GUANABARA BAY AND THE CLIMATE CHANGE
Aspรกsia Camargo
The environmentalpolitical map: The South Atlantic Ocean and Guanabara Bay •
Guanabara bay is the 2nd largest bay in brazil.
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It’s a brazilian and rio de janeiro’s landscape and environmental icon.
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It’s a highly polluted hydric body , due to the lack of sewage and solid waste treatment
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The bay is part of the south atlantic ocean- critical sea level elevation zone.
Social and environmental vulnerabilities of the Coastal Area:
Critical point in the heart of the Metropolitan Area- 12 million residents;
IPCC’S inventory: forecast of sea level elevation by 60 cm (23.5 inches), with an increase of 2 ºC (3.6 ºF) until 2100;
(INPE-IPP): high vulnerabilty in the lower areas Baixada Fluminense - Duque de Caxias
URGENT NEED OF AN ADAPTATION PLAN
Guanabara Bay and its influence over the Metropolitan Region
7 municipalities/cities on its shores: Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Magé, Guapimirim e Itaboraí, São Gonçalo e Niterói; 6 more municipalities in the contributing drainage basins area: Nova Iguaçu; BelfordRoxo, Petrópolis, Rio Bonito; Teresópolis; Cachoeira de Macacu; 16 municipalities in the Metropolitan Region, with a population of 12 million residents.
Physiologic and hydrological aspects
Total area: 380 km; perimeter 131 km;
3 MILLION M3
Depth: 3m at the bottom of the bay- Duque de Caxias; 8,3 m at Rio-Niterói Bridge; 17 m at the Barra Access Channel;
Home to more than 80 islands;
Nice calm water beaches and fine sands;
Hydrographical area composed by 5 drainage basins (29 subbasins);
An estuary formed by 45 rivers and channels;
The hydrographical basin sustains Guanabara bay
The bay’s regeneration and climate change:
governance for the sustainable development
To protect the municipalities population around the bay (carlos nobre from IPCC and instituto pereira passos).
The same study shows that another critical area is the baixada fluminense, subject to floods from the contributing drainage basins.
Guanabara bay depollution and regeneration plan includes the drainage basins and its contributing rivers.
In the reverse direction, the water loss from guanabara bay and its contributing rivers raises the area’s temperature, evaporation and droughts. We have lost 10 rivers. The aggradation and deforestation processes are in fast course.
A bay in agony
10 rivers disappeared! Many landfills decreased the bay’s total area.
83 km2 of mangroves, but only 15 km2 are preserved. Less than 20%! Source: Nema/UERJ
In the 1980s, about 500 dolphins used to live in the bay. Nowadays, there are only 40 remaining!
From the 40 beaches in the bay, 37 of them presented a water quality considered “poor” or “very poor”".
Guanabara Bay lost its value as a source of leisure and quality of life.
The mangroves map
Source: Nema/UERJ
The mangroves and the coastal area protection
The mangroves are great “carbon kidnappers”, proportionally larger - in terms of surface area - than the Amazon rainforest ( Source: professor Mário Luiz Gomes Soares - Núcleo de Estudos de Manguezais, UERJ);
Natural nursery for many vulnerable to rising sea levels;
At Guanabara Bay, the most threatened areas are: Ilha do Governador, Fundão, Jequiá, Duque de Caxias, Reduc and the rivers Suruí and Iriri.
species,
mangroves
are
Threatened Fauna and Flora
Biguá – Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Peixe espada- Trichiurus lepturus
Garça branca grande – Ardea alba
Affected and endangered species
Saracura – Aramides saracura
Socozinho – Butorides striata
Guaxinim – Procyon cancryvorus
Frango d`água – Gallinula chloropus
Guiana dolphin
(Sotalia guianensis) Obs: the Guiana Dolphin is in Rio de Janeiro’s state flag.
The bay in agony: sewage, aggradation and garbage
Accumulation of garbage and sewage
Accumulation of sewage
Causes of aggradation The deforestation of rivers' riparian forests and Guanabara Bay’s surroundings.
Pollution of the bay due to oil activity
Garbage, the bay’s, health’s and environment’s enemy, and responsible for more than 10% of GHG emissions.
The sport of sailing among garbage
Floating objects
Deforestation and climate change
Source: SOS Mata Atl창ntica
The bay and the
metropolitan area The challenge of governance: cooperation
Floating solid waste
Sewage launch Industrial pollution
Lack of sanitation the main enemy
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The State of Rio de Janeiro treats a little more than 1/3 of all the sewage being produced.
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Each second, 14 thousand liters of sewage IN NATURA are dumped untreated into Guanabara Bay.
P.S. % of sewage treatment refers to collection
ETES built... but unused!
* ETES= sewage treatment plants
RIO 92’S LEGACY
Guanabara Bay’s depollution program (PDBG)
Greatest work of the State of Rio de Janeiro in 20 years - six consecutive governments
1994 –2005- initial budget of US$ 793 million ( 1,7 billion reais) and the actual budget was revised to US$ 1,17 billion ( 2,5 billion reais) - 48% more
Budget participation:
BID - Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento - US$ 350 mi JIBIC (Banco De Cooperaçao Japonesa) - US$ 287,9 mi Governo Do Estado/Cedae - US$531,4 mi
PDBG’s Goals
Sanitation
Sewage and water-supply postponed from 2000 to 2008 and nothing done yet; Gradually recover the Bay’s water quality and the rivers that flow into it;
Macrodrainage - US$ 11 milllion; Solid waste- US$ 13 milion – 87% of the budget already spent; Environmental programs - institutional strengthening; Help restore ecosystems present in the surroundings of Guanabara Bay through an environmental education program of $ 18 million; Digital mapping;
Treat 47% of the daily sewage dumped into Guanabara Bay until 1999.
