L OTU S z

zgss

s .โ ข

JKAJLEA

POKTICA

NIC

OTLWA TABACFM

Eastern Coffee -tree

CGEIFJEA

AMABICA

SQILAWIXM TDTHLCAMAmA

ATJROPA B Kl(,A-l)O^^A

CLASS V ORDER

WATE1&

IEMLOCK

CICUTA TffiOSA V^A./ C

BZS

^THllTSA

rmAMUM

CLASS Y ORDER B1LITIE

PASSION MLOWJEM.

PA S kSIFJLORA C^EMX"E A

CLASS V ORDER

4_&]RASS

©IF

PARNASSUS

FAMJNASSIA FAMJSTRIS V*V\>\7r"

VSVW^n

CLASS ORDER

1FJLAX

ILimrM US1TA1TSSIMUM Av/^V^>C

'CLASS V ORDER

6 v\

great §ror«u)EW

ID1ROSEHA .a^av^

AKGMCA yxyy/Ny^

CLASS V ORDER

MOITSE^TAIL

MYOS I'H

US M

(

NTMUS g

s~^r

I-IEXANDRIA. CLASS SIX

VI.

STAMINA.

This Class has six Orders,

ORDER BARBERRY.

This shrub

common

in hedges,

monoos '

flowering in June, and bearing bright, red, pendulous berries in

autumn.

This plant

highly interesting from the peculiar

property of the stamina of its blossoms ; they exhibit one of the most remarkable instances of irritability

known

in vegetable

life.

If the filaments,

when lying

under the petals of the flower, are touched at the base in the slightest degree, they immediately spring and

embrace the pistillum: a fact extremely curious, and the apparent use of this property is, that when insects

go in search of honey, secreted

the base of each petal, scatter

this irritability

in glands at is

excited to

the pollen upon the stigma, that the seed

might be properly fertilized: but no sooner are with this solution, than we find another

satisfied

that destroys our

themum,

we fact

theory, for in the Cistus Helian-

the stamina in their natural position closely

Pistil "

HEXAXDKIA. when touched, they

surround the pistillum; and recede from

;

so imperfect

all

our knowledge of the

agency of nature. It

commonly

productive.

its

neighbourhood from being

This opinion prevails as well on the Con-

tinent as in England. it

the Barberry tree pre-

said that

vents the ears of corn in

Whether

not able to say,

it is

there be any truth in

very generally believed

and therefore, however improbable, ought not

be hastily rejected; but

French

naturalist,

whatever that

it is

who

has paid particular attention to

connected with agriculture, has asserted,

a prejudice void of foundation.

ENGLISH HYACINTH. Of are seventeen species.

monly

This

this

genus there

an English plant, com-

and

called Blue Harebell,

which Shakespeare in Cymbeline

the same flower

alludes to, in the following passage

Thou The The The

Broussonet, a celebrated

shalt not lack

flower, that's like thy face, pale primrose

azur'd hare-bell, like thy veins leaf of eglantine,

whom,

;

nor

no, nor

not to slander,

Out-sweeten'd not thy breath.

our garden, or that which orna-

The Hyacinth of ments our Hyacinthus

sitting

rooms

oriejitalis

early in the spring,

of Linnaeus.

the

These flowers

have a very sweet scent, and by the Dutch gardeners are distinguished into classes principal of

which

are,

their colours;

blue, red, purple

the

and white,

LX AX Dill A.

mixed with yellow; they are subdivided from the shades of each colour, as of the blues; deep blue, violent blue, blue purple, porcelain blue,

sky blue, French grey, &c.

agate blue,

from the mixtures

also

of different colours or shades, as light blue with a

deep blue, or purple eye; white, with a rose-coloured, white and red of difblue, purple, or yellow eye ;

ferent shades, mixed; yellow, with a purple eye, &c.

Some

also

have their petals tipped with a paler or a all these varieties are found both

deeper colour; and in single

and double flowers; but the

now esteemed and estimation,

valued

among

latter

florists,

proportion as they

only are

and

their

are large

and

double, and the colours various and brilliant.

Among botanists, double flowers are considered monsters of nature, and are wholly disregarded.

