Ocean as Authority / Justin Jackson

International Seabed Authority and the other 64%

The Oceanic Turn: Justin Jackson Spring 2014 - Harvard Graduate School of Design - GSD 9132 - Term Project Copyright: Scanned texts and source references compiled in this booklet are intended for single-use academic purpose only, according to the Harvard University Fair Use Guidelines & Course Reader Copyright Guidelines. No part of this booklet may be copied, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, transmitted or distributed in any way for commercial purposes. All files are copyright to their respective authors and/or publishers. All other content is Š2013-14 Harvard Graduate School of Design, The President & Fellows of Harvard College.

The Other 64% The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) is considered an unprecedented attempt by the international community to regulate all aspects of the resources of the sea and uses of the ocean, and thus bring a stable order to mankind’s very source of life. UNCLOS is considered the most significant legal instrument of the last century and while the effort has been to regulate the resources of the ocean, an organization established under UNCLOS has begun to disrupt that very effort. If we redefine the typical understanding of political boundaries we can reimagine the world map extending beyond the limits of national jurisdiction into the ocean.

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the first extension of political boundaries into the ocean and leaves 64% of the ocean (high seas) currently open for expansion. Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement relating to the regime for the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil the International Seabed Authority was established as an autonomous international organization responsible for the organizing and controlling activities in the Area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction: the high seas.

The power of the International Seabed Authority lies in the distribution of territory in the high seas to member states of UNCLOS. Since 2001 the authority has granted licenses to participating states for areas up 150,000km. The contracts allow the states to explore the licensed areas in the high seas for resource extraction during a period of 15 years. Once the 15 years have passed the state has the authority to exploit the area.

The high seas were once considered a common heritage for all mankind and UNCLOS was initiated to preserve this claim, but the power vested in the ISA has provided a new form of territory expansion. Essentially this organization has expanded the concept of globalization into oceanization, the territory expansion of political boundaries into the other 64%.

The first contract to reach exploitation will begin in the year 2016, thus beginning a new realm of territory expansion.

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Contents

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Definition

7 Exclusive Economic Zone 11

High Seas

13

International Seabed Authority 15

International Seabed Authority Agency Presidents 17 Member States

19

The Legal And Technical Commission 21 Contract Leaders 23

Contracts

2001 25-37 2002 39-41 2006 43-45 2011 47-51 2012 53-57 2013 59-63 2014 65-71

Contract Maps New Oceanic Map 72-73 Pacific Ocean 74-77 Indian Ocean 78-81 Atlantic Ocean 82-85 Exploration Material 87-91 High Seas 92-93

Additional References

94-95

5

1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA: an unprecedented attempt by the international community to regulate all aspects of the resources of the sea and uses of the ocean, and thus bring a stable order to mankind’s very source of life.

7

Possibly the most significant legal instrument of the last century...

9

...considering 64% of World’s territory lies beyond national jurisdiction.

Exclusive Economic Zone

11

HIGH SEAS: all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State.

13

International Seabed Authority Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement relating to the regime for the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil the International Seabed Authority was established as an autonomous international organization responsible for the organizing and controlling activities in the Area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction... the high seas

15

Vladimir Mikhailovich Polenov, RUSSIA 2013 ISA Assembly President

Tobias Pierlings, GERMANY 2013 ISA Council President

17

166 MEMBERS

INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY

19

The Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) is an organ of the Council of the International Seabed Authority who are elected by the Council on the basis of personal qualifications relevant to the exploration, exploitation and processing of mineral resources, oceanography, economic and/or legal matters relating to ocean mining and related fields.

The Commission is entrusted with various functions relating to activities in the deep seabed area including the review of applications for plans of work, supervision of exploration or mining activities, assessment of the environmental impact of such activities and provide advice to the International Seabed Authority’s Assembly and Council on all matters relating to exploration and exploitation of non-living marine resources (such as polymetallic [manganese] nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts).

The Commission has, since its inception developed the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area and the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area.