The Bad Practices
How To Explain This Failure?
Lack of planning, objectives and institutional capacity to undertake works;
Mistaken goals- it wasn’t a depollution program. It was a poorly planned sanitation program- which summed up to disjointed works.
Goals of depolluting 47% of the bay not achieved. Only 14% was depolluted.
Failures and delays on the financial execution of projects; Half of the counterpart was worn in interest and penalties
Losses of US$ 259,8 million for interest payments, with $ 218 million back into BID’s safes- the late fees. TOTAL LOSS for BID: $ 568 million;
Disjointed and incongruous works- Sewage treatment plants (ETEs) with no connection to networks and driftwood’s collectors;
Lack of continuity. The program was officially extended seven times – and remain still unfinished.
ETEs Situation
The ETEs opened without full operation:
ETE Alegria: works with 60% load, designed to receive 5,000 l / s. It accomplishes secondary treatment.
ETE São Gonçalo: Built in 1998 and even now still doesn’t receive sewage, due to lack of collecting networks that connects to the system. Projected to receive 1.500l/s. It only accomplishes primary treatment.
ETE Pavuna: Projected to receive 1.500 l /s. Its current treatment capacity is 200 l/s. It accomplishes secondary treatment.
The new depollution program PSAM- Programa de Saneamento Ambiental dos Municípios do Entorno da Baía de Guanabara Environmental Sanitation Program of Municipalities Surrounding Guanabara Bay
NEW PHASE- (2012- 2016)
PSAM is also financed with BID resources amounting to US$ 451,98 million;
US$ 330,00 from the State of Rio de Janeiro;
For the first time, it’s being scheduled an Integrated action with the surrounding municipalities
PSAM And Its Goals
Sanitize 80% of Guanabara Bay until 2016 - fulfilling one of the commitments made to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to carry the Olympic Games of Rio de Janeiro.
Total investment: R$ 1,5 billion until 2016
BID - US$ 452 million
State of Rio de Janeiro- R$ 330 million
PSAM main interventions 1 - Works and equipment for collection and treatment of sewage: interceptors, collectors, pumping stations and collection networks in municipalities in the area covered by the program. 2 - Operational Improvement and Institutional Strengthening
to support CEDAE for the adequacy to the parameters required by the Law of Sanitation (LSB) certification of its environmental management processes, developing strategies for the utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants (ETEs), and plans to reduce water losses; support to improve the regulation of sanitation services in the State of Rio de Janeiro and; Support to the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), to optimize its ability to manage projects and water quality monitoring in Guanabara Bay
3 - Sustainability of Municipal Public Policies for Sanitation, in the financing of actions to support municipalities in the area covered by the Program, in the preparation of Municipal and Regional Plans of Sanitation (orientation of Law 11.445 / 2007) and modernization of its fiscal management, in the increase of the capacity to raise funds aimed at developing investment projects in the sanitation sector.
Impacts And Potential
The good Practices
Governance for Guanabara Bay (PSAM)
Governor’s and secretaries leadership- the integrated cross vision of the sustainable development to accelerate depollution;
The strategic planning ( with executive and basic projects); integration to the government’s policies;
Creation of a metropolitan agency that promotes: Goals and information system monitored regularly to reduce pollution and promote the regeneration;
Partnerships with the municipalities and metropolitan cities in the surroundings of the bay - and the federal government;
Participatory process with emphasis to the scientific community, the corporate sector, the specialized technicians and civilian leaders and organizations volunteering;
A consistent policy of sanitation, collecting and recycling of solid waste;
A regulatory agency, that produces information for the sustentainable development of the bay
and the
Institutional sustainability
Governance and Sustainable development
Apply the principle of transversality, promoting integration of economic, social and environmental dimensions, to revert the negative expectations over the bay.
Economical use of urban space and surroundings that with the cleaning and sanitation, would bring considerable gains in tourism, real estate valuation of land and reduction of health care costs;
Socio-environmental investment with sanitation - around 27.7 billion dollars in ten years, would bring economic benefits and return 60.2 billion dollars in 30 years;
In a decade the economic returns outweigh the social costs of universalization.
The social dimension of sustainable development
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The biggest social challenge to clean up the bay is a land use policy that discourages the illegal occupation around the margins of rivers and the bay, and a policy of urban mobility (housing and transportation) that facilitates the occupation and urban circulation - compatible with environmental preservation.
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Encourage green and sustainable cities in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, with better distribution of its population.
Environmental Governance and the OLYMPIC PROMISE
The goal is to clean up 80% of the waters of the bay until the 2016 Olympics with an estimated R$ 354 million budget. The governance consists of three basic principles:
1 - Treat a specific area in a systematic and exhaustive way for visible and controllable environmental results. As PSAM has been doing, but we can also do that in Botafogo Bay and the entrance to the bay. 2 - Treat the water bodies in its unity and ecological integrity around a basin, so that the results of depollution are perennial. You need to reverse historical trends. And the ecosystems need to be protected in its complex integrity.
3 - You need to consider and act on externalities - economic and social Besides the action of PSAM in the Baixada municipalities and East of the Bay, the Olympic priority should be cleaning up the entrance to Guanabara Bay - where the Olympic sailing competitions will be held.
Currently, Botafogo Bay is a highly polluting source in sanitation, with three rivers - the Banana Podre, the Berquó and the Carioca bringing sewage, which are not collected nor treated from three communities: Santa Marta (5,000 people) the Tabajaras e Cabritos (3500) and the Community of Benjamin Constant (460). Niterói is reducing pollution - across the Bay. Rio de Janeiro can do the same until 2016.
Attributes to be retrieved
The landscape and the environment
The landscape and the environment