Active with the United Nations by OECD

ACTIVE WITH

THE UNITED NATIONS

THE OECD AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM A long-standing partnership The OECD and the United Nations family have developed a longstanding and wide-ranging partnership. Today’s challenging global environment requires working together to accelerate multilateral action on several fronts. This is especially true as we continue to collectively confront the COVID-19 pandemic and recover from the pandemic-induced global economic and social crisis. We have been collaborating with the UN system over many decades. Most recently, we have been working closely to advance the implementation of major global agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Financing for Development, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the Paris Climate Agreement. Our co-operation spans a broad range of policy areas, including migration, refugees and remittances; the environment, including water, climate and biodiversity; gender equality; tax policy; development policy and co-operation; risk and resilience and humanitarian assistance; data and statistical capacity development; health and education; science and technology; trade and globalisation. The OECD remains committed to putting its know-how, evidence, and tools at the disposal of countries around the globe. We will continue to support the 2030 Agenda and to strengthen our relationships with the UN Secretariat, agencies, funds and programmes as well as the Permanent Missions of Member and Partner countries in New York. The establishment of an OECD Permanent Observer office in New York reflects our commitment to these efforts. Working together, the OECD and the United Nations are stronger and can have a greater impact to address today’s – and tomorrow’s – global challenges by designing, developing and delivering better policies for better lives. MATHIAS CORMANN, OECD Secretary-General

The OECD and the United Nations system 4 DEVELOPMENT Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need 7 Promoting holistic approaches to financing for sustainable development in the COVID-19 era and beyond 7 Blended Finance in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 8 OECD UNDP Impact Standards for Financing Sustainable Development (IS-FSD) 8 Building a stronger international tax system 9 Tax transparency 11 Supporting the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation 11 Achieving development results and SDG impact 12 Supporting countries most in need 13 Engaging in fragile and crisis contexts effectively 14 Promoting aid for trade 15 Other areas of collaboration 17 Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity 19 Fighting corruption, bribery and illicit financial flows 19 International regulatory co-operation 21 Designing urban development and affordable housing policies 22 Harnessing global dialogue and knowledge sharing for unleashing the potential of cities in achieving SDGs and fostering ecological transition 23 Shaping Africa’s urban future together 24 Disaster risk reduction 24 Economic policy analysis 26 Development of international standards and indicators 26 Collecting, disseminating and using data together 30 Supporting follow-up and review of the Sustainable Development Goals 32 Strengthening national statistical systems 35 OECD Programme on “A Territorial Approach to the SDGs” 36

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Contents

Advancing policy coherence for sustainable development 36 Other areas of collaboration 37 Promoting food security and sustainable agriculture 39 OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 39 Global policy measurement 40 Supporting the G20 agriculture agenda 40 Agricultural Market Information System 40 Fishing for development 40 Improving food and nutrition security and strengthening resilience 42 Adopting a territorial approach to food security and nutrition policy 42 Improving rural youth livelihoods 42 Providing an enabling environment for business, investment and trade 43 Supporting international investment policies and treaties 43 Promoting policy dialogue on global value chains and production transformation 43 Enhancing competition 44 Partnering to promote responsible business conduct 45 Promoting responsible supply chains in the textiles, agriculture and minerals sectors 46 Tourism 48 Other areas of collaboration 49 WELL-BEING AND INCLUSION Measuring well-being and promoting inclusive growth, aligned with long-term strategic objectives, notably the SDGs Supporting PISA for Development Improving labour market policies and social protection Advancing gender equality and inclusion Migration Promoting health workforce employment and economic growth

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Introduction

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International migration of health workers Fostering high-quality universal health coverage Preventing chronic diseases Addressing dementia Addressing antimicrobial resistance Supporting countries in the fight against COVID-19 Assessing the economic contribution of labour migration in developing countries as countries of destination Other areas of collaboration

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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Environmental sustainability 67 Addressing climate change 67 Supporting implementation of the USD 100 billion climate pledge 68 Reversing biodiversity and ecosystem services loss 69 Environmental data and indicators 69 Environmental-economic accounting 70 Green growth indicators 71 Environmental Performance Reviews 71 Reforming government support for fossil fuels 71 Assisting fossil fuel producing countries transition to a low-carbon future 72 Aligning tax policy with environmental objectives 72 Promoting green growth in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia 72 Material flows and resource productivity 73 Environment-development nexus 73 Improving access to water and sanitation 74 Supporting the implementation of the water-related SDGs 75 Strengthening water governance 75 Green Growth Knowledge Platform 76 Gender and environment nexus 76 Other areas of collaboration 77 Working together in regional and other fora 78 Working together to deliver value for money for members 80 2 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

The OECD benefits from a long-standing relationship with the United Nations system. A permanent observer of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) since 1971, the OECD went on to become a permanent observer of the United Nations General Assembly in 1998. Co-operation between the OECD and the various parts of the United Nations family continues to grow, with numerous UN entities

THE OECD AND THE UN

participating in the work of the OECD and its Committees, and the OECD engaging in the work of UN bodies and fora in a wide range of areas. The partnership also extends beyond participation in formal bodies to include joint substantive work, policy and regional dialogue, and numerous events. The OECD now maintains a Permanent Observer office in New York to further support co-operation.

Today, the OECD interfaces with the UN system in almost all areas of its work. This co-operation spans issues ranging from fighting poverty and inequality to well-being and climate change; from economic and agricultural policies to good governance, education and health; and from development co-operation and taxation to statistics and organisational effectiveness.

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THE OECD AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM UN Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed, and OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann, New York. © UN Photo

4 . ACTIVE ACTIVE WITH WITHTHE THEUNITED UNITEDNATIONS NATIONS

THE OECD AND THE UN

I Alberto Miranda, Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Spain to the UN, Michal Mlynár, Permanent Representative of the Slovak Republic to the UN, Robin Ogilvy, Permanent Observer and OECD Special Representative to the UN, photographed after the passing by consensus of the UN General Assembly Resolution on “Cooperation between the Unted Nations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)”, New York, 2021.

Addressing global fragilities, bridging divides, tackling inequalities and healing our planet will require more and better multi lateralism. The COVID-19 pandemic is the latest example of our shared vulnerability and the need for multilateral action to restore trust and inspire hope. The decades-long co-operation between the OECD and the United Nations system in a variety of global challenges has been stepping up in pace and reach in recent years. The opening of a Permanent Observer office to the United Nations in New York in 2018 allowed for a deepening and scaling up of multilateral collaboration in a wide array of global critical issues, including sustainable development policies and financing, environmental sustainability, digital transformation, trade, taxation, illicit financial flows and anticorruption, wellbeing and social inclusion, gender equality, food security and sustainable agriculture, just to name a few.

In 2021, the UN General Assembly approved the resolution entitled “Cooperation between the United Nations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)”, which acknowledges the longstanding partnership and fruitful collaboration between the OECD and the United Nations. The resolution was introduced by 60 countries and adopted by consensus by all 193 UN member states. It recognises the OECD’s contribution to UN agendas, and welcomes further collaboration, particularly in the COVID-19 recovery context. The resolution also encourages a biennial reflection in New York on progress in strengthening the collaboration between the OECD and the United Nations family. Through its active engagement and collaboration, the OECD contributes to building a stronger United Nations and furthering our shared efforts to promote sustainable development and well-being for all. THE OECD AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM . 5

DEVELOPMENT

6 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

To ensure that the world is on track to deliver the ambitious 2030 Agenda, it is crucial to unlock pathways for financing development that help to sustain and enhance development gains. At the core of financing for development is a dual challenge: mobilising unprecedented volumes of resources and leaving no-one behind. Greater mobilisation efforts and the right incentives should grow the scope of resources available to those most in need.

Promoting holistic approaches to financing for sustainable development in the COVID-19 era and beyond Ongoing consultation and outreach on the modernisation of Official Development Assistance (ODA) include discussions with partner countries, providers beyond members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), multilateral organisations such as the United Nations agencies and regional commissions, the World Bank, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), academia and the private sector. The OECD contributes inputs to and actively participates in the United Nations, Canada and Jamaica-led initiative on “Financing for Sustainable Development in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond”, including the delivery of a menu of options to member states. The OECD provided high-level briefings to UN members on key deliverables including the OECD Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development and the G7 France, OECD-UNDP Framework for SDG-Aligned Finance. The OECD’s involvement began through the New York office’s official membership in the NY-based Group of Friends on Financing for Sustainable Development, at the invitation of the co-chairs Canada and Jamaica. The OECD and UNDESA benefit from sharing of expertise and knowledge on the Financing for Development Agenda. As a member of the UN Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) on Financing for Development, the OECD participates alongside major institutional stakeholders: the World Bank, IMF, UNDP, UNCTAD, and the WTO, convened by the UN Secretary-General and chaired by UNDESA, to promote shared recommendations,

strengthen analysis and track member states’ progress toward commitments in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. The OECD contributes its data, statistics and policy advice to advance a holistic approach to financing for sustainable development in numerous areas to the annual report of the IATF, Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021. The OECD provides key inputs and recommendations on the building blocks of the Integrated National Financing Frameworks (INFFs), led by UNDESA, to ensure a holistic approach to financing based on country-owned sustainable and resilient financing strategies, including evidence and analysis from the Transition Finance toolkits, country pilots and compendium of principles. UNDP and the OECD collaborated on the development of the G7 Framework for SDG-Aligned Finance. Consultations were carried out in 2019-2021 with a group of 80+ actors, including members of the Global Investors Sustainable Development (GISD) Alliance led by UNDESA to harmonise recommendations. The partnership has strengthened exchange on standards, policies and tools to combat SDG-washing via improved transparency, accountability and policy coherence of financing for the SDGs. Future work will seek to build on the community action plans prepared with different actors along the investment chain: pension funds, asset managers, rating agencies, etc. to identify concrete actions to align the trillions in support of sustainable and inclusive development. Collaboration with the United Nations also includes work to shape a new statistical measurement framework – Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) – called

FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING COUNTRIES MOST IN NEED . 7

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GROWTH

Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need

for in the Addis Agenda to measure and monitor sustainable development investments above and beyond ODA in support of the 2030 Agenda. An international TOSSD Task Force was established to take the work forward and explore opportunities in close association with relevant UN bodies. The OECD is supporting the engagement of the International Task Force with the UN Interagency Expert Group on SDG Indicators to see how TOSSD can contribute to the global indicator framework.

Blended Finance in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Since 2018, the OECD and the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) have collaborated on research and knowledge on blended finance in the least developed countries (LDCs), with the aim to contribute to the policy debate on blended finance by developing empirical evidence and original research on how blended finance can be best used in LDCs to mitigate risk and attract investment for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2020, the OECD and UNCDF jointly published the third edition of the Blended Finance in LDCs report. This third instalment of the report presents an

Blended Finance in the Least Developed Countries 2020 SUPPORTING A RESILIENT COVID‑19 RECOVERY

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8 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

analysis and an action agenda on how to use blended finance to mobilise additional finance to support LDCs to build forward better from the COVID-19 pandemic. Through research, data analysis and a collection of curated guest contributions, the report aims to shed light on how blended finance can be used and scaled up to address the socio-economic challenges in LDCs today, and to build long-term resilience. This report arrives as the Istanbul Programme of Action comes to an end, and the preparations for the Fifth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC5), scheduled for January 2022 in Doha, have started. LDC5 is an opportunity for LDCs and their development partners to define key priorities, agree on a renewed partnership to overcome structural challenges, and mobilise additional resources and international support measures, to enable countries to graduate from the LDC category and achieve the SDGs in the coming decade.

OECD UNDP Impact Standards for Financing Sustainable Development (IS-FSD) In 2020/21, the OECD and the UNDP jointly developed the Impact Standards for Financing Sustainable Development (ISFSD). Recently adopted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), the Standards seek to integrate impact management into investment practices and decision-making, with a view to assessing both positive and negative effects on people and the planet. IS-FSD embed high-level principles and guidance regarding the application of existing tools and frameworks, including metrics, taxonomies and reporting frameworks. Through alignment, all development finance actors can show their intention to contribute positively to development and achieving the SDGs. Pilot projects throughout the course of 2021 will offer evidence and examples of best practice on investing for impact.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GROWTH

Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021 Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development

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Since 2012, the UN secretariat has been an Observer to the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs and the Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). The Inclusive Framework on BEPS was launched in 2016 and now has 139 members, of which approximately 70% are non-OECD and non-G20 countries, all of which participate on equal footing. Together, the members of the Inclusive Framework are working to ensure the standards introduced as part of the BEPS project are implemented and new measures are agreed, including measures to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy. The OECD participates in the bi-annual meetings of the UN’s Committee of Experts on International Co-operation in Tax Matters, and is also active in several of its subcommittees. The OECD also takes part in the ECOSOC special sessions on international co-operation in tax matters. In addition, the OECD and the UN jointly developed a landmark training event on the negotiation of tax treaties, which is delivered every year to tax treaty negotiators from developing countries around the world. Other capacity-building events, mostly on treaties, are also delivered jointly by the two Organisations.

Trade

The OECD and the UN have a close partnership on tax matters, working to both foster domestic resource mobilisation and address the challenges of the international tax system. For over 30 years, the OECD and the UN have undertaken complementary work on tax treaties. The OECD first published the OECD Model Tax Convention in 1977, drawing on work that had begun with the League of Nations in the 1920s. In 1980, the first UN Model Double Taxation Convention between developed and developing countries was issued. Both models have evolved since then, with the OECD and the UN aligned over the common objectives of removing tax barriers to trade and investment and promoting cross-border co-operation.

The OECD and UNDP partnered to expand the Tax Inspectors Without Borders (TIWB) initiative on a global scale to support developing countries to build the necessary capacity to undertake complex tax audit cases by deploying experts on a demand-led basis to developing countries’ tax administrations. The TIWB initiative has been especially relevant during COVID-19 as a practical tool to help developing countries collect all taxes due from MNEs. To date, more than 80 bilateral programmes have been completed or are underway. TIWB audit assistance, including anonymised casework conducted during ATAF/OECD/WBG workshops since 2012, has led to increased tax revenues collected of more than USD 775 million from overall tax assessments in excess of USD 2.37 billion. Building on the success of its capacity building model of “learning by doing”, the Initiative now extends its support to new tax areas, such as effective use of automatic exchange of information (AEOI), joint audits, taxation and natural resource contracts, and environmental tax issues. Furthermore, following recent explorations, the TIWB model has also been found to be viable in the area of criminal tax investigations, which will help in the global fight against Illicit Financial Flows. To date, eight criminal tax investigations pilot programmes have commenced

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Building a stronger international tax system

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Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need

in Armenia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Kenya, Pakistan, Tunisia and Uganda. The UN and the OECD are working with the IMF and the World Bank through the Platform for Collaboration on Tax (PCT) to strengthen collaboration on tax. The PCT work focuses on three areas: (a) Domestic Resource Mobilisation Capacity Development Activities; (b) Analytical work; (c) Outreach and engagement on PCT activities and products. The PCT website provides full details on the activities, including annual reports and a database of all four partners’ technical assistance projects. A key initiative of the PCT is the Medium-Term Revenue Strategy, to coordinate support for country-led tax reform. Following the development of the concept by the PCT, the Medium-Term Revenue Strategy is now being adopted with support from the PCT partners in a number of countries.

In 2021, the PCT released a Toolkit on Tax Treaty Negotiations, which represents a joint effort to provide capacity-building support, building on previous contributions (the UN Manual on Treaty Negotiation for example), benefiting from the input of experienced negotiators and flagging the issues that officials of developing countries should consider when preparing and conducting treaty negotiations. In addition, the PCT also released the toolkit on Transfer Pricing Documentation. The toolkit compiles essential information on transfer pricing documentation regimes and analyses policy choices and legislative options with the aim of helping developing countries implement effective transfer pricing documentation requirements so that they can protect their tax bases, reduce profit shifting and encourage voluntary compliance, while minimising the burdens on business.

L UN Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed, OECD Deputy Secretary-General Jeffrey Schlagenhauf and UNDP Assistant Secretary-General Ulrika Modéer at the Opening of the first Senior-Level Meeting of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation, New York, 2019. 10 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GROWTH

Supporting the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation

The OECD and UNDP jointly support the functioning of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) to maximise the effectiveness of all forms of cooperation for development. The Global Partnership brings together, on an equal footing, key stakeholders of the development co-operation agenda. It contributes to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by promoting effective development co-operation geared towards ending all forms of poverty and reducing inequality, advancing sustainable development and ensuring that no-one is left behind.

Toolkit on Tax Treaty Negotiations

International Monetary Fund (IMF) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) United Nations (UN) World Bank Group (WBG)

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PCT Progress Report 2020

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Tax transparency The UN secretariat is an Observer to the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (Global Forum) – an OECD-hosted body with 160+ members, more than half of which are developing countries. The Global Forum monitors and reviews each member’s commitments to the international standards on tax transparency (exchange of information on request and automatic exchange of financial account information) and provides extensive capacity building and technical assistance to its developing country members in meeting those standards and using them effectively to tackle tax evasion and other illicit financial flows.

Through the Global Partnership monitoring exercise, the OECD and UNDP jointly support the follow-up and review of the implementation of the SDGs at global and country levels, with evidence on three SDG targets: 5.c, 17.15, and 17.16. The 2019 Progress Report of the Global Partnership drew on data collected by 86 developing countries in collaboration with over 100 providers of development co-operation, and hundreds of representatives from civil society organisations, the private sector, and other development actors. Findings from the third round of the Global Partnership monitoring informed i. the 2019 Report of the Secretary General on progress towards the SDGs; ii. the 2019 and 2020 Financing for Sustainable Development Reports; iii. the 2020 UN Secretary-General’s report on the implementation of the Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review of UN system operational activities (QCPR); iv. the 2020 UN Secretary Generals’ report on trends and progress in international development co-operation; and v. several Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs), thereby supporting the global follow-up and review of the implementation of the SDGs at the United Nations High-Level Political Forum (HLPF).

www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/ Approaching the halfway point of SDG implementation and in the lead-up to the Global Partnership’s 2022 High-Level Meeting FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING COUNTRIES MOST IN NEED . 11

Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need

(HLM3), the monitoring exercise is undergoing a reform (20202022), to ensure it meets the evolving needs of its stakeholders and produces evidence relevant to the effectiveness challenges of today. This ambitious reform, being undertaken through a transparent and inclusive process with all GPEDC stakeholders, will result in a new monitoring proposal – inclusive of both a revised indicator framework and an improved monitoring process - for endorsement at the Global Partnership’s 2022 High-Level Meeting.

The principles guide collective work on making private sector partnerships for development co-operation more effective. Global Partnership stakeholders, including UNDP and ILO, are developing concrete guidance on how to implement these principles at the country-level.

This reform will also build on the tailored approach to monitoring effective development co-operation in fragile contexts jointly developed by the OECD and UNDP, as well as the specific approach to monitoring the effectiveness of South-South Cooperation, launched by Mexico, that the Global Partnership supported.

In the framework of the Results Community of the Development Assistance Committee, the OECD is collaborating with a number of UN organisations to enhance the focus on results in development co-operation, one of the key development effectiveness principles. UNESCO, UNFPA and UNICEF are

Within the framework of the Global Partnership, the OECD and UNDP supported the development and launch of the Kampala Principles for Effective Private Sector Engagement through Development Co-operation in the margins of the 2019 HLPF, at the Global Partnership’s Senior Level Meeting in New York.