The Hyacinth was once esteemed

its

single state

and equality of its petals, and the uniformity of the colours; and a double Hyacinth was then no more valued than a double tulip is now.

for the regularity

celebrated Dutch Florist, of the name of Peter Voorhelm, of Haarlem, was accustomed to throw them out of his collection; till by accident, at the decline of the season, a bulb with double flowers atattention,

tracted his

creased by off-sets sold

for a

which he cultivated and inbecame fond of it, and he

florists

good price;

this stimulated

him

vate Hyacinths with double flowers, which he

served with jecting

as much care as he had shewn

them and from this time :

to culti-

now

pre-

before in re-

the greatest attention

HEXANDRIA.

has been paid at Haarlem to the raising and

culti-

vating this flower j and such has been the rage for that

from one

two thousand Dutch

florins has

it,

been

sriven for a single root.

At this day the Haarlem gardeners distinguish upwards of two thousand Hyacinths by name, and generally publish catalogues of them from year to year.

New

varieties are annually produced,

together are covered with

this

and whole acres

flower in the circuit

of that town only.

These are the

principal properties of a fine double

Hyacinth, according to the present taste of florists. 1.

The

stalk should

tall,

the flowers or bells, as the

sufficiently

strong and upright;

florists call

them, should

numerous, each suspended by a short

strong peduncle in a horizontal position ; the whole

having a compact pyramidal form, with the crown or

uppermost flower perfectly 2.

The

erect.

flowers should be large and well

with broad bold

convex than

flat

petals,

or hollow

they should extend to

about the middle of the scapus, or 3.

bright,

lours ;

The

plain colours,

filled,

appearing to the eye rather

stalk.

which should be

clear,

and

and strong, are generally preferred to pale cosuch as are mixed, should blend with elegance.

The soil on which the Hyacinth succeeds best is loamy fresh rich earth, which is the character of the land in the neighbourhood of Haarlem; but the finest a

and most healthy bulbs are now produced in Flanders and the Netherlands, transplanted from Haarlem;

IiEXANDRIA. more favourable

fresh soil being

to their health

and

vigour.

After a long repetition of the same kind of crop, however good, seems to tire of the

cultivated land,

Hyacinth bulbs are every year brought to England from the Continent, as they are found to degenerate with us and a skilful gardener can immediately decide whether the bulbs imported, grew produce.

;

in the plantations of Haarlem, or in fresh land; for

under the outermost covering of the Haarlem bulbs there

be perceived, with close attention, a fine

film impregnated with animalculae, exist in those bulbs tions,

where they

which does not

which are produced in plantahave been only recently pro-

pagated.

When

Hyacinth bulbs are placed

November most proper months to put them

water, October and

bulb glass should be

filled

that the base of the root

grow

are considered the

The

into glasses.

with water so

far only,

may be immersed

it,

and

the water changed, once in about three weeks.

The

Tulip

also of this Order,

and valued by Dutch

florists;

not

less

admired

the beauty of which

rounded at the ends, and and distinctness of the colours.

consists in the petals being in the depth, brilliancy,

Pine-Apple, Bromelia ananas. This delicious is of this Class and Order, and appears to have been cultivated in England in our hot-houses as early fruit

as I69O.

There

are

many varieties of

this fruit,

and

if in

HEXANDRIA.

were sown frequently, the numerous as those of apples and

their native country, seeds

might be

varieties

The

pears with us. is

variety,

common

the most

Pine

called the

Europe

;

Queen

Pine,

but the sugar-loaf

preferable being, larger and better flavoured.

American Aloe, Agave Americana, is of this Class and Order. This plant was first known to blossom

England, in the year 1/2Q, in the garden of a

Mr. Cowell, at Hoxton (near London) another blossomed in 173/, at Eaton Hall, in Cheshire, of which there is a print, and by the inscription on it, the stembud appeared on the 15th of June, and grew five inches a day for some weeks ; the flower branches were perfected in twelve weeks, and then ceased to grow for a ;

month, whilst the buds were forming. It produced 1050 flowers One that blossomed in Ley den, in 1 76O, produced more than 4000 flowers. It

common

opinion that this Aloe blossoms

only once in a hundred years ; but this error.

The

time of

hot countries, where

growth, so that in fast

a vulgar

flowering depends

its

and expands many leaves every season,

its

grows it

will

blossom in a few years; but in colder climates, where the growth

slow,

stem shoots up

grows

will

when

be much longer before

the stem

more than twenty

vigorous,

feet in

which there

any account.

its

usually in

the

feet,

the

height

king of Prussia's garden one grew to forty highest of

HEXANDRIA.

British Plants

Common Names.

