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MGT 350 Final Exam Guide 5 1) Decision opportunities arise when problems or opportunities are recognized through critical thinking. Which of the following components may be a reason that managers ignore problems? A. B. C. D. E.
A lack of intellectual empathy makes it difficult to recognize stakeholder considerations. The manager’s sense of urgency toward problems precludes action. The manager prefers risk over certainty. Some businesses exist in a problem free environment. The manager is exercising intellectual courage in the face of resistance to problem solving.
2) Bill Simmons is the manager of a small restaurant and must decide how much money he owes his suppliers. The best way for Bill to approach this as a critical thinker is to A. B. C. D.
collect and analyze the evidence identify opportunities and obstacles understand different perspectives on the issue weigh the consequences of this decision
3) Decision tools and techniques influence the use of critical thinking in decision making. According to the decision steps model, what is a proper response when an unstructured problem is presented? A. B. C. D. E.
Implement a decision Measure the impact of a decision Frame the problem Frame alternatives Make the decision
4) When faced with a decision opportunity, a critical thinker must sort through a variety of readily apparent symptoms in order to focus on important considerations that may be hidden. Based on the decision steps model, when framing a problem a helpful step is to A. B. C. D. E.
determine root causes identify the problem frame alternatives develop a contingency plan measure the decision
5) Jane has a term paper due, a sick child who needs her attention, and a major project due at work. To save time, she decides to submit a paper for school that is less than her best, but will earn a passing grade. The best description of Jane’s approach is A. B. C. D.
optimizing satisficing creativity analyzing
6) Despite all the measures followed, successful decisions are not always guaranteed so it is important to A. develop appropriate measurements for the impacts of decisions B. accept that some decisions will not work and move on to other issues
C. develop contingency plans D. only allow the most senior leaders to influence decisions E. use logical thinking to guarantee a correct outcome 7) Tactics for increasing the diversity of opinion brought to bear on a decision include A. B. C. D. E.
brainstorming following the chain of command reliance on precedent an autocratic decision process reference to the policy manual
8) Critical thought involves the consideration of diverse perspectives. Advantages of this include A. B. C. D. E.
quicker decisions for urgent problems decisions that are more narrowly focused the leader maintains tighter control over decisions a decision that accounts for the interests of multiple stakeholders greater security over confidential information
9) Critical thought involves the consideration of diverse perspectives. Disadvantages of group decision making include A. B. C. D. E.
increased security of confidential information all of the above are disadvantages of group decision making a process that is more time consuming a decision that accounts for the interests of diverse stakeholders a more autocratic environment
10) Considerations when framing a problem include A. B. C. D. E.
developing contingency plans measuring the impacts of a decision identifying causes of the problem framing alternative courses of action identification of stakeholders affected by the problem
11) Conflict is a force of influence upon decision making, and may hamper decision implementation if not accounted for in the problem formulation and identification process. Conflict may stem from such factors as A. B. C. D. E.
personal attributes a lack of a devil’s advocate groupthink inspirational leadership routine programmed decisions
12) During problem formulation, the decision maker must account for the interests of diverse stakeholders. An important step toward this outcome is the establishment of A. B. C. D. E.
timelines and resource allocations contingency plans criteria, goals, and objectives measurements for the decision decision Implementation Processes
13) A valid deductive argument may lead to false conclusions if
A. B. C. D. E.
it contains a false premise a valid deductive argument cannot lead to false conclusions it is in improper form it uses the modens ponens argument form it is composed of multiple syllogisms
14) A form of critical thinking is fair-minded persuasive thinking. When engaging in problem formulation and identification with a group, the fair minded persuader would A. B. C. D. E.
communicate only that information which supports the desired decision acknowledges the difficulty that his or her position creates for the audience avoid all affective appeals emphasize data and reason over affective appeals emphasizes affective appeals over data and reason
15) What is the most comprehensive definition of a problem? A. B. C. D. E.
Gap between current situation and some future desired state A declining economy resulting in reduced revenues A negative situation that requires action to mitigate damage An increase in the cost of doing business. A positive situation that requires action in order to fully leverage an opportunity.