Making Development Co-operation More Effective 2019 PROGRESS REPORT

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https://effectivecooperation.org

Achieving development results and SDG impact

DEVELOPMENT

regular participants at the OECD-DAC Results Community workshops, and are active in working groups that aim to develop guidance and collect good practices that will help providers of development co-operation to align to the Guiding Principles on Managing for Sustainable Development Results. The OECD also engages with UN organisations at Headquarters and in partner countries to strengthen the use of SDG targets and indicators as the SDGs offer a common and integrated set of goals, targets, deadlines and indicators. Using the same indicators can help to coordinate, monitor and report on programmes’ achievements and contributions to the SDGs. The OECD actively participates in the annual meetings of the UN Strategic Planning Network (UNSPN).

Supporting countries most in need The OECD works to promote better tailored development co-operation instruments and tools and enhanced targeting of concessional finance to ‘countries most in need’, such as least developed countries (LDCs), lowincome countries, Small Island Developing States (SIDS), land-locked developing countries (LLDCs) and fragile and conflict-affected states. The OECD monitors development co-operation policies and ODA allocations to these countries, identifies main bottlenecks in the support to them and spearheads innovative approaches and good practices that the international community can adopt or step up to help these countries set on a path of sustainable development.

oe.cd/results The OECD tracks and monitors member state commitments and efforts to mobilise more and better finance for sustainable development in LDCs, particularly in the context of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020. In close collaboration with the UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Islands States (UN OHRLLS) and the Secretariat of the Committee for Development Policy (CDP) – a subsidiary body of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – the OECD contributes analytical inputs and evidence to inform the preparation of the Fifth UN Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC5). These contributions include the production of transition finance tools and country diagnostics to analyse the challenges faced by countries preparing to graduate from the list of Least Developed Countries. Since the UN’s Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States in Samoa in 2014, at which the OECD-DAC, UNDP, CARICOM and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat agreed to collectively reinvigorate efforts to foster support by FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING COUNTRIES MOST IN NEED . 13

Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need

the international community to the unique circumstances of SIDS, the OECD has produced a strong body of evidence on the financing challenges and opportunities of SIDS. The OECD has partnered with UNDP, UN-OHRLLS and other international stakeholders in international fora to raise awareness of the financing challenges of SIDS and address them, including through innovative financing for the blue economy. The OECD has also contributed to a successful High-level UN Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14, including through the submission of a voluntary commitment on SIDS and by fostering policy discussions in partnership with UNDP, the Government of Grenada, and other international partners. To explore innovative approaches and mechanisms to enhance the effective use of resources to SIDS, the OECD works closely with partners of the Small States Forum (including UNDP, UN OHRLLS), a platform chaired by the World Bank and Grenada. In this context, the OECD also contributes to a UNDP-World Bank Inter-Agency Task Force on Vulnerability of Small States and Access to Concessional Finance. The International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF), with UNDP, UN-OCHA and UN-PBSO as active members, provides a space where OECD Members can come together with the UN system and multilateral development banks to share best practices to deliver results in contexts of fragility and conflict. Upon invitation of UNDPC, the OECD Development Centre contributes through its Policy Dialogue on GVCs, Production Transformation and Development to the work of the Committee on production capabilities and development in LDCs. Since 2020, the Development Co-operation Directorate of the OECD co-organizes a series of webinars with the UNDP Istanbul 14 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

Regional Hub, the ODA Learning Series, targeted at policymakers and development co-operation experts from Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. These seminars provide a space for learning and knowledge exchange on different dimensions of development co-operation systems, strategies and practices.

Engaging in fragile and crisis contexts effectively The OECD helps its Members to develop effective policies and programmes to support the most in needs in crisis-affected contexts. UN agencies and the UN Secretariat are important partners of OECD Members in engaging in fragile countries. In 2020, five of the biggest UN agencies adhered the OECD-DAC Recommendation on the Humanitarian – Development – Peace Nexus. Following the high-level “partnership for peace” in October 2020, an OECD- DAC-UN dialogue has been launched to address the concrete obstacles to better enhance coherence and complementarity between bilateral and multilateral engagement in challenging contexts. UN agencies regularly contribute to the OECD’s peer reviews of its Members’ development policies and programmes, offering feedback on their partnership with OECD Members. The OECD also participates in UN processes on humanitarian financing such as the Inter-Agency Standing Committee on Humanitarian Financing The OECD is also partnering with development actors including the UN, to promote economic resilience in conflict and postconflicts settings with a specific focus on Libya and Yemen. An existing Memorandum of Understanding between the OECD and the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) provides for broad engagement and strengthened co-operation between the two agencies, with a focus on responding to the challenges of large-scale forced displacement in countries of origin, transit

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GROWTH

and destination. This has led to the OECD-DAC International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF) to bring a common position to the Global Refugee Forum in 2019, and to initiate work promoting better integration of refugees within COVID-19 social protection and recovery plans in hosting developing countries. The OECD is also working with the UN High-Level Panel on Internal displacement, and continues to work closely with the UNHCR and UNDP to forge better linkages between humanitarian approaches and longer-term development goals in refugee contexts. www.oecd.org/dac/development-assistance-committee/DAC-UN_ HighLevel_Roundtable_Partnership_Peace_Outcome.pdf

Promoting aid for trade Since the launch of the Aid for Trade Initiative in 2005, the OECD and the UN family have developed a constructive collaboration, tracking aid-for-trade flows and sharing good practices so that developing countries can capitalise on international trade opportunities.

The biennial flagship OECD-WTO monitoring report, Aid for Trade at a Glance, is the centrepiece of the Organisation’s contribution to the Global Review. The report analyses aid for trade policies, programmes and practices and also points to areas where progress has been made as well as where further improvements are needed. UNCTAD and the ITC have also contributed to later iterations, providing analysis on the effect of trade costs on achieving inclusive sustainable growth in the context of the post-2015 development agenda.

AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE 2019: ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION AND EMPOWERMENT

The 2022 Global Review Report will focus on “Empowering Connected, Sustainable Trade” and will explore how Aid for Trade could help different economic actors realise opportunities linked to digital connectivity and sustainability.

AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE 2019 ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION AND EMPOWERMENT

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In collaboration with the UN regional economic commissions, the OECD worked on the Aid for Trade Indicators Dashboard. Co-operating with UNIDO, the OECD provided its expertise and experience to the Trade Capacity Building Resource Guide – a source of information for developing countries and donors for the coordination of trade capacity-building activities. www.oecd.org/aidfortrade FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING COUNTRIES MOST IN NEED . 15

Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need

L Top Row (L to R): Robin Ogilvy, Permanent Observer and OECD Special Representative to the UN, Pascale Baeriswyl, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the UN, Mohammad Koba, Chargé d’Affairs a.i. and Deputy Permanent Representative of Indonesia to the UN, Jorge Moreira da Silva, Director, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, Robert Piper, Assistant Secretary-General for Development Coordination, speak at a virtual briefing and launch of the OECD’s 2020 Multilateral Development Finance report, co-hosted by the Permanent Missions of Indonesia and Switzerland to the UN and the OECD’s Permanent Observer office, New York, 2020.

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DEVELOPMENT

Other areas of collaboration South-South and Triangular Co-operation: Several UN agencies, in particular the UN Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), with which the OECD signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2020, contribute and partner with the OECD in developing analytical, advocacy and operational work on triangular development co-operation. The OECD also regularly attends the annual UN Global South-South Development Expos and the High-level Forum of Directors General for Development Co-operation organised by the UNOSSC. The OECD actively participated in the Second High-level Conference on SouthSouth Co-operation (BAPA+40), contributed evidence, organised several events, and is committed to working with its members on implementing the BAPA +40 Outcome Document. The OECD hosts the Global Partnership Initiative on Effective Triangular Co-operation, a platform to advocate for and promote effective triangular co-operation in support of the 2030 Agenda. The UN System is actively involved in its activities, with the UN Office for South-South Co-operation (UNOSSC) participating as a core member.

Network (DevCom), an international platform exploring how to mobilise citizens for sustainable development and development co-operation. UN institutions have co-chaired DevCom since 2015: UNDP (2015-2016) and the UN Department of Global Communications (since 2017). UN entities also collaborate on the SDG Communicator platform (www.sdg-communicator.org). Engaging philanthropic organisations in global development debates: The OECD Development Centre hosts the Network of Foundations Working on Development (netFWD) consisting of a group of foundations committed to optimising and accelerating the impact of philanthropy for development. The UNDP and NetFWD have jointly implemented the NetFWD-led Guidelines for Effective Philanthropic Engagement in Kenya. NetFWD was also the secretariat of the foundations’ representative to the Steering Committee of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (2014–19).

Promoting transparency in development co-operation: The OECD and the UNDP collaborate closely as they support the implementation of a common, open standard for the publication of information on development co-operation resources agreed at the Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (Busan, Korea, 2011).

Promoting more effective multilateral development finance: Since 2007, the OECD publishes a report on Multilateral Development Finance, an OECD flagship publication that shares good practices and lessons learnt to promote effective multilateral development finance. This report tracks multilateral ODA, discusses major global trends in multilateral development finance and suggests ways for bilateral providers to engage with, and support, multilateral organisations effectively. The report is produced through consultations with various institutions, including UNDESA and UNDP. Findings from the report have also informed the series of virtual events on “Multilateral development finance in the Covid-19 era and beyond: perspectives from around the world” with experts from academia, think tanks, development agencies and multilateral organisations – including UNDP.

Mobilising public support for development co-operation and the SDGs: Since 2009, the UNDP, UNDESA, UNESCO, and UNICEF have engaged with the OECD Development Communication

With support from the OECD, the evaluation units of United Nations organisations, multilateral institutions and OECDDAC members have formed an independent collaborative

Through its regional economic outlooks, the OECD Development Centre together with its UN partners continue to monitor China’s and India’s impact on Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean.

FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING COUNTRIES MOST IN NEED . 17

Financing sustainable development and supporting countries most in need

project: the COVID-19 Global Evaluation Coalition. The Coalition provides credible evidence to inform international co-operation supporting responses to and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries. The partnership helps to ensure that lessons are learned and that the global development community delivers on its promises. Strengthening evaluation: The United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG) and the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) are collaborating on strengthening evaluation and the evidence base for better development aid. A joint task team conducts peer reviews of evaluation functions of UN organisations. These reviews have resulted in strengthening the evaluation functions in several organisations. The two networks exchange on evaluation practices and support for country-led evaluation capacity building in line with the review and followup mechanisms of Agenda 2030. Working together towards their common goal of supporting more and better evaluation, UNEG and EvalNet also hosted a first joint event in June 2020, The Partnership Forum. This Forum provided an opportunity for members of both groups to build stronger relationships, exchange information around their work and advance common objectives. Development finance reporting: A growing number of UN agencies report to the OECD on their development finance flows. Currently 15 agencies are reporting, including those that provide the greatest volume in development finance. These agencies are included in the OECD’s online databases and publications on development co-operation (International Development Statistics Online – IDS), as well as in the work of other users of OECD data on development finance.

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Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity Strong, transparent institutions are essential to promote the rule of law, ensure access to justice, and tackle crime effectively. The OECD’s work on public sector integrity, anti-corruption, and illicit financial flows contributes directly to the achievement of SDG 16. The OECD also works together with the UN on national and sub-national public sector governance and disaster risk management and is advancing a partnership with UN agencies to improve standard-setting and review processes.

Fighting corruption, bribery and illicit financial flows The OECD has a long track record of analysis and policy design in the areas of anti-corruption, public integrity and illicit financial flows (IFF). The OECD works primarily with the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in the fight against corruption. The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (OECD AntiBribery Convention) and related anti-bribery instruments, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) are mutually reinforcing. Synergies between the two conventions are derived from their membership, scope and purpose. The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention is a highly specialised legal instrument focused exclusively on combating the bribery of foreign public officials in the conduct of international business transactions (the “supply” side of foreign bribery). This is achieved through the criminalisation of such illicit conduct in conjunction with adherence to the instrument’s obligations. The UNCAC is a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary instrument, which combines criminalisation and non-criminalisation features to combat several forms of corruption such as domestic and foreign bribery, embezzlement, trading in influence, money laundering and bribery in the private sector.

and the Organization of American States (OAS) Mechanism for Follow-Up on the Implementation of the Inter-American Convention against Corruption, engage in regular dialogue to discuss common issues, good practices and challenges with a view to enhancing synergies between anti-corruption peer review mechanisms. In 2020-21, this dialogue has extended to address the particular challenge of maintaining the effectiveness of anticorruption peer review mechanisms in a time of crisis. Following resolutions at the UNCAC Conference of State Parties (CoSP) in 2015 and 2017, the secretariats of GRECO, OAS, OECD and UNODC will submit a joint statement to the Special Session on Corruption of the United Nations General Assembly 2021 (UNGASS 2021).

Both the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and the UNCAC include a process for peer review to ensure their effective implementation by countries. In addition to attending each other’s meetings, the OECD and UNODC secretariats, together with those from the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 19

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

The OECD regularly contributes to the work of the UNCAC Conference of State Parties in areas in which the OECD has longstanding experience, such as foreign bribery, liability of legal persons, law enforcement issues and international cooperation.

long-standing experience, such as managing conflict of interest, the financing of political parties and election campaigns, asset disclosure, corruption in public procurement, and whistleblower protection.

The OECD Recommendation on Public Integrity complements the UNCAC by providing guidance for implementing Chapter 2 of the UNCAC on Preventive Measures. The OECD Recommendation addresses systemic issues for creating a comprehensive and sustainable integrity system to counter corruption. In all OECD Integrity Reviews, the OECD, UNODC and UNDP country offices collaborate to ensure that the OECD review process benefits from the information on the ground of UN country offices and is coordinated with the UNCAC Review Mechanism.

The OECD Recommendation for Development of Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption, which is aligned with UNCAC, promotes a broad vision of how international development agencies can work to address corruption, including the bribery of foreign public officials. This recommendation is expected to impact the way in which donors respond to Agenda 2030, as it embodies a responsibility on the part of donors to “do no harm” in their development interventions. The recommendation will also contribute to the effective achievement of the other SDGs, including health, education, infrastructure and environmental issues.

The OECD regularly contributes to the work of the UNCAC CoSP Working Group on Prevention in areas in which the OECD has

International attention has increasingly turned to Illicit Financial Flows (IFF) and their cost on development. The OECD-

Trade in Counterfeit Goods and Free Trade Zones EvidEnCE From rECEnT TrEnds

Anti-Corruption Ethics and Compliance Handbook for Business

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DAC Anti-Corruption Task Team (ACTT) 2017 report on criminal economies at the root of IFFs operating in the West African region complements existing research by the UNECA High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows in Africa, which has sought to address the key factors involved in IFFs, the nature of such flows, and their drivers and enablers.

with UNDP’s Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR) to promote business integrity, while UNDP and the UNIDO contributed to the MENAOECD project on improving the business climate in Iraq through joint workshops and trainings. UNDP and the UNODC are active supporters of the OECD AntiCorruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific.

The OECD and UNODC regularly collaborate within the G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group and in the B20 contexts. Together with the World Bank they produced the AntiCorruption Ethics and Compliance Handbook for Business, the Compendium of Good Practices in Promoting Integrity in Infrastructure Development and a Good Practices Guide for Preventing and Managing Conflicts of Interest. The OECD also collaborated with UNODC and the World Bank on the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative and provided input for the UN Global Compact’s Guide for Anti-Corruption Risk Assessment.

The OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade co-operates with numerous UN bodies in support of the global fight against illicit trade. The OECD has engaged at a technical level with many UN agencies, including UNODC, UNCTAD, ILO, WIPO, IMO and UNICRI, on the analysis of illicit markets, organised crime, human trafficking and corruption. The Task Force offers a platform for discussion to governments, industry, NGOs and international organisations, and has prepared several major analytical reports: Illicit Trade: Converging Criminal Networks, Trends in Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods and Trade in Counterfeit Goods and Free Trade Zones: Evidence from Recent Trends.

The OECD partners with UNDP through the OECD AntiCorruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN), including on the ACN’s monitoring programme, the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan, regional projects, for example on strengthening business integrity, and country projects. Similarly, through the MENA-OECD Governance Programme on the Regional Project on Internal Control and Risk Management, the OECD works with the UNDP’s Arab AntiCorruption and Integrity Network (ACINET) to map risk and internal control. The Programme developed a joint framework with UNDP’s Lebanon country office and its Regional Project on Anti-Corruption and Integrity in the Arab Region to help implement Lebanon’s access to information law. In addition, the OECD works with UNESCWA on identifying and promoting open government reforms in the MENA region. The OECD also works with UNDP in Tunisia to organise the National Conference on Anti-Corruption and strengthen the capacities of governance units in the Tunisian administration at the central and local levels. The MENA-OECD Initiative also works

www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/business-and-integrity.htm www.oecd.org/corruption/asiapacific www.oecd.org/mena/governance/

International regulatory co-operation Effective international instruments are critical to ensure a sustainable world economy and shared well-being. Since 2014, the OECD has spearheaded a Partnership for effective international rulemaking, involving collaborative work with some 50 secretariats of international organisations including 22 related to the United Nations, to reflect on and strengthen the evidence base and the internal disciplines that underpin the quality of international instruments. This collaborative work has produced in-depth analytical work, mapping the normative practices of international organisations and identifying areas for collective efforts. In 2019, the OECD STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 21

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

conducted global monitoring of national urban policies and their roles in the global urban agenda and the SDGs process in 150 countries, and launched a joint report Global State of National Urban Policy at the 9th World Urban Forum in 2018. They have also jointly supported country-specific initiatives such as Viet Nam’s urban policy development by reviewing its policies and organising a multi-stakeholder forum in 2017-18.

The Contribution of International Organisations to a Rule-Based International System Key Results from the partnership of international organisations for effective rulemaking LAUNCH: 10 APRIL 2019

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Secretary-General launched the publication The Contribution of International Organisations to a Rule-based International System, resulting from the partnership’s efforts to survey the landscape of international rulemaking and jointly reflect and share practices to tackle its challenges. In September 2020, the IO Partnership met for its 7th annual meeting. This was the opportunity for governments and IOs, including several UN bodies, to highlight the particular importance of concerted action by the international community in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants voiced their common resolve to strive for effective, impactful and co-ordinated international rulemaking for a successful response to the global crisis.

Designing urban development and affordable housing policies The OECD has worked closely with United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) around sustainable urban development, including on topics such as national urban policies, metropolitan planning, urban-rural linkages, financing of urban development, infrastructure, climate change, and green growth strategies. The OECD and UN-Habitat have 22 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

In addition, the OECD contributed expertise and technical advice for joint work by UN-Habitat and UNDESA on homelessness and affordable housing. This included OECD contributions to a report of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Affordable housing and social protection systems

DEVELOPMENT

for all to address homelessness, presented at the 58th session of the Commission for Social Development, as well as OECD participation in a series of expert meetings, seminars and workshops jointly organised by UN-Habitat and UNDESA. The OECD regularly shares expertise in workshops on affordable housing and homelessness organised by UNECE in partnership with member countries. The OECD co-operates on sustainable urban development with different UN institutions including UN Regional Economic Commissions, United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) and UNIDO in support of the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, and the New Urban Agenda.

