OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
statistical annexes 2018 hungary and the czech republic
Disclaimer This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Figure 1.A1. Energy structure and intensity
Energy supply per unit of GDP, 2016
toe/USD 1 000 0.25
0.43
0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
Energy supply per capita, 2016
toe/capita
19.2
10 8 6 4 2 0
Energy supply by source, 2016 Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewables
Other
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Share of renewables in primary energy supply, 2016 50%
90%
40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Share of renewables in electricity production, 2016 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Notes: Data may include provisional figures and estimates. Total primary energy supply: the breakdown excludes electricity trade. GDP at 2010 prices and purchasing power parities. Source: IEA (2017), IEA World Energy Balances (database); OECD (2017), “Labour Force Statistics: Population projections�, OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics (database); OECD (2017), OECD National Accounts (database).
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Figure 1.A2. Road transport
Motor vehicle ownership, 2015 Passenger cars
Other vehicles
Vehicles/100 inhabitants 100
75
50
25
n.a.
0
Road vehicle stock, % change 2005-15 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%
n.a.
10% 0% -10%
Consumption of road fuels, 2016 Other
Biofuels
Petrol
Diesel
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. Motor vehicle totals may not include exactly the same vehicle categories in different countries. Source: IEA (2017), IEA World Energy Balances (database); ITF (2017), ITF Transport Statistics (database); national sources.
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Figure 1.B1. GHG emissions and intensity
GHG emissions per unit of GDP, 2015 t CO2 eq/USD 1 000 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
GHG emissions per capita, 2015 t CO2 eq/capita 25
20
15
10
5
0
Change in total GHG emissions, 2005-15 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40%
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). MEX: data include emissions or removals from land-use change and forestry (LUCF). GDP at 2010 prices and purchasing power parities. Source: OECD (2017), "Greenhouse gas emissions by source", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.B2. CO2 emissions and intensity
t/USD 1 000
CO2 emissions per unit of GDP, 2015
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
t/capita 18
CO2 emissions per capita, 2015
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
60%
Change in total CO2 emissions, 2000-15
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. CO2 emissions from energy use only; excluding international marine and aviation bunkers; sectoral approach. GDP at 2010 prices and purchasing power parities. Sources: IEA (2017), IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics; OECD (2017), “Labour Force Statistics: Population projections�, OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics (database); OECD (2017), OECD National Accounts (database).
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Figure 1.B3. SOx emissions and intensity
SOx emissions per unit of GDP, 2015 kg/USD 1 000 3.0
4.1
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
n.a
SOx emissions per capita, 2015 kg/capita
173
100 80 60 40 20 0
n.a.
Change in total SOx emissions, 2005-15 60% 40% 20% 0%
n.a.
-20% -40% -60% -80% -100% Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. GDP at 2010 prices and purchasing power parities. Source: OECD (2017), "Air emissions by source", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.B4. NOx emissions and intensity
NOx emissions per unit of GDP, 2015 kg/USD1 000 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
n.a.
NOx emissions per capita, 2015 kg/capita 100 80 60 40 20 0
n.a.
Change in total NOx emissions, 2005-15 60% 40% 20% 0%
n.a.
-20% -40% -60% -80% Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. GDP at 2010 prices and purchasing power parities. Source: OECD (2017), "Air emissions by source", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.B5. PM2.5 emissions and intensity
PM2.5 emissions per capita, 2015 50
kg/capita
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
no data
0
Change in total PM2.5 emissions, 2005-15 150%
100%
50%
0%
no data
-50%
-100%
Average annual population exposure to air pollution (PM2.5), 2005 and 2015 2015 Âľg/m3 35
2005
Average annual exposure levels of an average resident
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. Population exposure to air pollution: estimates based on satellite observations and chemical transport models, calibrated against ground-based measurements. Source: OECD (2017), "Air emissions by source", OECD Environment Statistics (database); OECD (2017), "Exposure to air pollution", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.C1. Waste generation and management
900
kg/cap.
Municipal waste generation per capita, 2015
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
n.a.
Change in municipal waste generation per capita, 2000-15 30% 20% 10% no data
0% -10% -20% -30%
Municipal waste management, by type of treatment, 2015 Landfill
Incineration without energy recovery
Incineration with energy recovery
Recycling and composting
Other treatment
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
n.a.
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. Household and similar waste collected by or for municipalities, originating mainly from households and small businesses. Includes bulky waste and separate collection. CAN: data include construction and demolition waste. Source: OECD (2017), "Municipal waste", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.C2. Agricultural inputs and livestock density
t/km2 agricultural land
Apparent consumption of nitrogenous fertilisers, 2015
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
t/km2 agricultural land 1.4
Pesticides sales, 2013-15
1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 n.a.
0.0
Head of sheep eq./km2 agr. land
Livestock density, 2015
3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. Conversion coefficients used to convert livestock heads in sheep equivalent: 1 for sheep and goats, 6 for cattle and buffaloes, 4.8 for equines,1 for pigs, and 0.06 for poultry birds. Source: FAO (2017), FAOSTAT (database); OECD (2017), OECD Agriculture Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.D1. Fish catches and threatened species Total fish catches per capita, 2015 kg/inh. 200
Fish catches per capita
Percentage change since 2005 (right axis)
3989 441
100% 80%
150
60%
100
40%
50
20%
n.a.
0
0% -20%
-50
-40%
-100
-60%
-150
-80%
-200
-100%
Threatened species as percentage of known species, 2010-15 Mammals 80%
All species
Indigenous species
60% 40% 20%
n.a.
0%
Birds 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Amphibians 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
n.a.
..
n.a.
n.a.
Vascular plants 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
n.a.
