Vertical Cities Asia : CUHK Team A : Design Report

Resilient City DESIGN REPORT

Advisor: HWANG, Cheng Chun Patrick Team A Members: AU, Sin Man Sophia ZHOU, Xiao Kitty CHAN, Hok Leung Joe

Phwang@cuhk.edu.hk auausophia@gmail.com kittyxiaoni@gmail.com joechan1126@hotmail.com

(+852) 9244 8137 (+852) 6679 7576 (+852) 5647 0560

School of Architecture

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

1

CONTENT

Executive Summary: Resilient City

2

Site Plan

3-4

Design Strategies 1. Resilient City’s Extremities

5-14

Responding to the extremes with innovative and comprehensive design

2. Resilient City’s Characters

15-22

Shaping local character and allowing diversity

3. Resilient City’s Ecosystems Promoting healthy lifestyle and sustainability

23-30

2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Resilient City 0XPEDL KDV HYROYHG IURP DQ DJUDULDQ VRFLHW\ SULPDULO\ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ ÀVKLQJ FRORQLHV LQ WKH SDVW WR QRZ DV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW ÀQDQFLDO FHQWHU RI ,QGLD 'HVSLWH WKLV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKH FLW\ FRQtinues to encounter many extreme challenges, including water crisis, rapid urbanization, lacking of infrastructure, slum issues, etc. Many of the common practices that attempted to tackle the extreme conditions are not suitable to such a dynamic city like Mumbai. For example, more deYHORSPHQW RQ WUDIÀF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IXUWKHU ZRUVHQV WKH FRQJHVWLRQ SUREOHP 6RPH RI WKH FXUUHQW rehabitation projects for slum dwellers do not consider their way of life style, hindering their job opportunities.

In response to these challenges, we propose the Resilient City as a design strategy to help mitigate the impacts of the extreme condition in the city, and to address the thematic problem established by the Vertical Cities Asia competition design brief. We believe that it would be more advantageous to turn Mumbai into a Resilient City, which may react with the changes and turn the existing challenges into opportunities.

First, we introduce a river way system which provides and supports Mumbai’s cultural, economic DQG HFRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW 7KLV ULYHU ZD\ QHWZRUN DLPV WR UHOLHYH VHDVRQDO à RRGLQJ DQG SURPRWH 0XPEDL DV D UHVLOLHQW FLW\ E\ UHà HFWLQJ XSRQ LWV XQLTXH H[WUHPLWLHV FKDUDFWHUV DQG HFRV\Vtems, and hence, allowing diverse opportunities to the city.

Second, the river way is designed with the intention to provide and stimulate multi-functional acWLYLWLHV :KHQ ZH H[SHULHQFH WKH VWUHHW FXOWXUH LQ 0XPEDL ZH ÀQG WKDW D VLQJOH VWUHHW FRXOG EH HYHU FKDQJLQJ DQG LV HQGRZHG ZLWK PXOWLSOLFLWLHV RI PHDQLQJV DQG GHÀQLWLRQV WKDW GHÀHV VLPSOH characterization. Inspired from this, we pursue a dynamic complex on the river way, which may serves an extra meaning to provide more open spaces during dry seasons. Our design will also embrace some micro-businesses like recycling and waste to energy conversion work in order to maintain the lifestyle of slum dwellers who usually work and live in close distance.

7KLUGO\ IRU WKH JRRG RI HFRV\VWHPV LW LV D PXVW WR ZHOO SUHVHUYH PDQJURYHV ZKLFK SXULĂ€HV WKH SROlutants from industrial areas. Ecological zones are further set up in order to unlock more public space and encourage a healthy lifestyle to integrate with the nature. Bicycle and jogging tracks DUH SURYLGHG DORQJ WKH ULYHU ZD\ LQ RUGHU WR HQKDQFH ZDONDELOLW\ DQG HDVH WKH WUDIĂ€F EXUGHQ LQ the city.

By introducing Mumbai as a Resilient City, we believe that it is possible to achieve and address the competition theme “Everyone Connects� by the following areas: 1.

Responding to the extremes with innovative and comprehensive design 2.

Shaping local character and allowing diversity 3.

Promoting healthy lifestyle and sustainability

3

SITE PLAN “A Resilient City is one that has developed capacities to help absorb future shocks and stresses to its social, economic, and technical systems and infrastructures so as to still be able to maintain essentially the same functions, structures, systems, and identity.�

- ResilientCity.org.