Harnessing global dialogue and knowledge sharing for unleashing the potential of cities in achieving SDGs and fostering ecological transition The OECD and UN-Habitat also collaborated on the 2016 edition of the African Economic Outlook focusing on sustainable cities and structural transformation. This co-operation led to a joint special high-level event on implementing the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities on the occasion of the 2016 UN General Assembly. As follow-up, the OECD and UNHabitat have been jointly working to establish the global Cities Connect platform. Cities Connect is a platform that aims to overcome the main constraints faced by intermediary cities and exploit their potential for improving local and national development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The platform will contribute to the achievements of the SDGs (in particular SDG 11) as well as to the implementation of the New Urban Agenda, and help position intermediary cities as key facilitators of global ecological transition. To this end, starting from 2020, “Climate Change” is the theme of the first working cycle of the platform. The platform will carry out empirical and policy-oriented analysis to address the policy, knowledge and financing gaps of intermediary cities and their links with climate change. As such, Cities Connect will contribute to a narrowing of the large knowledge gaps on these agglomerations, and will defragment knowledge on the direct and indirect ways in which intermediary cities are affected by climate change. Furthermore, it will also highlight the key role of intermediary cities in national and global efforts of mitigation and curbing of greenhouse emissions. The platform provides a unique space for policy dialogue, to facilitate peer-learning processes and help to cross-fertilise initiatives from diverse experts. The policy dialogue engages various experts including academia, representatives of local and national governments, international organisations and donors. STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 23

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

Shaping Africa’s urban future together

Through its web-based Toolkit for Risk Governance, the OECD also provides a platform for countries to share good practices on risk governance policies. The OECD works with countries to strengthen disaster risk reduction policies with a specific tool promoted in the Sendai Framework, namely its country peer reviews and scans of disaster risk governance. The OECD is also promoting standards for information collection, including a stocktaking report on the measurement of economic damage and losses, as well as disaster risk reduction expenditure. OECD is a member of the United Nations Disaster Risk Reduction Task Force on definitions of hazards and risks and a member of the UNECE Task Force on Measuring Hazardous Events and Disasters.

In 2020, the Sahel and West Africa Club at the OECD launched Africa’s Urbanisation Dynamics 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography. This report, based on the Africapolis geo-spatial database (www.africapolis.org) covering 7 600 urban agglomerations in 50 African countries, provides detailed analyses of major African urbanisation dynamics placed within historical, environmental and political contexts. Covering the entire distribution of the urban network — from small towns and secondary cities to large metropolitan regions — it develops more inclusive and targeted policy options that integrate local, national and regional scales of urban development in line with African realities. This work complements existing UN data including the World Urbanization Prospects (WUP). It also contributes to the New Urban Agenda in Africa and the Sustainable Development Goal 11 by providing policy makers and researchers with a unique insight into the African urban landscape and a strong basis for the analyses and strategies needed to support sustainable and co-ordinated urban development.

The OECD Recommendation on Disaster Risk Financing Strategies (2017) provides guidance on managing the financial impacts of disasters on governments, businesses and individuals through insurance and other risk transfer mechanisms, providing critical support for the implementation of Sendai Framework Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.

https://africapolis.org/

Disaster risk reduction Common Ground Between the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Countries are faced with the growing challenge of managing increasing risks from climate change and climate variability, putting development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals at risk. The adoption in 2015 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement on climate change provides a clear mandate for increased coherence in countries’ approaches to climate and disaster risk reduction. Countries increasingly recognise the benefits of improved coherence between the two policy areas, exemplified by the number of countries that either have developed joint strategies or put in place processes that facilitate co‑ordination. Informed by the country approaches of Ghana, Peru and the Philippines, in addition to a review of relevant literature, this report examines the potential for increased coherence in approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction across levels of government and sectors. It identifies ways in which government officials, development co‑operation and other stakeholders can support efforts to further enhance coherence between the two policy areas, not only in the three case study countries, but also those in other countries as well as providers of development co‑operation.

This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information.

PAPERBACK ISBN 978-92-64-41877-6

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CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Consult this publication on line at https://doi.org/10.1787/3edc8d09-en.

Common Ground Between the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework

The OECD is fully engaged in the follow up to the UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework). As part of its monitoring of progress in the implementation of the 2014 Recommendation on the Governance of Critical Risks, the OECD prepared an overview of good practices in risk governance that highlights country progress made on Priority 2 – Risk Governance – of the Sendai Framework. The 2020 OECD publication Common Ground Between the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework: Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 9HSTCQE*ebihhg+ summarises approaches for greater coherence between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

Common Ground Between the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

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Through the OECD Recommendation on Water (2016), which is aligned with the Sendai Framework, the OECD continues to promote the mainstreaming of the framework’s priorities into this core policy area. The OECD is actively engaged in regional platforms for disaster risk reduction, such as the European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction. As a stakeholder in the Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group (OIEWG) on Terminology and Indicators Relating

to Disaster Risk Reduction, and through its work on the measurement of economic damage and losses and on disaster risk reduction expenditure, the OECD also plays a central role in the monitoring process of the Sendai Framework. www.oecd.org/gov/risk/recommendation-on-governance-ofcritical-risks.htm www.oecd.org/environment/resources/CouncilRecommendation-on-water.pdf

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Economic policy analysis

Development of international standards and indicators

The OECD Development Centre partners with UNECLAC to produce its flagship annual regional publication, the Latin American Economic Outlook (LEO), which monitors Latin America’s economic and social development, and analyses overarching regional challenges. Initiated in 2007, the Outlook is now jointly published with UNECLAC, CAF, the Development Bank of Latin America, and the European Union. By combining the experience and expertise of these three institutions LEO has provided analysis and recommendations on various domains, including, skills and innovation, infrastructure and logistics, the middle-class (2011) institutions for development, and most recently on development in transition in Latin America (2019). LEO 2020 focused on the potential of the digital transformation to be a driver of sustainable and inclusive development in the region. LEO 2021 will be focusing on the policies needed to boost the recovery from the COVID-19 crisis and on the need to rethink the social contract in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The OECD has a long-standing collaboration with the UN in the development of international statistical standards and indicators and their effective implementation. The UN Statistics Division has participated as an observer in the OECD Committee on Statistics and Statistical Policy (CSSP) since its creation in 2004 and the OECD is an observer to the UN Statistical Commission (UNSC).

The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India benefits from regular contributions from UNESCAP. For instance, UNESCAP has contributed to the thematic chapters of the 2019 edition on smart urban transportation, the update of the 2018 edition on e-commerce, the 2018 edition on digital economy in Emerging Asia and several previous editions.

he year, explores how digitalisation can create quality making African economies more resilient to the global eport targets four main policy areas for Africa’s digital cal innovation; empowering own-account workers; and egies. This edition includes a new chapter examining obal economic crisis.

ate between the African Union’s governments, citizens, ew collaboration between countries and regions, which ommon goods. This report results from a partnership Development Centre.

Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India 2021

AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT

DYNAMICS DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION FOR QUALITY JOBS

The OECD co-chairs the UN Inter Agency Task Force on International Trade Statistics with the WTO. The OECD is also

REALLOCATING RESOURCES FOR DIGITALISATION

Latin American Economic Outlook 2020 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION FOR BUILDING BACK BETTER

The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region. The Outlook comprises two main parts, each highlighting a particular dimension of recent economic developments in the region. The first part presents the regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region. The second part consists of a special thematic chapter addressing a major issue facing the region. The 2021 edition of the Outlook addresses reallocation of resources to digitalisation in response to COVID-19, with special focuses on health, education and Industry 4.0. During the COVID-19 crisis, digitalisation has proved critical to ensuring the continuity of essential services. The use of e-commerce, digital health tools and online education all accelerated sharply during the pandemic in Emerging Asia. However, there is still a lot of work to be done, for the region to be able to get the full benefits of digitalisation.

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Digital Transformation for Quality Jobs

d https://doi.org/10.1787/0a5c9314-en

ebsite and OECD iLibrary. mation. Co-funded by the European Union

PRINT ISBN 978-92-64-53804-7 PDF ISBN 978-92-64-60653-1

Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India 2021

n the continent’s five regions – Central, East, North, dations and share good practices. Drawing on the most attempts to help African leaders reach the targets of the gional, national and local.

AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS 2021

amics 2021

R QUALITY JOBS

The OECD and the UN Statistics Division (UNSD) have jointly developed statistics in the areas of national accounts and environmental-economic accounting, and in the area of employment and prices with the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Co-operation with the ILO extends to a range of other areas, including the OECD’s active participation in the International Conference of Labour Statisticians and the G20 Framework on Promoting Quality Jobs, which was originally developed by the OECD in collaboration with the ILO. The OECD and the ILO have jointly developed a questionnaire for the collection and publication of statistics on the field of public sector employment. This data is administered by the Department of Statistics of the ILO and published in the ILOSTAT database.

2021 26 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

PDF ISBN 978-92-64-38107-0 ISBN 978-92-64-90151-3

Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India 2021 REALLOCATING RESOURCES FOR DIGITALISATION

2021

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an active member of the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts, the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on Price Statistics and the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on International Trade and Globalisation. The OECD, together with the IMF, is working closely with the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) to ensure a coordinated update of all international statistical standards. This coordination effort follows the launch by the UNSC of the revision of the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA) in the spring of 2020, which spurred the revision of a number of other international standards, including the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, sixth edition (BPM6) and the OECD’s Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, fourth edition (BD4). In particular, the OECD co-chairs, with the IMF, the Direct Investment Task Team (DITT), one of the four Task Teams established by the IMF’s Committee on Balance of Payments Statistics (BOPCOM) to contribute to the work related to the revision of international standards, with a specific focus on direct investment statistics. The DITT collaborates closely with other joint task teams that respond to both BOPCOM and the Inter‑secretariat Working Group on National Accounts (ISWGNA) on cross-cutting issues potentially relevant for the BPM6, BD4 and 2008 SNA update. The OECD also provides key inputs into the overall revision process via the OECD Working Group on International Investment Statistics (WGIIS). In the areas of environment statistics, the OECD works closely with UNSD and UN Environment, and is a member of the InterSecretariat Working Group on Environment Statistics and UN Committee of Experts on Environmental-Economic Accounting. Similar co-operation exists with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in the area of natural resources and agricultural statistics, and with UNESCO in the area of education statistics.

The Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) initiative was launched at the OECD Ministerial Session on Gender and Development, building on the work of the UN Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics. One of the aims of EDGE, which is co-managed by UN Women and UNSD, is to set up a database covering education and employment indicators, and to develop standards and guidelines for entrepreneurship and assets indicators. The OECD is a partner in the EDGE Initiative and has contributed actively to its work, notably in the area on women’s entrepreneurship statistics. Indicators in the OECD Gender Data Portal reflect the work of this initiative. The OECD works closely with the United Nations in driving forward the globalisation measurement agenda, especially in the Expert Group tasked with the development of an internationally integrated economic accounting framework. The OECD is currently working on a joint project with WTO and UN-ECA to include more African countries in OECD’s Trade in Value Added (TIVA) database. The project involves capacity STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 27

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

building activities to help improve underlying official statistics and, hence, improve the quality of African TiVA indicators and analyses of GVCs in the longer term. In 2020 online workshops and e-training sessions were well attended by African countries and bilateral meetings with the five initial target countries continue. Similarly, OECD is involved in a joint project with UNIDO to add Jordan to the TiVA database. The OECD continues to coordinate the Regional-Global TiVA initiative (RG-TiVA) which brings together a network of regional and international agencies, including UN regional economic commissions, to share specialised knowledge and experience in order to improve the quality and country coverage of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables (used in

the construction of TIVA and related GVC indicators) and, improve linkages with regional TiVA initiatives. Through its Committee on Digital Economy Policy, the OECD collaborates with UN bodies in its work on Artificial Intelligence (AI). For example, UNESCO was a member of the expert group that supported the development of the OECD AI Principles. Additionally, the OECD Network of Experts on AI (ONE AI) benefits from the active involvement of representatives from UNESCO, the World Bank and the UN Office of the Technology Envoy. Through its Working Party on the Measurement and Analysis of the Digital Economy, the OECD is one of 14 members in the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development. This partnership is an international

L L to R: Darja Bavdaz Kuret, Former Permanent Representative of Slovenia to the UN, Doma Tshering, Permanent Representative of Bhutan to the UN, Andy Wyckoff, Director, OECD Science Technology and Innovation Directorate, Robin Ogilvy, Permanent Observer and OECD Special Representative to the UN, and others speak during a briefing on ”Artificial Intelligence in the face of Covid-19 and Beyond”, co-hosted by the Permanent Missions of Bhutan, Jamaica, Senegal, Singapore and Slovenia to the UN and the OECD’s Permanent Observer Office, New York, 2021. 28 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

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multi-stakeholder initiative to improve the availability and quality of information and communication technology (ICT) data and indicators, particularly in developing countries. Extensive collaboration takes place between the OECD and the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in various areas of statistics. The UNECE is an observer in the OECD Committee on Statistics and Statistical Policy. The OECD is also a standing member of the Bureau of the UNECE Conference of European Statisticians and participates in a number of UNECE statistical working groups and task forces, thus supporting the development of international guidelines and handbooks, as well as the enhancement of statistics in a range of domains. The OECD has collaborated with UN agencies, including the ILO, IMF, ITU, UNCTAD and UNSD, to support discussions at the G20 Digital Economy Task Force regarding measurement of the digital economy. In 2020, under the auspices of the Saudi Arabia Presidency, a joint report proposed a roadmap toward a common framework for measuring the digital economy. This followed a 2018 report under the Argentinian Presidency, developing a toolkit for measuring the digital economy, which drew together existing indicators and methodologies, in an effort to compile core, standardised and comparable indicators about the digital economy in G20 countries. In the area of science and technology indicators, the OECD collaborates with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) on a regular basis. This includes enabling key OECD statistical guidelines to be widely applied in developing countries by addressing their specific needs in the revision of the joint OECDEurostat guidelines. This is included in the Oslo Manual, in the measurement of innovation in business, as well as through the 2015 Frascati Manual, by mainstreaming developing country content on assessing research and experimental development. The UIS uses OECD data on R&D as inputs to its statistical databases and to support the monitoring of related Sustainable

Development Goals. UIS participates in the OECD Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators, while the OECD attends the annual UIS Science, Technology, and Innovation Statistics advisory board meetings. The OECD collaborated with UN DESA on the UN Guidebook for the preparation of STI for SDGs Roadmaps, which will be launched at the 2021 UN STI Forum in May. The OECD contributed large parts of chapter 3 of the UN Guidebook, drawing on an OECD Working Paper on STI aspects of Official Development Assistance and the work of the OECD Committee on Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) on International Co-operation in Science and Technology. A UN 75th GA side event on Science, Technology and Innovation Roadmaps for the SDGs took place on 17 November in 2020 to launch the next phase of the project. Following the participation of Kenya, India and Serbia, in the first phase of the roadmaps, additional countries will be invited to participate in the Global Pilot Programme of STI roadmaps for the SDGs. The OECD is a member of the Praia Group on Governance Statistics, created by the UN Statistical Commission, which aims to encourage national statistical offices to produce governance statistics as part of their routine operations and has published a Handbook (endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission in March 2020) and a guidance note on governance statistics in the COVID-19 era (September 2020). In addition to authoring chapters on trust, openness, access to justice and responsiveness, the OECD also provided inputs to the overall project management, editorial guidance and hosted several Praia Group meetings in the lead up of the handbook. The Praia Group is running its second term, from 2020-2025. The OECD also wrote a review of governance statistics in OECD and UNECE countries and prepared guidelines on measuring trust in public and other institutions as part of the OECD Trust Strategy. Under the same umbrella, the OECD launched Trustlab, a platform using techniques from behavioural sciences and experimental STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 29

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

economics, to better understand trust and its policy drivers. So far, eight countries (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States) have participated in Trustlab. In 2016, the OECD, the International Organisation of Pension Supervisors (IOPS), and the World Bank joined forces to help expand global data on private pensions. The OECD and IOPS have collected a market-leading suite of statistics on private pensions as part of the OECD’s Global Pension Statistics database and annual Pension Markets in Focus report since 2001. Initially the data included OECD countries, before being expanded to include IOPS members to create a broader picture of private pensions. The collaboration with the World Photo: © Graham Crouch / World Bank Bank enables the inclusion of data from additional emerging and developing economies. The aim is to develop a more comprehensive and useful database of private pension statistics to guide the three organisations’ efforts to help more countries develop efficient, voluntary systems. speed up data transmission. www.oecd.org/gender www.oecd.org/sti/ind/measuringtradeinvalue-addedanoecdwtojointinitiative.htm

Collecting, disseminating and using data together The OECD and the United Nations work together on data collection and dissemination, which includes work on the processing, validation, and exchange of national data. Examples are collaboration with the UN Statistics Division for national accounts and trade statistics, the UN Population Division for international migration statistics, the WHO for health data, and UNICEF for child well-being statistics. The OECD participates in the development and dissemination of statistics on migration through its co-chairmanship (with UNDP) in the World Bank’s KNOMAD network. This also includes efforts in the area of international data transmission standards to facilitate and 30 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

Both the UN and the OECD benefit greatly from being able to use each other’s data. The R&D Database of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics replicates OECD-published R&D figures for its Members and partner economies to combine with data it collects directly from other countries. The OECD and the United Nations actively co-invest and co-innovate in their respective statistical infrastructures, as well in making data infrastructure accessible to low and middle income countries. This collaboration takes place in the context of the Statistical Information System Collaboration Community (SIS-CC), to which several UN Agencies actively contribute (ILO through the LMIS initiative, UNICEF Data) or benefit from (UNESCAP). The open source platform produced by the SIS-C, the .Stat Suite, is now a standard service provided by UNSD over the UN Global platform, thanks to

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Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean is a collaborative annual publication by the OECD, UNECLAC, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Inter-American Centre of Tax Administrations (CIAT). It is prepared on the basis of the OECD Revenue Statistics methodology to harmonise tax revenue data from countries in the region and enable comparisons among them on a consistent basis. The publication provides an overview of the main taxation trends for Latin American and Caribbean countries and examines changes in the level and composition of tax revenues. The publication now covers 25 countries in the region. It will continue to expand to include more Latin American and Caribbean economies. The Global Revenue Statistics project has also been expanded to include African, Asian and Pacific countries, in partnership with regional institutions. It now covers over 90 countries.

UNECA’s African Centre for Statistics contributes to the work on statistical capacity building in Africa, by supporting the design, implementation and monitoring of the National Strategies for the Development of Statistics (NSDS), an initiative of the OECDhosted Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21).

Metrics for Policies for Well-being and Sustainable Development in Latin America is a joint project between the OECD, UN-ECLAC and the European Union (financed by the EU Facility for Development in Transition). It focuses on 11 Latin American coun tries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay) in order to identify the most relevant indicators for monitoring well-being, inequalities and resources for future well-being in the region. It also aims to draw lessons from experiences in countries within the region, as well as across the OECD, to improve the policy use of well-being metrics for improving people’s lives today and in the future. A number of events have been organised during the course of the project, including a high-level conference on the policy uses of wellbeing in Bogotá in October 2019. The project will culminate in a final report, due to be launched in Autumn 2021.