Acorus 45 Allium 34 Anthericum 13 AsPARAGUsy 2

3 5 1

fritillaria

Spider-wort Asparagus Barberry 1 4 Lily of the Valley 2 Frank-wort 1 frutillary

Galanthus Hyacinthus

Beuueris

Co.wallaria Fkankenia

Leucojum

Narcissus

Ornithogalum

drop Daffodil 3 Bethlem-star 1 Purslane 3 Starry Hyacinth 1 Tulip

22 Scilla

Tulipa

Asparagus was so

mans, and so highly

much

esteemed by the ancient Ro-

cultivated, that in the

Ravenna, Pliny says, three were

pound: " Ecce libris

rependit."

altiles

Snowdrop Hyacinth Rush z Great spring snow-

2 Peplis

Myrtlegrass Garlick

29 Juncus

Order.

this

Botanical Generic Names.

spectantur asparagi.

Lib. xix.

neighbourhood of

sufficiently large to

weigh a

Et Ravenna ternos

the twenty-nine species of Rush,

all

are of this Class

and Order, except Scirpus lacustrn and Juncus ctnglomeratus y which are of the Class and Order Triandria monogynia.

HEXANDRIA.

ORDER No DiGYNiA. Two

Pistiiu.

RICE.

Order.

The native place of Rice, like common use, is unknown

of grain in

sorts

has

British Plant of this

made

;

all

Linnaeus

a native of Ethiopia, but has not given

his reason for that opinion.

plenty

the other

great

It is cultivated in

over India, where the country will admit of

being flooded j in the southern provinces of China, in In Japan

Cochinchina, Cambodia, Siam, Japan, &c. it is

very white, and of the best quality.

In the

hilly parts

eastern islands, rice

many

of Java, and in

of the

planted upon the sides of hills,

which can only be watered by

rain

it is,

;

however,

planted at the beginning of the rainy, and reaped in

the beginning of the dry season natives Paddy

Gunung, which

In the western part of India

;

called by the Mountain Rice.

and

signifies

this

kind

however well known

entirely un-

Cochinchina,

known. where it

thrives in dry light soils, mostly

of hills j

not requiring more moisture than the usual

rains

It is

on the

and dews supply, neither being frequent

sides

at the

season of vegetation.

genus there is but one species ; but the of Rice, as of other cultivated grain, are in-

this

varieties

numerable.

trigykia. T

e e Pi

t ina .

MEAD0 W

ORDER SAFFRON

plenty at Abberley,

3. is

produced in

in Worcestershire,

great

and various

HEXANDRIA. parts of England.

mode of fructification The British plants.

It exhibits a

scarcely to be paralleled

among

flowers appear very late in the

autumn

the

germen

afterwards remains latent underground, quite close to its

bulbous root,

till

when

the following spring,

the

seed vessel rises above the surface, with several long

upright leaves, and the seeds are ripened about June;

would seem to be ripened was produced 3 but on more ac-

so that at first sight the seed

before the flower

curate investigation,

it is

found

conform, in

common

with other plants, to the established laws of nature, though in a manner unexpected, and almost peculiar to

The

itself.

duce violent

juice of the root

effects

quality also prevents

nean

insects

;

so acrid, as to pro-

on the human

constitution

;

this

from being eaten by subterra-

and thus the seed-vessel

protected

during the winter. Linnaeus observes that the defoliation of deciduous trees

Saffron its

announced by the flowering of the Meadow-

Ash

of these, the

;

leaves,

and the

first

the

last that

puts forth

that loses them.

British Plants of this Order. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

36 l

Rumex*

Tofieldia

3 Triglochiv 3 1

Colchicum

Rumex

Dock Marsh Tofieldia

Arrow-grass

Meadow Saffron

ascetosa and acetosella have the stamina growing

on one plant and the

pistilla

on another, and therefore these two

species strictly belong to the Class Dioecia.

HEXANDRIA,

ORDER No TETRAGY-

British Plant of this Order.

PETIVERIA b

NIA.

a shrubby plant,

common

the low lands in Jamaica, and in most of the islands Four

Pistilla

the

gravelly

West

Indies,

soil, in

shady

much

of enduring

other vegetation it,

and

country

where

in a dry,

has the property

drought, and remains green

burnt up

;

the cattle then feed

when upon

blossoms in June.

ORDER

NlA.

gives to their milk the taste of garlic. In this

British Plant

WATER

HEXAGY-

thrives

situations.

ALOE.

and Willdenow.