N

1 Sq KM

0

100 200

500m

sports center

4

LIFESTYLE Healthy community in harmony with nature

ecological area

LOCAL IDENTITY Maintain way of life

public library

water park cultural hub

community center

market area TRANSIT HUB sewri station

water treatment plant waste to energy plants

tourist center

ECOLOGY Restore biodiversity Grand lake as amenity

ÀUP IDFWRU\ ÀQDQFLDO FHQWHU

heritage convention center

BUSINESS 6WUHQJWKHQ GLYHUVLÀHG business centers

natural education center

art museum yacht club TOURISM Regional destination with XQLTXH VLWH FKDUDFWHU

LEISURE Lively and energetic waterfront

Trans-Harbour Link To Navi Mumbai

Waterfront Promenade

N

5

OBJECTIVE “Responding to the extremes with innovative and comprehensive design�

0XPEDL LV D FLW\ ZLWK XQLTXH DQG FRPSOH[ VLWXDtion: Water crisis, poor infrastructure, slum issues, and drawbacks from rapid urbanization have constitutHG WKH FLW\¡V XQLTXH H[WUHPH FRQGLWLRQV ,W ZRXOG EH the best practice to help the city adapt to the exWUHPH FRQGLWLRQV DV ZHOO DV LWV VXEVHTXHQW HIIHFWV DV many of the common practices that attempted to tackle the problem are no longer be economically, environmentally, or culturally suitable to such a dynamic city like Mumbai.

1

An idea of Resilient City is therefore the most suitable to be promoted as it will be ideally able to react with the changes and turn the existing challenges into advantages. With this idea, our design mainly focuses on a multifunctional river way which will not RQO\ PLWLJDWH WKH Ă RRGLQJ LVVXHV LQ PRQVRRQ VHDVRQ To enhance the infrastructure in Mumbai, 5 water V\VWHPV FRQFHUQLQJ UDLQZDWHU Ă RRGLQJ ZDWHU JUH\ water, storm water and black water are suggested.

Though our design, various opportunities are promoted for the city.

Resilient City’s

EXTREMITIES

Slum people, even kids are seeking their life through searching for metals in dirty sewage channel.

- taken in Mumbai site visit in Feb 2014

1 EXTREMITIES

6

Introduction of riverway network

Geography

Existing Drainage System

Flooding Area

Proposed Riverway

Mumbai is formed by seven islands. These islands were gradually physically united through land reclamationprojects. As the reclaimed land level is similar WR WKH VHD OHYHO Ă RRGLQJ LV HDVLO\ RFFXUUHG GXULQJ monsoon season. Besides, the existing drainage system which was designed more than 150 years ago and the blockage by garbage further worse the situation. %\ VWXG\LQJ WKH JHRJUDSK\ Ă RRGLQJ DUHD DQG WKH existing drainage system, we introduce a riverway QHWZRUN ZKLFK KHOSV UHOHDVH WKH Ă RRGLQJ GXULQJ monsoon season.

During monsoon season, the river way system helps UHOHDVH VHDVRQDO à RRGLQJ ZDWHU $OWHUQDWLYH WUDQVportation such as boat is suggested, connecting various railway stations. It enhances some short disWDQFH¡V HIÀFLHQF\ VXFK DV GDEEDZDOD OXQFK GHOLYery system in Mumbai.

Various useage of riverway during Monsoon and dry season Monsoon season

Dry season open space connector

open space connector

Ă RRGLQJ UHOHDVH

ecological area

alternative transportation

festival parade

ecological area

wetland natural habitat

informal market area wetland

natural habitat

When we experience the street culture in Mumbai, ZH ÀQG WKDW D VLQJOH VWUHHW FRXOG EH HYHU FKDQJing, and is endowed with multiplicities of meanings DQG GHÀQLWLRQV WKDW GHÀHV VLPSOH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ Inspired from this, we designed the river way with the intention to provide and stimulate multi-functional activities. During dry season, it can be used as market area, festivals/ event spaces, playground and gathering space. This is a common ground connecting all people.

7

1 EXTREMITIES Existing site condition Fragmented roads Disconnection to waterfront

$ ZDONDEOH FLW\ ZLWK WUDIÀF HIÀFLHQF\ 3 Proposed road types

Enhanced Connection 30 m

22 2m

15 m Our site is the proposed location for the Trans Harbour link from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai. It is expected to be an important Transport Hub. However, the existing coastline is being abandoned and blocked by several main roads.

Our Resilient City reopens the potential of this beautiful waterfront, making it vibrant and providing access to everyone. Various iconic buildings help attracting the public from inland to the waterfront promenade.