2021

the pioneering work done with Cambodian authorities (see Camstat, the Cambodian national reporting platform featuring 898 indicators and #170,000 data points), in collaboration with PARIS21, UNSD, UNICEF, UNESCAP and FAO. The OECD is an active contributor to the UN Global Platform, as part of the UN Global Working Group Advisory Board, and Technical Delivery Board of the UN Global Platform. The OECD and UNSD cosponsor the international initiative in the area of Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX) – with an emphasis on SDGs reporting, capacity building in the area of data modelling and data management practices, and making the outcome of the new major version of the standard (SDMX 3.0) a global success. Other joint efforts in data standards include the work with the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data (GPSDD) on data interoperability.

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe

1990-2019

Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe 1990-2019

1990-2019

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www.paris21.org/NSDS www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/africa.htm www.oecd.org/gender/data/

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Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

Supporting follow-up and review of the Sustainable Development Goals Since the UN Summit in September 2015 that launched the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the OECD has been working to help its Members and non-Members adopt and adapt the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its associated targets. The OECD report Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets, was developed as part of the OECD Action Plan on the SDGs to help countries navigate the complexity of the 2030 Agenda and to monitor progress on SDGs. The OECD analysis is closely aligned with the UN Global Indicator Framework and harnesses the ongoing collaboration between the OECD and the UN in a wide range of areas (e.g. education, governance and

gender). The next edition of the study is expected to be released in the second half of 2021 and will focus on recent trends towards achieving SDGs by 2030 and on the possible impacts of the COVID19-crisis on the achievement of SDGs. The OECD is an observer on the UN Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG indicators and is represented on the High-level Group for Partnership, Coordination and Capacity-Building. The OECD has been particularly active in supporting the development of an indicator framework to monitor the SDGs and fill in statistical gaps through methodological work. The OECD has already provided data on agreed indicators for 13 of the 17 SDG goals, either directly or in collaboration with other international agencies. For example, the OECD partners with

L Robin Ogilvy, Permanent Observer and OECD Special Representative to the UN, presents highlights from the OECD Report Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets 2019 at the UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in New York, July 2019. 32 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

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UNDP and non-OECD countries, through the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation, to contribute evidence and data to assess progress on SDG 5.c on gender equality and women’s empowerment, and on SDG 17.15 on respecting countries’ policy space and leadership to establish policies for poverty reduction and sustainable development, and SDG 17.16 on multi-stakeholder partnerships for the achievement of the global goals. The OECD has also partnered with IOM and UN DESA to contribute to the development and monitoring of SDG 10 (target 10.7.2 on the number of countries with well-managed migration policies) and provides data for the monitoring of SDG 15.a.1 on biodiversity finance. As part of its KNOMAD co-chairmanship, coordinated by the World Bank, the OECD Development Centre has also contributed towards measuring policy coherence for migration and development, in an effort to monitor SDG target 10.7.2. The OECD Development Centre is also working with UN Women and the World Bank Group to develop, measure and track progress on SDG indicator 5.1.1 and legal frameworks that advance gender equality. The OECD continues to work closely with UNESCO in support of Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education and is a member of the UNESCO-led SDG-Education 2030 Steering Committee. Additionally, the OECD joined the Global Education Coalition in response to COVID-19 launched by UNESCO in March 2020 to protect the right to education during the unprecedented disruption caused by the pandemic and beyond. As part of the coordinated global education response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the OECD has collaborated with UNESCO, UNICEF and the World Bank to continue the rounds of surveys with ministries of education, to understand the equity and safety of various policy responses involving school closures and subsequent re-openings. Lastly, the OECD’s largescale survey data of the learning outcomes for 15-year-olds and adults provides comparable and robust tools to measure progress

towards SDG Targets 4.1 and 4.6. Since 2016, the OECD’s annual flagship publication, Education at a Glance, has reported data to help OECD and partner countries assess their progress towards achieving the education SDG targets. OECD data have been used in compiling the UN Secretary General’s annual reports to the General Assembly on SDG progress, and the associated Sustainable Development Goals Report publications. In addition, OECD has provided data and metadata to the UN database on SDG indicators. The OECD is building a strong evidence base on the national institutions needed to respond to the governance challenges inherent in the implementation of the SDGs, including whole of-government approaches to delivering the SDGs, integrating the SDGs into the budget process, and the role of the centre of government (Prime Minister and President’s offices). The OECD’s project Towards Institutions Fit to Deliver the SDGs includes an in-depth analysis of countries’ institutional arrangements for implementing the SDGs, aiming to support countries in their decision-making process on how to implement the SDGs and related targets. The project’s peer-to- peer learning element will

The Sustainable Development Goals Report

2020

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STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 33

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

be undertaken in conjunction with the Effective Institutions Platform which is co-managed by the OECD and the UNDP. The OECD is also adapting its economic monitoring to better track and support SDG implementation for its Members. Several countries, such as China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Turkey, have requested the inclusion of SDG analyses in their Economic Surveys. Through the OECD’s Multidimensional Reviews (MDRs), the OECD is also assisting non-member countries in designing policies and strategies that promote development in a holistic sense, using the SDG’s “5 Ps” as a framework. This takes into account the complementarities and interactions across policies and in doing so helps to identify the sequencing of policies needed to remove binding constraints to sustainable development and well-being improvements. MDRs have been

NO POVERTY

ZERO HUNGER

GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

CLIMATE ACTION

LIFE BELOW WATER

34 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

LIFE ON LAND

completed in Argentina, Cote d’Ivoire, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Myanmar, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Senegal, Uruguay, Viet Nam and Thailand, and are underway in the Western Balkans, the Caribbean Region and in Ecuador. The OECD also collaborates closely with UNECLAC on MDRs in Latin American countries. The OECD is also adjusting its OECD-DAC Creditor Reporting System (CRS) classifications to better track development co-operation in support of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Many proposals for changes to purpose codes and policy markers have been approved or are currently under discussion, and the OECD has collaborated closely with UN agencies on several of them. Since 2018, the CRS includes a field for voluntary reporting on the SDG focus of development co-operation.

QUALITY EDUCATION

PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

GENDER EQUALITY

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

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Strengthening national statistical systems Since its creation in 1999, the OECD-hosted Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21) – a multi-stakeholder partnership to promote the integration of statistics and reliable data in decision-making processes – has collaborated with various UN bodies, specialised agencies and regional commissions to achieve the common goal of strengthened statistical capacity in developing countries

The OECD developed a machine learning algorithm which matches description patterns in text with the SDGs, known as the SDG Financing Lab. This has helped map all Official Development Assistance (ODA) flows in the Creditor Reporting System database to the SDGs. In addition, the algorithm was made available thanks to an original partnership between the OECD and the UN Big Data Platform, which allowed institutions to use the algorithm on their own data and make SDG reporting faster and easier. Through the MENA-OECD Governance Programme, the OECD, in collaboration with the UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF, has provided support to the implementation of the SDGs as part of the UN’s Mainstreaming, Acceleration and Policy Support (MAPS) Engagement with the Government of Egypt. The findings and recommendations of MAPS Engagement feed into the OECD Paper Integrated Governance for Coherent Implementation of the SDGs in Egypt and were presented at the UN High Level Political Forum in July 2020. http://oe.cd/sdg www.oecd.org/development/mdcr www.oecd.org/mena/governance/

In addition to their advisory role, PARIS21 and the UN successfully work together through informal and formal groups, to produce joint reports and organise workshops. PARIS21 is an active partner in the UN High-level Group for Partnership, Coordination and Capacity-Building for statistics for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (HLG-PCCB) and contributes to the monitoring of SDG 17 as the custodian agency for three SDG indicators (17.18.2, 17.18.3, 17.19.1). PARIS21 was also Co-chair of the Programme Committee for the 1st UN World Data Forum which was held in Cape Town, South Africa in January, 2017.

PARIS21 and various UN bodies have jointly organised countryfocused events: a regional training course for Asian and Pacific countries on National Strategies for the Development of Statistics (NSDS) with UN-SIAP, and a regional workshop with UNECA to examine how mobile data collection technologies can be leveraged for data collection and statistical production in Africa. UNECA is also a key partner in evaluating NSDSs in various African countries. STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 35

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

Cities and regions have a crucial role to play in SDGs implementation as most underlying policies and investments are a shared responsibility across levels of government. The OECD estimates that at least 105 of the 169 targets underlying the 17 SDGs will not be reached without proper engagement of local and regional governments. The OECD’s Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, regions and cities directorate is currently supporting nine cities and regions in fostering a territorial approach to the SDGs by: i. Measuring where they stand vis-à-vis the national average and their peers; ii. Engaging a multi-level dialogue with their lower and upper levels of government to build consensus on who can do what, at what scale and how; and, iii. Sharing best practice and lessons from international experience. The programme includes eleven pilot cities and regions, namely: the City of Bonn and Metropolitan Region of Rhine-Neckar, Germany; the Province of Córdoba, 36 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

SYNTHESIS REPORT

OECD Programme on “A Territorial Approach to the SDGs”

OECD Urban Policy Reviews

A Territorial Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals SYNTHESIS REPORT

A Territorial Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals

The OECD is also looking to ensure best practice in donor policy approaches to achieving the SDGs through the Sustainable Development Investment Partnership (SDIP), launched at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in 2015. SDIP currently consists of over 30 institutions including governments, project developers, development finance institutions, fund and asset managers, and multinational commercial financiers involved with facilitating finance in emerging and frontier markets.

OECD Urban Policy Reviews

Looking forward, PARIS21 will continue its collaboration with the UN family through its membership in the UN HLG-PCCB, supporting the implementation and monitoring of the Cape Town Global Action Plan, the UNECE Task Force on the Value of Official Statistics, the UN Global Working Group (GWG) on Big Data for Official Statistics, and the joint UNDP/UNSD Praia City Group on Governance Statistics.

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Argentina; the Region of Flanders, Belgium; the City of Kitakyushu, Japan; the Municipality of Kópavogur, Iceland; the City of Moscow, Russia; the State of Paraná and State of Pará, Brazil; the Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark; and the County of Viken, Norway. Through 2020, the programme has delivered a synthesis report, a web-tool and database as well as five dedicated pilot reports amongst other important outputs, through 2020. Various UN Agencies are cooperating with the OECD in this programme, in particular: UNDESA, UN Habitat and UNDP. www.oecd.org/cfe/territorial-approach-sdgs.htm www.oecd-local-sdgs.org/about.html

Advancing policy coherence for sustainable development The OECD Recommendation on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD), adopted by the OECD Council in 2019, provides guidance to strengthen institutional mechanisms for enhancing policy coherence in SDG implementation, ways to consider transboundary effects,

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and suggests options for tracking progress on SDG 17.14 (enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development). The OECD collaborates with UN Environment in launching the data collection for SDG indicator 17.14.1. on policy coherence for sustainable development. To foster policy coherence and build capacities for addressing the SDGs in an integrated and coherent manner, the OECD also contributes to UNSSC’s online course on PCSD as well as a series of UNITAR regional learning sessions, and works with UNDESA on supporting capacity building for policy coherence and helping countries use modelling tools to analyse the economic social impacts of policies, and on UNDESA’s Compendium on Institutional Arrangements for the SDGs, where the OECD’s eight guiding principles for PCSD are relevant. The OECD has worked with UNODC to apply a policy coherence toolkit for addressing illicit financial flows, and with UNDP to support a regional knowledge exchange in Asia-Pacific on policy coherence and partnerships for SDGs. Together with UNDP, the OECD supports countries in improving governance for the SDGs. In collaboration with the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), the OECD provides analytical input and guidance on leveraging public management systems and strategic planning to help governments deliver on the SDGs. The OECD has also provided input to the thematic review of the SDGs through participation at diverse expert group meetings organised by UNDESA. A multi-stakeholder partnership (PCSD Partnership) initiated by the OECD as part of the United Nations Partnerships for SDGs Platform with more than 40 Partners is furthering efforts in this area to mobilise and share knowledge and expertise to support a coherent implementation of the SDGs. www.oecd.org/pcsd

Other areas of collaboration Digital government: The OECD works with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) on exploring synergies between digital government policy analysis and policy outcomes. The Digital Government Branch of the Division for Public Institutions and Digital Government (DPIDG) is a regular invited participant of the annual meetings of the OECD Working Party of Senior Digital Government Officials (E-Leaders) and regular discussions in the area of digital government indicators are contributing to the mutual reinforcement and enrichment of this work stream in the United Nations and the OECD. Illicit trade: UNODC, WIPO, ITU, and UNICRI participate in the work of the OECD Task Force on Charting Illicit Trade, a global platform of governments, international organisations, industry and non-governmental bodies which aims to influence, co-ordinate and enhance the institutional capacities of governments to develop novel approaches by governments to reduce or deter these practices. Counterfeiting: The OECD is an ad-hoc observer of the WIPO ACE (advisory committee on enforcement), a yearly forum for member countries to share their experiences in the area of IP enforcement, participating in their coordination group meetings. These meetings gather all international organisations that deal with IP in an effort to coordinate and provide updates on items in relation to IP, and also to avoid work overlaps. Anti-Corruption Development Assistance: The OECD has partnered with the UNODC to organise symposiums such as the Anti-Corruption Development Assistance: Good Practices among Providers of Development Co-operation. These symposiums provide a platform to share views on the importance of prioritising anti-corruption programmes and serve as a foundation to other types of development co-operation. STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND PROMOTING INTEGRITY . 37

Strengthening institutions and promoting integrity

Legal and Justice Services: The OECD collaborated with the UNODC as part of the IBA OECD UNODC Anti-Corruption Strategy for the Legal Profession and the IBA Judicial Integrity Initiative. The Strategy focuses on the role played by lawyers in international corruption and on how international instruments and extraterritorial legislation apply to the legal practice. The Initiative focuses on the causes and consequences of judicial corruption and promotes the highest standards of integrity in this area. The OECD is supporting the elaboration of access to justice indicators as part of the UN Praia City Group on Governance Statistics (UNSC) and the development of an indicator framework for the measurement and monitoring of the goal and targets related to peace and governance in the post-2015 development agenda (SDG 16). Public Procurement: The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the WTO were closely involved in the development of the Recommendation on Public Procurement approved by the OECD Council. Representatives of UNCITRAL, the UN Environment and the WTO have been participating in the OECD Working Group of Leading Public Procurement Practitioners (LPP) to support the implementation of the Recommendation with tools and through evidence-based policy dialogue. Supporting evidence-based policy-making lies at the heart of the OECD’s mission and mandate. The OECD and the UN system have a long history of partnership in gathering, sharing and improving the quality of statistics, through joint methodological work, developing international statistical standards and promoting their implementation. They are also joining forces to carry out economic monitoring and policy analysis of different regions. For example, the OECD and UN Environment have a long history of co-operation on green and sustainable public procurement. After the close collaboration 38 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

on the flagship OECD publication on green public procurement, Going Green: Best Practices for Sustainable Procurement, the OECD partnered with UN Environment in the development and testing of the MAPS Sustainable Public Procurement module. MAPS, the Methodology for Assessing Procurement Systems is an international standard and the universal tool to evaluate any public procurement system anywhere in the world, regardless of the level of development of the country in question. Additionally, the OECD is a member of the UN Environment-intiated One Planet SPP programme that is an international collaborative platform aiming at accelerating the shift to sustainable public procurement and supporting the implementation of the SDGs. The OECD is a member in the programme’s multi-stakeholder advisory committee, and also actively contributes to the work of the SPP Monitoring Interest Group. The OECD will contribute to the 2021 UN Global Review of Sustainable Public Procurement by providing inputs to the report and joining the Advisory Committee of the 2021 Global Review. The OECD also collaborated with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) to explore the key enablers for innovation-enhancing public procurement that can help in building back better after the COVID-19 pandemic and shifting to a circular economy. The OECD provided insights and evidence from its previous analytical work on strategic procurement for innovation that was summarised in the OECD report on Public Procurement for Innovation – Good Practices and Strategies. www.oecd.org/governance/public-procurement/ www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/recommendation/ www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/country-projects/ sustainable-public-procurement-in-norway/ www.mapsinitiative.org/

The OECD collaborates with the United Nations family – and in particular with the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) – in its work on food security, agricultural policy, analysis of world food markets, and fisheries and aquaculture for the achievement of global development goals.

OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook is an annual flagship publication that provides forward-looking policy analysis and insights pertaining to world food markets. It includes an online database that provides statistics on the production, transformation, consumption and trade of the main agricultural commodities such as biofuels, cereals, cotton, dairy, fisheries, oilseeds, sugar and meat. China, India, Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia have been featured in the Outlook in recent years with great success. The AGLINK-COSIMO model underpins the Outlook, and is maintained jointly by the OECD and FAO. The model incorporates information provided by collaborating partners across a wide range of countries.

OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020‑2029

I The OECD Secretary-General, Mathias Cormann, at the launch of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020-2029 in July 2021.

OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020‑2029

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PROMOTING FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE . 39

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Promoting food security and sustainable agriculture

Global policy measurement The OECD is leading an effort to bring together the work of several international organisations to measure the policy environment in agriculture under one platform, in partnership with the FAO, the International Food Policy Research Institute (which will develop the platform), the World Bank Group, the Asian Productivity Organisation, and the Inter-American Development Bank. The aim is to ensure methodological consistency across the different organisations, to avoid duplication, and to develop synergies in measurement and analysis of how policies affect incentives in the agricultural sector globally. The consortium will make public a suite of comparable indicators that cover a very large number of countries and commodities.

Supporting the G20 agriculture agenda The OECD has collaborated with the FAO in support of a number of G20 actions on food security over the years. In 2011, G20 Leaders committed to sustainably increasing agricultural production and productivity, with a view to bridging the productivity gap for smallholders, particularly in developing countries. The OECD and the FAO, together with ten other international organisations have worked together to analyse what concrete steps governments might take in this regard and developed a Framework for Analysing Policies to Improve Agricultural Productivity, Sustainably. The overall aim of this framework is to provide policymakers with a structured way of analysing policy impacts including any potential trade-offs between boosting productivity and ensuring resources are used sustainably. This framework also provides policymakers with a coherent structure in which to consider the fundamental medium and long-term challenges to developing global agriculture further.

40 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

Since this seminal work for the G20, the OECD, jointly with the FAO have continued supporting the G20 work on agriculture through the delivery over the years of joint reports and analysis for the G20 including on the opportunities for economic growth and job creation in relation to food security and nutrition, responsible investment in agriculture, water and agriculture, food loose and waste, food systems or traceability mechanisms.