Elio Di Rupo BELGIUM

Rosen Plevneliev BULGARIA

Xi Jinping CHINA

Raul Castro CUBA

Miloš Zeman CZECH REPUBLIC

François Hollande FRANCE

Joachim Gauck GERMANY

David Cameron GREAT BRITIAN

Pranab Mukherjee INDIA

Michael Higgins IRELAND

Shinzō Abe CHINA

Anote Tong KIRIBATI

Baron Waqa NAURU

Bronislaw Komorowski POLAND

Park Geun Hye REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Vladimir Putin RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ivan Gašparovič SLOVAKIA

Siale’ataongo Tu’ivakanō TONGA

Anote Tong KIRIBATI

Baron Waqa NAURU

Bronislaw Komorowski POLAND

Park Geun Hye REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Vladimir Putin RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ivan Gašparovič SLOVAKIA

Siale’ataongo Tu’ivakanō TONGA

The Legal And Technical Commission —25 Members ---5 Year Term

21

Contract States —18 Countries ---15 Year Exploration

Elio Di Rupo BELGIUM

Rosen Plevneliev BULGARIA

Xi Jinping CHINA

Raul Castro CUBA

Miloš Zeman CZECH REPUBLIC

François Hollande FRANCE

Joachim Gauck GERMANY

David Cameron GREAT BRITIAN

Pranab Mukherjee INDIA

Under the Regulations, each contractor has the exclusive right to explore an initial area of up to 150,000 square kilometers. Over the first eight years of the contract, half of this area is to be relinquished.

The signature of these exploration contracts gives practical and real effect to the single regime for the Area established by the 1982 Convention and the 1994 Agreement and as such represents a significant step forward for the international community

Michael Higgins IRELAND

Shinzō Abe CHINA

Anote Tong KIRIBATI

Baron Waqa NAURU

Bronislaw Komorowski POLAND

Park Geun Hye REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Vladimir Putin RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ivan Gašparovič SLOVAKIA

Siale’ataongo Tu’ivakanō TONGA

2001 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Peter Dickson Donigi Papua New Guinea President of the Council Tadeusz Bachleda-Curus Poland

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan United Kingdom India China Netherlands Germany Australia Indonesia Portugal South Africa

PNG Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan Republic of Korea Algeria Paraguay Poland Czech Republic Malta

BGR

Spain Pakistan Saudi Arabia Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Tunisia Gabon Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Chile

25

POLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA

BULGARIA

77,302 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

CUBA

INTEROCEANMETAL JOINT ORGANIZATION

27

78,253 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

YUZHMORGEOLOGIYA

29

77,321 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

GOVERNMENT OF KOREA

31

75,609 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

CHINA

COMRA

33

77,562 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

JAPAN

DORD

35

78,654 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

FRANCE

IFREMER

37

2002 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Martin Belinga-Eboutou Cameroon President of the Council Fernando Pardo Huerta Chile

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan United Kingdom India China Netherlands Germany Australia Indonesia Portugal South Africa

Papua New Guinea Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan Republic of Korea Algeria Paraguay Poland Czech Republic Malta

Spain Pakistan Saudi Arabia Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Tunisia Gabon Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Chile

39

78,756 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Indian Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphides

INDIA

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

41

2006 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Sainivalati S Navoti Figi President of the Council Mariusz-Orion Jędrysek Poland

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India United Kingdom France Germany Canada Indonesia Portugal South Africa

Malaysia Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan Republic of Korea Kenya Hondorus Poland Czech Republic Netherlands

Spain Myanmar Saudi Arabia Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Gabon Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Chile

43

79,530 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

GERMANY

BGR

45

2011 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Peter Thomson Figi President of the Council Andrzej Przybycin Poland

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Indonesia Canada South Africa

Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan United Kingdom Kenya Chile Poland Czech Republic Netherlands

Spain Vietnam Qatar Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Angola Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico

47

76,829 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

NAURU

NAURU OCEAN RESOURCES INC.