Human scale permeability and connectivity

7KH H[LVWLQJ URDG QHWZRUN LQ 0XPEDL LV IUDJPHQWHG $Q LPSURYHG WUDIÀF QHWZRUN LV SURSRVHG LQ RXU VFKHPH 0DLQ URDGV DUH EHLQJ FRQQHFWHG WR HQKDQFH HIÀFLHQF\ ZKLOH VLGHZDONV DUH ZLGHQHG WR encourage street activities. Bicycle tracks are also provided to ensure road safety.

WUDIÀF HQKDQFHPHQW

1 EXTREMITIES

8

Proposed massing in Mumbai

Land provided = 1sq km To house 100,000 people living and working 7RWDO EXLOW XS DUHD VT NP LVODQGV 2SHQ VSDFH QHHGHG VT NP LVODQGV Residential percentage: Affortable housing Middle income housing High rise housing

50% of total built up area = 25% = 50% = 25%

Proposed massing strategy

Density Visualizing

As low-rise buildings

As mid-rise buildings

Mixture of low and high rise buildings

A high and low city integrated with open spaces

Density can be taken as many forms with YDULQJ TXDOLWLHV

There is limited ability to accommodate open space uses on ground Ă RRU DUHD KRUL]RQWDOO\

Greater open space uses are alORZHG RQ JURXQG Ă RRU DUHD E\ YHUtically increasing building height.

More height allows for the maximization and variation of open space uses RQ JURXQG Ă RRU

Using a mixture of low and high rise buildings and integrating with various types of open spaces.

100m

130m

60 islands

Ă RRUV ;

Ă RRUV ;

42 islands

18 islands open space

Ă RRUV ;

42 islands

Each islands can accommodate a range of building types and heights, preserving access to views, natural air and sunlight.

18 islands open space Ă RRUV ;

42 islands build up area 18 islands open space

Ă RRUV ;

VT NP LVODQGV

uniform low rise = 42 build up islands + 18 open space island

uniform mid rise = 42 build up islands (with open space in between )+ 18 open space island

low rise + high rise = 42 build up islands (variation height with open space in between )+ 18 open space island

low rise + high rise + open space

9

1 EXTREMITIES

A high and low city Wide range of building types and heights, preserving access to views, natural air and sunlight

Walkable city Road safety is considered. Creation of a livable place that is easy to get to, get around in and provides for people at all stages of life.

Integration with public space Public space provides the opportunities for the public to participate in social activities. People from different cultural group could meet each other and enjoy their leisure time.

LQĂ€OWUDWLRQ JDUGHQ

10

Waterfront promenade Vibrant waterfront is proposed, providing access to everyone.

a b c d e f g h

a. Highest Water recorded b. Mean High Water Spring Tides c. Mean High Water Neap Tides d. Highest Low Water e. Mean Sea Level f. Mean Low Water Neap Tides g. Mean Low Water Spring Tides h. Lowest Low Water recorded

+ 5.39 m + 4.42 m + 3.30 m + 2.74 m + 2.51 m + 1.86 m + 0.76 m - 0.46 m

11

1 EXTREMITIES 5 Proposed water system for the city

Rainwater

Stormwater

Rainfall )LOWHULQJ YLD ÀOWHU JDUGHQ FKDQHO SRRO

6WRUPZDWHU SDVV WKURXJK ÀOWHU garden/channel/pool

Supply to water tank/ treatment in unit

:DWHU ÀOWHU Water supply to water tank/treatment in unit

Floodingwater )ORRGLQJ ZDWHU ÁRZ WR FKDQQHO Part of water stored in dam Flooding water providing nutrients to mangrove Flooding proble relieved

1 EXTREMITIES

12

Water crisis has long been a critical issue in Mumbai.

In response to this challenge, we propose 5 water V\VWHPV FRQFHUQLQJ UDLQZDWHU Ă RRGLQJ ZDWHU JUH\ water, storm water and black water to enhance the water infrastructure.

Blackwater Black water discharged from unit :DWHU WUHDWPHQW SXULĂ€QJ EODFN ZDWHU 3XULĂ€HG ZDWHU GLVFKDUJHG WR VHD

Greywater Grey water discharge from unit Supply for irrigation

13

1 EXTREMITIES 5 Proposed Water system for architectures

Enhanced water infrastructure Reservoir is provided for public facilities and turned into event holding space during festivals.