This

This plant

is is

this

Order.

an Order in Schreber a native of

Egyyt and

Six Pistilla. b

This plant was named by Piumier,

Petiver,

who

much

spent

He was

knowledge.

of the Royal Society,

tion of rare and curious plants,

Hans life

Sloane,

who

not accurately known.

saei

afterwards purchased

Petiveriani Centurise et

Artis

decern, Svo.;

decadis decern, folio; 3.

He was

communications,

it,

offered

him in his l.Mu-

Petiver published,

found on the Mountains about Geneva; ricana, folio.

and made so great a collecanimals and insects, that Sir

time ^oool. for his collection.

ture

honour of James

apothecary to the Charter-house, and died

in 17JS, but the time of his birth

was Fellow

of his time in the pursuit of natural

A 4.

Gazophylacii Na-

Catalogue of Plants Pterigraphia

Ame-

the author of several other pieces, and

Ray and

others.

IIEXAXDRIA. the East Indies, and naean Straliotcs

a genus consisting of the Lin-

alismoides.

This species

called

Damasonium indicum by Dr. Roxburg, from whose work of Coromandel plants, the figure here introduced

copied.

the classification of this system

on the

principles of Linnaeus,

proper to use any other

one by which

it is

have been glad

name

be found

expressly

made

have not thought

for this plant than in his

the

works, or I should

have adopted Dr. Roxburg's, to avoid

the appearance of a mistake, having introduced a Slratiotes in

the Class and Order, Polyandria hex-

agynia.

ORDER

GREAT WATER-PLANTAIN. Of

this plant

there are five species ; four of English growth. This

blossoms in July and August, with numerous white

and purplish flowers:

grows wild

Keswick, and some lakes in Wales.

in the I

Lake of

have seen

the neighbourhood of Ross and at Brockleton in cestershire.

This

the only

Genus of

this

Wor-

Order.

polygy '1'

" ^'." y Pis

CLASS -"VI ORDER

KJ-

BERBEM3 VULGARIS 7^c/\y./\

HYACIlTraUUS

NOW SCKHTirS

CLASS I ! 7

ORDER

o:kyza

CLASS VI ORDER :

MEADOW SAFFRON

C01L€HICUM AOTTOOTAIJE

CLASS VI ORDER

JPETWERIA

PJETIVJEJRIA BSSZS

AJL1LIACJEA ^y^7K7\

CLASS "VI ORDER

WATi'VH

ALOE

CLASS VI ORDER

ALISMA FJLAITTAGO

HEPTANDRIA. CLASS

VII.

SEVEN STAMINA. This Class has four

ORDER

Orders.

CHICK-WEED WINTER-GREEN,

found

woods and turfy heaths in the north of EngIt is a plant land, but more particularly in Scotland. chiefly confined to the most northern regions. I have, however, seen it grow very flourishingly in a garden at Clapham. Linnaeus was exceedingly delighted when he discovered it in his Lapland tour, probably from its being

monogi

in dry

the only Lapland plant of the seventh class, serving to

complete the uniformity of his system. small Class, and the Trientalis

have in

it,

of which there

Horse-chesnut-tree

This

a very

also

we The

the only Genus

but this one species.

now common throughout Mount Pindus, in Greece.

of this Class; though,

England,

it is

a native of

One lum.

Fistil-

HEPTANDRIA,

9<5

ORDER LIMEUM,

DIGYNIA.

an African genus,

of this Order, but there Two

Pistilla.

presentation of

* lA

Four Fistula,

dom

rising

the only plant

England.

This plant

perennial,

native of

generally trailing, and

more than two

feet high.

stalk decays in the

^ IA seven tilla.

Pis-

sel-

blossoms in

July, but does not produce seed in England.

The

autumn.

ORDER 4. ROUND-LEAVED SEPTAS

iiEFTAGY-

re-

it,

LIZARD'S TAIL. Virginia ;

nor any no specimen, r

ORDER tetragy-

\l.

a native of the

Cape of Good Hope; it is a perennial plant, the only Genus of this Order, of which there is only this one Acspecies; it blossoms in August and September. cording to Linnaeus it is remarkable for the number seven; having the calyx in seven deep segments,

seven petals, seven gcrmena, and consequently seven capsulae.

The

English specific

name Round- leaved,

from the general character of the leaves at the bottom of the flower-stem, which there was no room to

introduce in the annexed figure.

