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MGT 350 Final Exam Guide 3 1) Critical thinking may be stored for use in future decision making. Examples of mechanisms used to “store” critical thinking for future programmed decisions include 2) Decision tools and techniques influence the use of critical thinking in decision making. According to the decision steps model, what is a proper response when an unstructured problem is presented? 3) Decision opportunities arise when problems or opportunities are recognized through critical thinking. Which of the following components may be a reason that managers ignore problems? 4) When faced with a decision opportunity, a critical thinker must sort through a variety of readily apparent symptoms in order to focus on important considerations that may be hidden. Based on the decision steps model, when framing a problem a helpful step is to 5) Despite all the measures followed, successful decisions are not always guaranteed so it is important to 6) Jane has a term paper due, a sick child who needs her attention, and a major project due at work. To save time, she decides to submit a paper for school that is less than her best, but will earn a passing grade. The best description of Jane’s approach is 7) One way for a leader to develop alternative perspectives for decision making is to 8) Critical thought involves the consideration of diverse perspectives. Advantages of this include 9) Critical thought involves the consideration of diverse perspectives. Disadvantages of group decision making include 10) Conflict is a force of influence upon decision making, and may hamper decision implementation if not accounted for in the problem formulation and identification process. Conflict may stem from such factors as 11) During problem formulation, the decision maker must account for the interests of diverse stakeholders. An important step toward this outcome is the establishment of 12) Considerations when framing a problem include 13) A valid deductive argument may lead to false conclusions if 14) During problem formulation, the establishment of proper goals may be hampered by the failure to ask enough questions concerning a problem. This tactic can increase the use of the creative thinking style to increase the probability of asking the right questions. 15) A form of critical thinking is fair-minded persuasive thinking. When engaging in problem formulation and identification with a group, the fair minded persuader would 16) Problems may become apparent to stakeholders through the use of tools which compare actual results to expected results. An example of such a tool is a 17) Problems may become apparent to stakeholders through the use of tools which compare actual results to expected results. An example of such a tool is a 18) An important step toward framing a problem in a manner that is sensitive to relevant stakeholder perspectives is to 19) Jan is the owner of a retail store, and is evaluating the need for changes to the store’s commission structure for sales personnel. She has decided to exclude the sales personnel affected from the decision making process. Jan is probably seeking to minimize this force of influence on the decision making process. 20) Urgent crisis conditions might call for a decision making style that is 21) Identifying programmed decision opportunities—problems with objectively correct answers, solvable through the use of simple rules, policies, or numerical computations—promises this benefit in terms of decision making.
22) When a manager is attempting to identify root causes, the following tool may be helpful: 23) A decision tool that can be helpful in identifying risks to contemplated decisions is 24) Managers would typically use this tool to develop an overall strategic approach to their business. 25) In the course of developing a SWOT analysis, Bob determines that a large competitor is moving into one of his company’s key service areas. Bob has uncovered 26) The manager of the Gallery Restaurant noted that the restaurant had experienced a decrease in the number of evening customers. The manager promptly ordered the chef to rewrite the evening menu. Customer feedback later indicated that the problem had not been the menu but poor service from the wait staff. The manager's decision to have the menu revised suggests that she failed to 27) When deciding between decision alternatives, this tool helps the manager to focus scarce resources on the most common causes of a problem. 28) One way to manage risk and uncertainty in decision making is to 29) Chris operates a widget factory, and made the decision to accept a large specialty order of widgets made to custom specifications. At the end of an 8-hour production run, Chris discovered that all of the widgets produced varied from acceptable tolerances, and would not be acceptable to his customer. Chris’s implementation plan was most deficient in its consideration of 30) A company planned to establish an attraction with a historical theme in an area adjacent to historically significant Civil War battlefields and cemeteries. Once plans were developed and announced, the project was abandoned in the face of objections from local residents, which made it impossible to secure the zoning variances necessary to move forward. This failure of implementation may be most accurately described as a failure to account for 31) When implementing a decision, a company must ensure that its actions remain consistent with its 32) Freda is analyzing the prospects for a new gambling casino that her company is considering. In the course of her analysis, Freda has identified potential stakeholder resistance to this venture, in that she has discovered that the areas is very densely populated with houses of worship. She has also discovered a potential source of support for this venture, in that the local government has established tax credits for new businesses in an effort to stimulate employment. Freda is, in all likelihood, developing a 33) Resistance to change during implementation could be a result of 34) Susan has the opportunity to choose among several options, including going along with her coworkers and filling out inaccurate time records, telling her manager what is happening, attempting to persuade her coworkers to stop doing this, or, doing nothing. This is an example of 35) Bill is an automotive mechanic, paid on the basis of the repair dollars that he generates for his employer. A customer has informed Bill that he believes he needs major repair work to his automobile. Upon examination of the car, Bill discovers that an inexpensive adjustment is all that is needed. He knows that if he informs the customer of this, he will miss out on the substantial commission he would earn by performing the work that the customer already expects. The compensation structure employed by Bill’s garage has created the ethical dilemma of 36) Markus worked last summer as a receptionist in a lawyer's office. During a discussion prompted by the ethics chapter in your text, he commented that he was asked to tell callers that the lawyer was in court when in fact the lawyer was playing golf! He eventually quit the job because he believes that under no circumstance is it permissible to tell a lie. Markus appears to be following the ethical system referred to as a 37) The objective to “reduce rework significantly within 6 months” is not sufficiently meaningful nor measurable because it is not sufficiently 38) Bob’s company regularly surveys employees concerning satisfaction with various attributes of their jobs, and their working conditions. This allows Bob to watch for positive or negative changes in measured satisfaction levels when decisions are made to change the nature of work or compensation in order to increase retention. Bob is applying this thinking style to evaluate his decisions.
39) A measurement that evaluates the amount of inputs used to achieve outputs is a measure of 40) When evaluating the decision processes in an organization, leaders will bear in mind that 41) As noted in our texts, a key measurement of our decisions is: “are they ethical.� In order to achieve a superior level of ethical behavior in its decision making processes, leaders should instill a(n) ______ in those charged with making decisions. 42) When evaluating the decision processes in an organization, leaders should consider doing which of the following?