Agricultural Market Information System The Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) is another example of OECD-FAO collaboration and support. Established at the request of the G20 Agricultural Ministers in 2011, AMIS is an interagency platform to enhance transparency in the food market and encourage the coordination of policy actions in response to market uncertainty. In addition to the G20 members plus Spain, participants in AMIS include seven major producing, consuming and exporting countries of commodities covered by AMIS. Together they represent a large share of global production, consumption and trade volumes for the targeted crops. AMIS is hosted by the FAO and the OECD contributes through the monitoring of policy developments and the analysis of their effects on market outcomes. www.oecd.org/g20/topics/agriculture-food-security www.oecd.org/tad/agricultural-trade/agricultural-marketinformation-system.htm

Fishing for development Fisheries and aquaculture play significant roles in tackling poverty and food insecurity worldwide. The OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI), the OECD-DAC and the FAO collaborate regularly to work on important issues such as sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, green growth potential in aquaculture, combatting illegal and unregulated fishing

DEVELOPMENT

and examining the role of regional fishery management organisations through joint analysis and publications. Together with the FAO, EUROSTAT, and several fishery- related institutions and networks, the OECD also participates regularly in the Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics (CWP). The main function of the CWP is to review fishery statistics requirements for research, policy-making and management; to agree on standard concepts, definitions, classifications and methodologies for the collection and collation of fishery statistics; and to make proposals for the coordination and streamlining of statistical activities among relevant intergovernmental organizations. The fisheries sector is vulnerable to criminal activities, especially those derived from illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing. In response, the OECD has held events in collaboration with the FAO and UNODC to highlight the need for a “whole-of-government” approach and inter-agency co-operation in this area.

The OECD has contributed to the FAO’s efforts to develop a System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (SEEA-AFF). In 2017, COFI produced a report investigating the scale and nature of budgetary policies supporting the fisheries sector, which included a preliminary investigation into the possible impacts of these polices on overfishing and overcapacity. This work supports the UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.6, which calls for nations to ‘By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies….’ OECD work will help identify which subsidies may fall under this provision, as well as beneficial alternatives. www.oecd.org/tad/fisheries

PROMOTING FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE . 41

Promoting food security and sustainable agriculture

Improving food and nutrition security and strengthening resilience The OECD Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC) and the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) co-facilitate the Food Crisis Prevention Network (RPCA). Through the RPCA, SWAC helps improve regional governance of food and nutrition security through an open dialogue that brings together more than 100 stakeholders amongst which includes the UN system (FAO, WFP, IFAD, UN-OCHA and UNICEF). UN agencies align their calls for humanitarian assistance for the region with the RPCA’s analysis. The RPCA’s consensus-based approach and tools inspired the creation of the Global Network Against Food Crises supported by the EU, involving, among others, the FAO and the WFP, and inform its annual Global Report on Food Crises. www.food-security.net/

Adopting a territorial approach to food security and nutrition policy The OECD Development Centre, FAO and UNCDF have launched a joint multi-year and multi-phase initiative to assess Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) policies from a territorial perspective. The joint initiative aims to assess, scale up, and pilot innovative policy approaches and governance mechanisms to improve food security and nutrition in emerging and developing countries. The first phase, supported by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture of Germany, developed a conceptual framework for a territorial approach to food security and nutrition policy. The evidence gathered from related case studies and workshops in Cambodia, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Morocco, Niger and Peru has been consolidated in the joint FAO-OECD-UNDCF publication, Adopting a Territorial Approach to Food Security and Nutrition Policy, that was launched in 2016 in Paris with the participation of the FAO, IFAD, UNDP, and 42 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

the UNCDF. The second phase (2017-2021) of the FAO-OECDUNCDF project focuses on implementing this approach in the case studies of the first phase and additional countries. www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/territorial-fsn-launch.htm

Improving rural youth livelihoods The OECD Development Centre is a member of the Working Group on Rural Youth of the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development, which includes many UN agencies (FAO, IFAD, WFP, etc.) and contributes to the delivery of its annual work plan through research on rural youth employment and agro-food value chains. The key findings on job opportunities in local food systems contributed to the Report Promoting youth engagement and employment in agriculture and food systems produced by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition for the UN Committee on World Food Security 2021.

The OECD helps policy makers identify reforms that can tackle impediments to sustainable growth, improving their policy choices in areas such as trade and investment, product and labour market regulation, responsible business conduct, corporate taxation and innovation in close collaboration with the United Nations family.

Supporting international investment policies and treaties

Environment have also contributed to OECD public and expert consultations on investment.

UNCTAD and UNCITRAL contribute to the Freedom of Investment (FOI) Roundtable, an OECD-hosted intergovernmental forum bringing together 62 OECD and partner countries, including G20 members, to exchange information and experiences on investment policies and in particular on investment treaties. Their senior officials have also participated at annual OECD Investment Treaty Conferences.

Using its Policy Framework for Investment (PFI), the OECD collaborates with regional UN bodies such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) through regional investment programmes and country-level Investment Policy Reviews. UNESCAP was actively involved in the PFI update through the facilitation of public consultations, and is working closely with the OECD in the area of responsible business conduct and responsible supply chains.

The OECD, UNCTAD and other international organisations collaborate in providing input and analysis on investment policy issues for the G20, including its Trade and Investment Working Group (TIWG). Since 2009, the G20 has mandated the OECD, UNCTAD, and the WTO to issue joint reports on G20 trade and investment measures. Building on the synergies between the three organisations, these reports track policy changes and help prevent the resurgence of investment and trade protectionism. As the originator of the first inter-governmental statement on the need for greater transparency in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) and as an observer in the UN Commission on International Trade Law’s (UNCITRAL) work on arbitration, the OECD played an important role in the successful development of the UNCITRAL Rules and Convention on transparency in investment arbitration. Based on intensive work on ISDS by the FOI Roundtable since 2011, the OECD has provided UNCITRAL with expertise on ISDS in conjunction with UNCITRAL’s mandate to work on the reform of ISDS including reflective loss and concurrent claims, and adjudicator ethics. The OECD has also provided input to preliminary UNODC work on anti-corruption and investment policies. UNCITRAL and UN

To address the complex mix of policies and institutions necessary to ensure that foreign investment contributes to the greatest extent to achieving the SDGs, the forthcoming OECD FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit, together with the FDI Qualities Indicators (2021), will focus on the nexus between the general policies and approaches of the OECD Policy Framework for Investment (PFI) with more specific policies in five areas: productivity and innovation; employment, job quality and skills; gender equality; and low carbon transition. The OECD collaborates with UNCTAD, UNIDO as well as regional UN bodies, such as UNESCAP, in the currently ongoing public consultations for the draft Policy Toolkit.

Promoting policy dialogue on global value chains and production transformation The OECD Initiative for Policy Dialogue on GVCs, Production Transformation and Development has fostered - and is based on - a strong and long-standing co-operation with multiple UN agencies, such as the UN Regional Commissions ECA, ECLAC PROVIDING AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR BUSINESS, INVESTMENT AND TRADE . 43

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Providing an enabling environment for business, investment and trade

and UNESCAP as well as UNCTAD, UNDESA and UNIDO in the areas of economic transformation and development. The Initiative presents a global platform for knowledge sharing and peer learning between governments and the private sector from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the OECD to help governments transform their economies to better integrate and upgrade in global and regional value chains and navigate an increasingly complex and fast-changing global landscape. On the basis of this fruitful collaboration, the OECD and ECA joined forces to discuss the role of trade, manufacturing and intellectual property in accelerating the response to COVID-19 in Africa (OECD/ECA, 2020). This OECD Initiative co-operates with UNDESA and UNCTAD’s Least Developed Countries (LDCs) division on issues linked to building production capabilities in LDCs. The strong partnership between the OECD and the UN on issues of economic transformation are also visible on the strong collaboration that exists in the framework of the Production Transformation Policy Reviews (PTPRs). The PTPRs are an OECD policy assessment and guidance tool that supports policy makers in the creation and implementation of better

strategies for transforming their economies and benefit from international peer dialogue and discussions under the aegis of the OECD Initiative for Policy Dialogue on Global Value Chains, Production Transformation and Development. Since their inception, three PTPRs have been implemented in co-operation with UN agencies, that of Chile (2018), Colombia (2019) and the Dominican Republic. The Production Transformation Policy Reviews (PTPRs) have now been included by the United Nations Committee on Development Policy as a key tool in supporting preparation for graduation and they have also been included in the Smooth Transition Strategy Guidance Note 2021 by UN DESA. The OECD is also implementing the first two PTPRs in LDCs, in Bangladesh and in Togo. The OECD also has a strong relationship with UNESCAP’s AsiaPacific Research and Training Network (ARTNet) programme. The Network is working very closely with UNESCAP on the development of the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators as they apply to countries in the Asia-Pacific, drawing on UNESCAP and World Bank data. www.oecd.org/dev/global-value-chains.htm

Enhancing competition OECD Development Pathways PRODUCTION TRANSFORMATION POLICY REVIEW OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ILIENCE

my in Latin America and the Caribbean since 2010, erate existing global trends that created the need neath the surface well before the pandemic. The sure a prompt and effective health response, and enduring challenge will be updating the country’s on Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) of the national strategy, with perspectives on agro‑food ted States Reshoring Institute and the Ministry of

OECD Development Pathways

Production Transformation Policy Review of the Dominican Republic PRESERVING GROWTH, ACHIEVING RESILIENCE

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Policy Review of

PRINT ISBN 978‑92‑64‑33841‑8 PDF ISBN 978‑92‑64‑60817‑7

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In 2019, the OECD, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA) and UNCTAD signed a Letter of Understanding (LOU) joining forces to help strengthen competition law and policy across the MENA region. Each of the three organisations brings its unique experiences and expertise to the LOU. The first annual Joint MENA Competition Forum was held in January 2020 and the second virtually in March 2021. As part of the LOU, the three organisations launched a series of webinars entitled Arab Competition Dialogues. An online training programme on fighting bid-rigging in public procurement is under development as well as other initiatives.

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The OECD and UNCTAD also benefit from close collaboration outside of the LOU. UNCTAD has a standing invitation to participate in the work of the OECD’s Competition Committee and frequently submits papers for discussion, in addition to taking part in the annual OECD Global Forum on Competition, the OECD-IDB Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum and other events.

The OECD has also provided training on fighting bid-rigging in public procurement to UN officials. www.oecd.org/daf/competition/middle-east-north-africacompetition-forum.htm www.oecd.org/competition/globalforum www.oecd.org/competition/latinamerica/ http://oe.cd/pmr

The OECD’s Global Forum on Competition and UNCTAD’s Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy are complementary and mutually reinforcing annual meetings that define the calendar for discussions on global competition law and policy. The OECD actively engages in discussions and analytic products, such as UNCTAD’s assessment of its peer review programme.

Partnering to promote responsible business conduct

The OECD also assisted UNESCWA on the application in the Western Asia region of the OECD’s Competition Law and Policy Indicator, which measures the strength and integrity of competition laws and institutions. The project assessed each country’s current situation in several areas of competition law and identified gaps. The OECD and the World Bank Group (WBG) have a close ongoing relationship to promote competition in developing countries. The WBG regularly attends both the annual OECD Global Forum on Competition and the OECD-IDB Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum. The OECD and the WGB have previously partnered to organise a conference and produce related publications on Promoting Effective Competition Policies for Shared Prosperity and Inclusive Growth, exploring the role of competition policy as a tool to promote more sustainable and inclusive economic growth. During the last ten years the OECD and the World Bank have also been co-operating in the preparation of indicators of product market regulations (PMR) in many developing countries across the globe to identify regulatory barriers to entry and competition, which can constitute a drag on growth.

The OECD and the UN collaborate extensively to promote responsible business conduct (RBC). UN entities have substantially contributed to the update of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (“OECD Guidelines”), the most comprehensive intergovernmental instrument for responsible business conduct, and consistent with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The OECD Guidelines are the first multilateral instrument to take the UN Guiding Principles’ concept of risk-based due diligence for human rights impacts and extend it to all major areas of business ethics. In addition, the OECD Guidelines are backed by a unique grievance mechanism, the National Contact Points for Responsible Business Conduct (NCPs), which contributes to providing access to remedy, in line with the third pillar of the UN framework. The OECD also has a Memorandum of Understanding with the UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia-Pacific and the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions (ICC). The OECD and the International Trade Centre (ITC), a joint WTO/UN agency, have collaborated on regularly updating the ITC Standards Map data, a tool created in 2011 that shows convergence in responsible business conduct principles and standards.

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The OECD works with UNFCCC and UNEP on developing practical tools to help businesses implement OECD RBC instruments, to address environmental threats, dependencies and adverse impacts of their activities. This work focuses on climate change and biodiversity and involves regional capacity building initiatives with business. The OECD and the UN are collaborating to promote RBC and responsible supply chains in Asia under a joint EU-OECD-ILO programme with 6 countries (Japan, China, Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines, and Myanmar). In close co-operation with the private sector, government and civil society, as well as other relevant UN bodies (including FAO, IOM, UNESCAP, UNDP, OHCHR, and UNEP), the project focuses on human rights, labour rights, and environment and includes joint action in four areas, namely research, capacity building, outreach and events, and policy support. Through the project “Responsible Business Conduct in Latin America and the Caribbean”, the OECD works with the ILO and the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR) to promote responsible conduct in nine Latin

In 2019, in response to a call from G20 Labour and Employment Ministers, the OECD collaborated with the ILO, IOM and UNICEF under the aegis of Alliance 8.7 to draft a report on Ending child labour, forced labour and human trafficking in global supply chains. This work provided the first ever estimates by international organisations of child labour and trafficking for forced labour in global supply chains and offered a unique interagency perspective on the causes of these human rights violations and on the priorities for governments, business and social partners in addressing them. It leveraged the OECD’s data and methodology on trade flows and value chains within countries and across borders.

Promoting responsible supply chains in the textiles, agriculture and minerals sectors

Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2019

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American and Caribbean countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru) Activities focus on strengthening the role of governments in promoting RBC, helping business to conduct due diligence in priority sectors, and reinforcing the NCPs in the region. Synergies with the UN focus primarily on support to countries on developing and implementing National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights and/or RBC. In the context of the project, the OECD also co-organises every year, with OHCHR and ILO, the regional LAC Forum on Business and Human Rights.

UN agencies play a critical role in the OECD’s work to promote responsible supply chains globally. Like the OECD Guidelines, the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for RBC and sector specific guidance are consistent with UN standards and conventions including the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the ILO’s Minimum Age Convention as well as other relevant UN standards. UN agencies such as FAO, ILO, UNEP, UNICEF, UNDP and others provide valued expertise to the OECD multi-stakeholder steering groups.

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The OECD also interacts closely with the UN Security Council (UNSC) and its Groups of Experts in its work on responsible mineral supply chains from conflict-affected and high-risk areas. This work with the UN in the minerals sector builds on the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. The UN Group of Experts (UNGOE) on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was a key advisor in the development of the minerals guidance in 2010. Since then, several UN Security Council Resolutions in the context of the DRC (UNSC resolution 1952 (2010)) and Côte d’Ivoire (UNSC resolution 2219 (2015)) have called for due diligence in mineral supply chains to avoid financing sanctioned entities and illegal armed groups. These UNSC Chapter VII Resolutions refer to OECD’s work and are a good example of how UN and OECD efforts can together promote peace and security. The annual OECD/International Conference of the Great Lakes Region/UNGOE Forum on Responsible Mineral Supply Chains brings together the stakeholders engaged in implementing the OECD Due Diligence Guidance. The OECD and the FAO jointly developed the OECD-FAO Guidance on Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains in 2016 to help companies integrate due diligence into global agricultural supply chains and meet international standards on responsible business conduct and investment. This close collaboration with the FAO continues through a joint implementation programme with a wide range of stakeholders, including business. Implementation to date include pilots with agri-business companies in 2019 and 2020 to help companies across the value chain understand the core principles of due diligence and how to integrate these recommendations into business decisions, operations and supply chains. In 2020, the OECD and FAO developed, with input from the private sector, a brochure explaining how the OECD-FAO Guidance links to the UN SDGs. The FAO and OECD secretariats continue to collaborate closely, and have together developed an implementation plan for the next two years to promote wide-

scale uptake of the OECD-FAO Guidance focusing on five priority actions which includes opportunities to promote the OECD-FAO Guidance through global flagship events such as the UN Food Systems Summit in 2021. The ILO is part of the OECD-hosted multi-stakeholder advisory group set up to help textile and garment enterprises conduct due diligence in their supply chain in accordance with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains in the Garment and Footwear Sector (2017). The OECD also provided input to the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights’ Gender Dimensions of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and how due diligence can incorporate gender in addressing business and human rights risks. www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/mining.htm mneguidelines.oecd.org/icglr-oecd-un-forum.htm mneguidelines.oecd.org/duediligence mneguidelines.oecd.org/globalpartnerships

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Tourism The OECD has a long-standing history of co-operation in the field of tourism with relevant UN entities, representatives of which regularly attend meetings of the OECD Tourism Committee. The OECD worked closely with the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) to develop the conceptual framework for the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework, and UN Environment to develop a report on Climate Change and Tourism Policy in OECD Countries. More recently, the OECD worked with the ILO to develop OECD policy recommendations to support quality jobs in tourism, while UN Environment, UNESCO and UNWTO endorsed the OECD Policy Statement: Tourism

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Policies for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth at the 2017 OECD High Level Meeting on Tourism. Together with UNWTO and UN Environment, the OECD currently sits on the MultiStakeholder Advisory Committee of the One Planet Sustainable Tourism Programme, which aims to enhance the sustainable development impacts of the tourism sector by 2030. Since the formal creation of the G20 Tourism Working Group in 2020, the OECD and UNWTO have cooperated to inform and support the G20 discussions on inclusive and sustainable tourism. The two organisations have mutually contributed to the respective reports to the G20 Tourism Working Group in 2020 and 2021, including on the importance of safe and seamless travel for the post-COVID recovery of the tourism industry.

https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284416660 - Saturday, September 04, 2021 10:13:34 AM - IP Address:109.150.155.113

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In December 2019, a landmark report on transport-related emissions from tourism, jointly developed by the UNWTO and the International Transport Forum (ITF) was launched at COP25 in Madrid, Spain. The Transport Related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector presented the emissions produced by the different modes of tourism transport. This collaboration between the UNWTO and the ITF reflected the challenging nature of mitigating tourism’s transport-related CO2 emissions and the requirement for tourism to work closely with transport in order to support its commitment to accelerate the decarbonisation process and the implementation of a high ambition scenario.

Transport-related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector Modelling Results

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Other areas of collaboration Supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): UNCTAD and UNECE regularly take part in the meetings and activities of the OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship. In the framework of the OECD Bologna Process on SME and Entrepreneurship Policies, UNCTAD, UNECE, UNIDO and UNDP participate in OECD Ministerial conferences and high-level meetings. The OECD and UNCTAD jointly published a report, Enhancing the Role of SMEs in Global Value Chains. UNECE also provided inputs to the OECD report, Innovation and Intellectual Assets: The SME Dimension. Since 2015, the OECD and UNIDO have been collaborating on policy research on SME access to finance. www.oecd.org/cfe/smes www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/bolognaprocess.htm www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism (Policy Statement) www.oecd.org/dev/natural-resources.htm

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WELL-BEING & INCLUSION

Well-being and inclusion

The OECD’s motto “Better Policies for Better Lives” serves as a reminder that people’s well-being is the end objective of our efforts. The OECD increasingly places emphasis on the multi-dimensional nature of well-being through evidencebased work on inequality, education, skills, health and the labour market in support of broader international efforts, including those of the United Nations.