CLASS VII ORDER

TIR1ENTALIS ETUllOF^EA ZSSSZ

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CIASS OilDER X.I

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CLASS \TI ORDER

ROUNTD-UEATIE1D SEFTAS

SE3PTA3

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OCTANDRIA, CLASS

VIII.

EIGHT STAMINA. This Class has four Orders.

ORDER NASTURTIUM. Of species

this

year 1684. tinues

genus there are

first

brought into

It begins to

blossom in

five

by LinEurope in the July, and con-

flowers, in the

month of June and

July, emit

sparks or flashes in the morning before sun -rise, and also during

twilight in the evening, but not in total

This curious phenomenon was discovered

darkness.

a daughter of Linnaeus,

and

father,

who

M. Wilcke,

who

shewed

to her

a celebrated electrician,

believed the scintillations to be electric.

SCARLET FUCHSIA, elegant shrub

Fuchsia coccinea. This

a native of Chili, and grows to the

height of six or seven feet.

was

first

cultivated in

788 by Lee and Kennedy. It produces pendent blossoms through most of the sum-

England rich

mer

first

;

the calyx

VOL.

of a beautiful red colour, and the

monogy. :nia.

said,

the approach of winter.

till

The

this

a native of Peru, and

have been

naeus, to

One

Pistil-

lum.

OCTANDRIA.

petals in the centre of the flower

somewhat resemble

a small roll of the richest purple-coloured ribbon.

CROSS-LEAVED HEATH,

Erica

tetralix.

one of the four species indigenous to Great Britain, and is easily distinguished from the others byits flowers growing in pendulous clusters on the tops

This

of the

stalks,

and by

its

leaves,

which grow by

fours

on the stem, and forma kind of cross ; they are edged with stiff hairs, each of which has a small globule at its

Ireland produces one species ; but of

extremity.

numerous and beautiful genus the greater part are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Not one is known to be indigenous to the vast continent of America; this

nor, as far as

New

we know,

are any produced in

China or

Holland.

The

heaths, in general, are not very fragrant, but

the Erica odorarosea has a scent similar to the 'Atar of Roses, and the Erica tenui flora has the odour of a carnation.

BALSAM OF GILEAD AMYRIS, Gikadensis.

According

the height of fourteen feet; rous; the

wood

Amyris

Bruce, this tree grows to its

branches are nume-

white, soft, and covered with a

smooth ash-coloured bark ; the leaves are small and few, commonly consisting of one pair of pinnae with an odd one at the top, and of a bright green colour.

The

Corolla consists of four petals; the fruit

drupaceous kind, roundish, opening by four

and containing a smooth nut.

of the valves,,

OCTANDRIA. Brace says that

this tree

growing behind Azab, of Babelmandel.

all

a native of Abyssinia,

along the coast to the Straits

Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny,

and even the Arabian physicians, supposed to

Balsam

this

to be the produce of Judea only, and hence

seems

have received the name of Balsamum Judaicum,

Balm of

The Balsam

Gilead.

the tree by making an incision this secretion

its

from

collected

w ith an

axe,

when

strongest circulation in July

August and the beginning of September, and

and col-

lected into small earthern bottles suspended to receive

The

it.

small

most

quantity to be obtained from each tree

on the average, the never yielding more than sixty in

(three or four drops daily fertile tree

that time) d

and the collecting

so tedious

blesome, that the genuine Balsam

and trou-

very scarce, and

as an article of commerce. Lady Mary Wortley Montague says, that when she resided in Constantinople it was not then to be pro-

rarely if ever exported

cured without difficulty

The

best balsam, according to Alpinus,

at first

turbid and white, of a very strong pungent scent, like that of turpentine, but

grant, c

and of a

much

sweeter and more fra-

bitter, acrid, astringent taste

on being

Tacitus says, this tree was so averse to iron, that

bled upon a knife being laid near

tended, that the incisions should

;

and therefore

made with

trem-

was pre-

ivory shells,

glass, or stone. A

See Gerlach's Tagebuch's Reise

ÂŤ

See Lady

M. W. Montague's

tiach

letters.

Const antinopel, p. 21 7.

OCTANDRIA.