49

10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —South Indian Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphides

CHINA

COMRA

51

2012 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan Mauitius President of the Council Alfredo Garcia Chile

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Chile Canada South Africa

Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan United Kingdom Kenya Chile Poland Czech Republic Netherlands

Spain Vietnam Qatar Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Angola Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico

53

76,281 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

TONGA

TONGA OFFSHORE MINING LTD.

55

10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Mid Atlantic Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphies

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

YUZHMORGEOLOGIYA

57

2013 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Vladimir Mikhailovich Polenov Russia President of the Council Tobias Pierlings Russia

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Chile Canada South Africa

Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Uganda United Kingdom Kenya Indonesia Poland Czech Republic Netherlands

Spain Vietnam Sri Lanka Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Mozambique Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico

59

81,723 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

BELGIUM

GTEC SEA MINERALS NV

61

60,521 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

UNITED KINGDOM

UK SEABED RESOURCES LTD.

63

2014 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Vladimir Mikhailovich Polenov Russia President of the Council Tobias Pierlings Russia

Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Chile Canada South Africa

Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Uganda United Kingdom Kenya Indonesia Poland Czech Republic Netherlands

Norway Vietnam Sri Lanka Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Mozambique Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico

65

76,144 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules

KIRIBATI

MARAWA

67

10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —South Indian Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphies

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

GOVERNMENT OF KOREA

69

10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Mid Atlantic Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphies

FRANCE

IFREMER

71

CHINA

RUSSIAN FE

FRANCE

BELGIUM

CZECH REPUBLIC JAPAN

1,034,485 SQUARE KILOMETERS —High Seas --Mineral Exploration

CUBA UNITED KINGDOM

EDERATION

BULGARIA POLAND

INDIA

SLOVAKIA GERMANY REPUBLIC OF KOREA

INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY New Oceanic Map

73

GERMANY

RUSSIA

K JAPAN

CHINA CHINA

FRANCE

CHINA CHINA CHINA

915,729 SQUARE KILOMETERS —12 States —Polymetallic Nodules

KOREA

KOREA KOREA

FRANCE TONGA JAPAN

BELGIUM

BELGIUM

BELGIUM

FRANCE IOM TONGA NAURU

TONGA NAURU

RUSSIA

UK

TONGA

GERMANY

KIRIBATI IOM

NAURU

KOREA

KIRIBATI KOREA

KOREA

TONGA

KIRIBATI

NAURU

KOREA

UK IOM KIRIBATI BELGIUM NAURU KOREA GERMANY RUSSIA JAPAN TONGA FRANCE CHINA ISA PEI

PACIFIC OCEAN Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone

75

TEXAS 676,587 sq km

CLARION-CLIPPERTON FRACTURE ZONE 915,729 sq km

77

98,756 SQUARE KILOMETERS —3 States --Polymetallic Sulphides

INDIA CHINA KOREA ISA EXPLORATION ZON

INDIAN OCEAN Southwest Indian Ridge

79

OREGON 98,380 sq km

INDIAN OCEAN 98,756 sq km

81

20,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —2 States --Polymetallic Sulphides

FRANCE RUSSIA EXPLORATION ZONE

ATLANTIC OCEAN Mid Atlantic Ridge

83

WEST VIRGINIA 24,230 sq km

ATLANTIC OCEAN 20,000 sq km

85

“Governments and industry players argue for the perceived economic benefits from the exploitation of minerals on the seabed.”

—Maureen Penjueli, Pacific Network on Globalization, SciDev.Net, 2014

87

Minerals

—Polymetallic Nodules --Polymetallic Sulphides

SEABED EXPLORATION Mining Resources

89

Elemental Concentrations —Manganese (15.25% - 19.27%) --Iron (11.79% - 23.01%) --Nickel (0.308% - 0.846%) --Copper (0.141% - 0.295%) --Cobalt (0.2341% - 0.290%) --Manganese/Iron (0.67% - 1.60%)

POLYMETALLIC NODULES

91

HIGH SEAS

—64% of World Territory —beyond National Jurisdiction

HIGH SEAS 202,000,000 Square Kilometers

93

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