Measuring well-being and promoting inclusive growth, aligned with long-term strategic objectives, notably the SDGs In summer 2020, the OECD created the Centre on Well-being, Inclusion, Sustainability and Equal Opportunities (WISE). WISE brings together the OECD’s activities on well-being, inclusive growth, inequalities and SDG measurement previously conducted in different Directorates, with the objective of strengthening the Organisation’s capacity for evidence-based analysis and support to members, thereby consolidating its leading position on this cross-cutting agenda. In this context, the OECD continues to play a leading role at the international level in the measurement of human well-being, an area where the OECD and the UN system have developed constructive collaboration on several dimensions. The OECD Well-Being Framework spans a range of economic, social, environmental

and relational well-being outcomes, their distribution among the population, and the resources that help to sustain these well-being outcomes over time. The regular How’s Life? report charts well-being trends, inequalities and sustainability in 37 OECD countries and 4 partner countries, supported by a database of over 80 indicators. The OECD Framework for Policy Action on Inclusive Growth provides a taxonomy for policy action by advocating policies that invest in people and places left behind, promote inclusive labour markets and boost business dynamism, and ensure effective and responsive governance. The first study applying the framework at the country level, The Inclusive Growth Review of Korea, was launched in February 2021.

Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets 2019 AN ASSESSMENT OF WHERE OECD COUNTRIES STAND

Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets 2019

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Well-being and inclusion

The OECD report on Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets 2019: An assessment of where OECD countries stand uses a unique methodology to measure the distance of OECD countries from achieving the 2030 targets. The next edition, expected in the second half of 2021 will focus on recent trends and the impact of COVID-19 towards the achievement of the SDGs. The OECD participates in the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe group on the cultural determinants of well-being and health and contributed to the development of a set of well-being indicators as part of the WHO Europe’s Health 2020 Strategy. In partnership with the EU, the OECD and ILO are working to develop guidance on the measurement of platform work and employment. The OECD is a key member of the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Save the Children, and is a member of the UNECE Task Force on Statistics on Children, Youth and Adolescents. Consultations with WHO Europe, UNICEF Innocenti Centre and the UNESCO Mahatma Ghandi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development are underway to foster collaboration on child well-being. The OECD is also a member of the UN Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) Expert Group on Measuring the Quality of Employment.

Supporting PISA for Development PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) for Development (PISA-D) has adjusted one of the OECD’s most successful policy instruments to make it more responsive to the needs of a wider range of countries. The OECD is working with UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), UNICEF and the World Bank to allow more developing countries to benefit from PISA’s global metrics, in order to measure and enhance the quality of learning outcomes, equity in the distribution of learning opportunities and value 52 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

PROGRAMME FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ASSESSMENT

PISA

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Out-of-school-assessment Results in Focus

PROGRAMME FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ASSESSMENT

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Results in Focus PISA in Focus #110

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PISA in Focus #91

for money in education. UNESCO and UNICEF were represented on the PISA for Development International Advisory Group, and helped to implement the project in nine countries: Bhutan, Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Senegal and Zambia. The project drew on the experience of the Out-of-School Children Initiative that has been implemented in 26 countries by UNESCO and UNICEF with the aim of developing a more detailed understanding of who is out of school and why. Building on PISA-D’s out-of-school youth assessment pilot, the OECD, the World Bank, UNICEF and UNESCO are collaborating on a work programme aimed at integrating learning assessment modules in household surveys to help close the learning assessment data gaps, particularly in low-and-middle-income-countries. www.oecd.org/pisa

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Improving labour market policies and social protection The OECD partners with the ILO on labour market and social policies to reduce unemployment, promote better quality jobs and ensure social protection for those in need. The OECD participates actively in the Inter-Agency Group on Technical Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET), together with the ILO and UNESCO and other international organisations, to foster greater effectiveness in promoting adult skill development The OECD also works jointly with the ILO (and where relevant closely with other international organisations) to provide advice and technical support to the G20 Employment Working Group, the G20 Employment and Labour Ministerial meetings

and the G7 Employment Task Force. This includes joint reporting and inputs on gender equality, youth inclusion, social protection and measuring the impacts of COVID-19 on the labour market. This co-operation has contributed to major G20 milestones for boosting the quality of employment and gender equity. Along with the ILO and Sweden, the OECD is a founding member of the Global Deal, a multi-stakeholder partnership that encourages governments, businesses, unions and other organisations to make commitments to enhance social dialogue in order to achieve decent work and inclusive growth. The Global Deal is an example of the kind of partnerships needed to support the achievement of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Goal 17). It is also a concrete input to several of the other goals, not least Goal 5 on gender equality, Goal 8 on decent work and inclusive growth and Goal 10 on inequalities.

J Former OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría, Guy Ryder, Director-General, ILO, Anna Halberg, Minister for Foreign Trade and Nordic Affairs, Sweden at the Global Deal Conference: Social Dialogue for a Better Future of Work, Paris, 2020. WELL-BEING AND INCLUSION . 53

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The OECD is also partnering with several UN agencies, such as ILO, UNDP, UNICEF, and UNECA, on its multi-year project on social protection systems in ten partner countries including Cambodia, Ethiopia, Indonesia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Togo, Vietnam and Zambia. For example, the ILO, UNECA and UNDP’s Poverty Centre in Rio and its Addis-based Regional Policy Centre participated in the kick-off meeting for the social protection project, which brought together a diverse set of stakeholders for a policy dialogue and consultations have been held with UNICEF and the ILO on a continuous basis. The OECD and the Asian Development Bank jointly produce analyses with a regional focus on job creation, local training programmes, and social protection. For example, the ADB and ILO contributed to the report, which considers challenges and provides policy examples from countries – including Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore and Viet Nam – to illustrate good practices.

OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation

Employment and Skills Strategies in Indonesia

The OECD also produced with the ILO in 2019 a joint report on Tackling Vulnerability in the Informal Economy. The report contributes to the global debate on the transition from the informal to the formal economy by examining the multiple faces of informality in a large sample of countries representing diverse conditions, locations and stages of development. www.theglobaldeal.com/ In 2008, the OECD and the ILO established the joint Employment and Skills Strategies Initiative in Southeast Asia (ESSSA) to enhance prosperity and living conditions in Southeast Asia through employment and skills development strategies. The initiative includes the identification of the best national policies and local initiatives to build sustainable job creation and more productive economies. An annual expert meeting brings together policy officers from employment and skills ministries as well as experts from ASEAN and OECD countries to share their experiences in policy implementation to better address common challenges. This initiative is also a platform for the OECD Southeast Asia Regional Programme’s Policy Network on Education and Skills.

Advancing gender equality and inclusion

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The OECD works with the UNDP, UN Women, and the UN InterAgency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) to enhance policy dialogue on the drivers of gender inequality, advance gender equality in public life, promote better financing for gender equality, and make gender equality a cornerstone of such global processes as the 2030 Agenda. A Memorandum of Understanding between the OECD and UN Women is a result of this fruitful co-operation, in particular on SDG 5.1.1. The OECD supports UN Women in the development and promotion of tools and analytical frameworks for monitoring progress on key targets under SDG 5 in line with the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and

WELL-BEING & INCLUSION

Entrepreneurship and the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life. The OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) provides a cross-country measure of discrimination against women and girls in formal and informal laws, social norms and practices, including comprehensive profiles for over 180 countries spanning all regions of the globe. Together with UN Women and the World Bank Group, the SIGI is an official data source for SDG indicator 5.1.1., i.e. “whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex”. In addition, the SIGI country study in Tanzania is conducted in partnership with UN Women, under the umbrella of UN Women’s Flagship Programme, “Making Every Woman and Girl Count”. UN Women, UNESCO, UNHABITAT and the UN University Gender Equality Studies and Training Programme have also partnered with the Centre on Wikigender, a gender and development web platform available in English, French and Spanish.

The OECD, UN Women and the UNDP are co-custodians of SDG Indicator 5.c.1 which seeks to measure government efforts to track and make public resource allocations for gender equality. Data against this indicator are collected through the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (GPEDC) monitoring, and highlights the importance of establishing a policy framework with clear gender equality objectives; allocations in support of policy commitments; a system to track resource allocations; and a mechanism to follow these allocations through to execution and impact. The OECD has joined forces with UN Women on the implementation of the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda. Joint OECD-UN Women events have been organised on National Actions Plans on WPS in the context of COVID-19 as well as on financing local women’s organisations in fragile contexts.

I Robin Ogilvy, Permanent Observer and OECD Special Representative to the UN, presents the OECD initial findings for the OECD report “Over the Rainbow? The Road to LGBTI Inclusion”, New York, 2020. WELL-BEING AND INCLUSION . 55

Well-being and inclusion

violence and by providing a forum to bring together expertise and share lessons learned between various actor as well as, for example, to promote advocacy efforts.

Competitiveness and Private Sector Development

Social Institutions and Gender Index

Changing Laws and Breaking Barriers for Women’s Economic Empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia

S INTO OPPORTUNITIES

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The OECD works closely with the ILO and other international organisations to help the G20 advance gender equality; in 2014 this collaboration led to the G20 Policy priorities for boosting female participation, quality of employment and gender equity, and the adoption of the target to increase by 25% the labour force participation of women by 2025. Since 2017, the OECD and the ILO have jointly monitored progress towards this target through an annual report, which in 2021 will also feed into a G20 Brisbane Roadmap to increase labour force participation and improve job quality for women. The OECD’s collaboration with Women 20 (W20) further contributes to the OECD’s partnership with the G20’s priority to advance gender equality. The OECD published a report for the W20 in 2019 to support G20 countries in identifying gender discriminatory norms and institutions and released an update in December 2020 at the request of the W20 Saudi Arabian Presidency.

The OECD is a co-lead of the coalition on Economic Justice and Rights in the UN Women-led Generation Equality work and plays a pivotal role as co-lead in developing a thematic Blueprint inclusive of actions, targets, possible commitments, and a 5-year accountability framework for countries to agree upon later in 2021. The OECD also takes part in the development of the Generation Equality Compact on Women, Peace and Security and Humanitarian Action and provides support to its working group on financing WPS.

The ILO, UN Women and the OECD launched the Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) in 2017, a strategic multistakeholder partnership to assist UN Member States in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal target 8.5 which calls for equal pay for work of equal value by 2030. EPIC advocates for equal pay, shared knowledge and best practices, to build capacities to trigger change, to organise conferences and workshops, and to monitor and disseminate information.

The OECD was also invited in December 2020, through its New York Office at the invitation of the co-founders, to become an official member of the Group of Friends for the Elimination of Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG). This informal group of UN Ambassadors aims to co-ordinate action and share information on the elimination of VAWG, by encouraging co-ordination on efforts to eliminate all forms of gender-based

The Inaugural International Equal Pay Day in September 2020 served as a reminder of the persistent and pervasive inequalities that exist in the world of work, and EPIC organised a virtual global event to recognize the importance of a post COVID-19 response that prioritizes the achievement of equal pay for work of equal value; recognizes the value of unpaid care work; and, provides access to affordable services, such

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as childcare and healthcare. EPIC regularly organises a series of webinars which have included those such as “Show me the Money” - part of the OECD 2021 March on Gender, and together with the Swiss Government organized a side event to 65th session of the Commission on the Status of Women (2021), “’Thank you’ doesn’t pay the bills.” Every two years, the OECD-DAC (Development Assistance Committee) Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET) and the UN Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (UN IANWGE) hold a joint workshop on a topic of mutual relevance.

Since the Paris High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2005), aid and development effectiveness agendas have been important areas of work for both the OECD and UN Women. Building on the agreement in Busan, Korea to monitor efforts in the area of gender equality and women’s empowerment, the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation is working with UN Women to track progress on SDG 5c.In 2019, the OECDDAC adopted the Recommendation on Preventing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and Sexual Harassment (SEAH) in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance. This recommendation is the first international instrument of its kind

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and aims to embody an ambitious standard to build systems best fit to prevent and respond to sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment. The OECD works closely with the UN on ending SEAH, including through the OECD-DAC Reference Group on Ending Sexual Exploitation Abuse and Harassment. Since its adoption, UNICEF and UNHCR have adhered to the DAC Recommendation on Ending SEAH. In the context of the OECD LAC Regional Programme (LACRP) and the EU Facility for Development in Transition, the OECD collaborates with UNECLAC on a tripartite Project on Gender Equality named “Better pay share, better norms and better prospects for future women’s work in Latin America” 20192021. This EU Facility Gender initiative was launched in Santiago, Chile, in January 2020 and includes: the OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) publication for Latin America and the Caribbean (published in 2020); four country reports [for Chile, Peru, Colombia and Costa Rica] on unpaid care and domestic work “Gender Equality in LAC: Towards better sharing of paid and unpaid work” (forthcoming 2021) and a publication on women’s autonomy and the future of work lead by UNECLAC (forthcoming 2021). This initiative enhances EU-LAC dialogue and helps promote more equitable societies in countries transitioning to development. As part of the OECD Southeast Asia Gender Initiative and within the framework of the OECD Southeast Asia Regional Programme, the OECD and UNDP carried out a pilot study in Indonesia focusing on key areas of the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life, including the analysis of obstacles and opportunities for the effective advancement of gender equality and the formulation of action- oriented policy recommendations. The study explores gender equality in institutional and accountability frameworks and mechanisms, women’s role in decision-making, and gender sensitivity in public sector workplaces.

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OECD co-operation with UN agencies in supporting countries’ paths toward greater participation of women in economic and public life in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region increased considerably over the past several years. The OECD, the CAWTAR and the ILO issued a joint report in late 2020 on Changing Laws and Breaking Barriers for Women’s Economic Empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. The OECD joined forces with UN Women and UNDP in the framework of the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The three organisations organised a joint regional webinar to discuss the findings of the OECD Policy Brief on the “COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses.” These UN agencies are also regularly involved in the activities of the MENA-OECD Women’s Economic Empowerment Forum (WEEF). The OECD is a member of the UNECA Gender Statistics Group, and its SIGI country studies are included in the UNECA Gender Statistics Strategic Programme. The OECD is also a member of the UNECE Steering Group on Gender Statistics and has actively participated in various work sessions on gender statistics. In addition, the OECD has also participated in the annual meetings of the UN Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics. www.oecd.org/gender www.oecd.org/development/gender-development/ www.equalpayinternationalcoalition.org/ www.genderindex.org www.wikigender.org/ www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/women-empowerment.htm

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Migration The OECD is actively contributing to the discussion organized by the United Nations to improve migration statistics. The OECD is playing an active role in the International Expert Group on Refugee and Internally Displaced Persons Statistics (EGRIS) established by the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) at its 47th session in 2016. The OECD is also a member of the UN Expert Group on Migration Statistics where we cochair the taskforce on data and indicators. This expert group was formalised by the Statistical Commission at its 49 session in 2018 with the aim to develop a new framework on international migrations statistics. Together with UN DESA and the IOM, the OECD organised the first International Forum on Migration Statistics in 2018 to improve the exchange of information and global understanding of the migration phenomenon. A second meeting was organised in in Egypt in 2020 and a third one is scheduled in 2022 in the Americas. In 2020 the OECD, together with UNICEF, IOM and UNHCR launched the International Data Alliance for Children on the Move to improve statistics and data on migrant and forcibly displaced children with the goal to support evidence-based policymaking that protects and empowers them.

in 2016. The OECD and UNHCR also organised a number of employer consultations to better understand the obstacles employers face in hiring and retaining refugee employees. Based on these consultations, they jointly adopted an Action Plan that sets out a clear way forward for optimising the access of refugees to the labour market. The OECD and UNHCR will continue to co-operate on the integration of refugees and other people in need of protection. Since 2017, the OECD is working with UNHCR to provide an annual monitoring of the use of safe admission pathways used by persons of concern to UNHCR across specific population groups covering family migration, study and work. These data also contribute to inform the indicators for the Global Compact on Refugees. To support coordinated action on international migration at the G20 level, the OECD produces jointly with ILO, IOM and UNHCR the G20 International Migration and Forced Displacement Trends and Policies Report. This report, which in 2020 focused on the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on migration, is delivered to G20 Leaders. 2020 Annual International Migration and Forced Displacement Trends and Policies Report to the G20

Since 2010 the OECD, ILO and ADBI are organising an annual roundtable on labour migration in Asia. The 2020 edition focused on “Labor Migration in Asia: Future of Labour Migration in Asia - Challenges and opportunities in the next decade” and this year’s edition will look at the “Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future”. The OECD and the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) have co-operated to organise high-level conferences, including the Integration of Beneficiaries of International Protection

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The OECD Development Centre co-chairs a KNOMAD network thematic working group with the UNDP, coordinated and managed by the World Bank. From 2013 to 2017, its cochairmanship focused on policy coherence for migration and development. Since 2018, it co-chairs a group leading on the subject of youth, migration and development. The OECD is also an active and contributing member to the UN Network on Migration’s Core Working Groups 2.1 and 2.2, on the implementation of the Global Compact on Migration (GCM). The Organisation also works with the IOM office in Bahrain on establishing a strategy on the impact of the future of work on migration corridors and partnerships in the Abu Dhabi Dialogue (ADD). The OECD works closely with the IOM’s GMDAC on establishing a network on migration statistics in Africa and collaborates with the GMDAC in its online migration school.

the OECD, the WHO and the ILO are working jointly to support the implementation of those recommendations. The OECD has also worked closely with the ILO on the challenges and opportunities demographic change will pose for the long-term care workforce. A joint report, New job opportunities in an ageing society, helped to inform discussion in the G20 Employment Working Group under the Japanese G20 presidency. The OECD worked closely with the WHO to support the G20 Presidency of Saudi Arabia in 2020 on assessing gaps in pandemic preparedness, as well as to support the Italian Presidency of the G20 in 2021 through contributions on planning a globally coordinated and collaborative response to health crises and emergencies and on assessing the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on implementation of the SDGs. www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/workforce.htm

https://www.oecd.org/migration/

Promoting health workforce employment and economic growth The 2016 report by the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, for which the OECD Secretary-General served as co-vice chair, along with Dr Margaret Chan, former Director-General of WHO and Mr Guy Ryder, Director-General of ILO, is more relevant than ever in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Commission, co-chaired by Mr François Hollande, former President of France and Mr Jacob Zuma, former President of South Africa, agreed a set of ten global recommendations to expand and support the transformation of the global health workforce to make it fitfor-purpose to 21st century needs, create jobs that will expand economic opportunities for the youth and women, and support social inclusiveness and gender equality. By way of follow up, 60 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

Empowering the health workforce Strategies to make the most of the digital revolution

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International migration of health workers In response to the High-level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth’s 2016 report, the ILO, OECD and the WHO have also launched a five-year (2017-2021) action plan of joint intersectoral work, Working For Health, to support the country-driven implementation of the recommendations of the Commission.

Fostering high-quality universal health coverage Universal health coverage is about everyone having access to good quality health services without suffering financial hardship. Attaining universal health coverage contributes to creating more inclusive societies. In 2017 the OECD became a partner of UHC2030, the global movement to build stronger health systems for universal health coverage, and will become

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International Migration Outlook 2020

Within this activity, a priority is establishing International Platform on Health Worker Mobility with the objective to maximize benefits from health worker migration and mobility through strengthened implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (The Global Code), relevant ILO Conventions and Recommendations, and the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. The Global Code promotes ethical recruitment of health personnel and encourages countries to achieve greater “self-sufficiency” in the training of health workers, while recognising the basic human right of every person to migrate. Building on previous co-operation, the OECD supports the efforts to monitor trends in the international migration of health personnel, in order to provide reliable and up-to-date data that can be used for constructive policy discussions. Results of OECD/WHO joint work are present notably in the publications Health Workforce Policies in OECD Countries, the OECD International Migration Outlook, and in a series of working papers and policy briefs.

