138
Hungary The strong recovery is projected to slow in line with external demand to slightly above 3% in the next two years. Private consumption will continue to drive growth on the back of strong gains in real incomes. Public investment will decelerate along with declining disbursements from EU structural funds. Capacity constraints will bolster business investment and imports. The tightening labour market continues to push up wage and price inflation. Fiscal policy will remain supportive as social security contributions are further reduced and public spending, including on wages, is increased. The central bank is expected to continue its loose monetary policy stance. However, counter-cyclical policies should address signs of overheating and contain inflation expectations. Policies to bolster geographical labour mobility and labour supply, including expansion of early childhood care, would prolong the recovery. Domestic demand is the main driver of growth Household demand remains strong, driven by continued solid gains in employment and real wages, an alltime high consumer confidence, housing investment support schemes and very accommodative monetary policy. Other investments are underpinned by large disbursements of EU structural funds, the demanddriven expansion of production capacity and FDI in the export-oriented automotive sector as well as supportive monetary policy. Exports have slowed in line with foreign demand, while imports continue to expand in response to strong domestic demand.
Hungary The currency depreciates as interest rates fall % 14
← Short-term interest rate
Inflationary pressures remain high
Forint per EUR 260
Headline inflation
← Long-term interest rate Exchange rate (inverted scale)¹ →
12
Y-o-y % changes 16 14
Core inflation²
280
Wages
12
10
300
8
320
8
6
340
6
4
360
2
380
10
4 2
0
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
400
0 0
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
-2
1. Higher values indicate that the currency depreciates, while lower values that it appreciates. 2. Core inflation excludes food products and fuels. Source: OECD Economic Outlook 106 database; OECD Main Economic Indicators database; and IMF International Financial Statistics database. StatLink 2 https://doi.org/10.1787/888934045449
OECD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, VOLUME 2019 ISSUE 2: PRELIMINARY VERSION © OECD 2019
139
Hungary: Demand, output and prices
2016
Hungary GDP at market prices Private consumption Government consumption Gross fixed capital formation Final domestic demand Stockbuilding1 Total domestic demand Exports of goods and services Imports of goods and services Net exports1 Memorandum items GDP deflator Consumer price index Core inflation index2 Unemployment rate (% of labour force) Household saving ratio, net (% of disposable income) General government financial balance (% of GDP) General government gross debt (% of GDP) General government debt, Maastricht definition (% of GDP) Current account balance (% of GDP)
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Percentage changes, volume (2005 prices)
Current prices HUF billion
35 896.3 17 876.6 7 227.3 7 058.4 32 162.3 593.8 32 756.1 31 284.3 28 144.1 3 140.2
4.5 4.7 2.4 18.7 7.3 -1.8 5.2 6.9 8.2 -0.5
5.1 4.8 0.9 17.1 6.9 0.4 7.3 4.3 6.8 -1.7
4.8 4.8 1.0 16.2 7.1 -1.4 5.4 5.0 5.5 -0.2
3.3 4.1 1.8 4.0 3.6 0.2 3.8 3.9 4.5 -0.4
3.1 3.7 1.0 4.0 3.3 0.0 3.2 5.0 5.3 -0.1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.5 2.3 1.8 4.1 6.6 -2.4 93.3 72.9 2.3
4.5 2.9 2.1 3.7 6.9 -2.3 87.1 70.2 -0.6
4.4 3.3 3.2 3.4 6.6 -1.8 84.2 67.2 -0.7
3.9 3.4 3.5 3.2 6.2 -1.7 82.2 65.3 -0.9
4.2 4.1 4.1 3.1 6.0 -1.4 80.0 63.1 -1.0
1. Contributions to changes in real GDP, actual amount in the first column. 2. Consumer price index excluding food and energy. Source: OECD Economic Outlook 106 database.
StatLink 2 https://doi.org/10.1787/888934046456
The unemployment rate has fallen to an all-time low of less than 3½ per cent, as total employment reached a historical high in late 2019 on the back of strong job creation in the private sector, partly offset by the rollback of public work schemes. Private firms are reporting widespread labour shortages and the job vacancy rate is among the highest in Europe. The tight labour market and higher minimum wages are underpinning continued double-digit wage growth in the private sector. Further lowering of employer social security contributions partly offset the increase in total wage costs. Nonetheless, core inflation has continued to increase, while headline inflation has eased to below 3% on the back of lower energy prices. A weakening of the forint is adding to inflation pressures.
Reversing macroeconomic policies would sustain the upswing Lower social security contributions for employers and higher public sector wages and subsidies for house purchases are supporting growth. This effect is reinforced by low monetary policy rates, including a negative overnight deposit rate. Decreasing the stimulus policies gradually would reduce the risk of overheating and contain inflation expectations. The strong economy presents an opportunity for strengthening fiscal sustainability, reducing old-age poverty, and improving access to healthcare services. This should be combined with measures to improve geographical labour mobility, accelerate the reduction of public work schemes, and expand early childhood care, which would advance work-life balance, in order to bolster the labour supply and prolong the recovery.
OECD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, VOLUME 2019 ISSUE 2: PRELIMINARY VERSION © OECD 2019
140 ď ź
Slower growth will not remove inflationary tensions The economic recovery is projected to slow to a pace of just above 3%, enough to secure continued employment gains. Private consumption will remain the main growth driver, benefitting from solid real income growth. Business investment will be underpinned by the need to expand production capacity. The strong domestic economy and capacity constraints will bolster import growth, while exports slow along with weaker international trade and increasing labour costs. Downside risks are centred on higher-thanprojected wage increases, leading to rising inflation expectations. Also, a further weakening of export markets would worsen the growth outlook. On the upside, lower-than-projected import price growth could moderate domestic price developments and sustain the upswing.
OECD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, VOLUME 2019 ISSUE 2: PRELIMINARY VERSION Š OECD 2019