ICO

kept for some time,

thin, limpid, light, of

becomes

a greenish hue, and then of a gold yellow, after which it

grows thick

lent,

and

like turpentine,

Bruce

fragrance.

and strongly pungent, giving

brain like that of volatile

by an

maelites to

vio-

rashly

drawn up

virtues

its ;

may be

Is there

nations

would seem

that

of the highest anti-

Balm and Myrrh wqre carried by the IshEgypt/ and the high opinion entertained

sician there

ter

of its

a sensation to the

when

salts,

the authority of scripture

quity, for

miah

much

incautious person.

the estimation of this Balsam

loses

that the odour at first

says,

inferred

no balm

why then

from

still

there no phy-

not the health of the daugh-

Among

people recovered ?"s is

this verse in Jere-

in Gilead?

in the highest repute for

properties, but in

Europe

any miraculous power,

it is

the Eastern its

medical

not believed to possess

except

now and

then to

enable an impostor to amass a large fortune from the poor, the

illiterate,

and the credulous.

British PIa?its of this Order. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

20 Acer 4 CiiLORA

Daphne

14 Epilobium

Genesis, c. xxxvii. v. 25.

Maple YEL LOW-WORT Mezereon Willow-herb Z Jeremiah, c.

viii.

v. 22.

iO 1

OCTAXDRIA. Common Names.

Botanical Generic Names.

Heath

Erica" CE not hera

Populus

Tree-primrose Poplar

27 Vaccinium

Whortle-perry-shrub

ORDER No

British Plant of this Order.

UPRIGHT GALENIA. by Linnaeus Galen, a

who

This plant was named

digynia.

commemorate the celebrated

physician T flourished in the second century. It is

ri;til .., #

shrubby plant,

a native

and flowers from June

of the Cape of

Good Hope,

to August.

ORDER

CLIMBING BUCK-WHEAT known by

the

commonly trigynia. is name of Black Bind-weed, probably ThreePis .

from the dark colour of its ^

The number

tained.

seeds.

a very

of different species of Heath are not ascer-

Mess. Lee and Kennedy have in their garden at

mersmith 430 species or varieties of this Genus. Claudius Galen was a native cf Pergamus, 1

died

A.D. 140,

com-

in the seventieth year of his age.

Ham-

Asia.

lie

tlUtl -

OCTANDRIA.

102

mon

plant

among corn and

garden hedges. This

Order of which Pro-

Genus of this Martyn enumerates thirty-six different species, of which ten are indigenous. It blossoms from June to September) the stem twists round everything in its way. It is a genus whose species differ in the number of their stamina, and pistillaj yet, as Dr. Smith observes, no species can be more naturally allied is

the only engiish

fessor

therefore the Linnaean system here, as in

of the

cases, claims the indulgence

whose

many

other

scientific Botanist,

principles are founded on natural affinities.

A plant that grows invariably turns in the

with a twining and

same

direction.

spiral

stem

The Kidney-

bean and the Convolvulus turn with the apparent motion of the sun, while the Hop and the Honeysuckle take a contrary direction

be employed

change

this

;

and any

law of nature

act that can is

injurious

to the plant, and, if persevered in, destructive.

Marsh-mallow-leaved Hermannia

The

a curious instance

of two flowers growing on the same stem, which have a spiral character, but

which

are invariably twisted in

opposite directions to each other.

ORDER

TUBEROUS MOSCHATELL.

tetragy. NIA. ri?lilla.

This curious â&#x20AC;˘

plant, with green petals, of Four

one

species, has

hich there

been found wild

many

but this

parts of the

10S

OCTANDRIA.

kingdom, and at Bockleton, in Worcestershire, byMiss M. It blossoms at the end of March, or the beginning of April, and the berries ripen in May, soon The leaves and the after which the leaves decay. flowers smell like

musk, from which circumstance

has been sometimes called

HERB are

Musk

PARIS, Paris

quadrifolia.-

readily distinguished than

portion and regularity of usually four in a cross,

all

Crow-foot.

this,

the parts.

or sort of whorl.

Few

plants

by the pro-

The leaves, The Caly-

cine leaflets four, Petals four, Stamina eight, Pistilla four, and a berry obscurely four-grooved, dark purple

when

ripe,

containing six or eight seeds.

good

and conspicuous example of a flower with grass-green It is a native of shady woods, rare in some petals. counties, and not very common in any, but in Herefordshire

it is

one of the ornaments of my own paternal

farm.

British Plant of this

Order.

Common Karnes. MoSCHATEF.L

Elatine

Waterwort

Paris

Herb Paris

Botanical Generic Names. 1

ADOXA

2 â&#x20AC;˘2

CLASS Ml ORDER

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ERICA

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