International Migration Outlook 2020

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part of the secretariat in 2021. The OECD works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union along with other partners on monitoring and evaluating key aspects of universal health coverage. This includes assessing affordability by tracking health expenditures through the System of Health Accounts and monitoring quality so that healthcare systems avoid harming lives and wasting scarce resources on poor quality and unsafe care. Looking forward, sustaining universal health coverage in the future requires careful assessment of the long-term costs of healthcare and the associated fiscal sustainability issues, given that increases in health spending have consistently outpaced economic growth. In this context, the OECD and WHO released in 2019 a joint report on Price setting and price regulation in health care: Lessons for advancing UHC that provides evidence on the importance of policies about pricing and purchasing of health care services to overcome the imperfections of health care markets and to provide incentives for providers to deliver quality services and good patient outcomes. The OECD Joint Network of Senior Budget and Health Officials, established ENVIRONMENTAL WELL-BEINGSUSTAINABILITY AND INCLUSION . 61

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The OECD works in close partnership with the WHO, providing policy-makers in the health sector and beyond with evidence of the health and economic impacts of alternative strategies to tackle chronic diseases and their associated risk factors. As part of the UN Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs, the OECD works closely with the WHO and other UN agencies to promote global collaboration in the fight against NCDs. Previous joint OECD-WHO work assessed the health and economic impacts of a range of prevention strategies to tackle unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity and obesity, and contributed to the UN High-level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases. Recently, the OECD has been contributing to a number of WHO publications on promoting healthier lifestyles by providing inputs on the economics of public health. OECD inputs to WHO analyses are based on work released in the two publications The Heavy Burden of Obesity - The Economics of Prevention and Preventing Harmful Alcohol Use. The OECD has also worked with regional offices of the WHO. In Europe, the OECD and the WHO Europe’s Observatory on Health Systems and Policies have jointly produced the publication Promoting Health, Preventing Disease: Is There an Economic 62 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

OECD Health Policy Studies

Preventing Harmful Alcohol Use

Preventing chronic diseases

OECD Health Policy Studies

in 2011, was set up to address issues such as sustainability concerns. More recently, the network has extended its work to non-OECD countries, in close collaboration with the WHO, the Global Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks. Regional networks have been set up in Latin America and the Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe and Asia. Network meetings provide a platform for health and budget officials to discuss how universal health coverage can be achieved in a financially sustainable manner, complemented by surveys and in-depth country case studies.

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Case?, which looks at the economics of health promotion and disease prevention. The OECD and WHO-Europe have also recently started a joint project to calculate the health and economic burden of physical inactivity. In the Americas region, OECD and PAHO have jointly produced the publication Applying Modeling to Improve Health and Economic Policy Decisions in the Americas: The Case of Noncommunicable Diseases.

Addressing dementia The OECD and the WHO have been working together to help lead international efforts on combatting dementia and have been among the leading voices calling for a greater focus on improving the quality of care for people with dementia. The 2018 OECD publication, Care Needed: Improving the lives of people with dementia built on a policy framework jointly developed by the two organisations. The OECD and the WHO have continued to work in partnership to improve dementia care and have developed complementary work programmes. The WHO has developed a global action plan and a Global Dementia Observatory,

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in order to provide a single point of access for existing information on dementia. In tandem with this, the OECD has carried out an in-depth analysis of dementia policy and pushed forward work on internationally comparable data on the quality of care for people with dementia

Addressing anti-microbial resistance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health and the world economy and poses a unique challenge to humanity. The OECD participated in the United Nations Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, providing evidence to develop effective actions to address antimicrobial resistance, and to improve coordination. A recent OECD report on AMR, Stemming the Superbug Tide: Just a Few Dollars More, underscores the importance of acting quickly against the challenge of antibiotic resistance. The OECD works in close collaboration with the WHO, FAO, and other UN and non-UN agencies to design policies and global solutions to prevent the emergence and spread of AMR, to ensure that all people, regardless of where they live, have access to the antimicrobials they need, and to preserve existing antimicrobials and develop new ones that are affordable, of good quality and effective against drug-resistant diseases. The OECD led the preparation of a paper, “Antimicrobial Resistance: ensuring sustainable R&D” that fed into G20 discussions and resulted in the creation of an international AMR R&D Collaboration Hub. The OECD and the WHO-Europe’s Observatory on Health Systems and Policies jointly produced the publication Challenges to tackling antimicrobial resistance: economic and policy responses which offers an accessible summary on the big questions around AMR policy.

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Sustaining lives and livelihoods: a decision framework for calibrating social and movement measures during the COVID-19 pandemic

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destination, in order to support more informed policy decisions. Partner countries include Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyz Republic, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The annual Roundtable on Labour Migration in Asia has been organised since 2011 by the Asian Development Bank Institute and the OECD, and since 2013 with the addition of the ILO. In recent years, the three organisations have worked together to produce an annual report. This includes the analyses of institutions and structures that govern labour migration in Asia and considers the important role of governments and other stakeholders in this process, as well as comprehensive regional statistics on labour migration flows.

Other areas of collaboration Supporting countries in the fight against COVID-19 The OECD works closely with WHO to support countries in identifying effective and efficient actions to limit the spread of COVID-19, while maintaining an open economy to the extent possible. The OECD and WHO jointly produced and released the publication Sustaining lives and livelihoods: a decision framework for calibrating social and movement measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, which provides countries with a decision framework to calibrate social and movement measures until there is widespread population coverage with the vaccine. The OECD and WHO are also working together to make the investment case to upscale the implementation of infection and control policies for infectious diseases in countries at different levels of income.

Assessing the economic contribution of labour migration in developing countries as countries of destination The OECD, ILO and the European Commission have developed a joint initiative on assessing the economic contribution of labour migration in developing countries as countries of 64 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

KNOMAD Thematic Working Group on Policy and Institutional Coherence: The UNDP and the OECD Development Centre cochair the KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development) Thematic Working Group on Policy and Institutional Coherence, which seeks to improve coherence in the realm of migration and development, in both developed and developing countries. This working group, co-ordinated and financed by the World Bank Group, is in the process of making operational a dashboard of indicators for measuring policy and institutional coherence on migration and development (PICMD) in several countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cabo Verde, Germany, Ghana, Jamaica, Kenya, Morocco, Moldova, the Philippines, Portugal, Senegal, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, and Tunisia. Since 2018, the OECD and the UNDP co-chair a thematic working group on youth, migration and development. UNESCO-OECD Guidelines on Quality Provision in Cross-Border Higher Education: In order to help minimise risks and strengthen the dynamics of openness, collaboration and transparency across countries, UNESCO and the OECD jointly developed the Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-Border Higher Education. These

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guidelines seek to address the multifaceted forms of cross-border higher education, cases of fraud and opportunistic behaviour, and risks for students and stakeholders. Following the OECD monitoring of the implementation of the Guidelines (OECD, 2015), UNESCO and the OECD are co-organising new work to identify how the Guidelines could be further implemented and whether new challenges require this joint work to be updated. Technical and vocational education and training (TVET): The OECD works closely with the ILO and UNESCO as members of the Inter-Agency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET), which was set up to improve the coordination of the work between international agencies. The OECD has actively participated in this initiative and presented the OECD’s Skills Strategy and work on indicators of skills. Global Skills Academy: The OECD participates in the UNESCO Global Skills Academy initiative, which aims to provide youth with opportunities to gain digital skills and other competences through free access to online skills development programmes. Partners’ offers will be pooled within the Global Skills Academy, providing a one-stop access to training opportunities. Founding partners include Coursera, Dior, Festo, Huawei, IBM, Microsoft, Orange Digital Centres and PIX. International Organisations and partners including ILO, the OECD and WorldSkills Competition also contribute to the project. The Academy operates through a matching process facilitated by UNEVOC, UNESCO’s global network for institutions specialized in Technical and Vocational Education and Training. It aims to reach 1 million youth in the first year. The OECD is contributing through its work on emerging skill needs to ensure that the Academy’s investment are targeted on skills in high demand. Consumer protection: Co-operation between the UNCTAD intergovernmental group of experts on consumer protection law policy and the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) remains a high-priority and has materialized in recent years through regular updates at CCP and UNCTAD’s respective meetings.

Youth Inclusion: ILO and UNESCO are members of the OECDEU Youth Inclusion project’s consultative group of experts. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) collaborates with the project at the national level in Viet Nam, Moldova, and Cambodia on issues of adolescent sexual and reproductive health. The social and solidarity economy: The OECD is a member of the UN Inter-Agency Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy (TFSSE). www.oecd.org/dev/inclusivesocietiesanddevelopment/youthinclusion-project-about.htm WELL-BEING AND INCLUSION . 65

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

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Environmental sustainability

The OECD and the UN system collaborate on climate change, biodiversity, the green economy, and broader environmental issues. A significant component of this collaboration relates to the production and dissemination of environmental data, accounts and indicators helping to ensure harmonisation of global approaches, achieve synergies and avoid duplication of efforts.

Addressing climate change Global climate change threatens to disrupt the well-being of society, to undermine economic development, and to alter the natural environment, making it an urgent policy priority for the 21st century. The OECD has been working on climate change since the late 1980s, assisting governments to identify and implement least-cost policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to integrate adaptation into all relevant sectors and policy areas. The OECD and the International Energy Agency (IEA) jointly provide the secretariat for the Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG), established in 1993, which is a forum for promoting dialogue and enhancing understanding on key issues in the on-going international climate negotiations. The OECD, through the Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting, actively collaborates with UNDP on green budgeting. The collaboration, in partnership with the Coalition of Finance

Green Budget Tagging INTRODUCTORY GUIDANCE & PRINCIPLES

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Ministers for Climate Action, includes roundtable discussions in Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean on country experiences to design and implement green budgeting approaches. This includes joint initiatives on international work streams on environmental policy and climate change, budgeting and tax policy and inclusive sustainable growth. The OECD provides support to governments on the design and implementation of green budgeting. OECD publications include Green budget tagging: Introductory guidance and principles as part of a collaborative effort with the UNDP along with other institutional partners to help countries identify the best approaches to implementing green budget tagging. The work of the CCXG contributes to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by providing a forum for politically-relevant technical discussion outside of the negotiations. The CCXG works with countries on ensuring effective implementation of the Paris Agreement by supporting efforts to design relevant regulations and resolve methodological issues, such as improving transparency of mitigation, adaptation and support and accounting for nationally determined contributions under the UNFCCC. CCXG has an excellent track record in providing technical input to the UNFCCC negotiations, including analysing the feasibility of implementing specific options proposed by the Paris Agreement and helping to find convergence on the way forward. It informed design of the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue by highlighting early on the importance of non-Party stakeholder participation. It laid the groundwork for the inclusion of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol and developed guidelines for national communications from Annex I countries that were subsequently adopted by the COP. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY . 67

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One of the key goals of the Paris Agreement is to enhance climate resilience and foster adaptation. In 2019, the OECD established the Task Force on Climate Change Adaptation (TFCCA), bringing together over 70 countries and organisations to promote concrete solutions and accelerate policy action on climate adaptation. The Task Force provides policy makers with a platform to discuss and exchange experiences, best practices and the latest research on climate variability, adaptation and resilience. The TFCCA discussions provide valuable information to assess existing policy efforts and can inspire and support the development of ambitious adaptation policy agendas. The TFCCA is closely coordinating its work with the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. The International Transport Forum (ITF) has been working closely with the UNFCCC through its participation as active member in the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action. The ITF was first invited by the UNFCCC to participate in its Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action in 2017 to help mobilise the transport sector in order to advance the goals of the Paris Agreement. Since then, the ITF in its role as a transport focal point, has served as a conduit for the exchange of information between the UNFCCC and transport stakeholders, facilitated high impact inputs to the UNFCCC Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised process, such as the UNFCCC Climate Action Pathways andby Developed Countries in 2013-18 Global Climate Action Yearbooks, and planned transport related activities and events at Conference of the Parties (COP) sessions and other UNFCCC events. In 2019 and 2020, the ITF led the development of the UNFCCC Climate Action Pathways for Transport initiative and in 2020, it was also a lead organiser of the Race to Zero Dialogues for transport.

for five different sectors: electricity, heavy industry, residential, surface transport and agriculture. This framework is informing country engagements on their transitions to low (net-zero) carbon economies and societies, at national, sub-national and sector levels. The OECD has increased its engagement as a partner of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, for which UN Environment acts as the secretariat. The OECD, along with the UNDP, is also an institutional member of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action.

Supporting implementation of the USD 100 billion climate pledge The climate finance data and tracking expertise of the OECDled Research Collaborative on Tracking Finance for Climate Action and of the OECD-DAC support the intergovernmental negotiations and the work of the UNFCCC, notably to assess progress towards the commitment by developed countries under the UNFCCC to mobilise USD 100 billion per year for climate action in developing countries.

This report is an update with 2018 figures to the previous publication Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-17. It provides insights on the evolution of the following four components of climate finance over the period of 2013-2018: bilateral public climate finance, multilateral climate finance (attributed to developed countries), climate-related officially supported export credits, and private finance mobilised by developed countries public finance interventions. Building on past work, the report deepens the analysis by providing not only aggregate figures but also a further breakdown in terms of recipients and characteristics of climate finance commitments.

Another key goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. In 2019, the Accelerating Climate Action report that was launched in the margins of the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit, provides a framework for rethinking9HSTCQE*djbaaa+ climate and broader well-being goals and measures of progress PRINT ISBN 978-92-64-39100-0 PDF ISBN 978-92-64-68312-9

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The most recent OECD analysis, Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in 2013-18, indicates a total of USD 78.9 billion in 2018, up 11% from 71.2 billion in 2017. The report deepens previous analyses by providing not only aggregate figures but also a further breakdown in terms of recipients and characteristics of climate finance commitments. More generally, OECD climate finance data and expertise actively contributes to informing the Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows reports published by the UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance every second year. The OECD and UNDP co-ordinate through the G20 Sustainable Finance Study Group (SFSG), re-established under the Italian G20 Presidency, notably on work streams to create stronger financial market incentives and standard setting for data and disclosure. OECD work on environmental fiscal policy will support this activity through inputs on relevant budgetary and tax policy frameworks.

Reversing biodiversity and ecosystem services loss Global biodiversity and ecosystem services loss (across both terrestrial and ocean/marine ecosystems) continue to undermine economic development and social welfare. The OECD has been working on the economics and policies for biodiversity since the early 1990s and actively supports the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This covers issues such as policy instruments and incentive measures to foster biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, resource mobilisation, mainstreaming, and the development of indicators to monitor progress towards achieving the 2011-2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets under the CBD, notably targets 3 and 20. The OECD is currently assessing targets, indicators and their measurability implications at

global and national level, to help inform the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. It is also serving on the Informal Advisory Group on Biodiversity Mainstreaming, to support the CBD in developing the post-2020 biodiversity framework. Recent OECD work on biodiversity issues includes a comprehensive overview of global biodiversity finance, tracking economic instruments and finance for biodiversity, aligning biodiversity, climate and food policies, the economics and management of marine protected areas, and evaluating the effectiveness of policy instruments for terrestrial and ocean conservation and sustainable use. The OECD also delivered a report on biodiversity finance and the economic and business case for action, in support of the French 2019 G7 Presidency, and a policy guide on biodiversity, natural capital and the economy, in support of the UK 2021 G7 Presidency. In 2020, the OECD joined forces with the UNDP Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) to convene a joint virtual Global Conference on Biodiversity Finance, as a milestone in the lead up to CBD COP15. The OECD is a partner of the UN Environment-WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, and has frequently partnered with the WCMC and the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in areas of joint interest. www.oecd.org/environment/resources/biodiversity

Environmental data and indicators The OECD and the UN system coordinate their work on environmental data and indicators. An OECD country questionnaire on the state of the environment is shared with the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), which uses the sections on inland waters and waste to carry out a simplified data collection from countries beyond those addressed by the OECD. The Inter-Secretariat Working Group on Environment ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY . 69

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Statistics (IWG-ENV), under the lead of UNSD, facilitates coordination and promotes global harmonisation of the data, the collection efforts and capacity building programmes. Members include the OECD, Eurostat, UN Environment, UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) and the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation). A regular exchange on the harmonisation of international water data and related data collections and questionnaires takes place regularly since 2018. It involves UNSD, OECD, Eurostat, FAO, WHO and UN-Habitat. The aim is to align international questionnaires and definitions, minimise countries’ reporting burden and possibly agree upon a common questionnaire and data collection process. The OECD participates in the work of the UN Expert Group on Environment Statistics and in related meetings and initiatives organised by UNECE such as the Conference of European Statisticians, the Working Group on Environmental Monitoring and Assessments and various task forces, including the Task Force on Climate Change Related Indicators and Statistics, the UNECE Joint Task Force on Environmental Statistics and Indicators, the Task Force on Measuring Hazardous Events and Disasters, the Task Force on Waste Statistics, and the Task Force on Measuring Circular Economy. The OECD works with UN Agencies in several areas of relevance to SDG reporting and provides environmental data for monitoring several SDG targets. Close cooperation with UN Environment and its International Resource Panel helps to ensure coherence in the measurement of material flows and supports the development of an internationally agreed methodology for estimating raw materials embodied in international trade (material footprints). Joint work is being done with UN Environment to advance the measurement of fossil fuel subsidies and ensure coherence in international reporting. UN Environment participates in the Informal Task Team on Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies set up by the OECD in 2021. 70 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

The OECD is a partner agency for water- and waste-related SDG indicators (6.3.1, 6.4.1 and 6.4.2; 12.4.2. and 12.5.1.). Related data are collected globally through the joint OECD/Eurostat and UNSD/UN Environment questionnaires on inland waters and on waste. The OECD is also a partner agency for SDG indicators on materials (8.4 and 12.2), urban air pollution (11.6.2), as well as on biodiversity finance (15.a1) for which it provides data derived from its database on Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE).

Environmental-economic accounting The OECD has been actively contributing to UNSD-led work on environmental-economic accounting via its membership in the UN Committee of Experts on Environmental-Economic Accounting (UNCEEA) and has contributed to the development of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) and Central Framework (SEEA - CF) as well as the SEEA Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA – EA) which was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission in March 2021. To

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and the Caribbean. The report Monitoring Green Growth in the LAC Region: Progress and Challenges applied the OECD green growth indicators (GGI) framework to review progress among participant countries and shared experiences and best practices. The OECD co-chairs the GGKP Metrics and Indicators Working Group together with the ILO within the framework of the Green Growth Knowledge Partnership and participates in the GGKP Natural Capital Expert Group. Joint publications on green growth indicators have helped to advance knowledge on the measurement of green growth. A targeted guide on green growth indicators was prepared for countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia.

Environmental Performance Reviews generate better information on the interactions between the economy and the environment and their related effects on growth, the OECD supports the international implementation of the SEEA. It co-ordinates work on the establishment of global SEEA related databases (with a focus on air emission accounts, energy accounts, material flow accounts, land accounts and water accounts), and develops accounts on environmental expenditure and environmental taxes. The OECD also organises seminars with UNECE to promote the SEEA as a decisionmaking tool.