16) Problems may become apparent to stakeholders through the use of tools which compare actual results to expected results. An example of such a tool is a A. B. C. D. E.
Financial report Fishbone diagram Pareto chart Force Field Analysis SWOT analysis
17) An important step toward framing a problem in a manner that is sensitive to relevant stakeholder perspectives is to A. B. C. D. E.
filter non-financial input from the process use projection when ascribing motivation to others determine who is affected by a problem be sure to remain situated in one’s personal context do not allow public relations concerns to influence decision making
18) While this decision style offers an opportunity for stakeholder input, it most lessens accountability for decision making. A. B. C. D. E.
Collaborative/participative Consensus Autocratic Leader decides Democratic
19) Jan is the owner of a retail store, and is evaluating the need for changes to the store’s commission structure for sales personnel. She has decided to exclude the sales personnel affected from the decision making process. Jan is probably seeking to minimize this force of influence on the decision making process. A. B. C. D.
Resource availability Lack of political support Self serving bias Ethical considerations
E. Resistance from external stakeholders 20) Identifying programmed decision opportunities—problems with objectively correct answers, solvable through the use of simple rules, policies, or numerical computations—promises this benefit in terms of decision making. A. B. C. D. E.
Greater efficiency Provides senior managers with greater visibility to each routine decision made Provides decision makers with opportunities for creative problem solving Ensures that multiple solutions are applied to common problems in order to find the best one Ensures that problems are dealt with in a unique fashion according to their differences
21) A manager may properly choose to ignore a problem A. B. C. D. E.
when a Pareto chart has properly clarified the causes of a problem when the costs of doing nothing are less than the cost of addressing the problem when a SWOT analysis indicates an environmental opportunity because of a bias against change when the problem is surfaced through a positive trigger point
22) Managers of Shadow Blinds are contemplating whether to open the company's first international branch in Europe or Asia. A decision tool that would facilitate the decision between these two locations by analyzing the relative strength of cross cultural factors is a A. B. C. D. E.
SPC chart Force Field Analysis Scatter diagram Gantt chart Pareto chart
23) A decision tool that can be helpful in identifying risks to contemplated decisions is A. B. C. D. E.
a Fishbone diagram a Pareto chart a periodic table a histogram a Force Field Analysis
24) For urgent decisions, this approach may be the most efficient and effective use of the manager’s time when there are other critical competing priorities. A. B. C. D. E.
Creation of a task force Satisficing Brainstorming and multi-voting with a team Optimizing Experimenting
25) In the course of developing a SWOT analysis, Bob determines that a large competitor is moving into one of his company’s key service areas. Bob has uncovered A. B. C. D. E.
a strength a positive trigger point an opportunity a threat a weakness
26) The manager of the Gallery Restaurant noted that the restaurant had experienced a decrease in the number of evening customers. The manager promptly ordered the chef to rewrite the evening menu. Customer feedback later indicated that the problem had not been the menu but poor service from the wait staff. The manager's decision to have the menu revised suggests that she failed to A. B. C. D.
evaluate the decision and its consequences identify the problem properly diagnose the cause of the problem evaluate the alternatives and consequences
27) The initial step in framing the problem is to ______, and the first step in making the decision is to ______. A. B. C. D. E.
identify the problem, frame alternatives identify the problem, identify causes of the problem identify the cause of the problem, implement the decision evaluate the decision, determine who is affected select an alternative, identify the problem
28) In response to declining profits, a company decides that it needs to become world class, but is having difficulty developing an implementation plan around the goal of “becoming world class.” Rather than implement this decision, the company would be well advised to return to the ______ step of decision making. A. B. C. D. E.
evaluate the decision make the decision determine measurements frame alternatives develop criteria, goals, and objectives
29) Jan has been selected to implement her company’s decision to expand her company’s manufacturing operation into a new location. Six months into this project, the building has been completed, and machinery installed. However, Jan has been unable to secure enough applicants with the technical skills needed to operate this computerized facility. Jan’s implementation plan was most deficient in its consideration of