Rainwater

Public toilet

Collected for planting DQG ÁXVKLPJ XVH

Filtered water collected from surroundings can be used for communal facilities like public toilets.

Photos credit: Google Image and CUHK VCA Team

Greywater

Flooding water

Stormwater

)LOWHUHG E\ LQÀOWUDWLRQ garden before discharge

Riverway used for ÁRRGLQJ PLWLJDWLRQ during monsoon season

Treated water for communal usage such as irrigation and reservoir storage

14

Rainwater

3XULÀHG E\ LQÀOWUDWLRQ garden for further usage

Stormwater Filtered for irrigation

Blackwater

7UHDWHG DQG ÀOWHUHG by mangrove before discharge Photos credit: Google Image and CUHK VCA Team

15

OBJECTIVE “Shaping local character and allowing diversity”

In Mumbai, you may experience a bazaar-like city with an ever-transforming streetscape: various cultural, festival, social, and commercial activities could take place in the crowded street. From its street culture, Mumbai has shown how dynamic it is.

Architecture in Mumbai should not only serve for a single purpose, but rather be endowed with diverse meanings.

We pursue a dynamic meaning with our design on the river way, which could unlock extra open spaces during dry seasons. These public spaces can be used as market area, festival/ event space, children’s playground and gathering area, etc. In response to the slums issues, a work-live together lifestyle is embraced. Micro-businesses like recycling and waste to energy conversion work are also promoted.

2

Resilient City’s

CHARACTERS

Space in between buildings is temporally transformed into gathering area during festival. Festival and cultural events are the common ground for all Mumbai people.

- taken in Mumbai site visit in Feb 2014

2 CHARACTERS

16

Remain and foster culture

Public space provides opportunities for Mumbai people to interact with each other.

By studying how dynamic and vibrant Mumbai is, we understand that it is important to enhance and FUHDWH VWURQJ YLEUDQW SODFHV ZKLFK DUH D VLJQLÀFDQW component of the neighbourhood’s structure and of the community’s identity. We believe that a resilient city and neighbourhoods should embrace density, diversity and mix of uses, users, building types, and public spaces. In our scheme, we explore how social interactions and public space can facilitate urban design and planning. The intent will be to evolve new understandings of the potential of Mumbai.

Public space cultivates festival and cultural events.

Public space facilitates microeconomics and creates work opportunities.

Image source: CUHK VCA Team

17

2 CHARACTERS Work-Live together

Strong community

We engage with Mumbai character. Lifestyle of Mumbai people is preserved

Close relationshop in between residents, works and visitors are maintained

Dynamic space

During dry season, riverway is multi-functioned as market area, event space, playground, etc

Culture and festivals Micro-economies $OORZ GLYHUVLĂ€HG EXVLQHVV and job opportunities

A public environment rich in events and activations that are accessible to everyone

18

19

2 CHARACTERS Dynamic use of spaces

We promote dynamic usage of space in Mumbai. A good city should have a good community life. We need to design cities as meeting places — for small events and larger perspectives.

2 CHARACTERS Ever transforming usage of riverway

During monsoon season, riverway helps to release Ă RRGLQJ SUREOHP 'XULQJ GU\ VHDVRQ ULYHUZD\ FDQ unlock extra open spaces and multi-functions as market area, event space, playground, etc

20

21

2 CHARACTERS

Remaining wastes are sent to waste and energy plants for generating energy.

Proposed Waste to Energy scheme Work - live Recycling industries Wastes collected from the city are sent to recycling industries.

Job opportunities are provided.

waste to energy plants

Active market area

ZHWODQG SXULĂ€FDWLRQ Pollutions caused by industrial activities are being SXULĂ€HG E\ ZHWODQG EHIRUH discharged to the sea

Energy is provided for the city.

Waste to energy system

Creating micro-economies In response to the slums issues, a work-live together lifestyle is embraced. Micro-businesses like recycling and waste to energy conversion work are also promoted.

Source: http://www.socialaction.dk/ news/engaging-44000-peopleto-turn-waste-into-energy/

2 CHARACTERS

22

Embraced “work - live� lifestyle

Image source: google image

Mumbai accounts for one of the largest recycling industry in the world. 80% of wastes are recycled.

Many of the lower income people work and live in the same / close place. Some of the current rehabitation projects for slum dwellers may hinder their opportunities to earn a living, resulting in a loss of livelihood. Therfore, we propose some housing and planning design which allows people live and work closely, generating job opportunities.