Green growth indicators As part of its Green Growth Strategy, the OECD has developed a conceptual framework and indicators that help governments monitor progress towards green growth. The OECD has worked with UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) and UN Environment along with the CAF Development Bank of Latin America and others to adapt the OECD Green Growth measurement framework in Latin America

OECD Environmental Performance Reviews (EPR) evaluate countries’ performance across policy areas and sectors and use harmonised environmental and green growth indicators to monitor progress and support performance evaluations towards the implementation of SDGs. OECD co-operation with the UN Economic Commission for Europe on methodology and specific reviews contributed to the establishment of a similar programme for OECD partner countries within the UNECE. The EPRs of Colombia (2014), Chile (2016) and Peru (2017) have been co-published with UNECLAC. The EPR of Brazil (2015) also benefited from co-operation with UNECLAC, OECD experts have participated in UNECE’s EPRs on Kazakhstan (2019) and Uzbekistan (2020).

Reforming government support for fossil fuels The OECD Fossil Fuel Support Intelligence Unit contributed its expertise in tracking and measuring government support for fossil fuels to the development of the methodology for SDG indicator 12.c.1 to monitor the phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. In collaboration with the UN Environment and ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY . 71

Environmental sustainability

of extractives -- through technological innovation and collaborative approaches for technology transfer; enabling measures and incentives; and financing); 2) exit strategies; and 3) systemic decarbonisation of resource-rich economies.

Aligning tax policy with environmental objectives

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International Institute for Sustainable Development, the OECD produced the report Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals that was peer reviewed and endorsed by the UN Committee on Environmental Economic Accounts (UNCEEA). www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/

Assisting fossil fuel producing countries transition to a low-carbon future The OECD is working with the ILO and UNECA to develop an Inclusive and Equitable Framework for a Just Low-Carbon Transition in fossil fuel producing countries. The Framework is intended to provide a template for making the necessary changes and providing implementable solutions to avoid high-carbon lock-in and leave no-one behind in a global low-carbon economy. The development of the Framework, through a multi-stakeholder process will fill an important gap in the global debate on the energy transition and offer the kind of international support required for countries that need it most. The Framework is structured around three Pillars: 1) decarbonisation 72 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

The OECD continues to develop actionable recommendations regarding the implementation of the polluter pays principle, in conjunction with tax and fiscal policy reforms, to protect vulnerable households and businesses. Environmental taxation includes carbon pricing, and the OECD participates in the UN Subcommittee on Environmental Taxation, including through contributions to a forthcoming handbook on carbon taxation.

Promoting green growth in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia Mandated by the “Environment for Europe” (EfE) Ministerial meetings of the UNECE, the OECD has supported policy reforms in countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) to promote the transition to a green economy through the GREEN Action Task Force. The OECD serves as Secretariat of the GREEN Action Task Force, and implements numerous projects in close cooperation with the UNECE, UN Environment and UNIDO. Building on important achievements of the EU-funded Greening Economies in the Eastern Neighbourhood (EaP GREEN) project in 2013-18, the co-operation between OECD and three UN agencies (UNECE, UN Environment and UNIDO) continues under the EU4Environment Initiative launched in 2019. By bringing together environmental and economic actors in six EU Eastern Partner (EaP) countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, the EU4Environment helps to deliver economic and environmental policy and legislative changes, making planning and investment greener, stimulating

ENVIRONMENT

the uptake of innovative technologies, adopting new business models, and creating green jobs. It also promotes better environmental governance, improved management of protected areas and forests, and sustainable trade. In this new phase, the World Bank has joined the OECD and UN agencies in the implementation of the Initiative.

Material flows and resource productivity The OECD has co-operated with the UN Environment International Resource Panel (IRP), which was launched in 2007 as a platform to build and share knowledge to improve the use of resources worldwide. This includes work to develop internationally harmonised material flow and resource productivity data and indicators, in addition to monitoring the state of resources and resource productivity in OECD countries and beyond. The International Resource Panel and the OECD have also been tasked to support the G7 Resource Efficiency Initiative through the contribution of reports on potential solutions for resource efficiency and policy guidance. In 2016, the OECD developed the Policy Guidance for Resource Efficiency, following the

tlook to 2060

request by the G7 at the Schloss Elmau Summit. This report identifies the main principles to be used to develop resource efficiency policies and provides specific recommendations to advance the transition to a circular economy. Since then, further collaboration has focused on discussing methodology for global material projections, which were published in 2019 in the OECD publication Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060: Economic Drivers and Environmental Consequences. In partnership with the UN Environment IRP and Eurostat, the OECD is currently also developing an internationally harmonised methodology to estimate material footprints and contribute to the monitoring of the SDG targets 8.4 and 12.2.

Environment-development nexus The UNDP and the UN Environment are important partners of the OECD-DAC Network on Environment and Development Cooperation (ENVIRONET), contributing actively to work on climate change in developing countries, biodiversity and development, private sector engagement for green growth and climate action. Representatives from the UNDP and the UN Environment regularly participate in ENVIRONET meetings. The UNDP has also collaborated with the OECD on country case studies related to biodiversity and development in Africa and Southeast Asia.

AL CONSEQUENCES

Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060

environmental consequences, providing levels for 61 different materials (biomass ains the economic drivers determining the how the projected shifts in sectoral and . The projections include both primary and what drives the synergies and trade-offs

ECONOMIC DRIVERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

tween today and 2060. Population and s use. However, structural change, especially dampen that growth. Metals and non-metallic materials. Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060

ISBN 978-92-64-30744-5 97 2018 44 1 P

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ECONOMIC DRIVERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

07452-en.

books, periodicals and statistical databases.

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In collaboration with the UNFCCC, the OECD and the UNDP are core supporters of The Partnership for Climate Finance and Development, a voluntary initiative under the GPEDC. The Partnership is a multi-stakeholder coalition of over 30 governments, as well as international and civil society organisations. It fosters country-level actions by promoting good practice and knowledge sharing on mainstreaming climate finance into development planning and more effective ways to use climate finance. This initiative was created to promote the effective access, management and use of climate finance at the country, regional and global levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY . 73

Environmental sustainability

Improving access to water and sanitation The OECD Secretary-General has served as a member of the UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation (UNSGAB, 2004-2015), established to galvanise global action on water and sanitation issues in pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals. The OECD has also worked closely with UNSGAB on improving the financing for water infrastructure by advocating for a strong position for water within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and through promoting improved water resources management in a more general sense. 74 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

The OECD remains engaged as a Friend of the High-Level Panel on Water. Its contribution covers water finance and water valuation. The OECD is also active in the Dialogue on Improving the Co-ordination of the UN on Water-Related Goals, managed by the UN General Assembly. The messaging from UNSGAB and the broader 2030 Agenda inspired the OECD Recommendation on Water (2016), which captures OECD policy guidance on the topic and frames discussions with UN Partners on water and related issues (see below). The Recommendation covers water quantity and quality management, disaster risk reduction, water governance and financing.

ENVIRONMENT

Supporting the implementation of the water-related SDGs The OECD has also engaged in the UN Water Working Group that contributed to the development of the water-related dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on wastewater management, water quality and water resources. The OECD is a co-custodian agency together with UN Water, UN Environment and the WHO for the purpose of facilitating in the implementation of targets 6.a and 6.b. The OECD developed water governance indicators, which will inform, amongst others, target 6.b on local participation. The OECD is also a partner agency together with Eurostat, UNSD and UN Environment for the SDG indicators 6.3.1, 6.4.1 and 6.4.2. Related data are collected globally through the joint OECD/Eurostat and UNSD/UN Environment questionnaire on inland waters. The OECD also partners with UNECE on the sound management of water resources, including the adaptation to climate change in the countries of the Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) region. This work is conducted within the framework of the European Union Water Initiative. Under the new EUWI Plus project, the OECD and the UNECE support the six Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine in improving water management. National Policy Dialogues (NPDs) on water are jointly convened by the OECD and UNECE in the EaP countries as well as in selected countries of Central Asia. The OECD and the UNECE work together on Integrated Water Resources Management, covering transboundary river basin management. The OECD focuses on the economic dimension of water resources management: managing water as a driver for growth, making the best use of economic instruments for water management, and enhancing the financial sustainability of the water supply and sanitation services.

Financing is acknowledged as a major challenge to achieve the water-related SDGs (in particular SDG6). The Roundtable on Financing Water, a joint initiative of the OECD, the World Bank, the Netherlands and the World Water Council, provides a unique, dedicated forum to engage the wide range of actors involved in financing water-related investments, including governments, financial institutions, international organisations, NGOs and experts. The Roundtable is informed by OECD substantive work on water-related financing flows and investment needs, explores options to make a better use of available resources, and to harness additional sources of finance, including via blended finance. The Roundtable has convened a series of regional meetings (focused on the Americas, Asia and Europe) and a thematic meeting coconvened with the FAO on financing agriculture water, as a contribution to food safety and rural livelihood. www.oecd.org/water/ www.oecd.org/water/roundtable-on-financing-water.htm

Strengthening water governance The OECD and several UN agencies have been working closely together on water governance in the framework of the OECD Water Governance Initiative (WGI), of which the World Health Organisation, UNESCO-IHP and UN-Water are permanent observers. The WGI is an international network of 130+ members from the public, private and not-for-profit sectors gathering twice a year to share good practices in support of better governance in the water sector. The WGI is supporting countries towards the implementation of the principles through the development of the OECD Water Governance Indicators, the collection of best practices and capacity development on water governance at the local, basin and national scale.

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Environmental sustainability

Green Growth Knowledge Partnership In 2012, the OECD and UN Environment launched a joint project, the Green Growth Knowledge Partnership (GGKP), along with the World Bank and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), to identify and address major knowledge gaps in various areas relevant to green growth (e.g. fiscal policy, trade and competitiveness, technology and innovation, behavioural insights, measurement and indicators, and natural capital). With UNIDO also joining as of 2018, the GGKP is a global network of international organisations and experts that encourages widespread collaboration and collective research. It offers practitioners and policymakers the policy guidance, good practices, tools and data necessary to support the transition to a green economy. The UN’s Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) is a knowledge partner of the GGKP. www.greengrowthknowledge.org

Gender and environment nexus The OECD participates in the UN Action Coalition’s Feminist Action for Climate Justice, along with UNFCCC, UN Environment, UNDP, and the World Bank Group. The OECD collaborates with UNDP and UN Women to co-create a Gender – Environment track to the COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker, focusing on linking the COVID-19 recovery plans with a just transition and gender equality. This track is dedicated to policy measures introduced to address risk and challenges that women and girls face during the COVID-19 crisis, which support the path towards a Green Recovery. www.oecd.org/environment/gender-inclusiveness-and-sdg.htm

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ENVIRONMENT

Other areas of collaboration Chemical safety: The OECD is a member of the Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC), together with UN Environment, WHO, ILO, FAO, UNDP, FAO, UNITAR and the World Bank. Through the IOMC, the participating organisations coordinate their activities to promote the sound management of chemicals in countries and actively contribute to the implementation of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). In this context, the OECD is partnering with UN Environment to improve the management of per-fluorinated chemicals and their transition to safer alternatives. The OECD works with the WHO and UN Environment to identify and manage the risks from endocrine disruptors and in addition collaborates with UNITAR to raise awareness on safety issues concerning manufactured nanomaterials. Earth observation: The OECD collaborates with several UN agencies through the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) in a collective effort to draw on geospatial data to improve the information base for addressing global challenges since it became an Observer in 2015. Main areas of interest are land cover and biodiversity, and inequalities in exposure to air pollution. Environment and trade: The OECD and UN Environment work closely on issues related to the interface between environment and trade policies, where the OECD is a partner to UN Environment and Trade Hub. In turn, UN Environment is an observer to the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE).

sound manner, as part of the endeavour to support sustainable energy policies. The NEA/IAEA partnership dates back to 1960 with the signing of a co-operation agreement between the two agencies. Since this time they have regularly collaborated, by issuing joint publications (e.g., Uranium Resources, Production and Demand), by undertaking joint projects or co-sponsoring high-level events (e.g., the Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power in the 21st Century). Experts from the NEA and the IAEA participate in the Agencies’ respective committee meetings, as well as a number of working party and expert group meetings to ensure complementarity of work and the optimisation of their respective activities, with the IAEA mainly focusing on setting the standards and the NEA gathering its’ members wisdom and skill to elaborate on the best way to implement standards through sharing best practices among the most advanced nuclear countries. Over the years the agencies have continued to develop common activities, such as the International Reporting System for Operating Experience (IRS), the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), and the NEA/ IAEA Information System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE). This day by day co-operation of the two complementary Agencies is a unique asset to create the confidence necessary to operate nuclear technology. www.oecd-nea.org

Nuclear Energy: : The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) co-operate closely on facilitating international collaboration for the peaceful use of nuclear energy in an economic, safe and environmentally ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY . 77

Working together in regional and other fora

A range of initiatives and partnerships in regional and other fora complement efforts at the global, national and subnational levels. OECD regional initiatives and programmes provide vehicles for the exchange of policy solutions across national borders and benefit from ongoing collaboration with United Nations regional economic commissions. The Middle-East and Northern Africa-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development, launched in 2005, collaborates closely with UN agencies such as UNDP (including its Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR) and the Arab Anti-Corruption and Integrity Network (ACINET), UNESCWA, UN Women, UNIDO, UNCITRAL and the ILO. Co-operation is also ensured at the country level, for example, with different UN agencies in the context of the Egypt-OECD Country Programme. Collaboration with UN agencies active in Sub-Sahara Africa is channelled primarily via the OECD Development Centre and the Sahel and West Africa Club, which work closely with institutions such as the African

78 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

Union, African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF), the African Development Bank, UNECA, and UNDP. The OECD Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC/OECD) is the oldest initiative of solidarity and partnership between the OECD and Africa, SWAC/OECD promotes regional policies to improve the economic and social well-being of people in the Sahel and West Africa. It provides a platform, for example, for co-ordination and coherence on food and nutrition security through dialogue with stakeholders, including UN funds and programmes and specialised agencies (FAO, WFP, IFAD, UNOCHA and UNICEF).

THE OECD AND THE UN

The OECD Southeast Asia Regional Programme (SEARP) launched in 2014 aims to support domestic policy reforms, foster regional integration and connectivity efforts, and bring countries closer to OECD standards and bodies. Programme activities are undertaken in collaboration with a network of regional and international partners. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with UNESCAP was signed in November 2013 and renewed in 2019 for a further five years. UNESCAP regularly attends the annual SEARP Forum and Steering Group meetings. The OECD has participated in their annual session of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. The OECD Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Programme (LACRP), launched in 2016, involves UNECLAC, which is a member of the Programme’s Steering Group and the Advisory Board and hosted the Programme’s first regional

meeting in Santiago de Chile in 2016. Every year, UNECLAC actively participates in the LACRP’s Ministerial Summits, which address on a rolling basis issues related to Governance, Social Inclusion and Productivity issues. Moreover, the OECD collaborates on a number of projects and events with UNECLAC in the framework of the EU-supported Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean. The initiative contributes to the need for designing better policies, indicators, practices and partnerships with the LAC region to more appropriately respond to new domestic and global realities and to achieve the 2030 Agenda. The International Transport Forum (ITF) and the UNESCAP obtained reciprocal observer status in 2020 and have developed a series of joint initiatives on COVID-19 recovery for Southeast Asia. Relevant activities consist of a joint webinar on “Preserving Transport Connectivity and Building Freight Transport Resilience in ASEAN” and the development of “Covid-19 Recovery Guidelines for Resilient and Sustainable International Road Freight Transport Connectivity in ASEAN” that was included in the ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework and its implementation plan. The Guidelines were published in February 2021, while capacity building activities on the implementation of the COVID-19 recovery guidelines in ASEAN are also jointly developed by ESCAP and the ITF. www.oecd.org/mena www.oecd.org/eurasia www.oecd.org/latin-america www.oecd.org/southeast-asia www.oecd.org/south-east-europe www.oecd.org/dev www.oecd.org/swac www.itf-oecd.org/

WORKING TOGETHER IN REGIONAL AND OTHER FORA . 79

Working together to deliver value for money for members The OECD and the United Nations work together in a range of ways, pooling their accumulated expertise and know-how to deliver value for money for their respective members and stakeholders on a wide array of corporate services, including issues such as human resources, financial management, premises, and language services. Human resources: The OECD and the UN family exchange information and participate in regular benchmark surveys with on-staff contracts policies, personnel performance management, selection processes, gender diversity, and the prevention and resolution of harassment. The OECD’s Head of Human Resource Management is a member of the Association for Human Resource Management in International Organisations (AHRMIO), as well of the Group for Heads of Human Resources and Compensation and Benefits Experts of the International Financial Institutions. The OECD participates as an observer in the Meeting of National Recruitment Services and UN Organisations on the Associate Expert/ JPO/APO Programmes, organised by UN DESA Financial management: The OECD is a member of the United Nations Working Group on Common Treasury Services, which consists of 21 different UN agencies and other international organisations. This forum supports the sharing of information on treasury services, including investments, bank service agreements, electronic payment systems and other practical treasury functions promoting efficiency and control processes. The OECD is also an observer of the United Nations Finance and Budget Network, which focuses on improving efficiency and effectiveness in financial practices across the UN System and fostering knowledge sharing on best practices. Facilities management and travel services: The OECD is a member of the UN Inter-Agency Network of Facilities Managers, in which members share knowledge and experiences on outsourcing policies and practices, new developments in the use of office space, new ways of working, and advances in environmental standards. OECD membership of the UN InterAgency Travel Network permits the sharing of knowledge on the management of official travel. 80 . ACTIVE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

Information management: UNESCO is a member of the Statistical Information System Collaboration Community (SIS-CC) organised and co-ordinated by the OECD, and uses OECD’s statistics dissemination platform as a base. The OECD is a member of the International Council on Archives / Section of International Organisations (ICA/SIO) and collaborates with several UN agencies as part of the Electronic Documents & Records Management Systems User Group (EDRMS). The OECD engages with the UN International Computing Centre on a range of digital transformation projects and digital security topics.. Digital dissemination and e-publishing: The United Nations Secretariat joined the OECD iLibrary Partnership Programme in 2015, which aims to create an interconnected knowledge hub to create a larger, global audience for the partnership’s outputs. Under this programme, the United Nations Publications Office licenses UN publications to the OECD for processing and dissemination via the OECD’s digital dissemination platform in the form of a UN iLibrary, which makes over 7 300 UN publications together with 7 000 journal articles fully available to search and share online. The benefits of the programme include sharing the fixed costs of e-publishing across a larger catalogue, working together to build a larger audience to our respective publications, and an improved service for readers and librarians. www.UN-iLibrary and www.OECD-iLibrary.org Internal Audit: The OECD’s Internal Audit office collaborates with the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services, both for mutual knowledge sharing on best practices in the internal auditing profession, and for benchmarking exercises of mutual interest.

The OECD: A Global Policy Network

EURASIA ACTIVE WITH

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THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

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September 2016

CHINA ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF

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LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

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countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation helping governments tackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalised economy. It provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD Member

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September 2021