Notes: Fish data excludes aquaculture and whales, seals and other aquatic mammals, aquatic plants and other miscellaneous aquatic animal products. IUCN: categories critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable in percentage of known species. Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. Source: FAO (2017), FAOSTAT (database); OECD (2017), "Threatened species", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 1.D2. Protected areas
Terrestrial protected areas, 2017 IUCN cat. I&II
IUCN cat. III&IV
IUCN cat. V&VI
No IUCN cat.
Areas reported as point
No IUCN cat.
Areas reported as point
% of territory 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Marine protected areas, 2017 IUCN cat. I&II
IUCN cat. III&IV
IUCN cat. V&VI
% of Exclusive economic zone
100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Notes: Areas reported without explicitly defined boundaries are shown cumulatively. For some protected areas the data in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) is reported without explicitly defined boundaries. IUCN categories reflect management objectives. Categories I and II refer to strict nature reserves, wilderness areas and national parks. Categories III and IV refer to natural monuments and habitat/species management areas. Categories V and VI refer to protected landscapes/seascapes and areas with sustainable use of natural resources. Other nationally designated areas with no IUCN category are grouped with regionally and internationally designated areas. Data refer to metropolitan or mainland countries, overseas territories are not included. Source: OECD (2017), OECD calculations using data extracted from the WDPA (January, 2017).
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Figure 1.D3. Water abstraction and wastewater treatment
m3/capita/year
Gross freshwater abstraction per capita, 2015
1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 no data
200
Gross freshwater abstraction as percentage of renewable resources, 2015 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% no data 0%
Population connected to public wastewater treatment, 2015
100%
Other/not connected Independent treatment Connected to a wastewater treatment plant with primary treatment only Connected to a wastewater treatment plant with secondary and/or tertiary treatment Connected to a wastewater treatment plant (treatment level not known) partial data
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
no data
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They include provisional figures and estimates. Freshwater abstraction: for some countries, data refer to water permits and not to actual abstractions. Wastewater treatment: "other" includes connected without treatment, not connected or independent treatment (where there is no data for independent treatment). Source: OECD (2017), "Water: Freshwater Abstractions", OECD Environment Statistics (database); OECD (2017), "Water: Wastewater treatment", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 3.A1. Environmentally related taxes
Environmentally related tax revenue, 2014
% of total tax revenue 15% 10% 5%
n.a.
0%
Composition of environmentally related tax revenue by tax base, 2014 Energy
Motor vehicles
Other
% of GDP 5% 4% 3% 2% 1%
n.a.
0% -1%
Diesel prices and taxes, 2016a
USD/litre
Price minus tax
Total tax
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
n.a.
0.0
Petrol prices and taxes, 2016a
USD/litre Price minus tax
Total tax
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
n.a.
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. a) Diesel: automotive diesel for commercial use and unleaded premium (RON 95), except Japan (unleaded regular): USD at current prices and exchange rates. Source: IEA (2017), IEA Energy Prices and Taxes Statistics (database); OECD (2017), "Environmental policy instruments", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 3.A2. Green innovation
Environment-related R&D budgets, percentage of total government R&D budgets, 2016a 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% n.a.
0%
Public RD&D budgets for renewables energy and energy efficiency, percentage of total public energy RD&D, 2013b Renewable
Energy efficiency
100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
no data
0%
Patent applications for environment-related technologies, percentage of all technologies, 2011-13c 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
Patent applications for environment-related technologies, percentage of world total, 2011-13c 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. a) Government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development (R&D); breakdown according to the NABS 2007 classification. b) Public energy technology budgets for research, development and demonstration (RD&D). c) Patents: higher value inventions that have sought patent protection in at least two jurisdictions (family size: two or more). Data is based on patents applications and refer to fractional counts of patents by inventor's country of residence and priority date. Source: IEA (2017), IEA Energy Technology RD&D Statistics (database); OECD (2017), Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (database); OECD (2017), "Patents: Technology development", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
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Figure 3.A3. International development co-operation Net ODA disbursements as percentage of gross national income, 2015
1.2% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2%
no data
0.0%
Bilateral ODA commitments to the environment, renewable energy and water sectors, average 2012-14a General environment protection
Renewable energy
Water
% of total sector allocable ODA 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% no data
0% -5%
Bilateral ODA commitments targeting the environment, average 2012-14b Principal objective
Significant objective
% of screened ODA 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
no data
Notes: Data refer to the indicated year or to the latest available year. They may include provisional figures and estimates. CHL, EST, ISR, LVA, MEX, and TUR are not members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee and report on a voluntary basis, thus data maybe not always be available, or may be partial. a) Renewable energy includes power generation/renewable sources; hydroelectric power plants; geothermal, solar, wind and ocean energy; biofuel-fired power plants. b) Activities are classified as “principal” when environment protection is a primary objective and “significant” when it is an important but secondary objective. In comparing data across countries it should be noted that the coverage ratio of the environmental policy objective (i.e. the proportion of aid which is screened against the environment policy marker) varies considerably among countries; low coverage rates can significantly increase the shares of environment-focused aid. Source: OECD (2017),OECD International Development Statistics (database).
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OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
statistical annexes 2018 The Environmental Performance Review programme of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provides independent assessments of countries’ progress in achieving their domestic and international environmental policy commitments, together with policy-relevant recommendations. The reviews are conducted to promote peer learning, enhance governments’ accountability to each other and to the public, and to improve countries’ environmental performance, individually and collectively. The OECD has been conducting these reviews since 1992, supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data. Each cycle of the Environmental Performance Reviews covers all OECD member countries and selected partner countries. This document presents companion data to the Environmental Performance Reviews of Hungary and the Czech Republic which were published in 2018.