23

OBJECTIVE “Promoting healthy lifestyle and sustainability”

The coastal areas of Mumbai are lined with mangroves, which took an important role to purify pollutants released from the city’s industrial area. The mangroves swamps also provide a rich habitat for wildlife. It is therefore a must to well preserve mangroves for the good of ecosystems.

As our design has made the river way connect to the existing public space, we hope to further setup ecological zones across the river way in order to provide more public space. The setup of ecological zone may also become animal habitat which could encourage the public to collaborate with the nature. Bicycle and jogging tracks are set up along the river way to promote non-motorized transport and HDVH WKH WUDIÀF EXUGHQ LQ WKH FLW\

3

Resilient City’s

ECOSYSTEMS

Flamingos migrate to the western coastal area every year. This mangroves area is not only with high potential of providing natural habitat and public space, but also helps purify pollutions.

- Google image

3 ECOSYSTEMS

24

Ecology and open space

Existing open space Open space per person Mumbai =

1.58 VT P

UN Food and Agriculture standard =

9 VT P

We explore how ecologically sensitive design and an understanding of landscape systems play a role in shifting the paradigms of urban planning and design. We concern for creating public and accessible space. Our proposal aspired to achieve strategies to unlock the potential of this space for public good.

Open Space 0XPEDL KDV MXVW VTXDUH PHWHUV RI RSHQ VSDFH per person while the UN Food and Agriculture standDUG LV VT P 0RVW RI WKH H[LVWLQJ RSHQ VSDFHV DUH located at the eastern side of our site and some of them are not open to all.

Pollution arround the site

Wetland with mangrove

Therefore, there is necessary to introduce more open spaces to Mumbai. Also, we should ensure that these open spaces are accessible to the general public.

Pollution and Ecology Our site is a large post-industrial area. After the transformation of economic structure, a large portion of area along the sea is being abandoned.

Being located on the western side of a long tidal channel partially lined with mangroves, it is a pity that this area is not easily accessible to the public.

This mangrove area could provide a rich habitat for wildlife. It could also purify water by trapping WKH LPSXULWLHV ZKHQ WKH ZDWHU Ă RZV WKURXJK WKH wetlands. It could also absorb excess nutrients, as well as the toxic metals which are brought into the water from agricultural and industrial activity.

At the moment, the existing site is polluted by industrial activities. However, there is a high potential of turning the coastal area with mangrove into a ecological zone for leisure use, providing a enjoyable environment to the public.

forest area mangrove area

25

3 ECOSYSTEMS

Living with nature and ecology Restore biodiversity and habitat, grow health communities in harmony with nature.

healthy lifestyle

Promoting a city for pedestrians and cyclists

26

Play-Live together Pools and ecological zones in city center

27

3 ECOSYSTEMS Phase development of ecological area

Existing

Phase 1

Phase 2

We promote a lifestyle of health and sustainability.

Various ecological areas are suggested in our plan.

(DFK \HDU WKRXVDQGV RI PLJUDWLQJ ELUGV VXFK DV à Dmingoes come to Mumbai. Though our phasing development, these ecological zones can become a rich habitat for wildlife, encouraging the public to integrate with the nature. We can take advantage of this natural environment to educate our next generation in respecting wildlife, observing natural beauW\ ,W FDQ EH D SODFH ZKHUH ZH FDQ ÀQG D EDODQFH in a fast and materialistic life in urban environments.

Eco- tourism can also be promoted to sustain rural economies.

Phase 3

Hierarchy of ecological area ,QĂ€OWUDWLRQ JDUGHQ

building | garden | building

River channel

steps | channel | steps

Pools

open space | pool | open space

Ecological zone

buffer | ecological | pool | ecological | buffer area zone zone area

Mangrove area

buffer | ecological | pool | mangrove | sea area zone

28

29

3 ECOSYSTEMS

Main riverway network as a connector for existing open spaces Ecological area in city center

Market area

Plaza

Pools in housing developments

Water theme park Playground

Waterfront promenade

Provision and proximity of public spaces 0XPEDL KDV MXVW VTXDUH PHWHUV RI RSHQ VSDFH SHU SHUVRQ ZKLOH WKH 81 )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH VWDQGDUG LV VT P 0RVW RI WKH H[LVWLQJ RSHQ VSDFHV DUH ORFDWHG at the eastern side of our site and some of them are not open to all.

Our Resilient City introduces a river way system connecting the existing open space and also provides more public space for Mumbai people. Ecological zones are set up as animal habitat which allowing the public to integrate with the nature.

30

N

Mangrove area