FEDERICO GERHARDINGER - OFER KRISTAL - RUMLE DUE PETERSEN
FREECONSTRUCTION A STRATEGY FOR USER-LED EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION
“IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN A BUILDING YOU BUILT, YOU HAVE TO LET THEM CONCEIVE THE BUILDING.” Yona Friedman
Title // Freeconstruction Theme // Post Disaster Reconstruction Strategies 3UPERVISOR ,ARS BRORSON ÞCH 4ECHNICAL SUPERVISOR 0ETER 6ILHELM .IELSEN Pages // Copies // 15 Submission // 28.05.2014 !ALBORG UNIVERSITY !RCHITECTURE $ESIGN -! !2+
&EDERICO 'ERHARDINGER Ofer Kristal 2UMLE $UE 0ETERSEN
ABSTRACT //
Freeconstruction is a reconstruction strategy for communities hit by natural disasters. It is SPECIÚCALLY DEVELOPED FOR THE REGION OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN 0AKISTAN WHERE THE OCCURRENCE OF DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES AND LANDSLIDES GOES ALONG WITH EXTREME CLIMATIC conditions and lack of infrastructure. The project aims at PROVIDING THE LOCAL POPULATION WITH MORE THAN A SHELTER THE THESIS DEVELOPS A ÛEXIBLE SIMPLE AND SAFE BUILDING CULTURE WHICH CAN BE EMPLOYED FROM THE IMMEDIATE POST disaster response up to the construction of permanent HOUSES 4HE STRATEGY FOCUSES ON USER LED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR OWN DWELLING AND COMMUNAL BUILDINGS 4HE USE OF LOCAL MATERIALS SUCH AS SALVAGED TIMBER AND SHEEP WOOL REPRESENTS A SAVING IN TIME MONEY AND ENERGY &URTHERMORE THE PROJECT ADDRESSES ISSUES RELATED TO THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT OF THE TRADITIONAL LOCAL BUILDINGS CHARACTERIZED BY A LACK OF LIGHT AND VENTILATION AND BY THE ABSENCE OF INSULATION )N ORDER TO COVER THE VARIETY OF ASPECTS INVOLVED THE PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED USING A WIDE SET OF TOOLS SKETCHES MODELS IN DIFFERENT SCALES PARAMETRIC $ MODELING STRUCTURAL AND CLIMATIC SIMULATIONS 4HIS REPORT ENTAILS THE ENTIRE DESIGN PROCESS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEXT THROUGH THE DEÚNITION OF A VISION TO A MODULAR ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEM AND THE PROPOSALS for houses and communal buildings.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
#2 NATURAL DISASTERS #1 PREFACE
WORLDWIDE 6...Introduction
4...Challenge
8...Defining natural disasters
5...Proposal
9...Aid flow 10...Disasters by quantity 12...Affected people by country 14...Worldwide aid 16...Shelter typology
#3 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
18...Why and where
PAKISTAN
20...Introduction 22...Geography 24...Climate 26...Economy 26...Agriculture and land use 28...Population density 30...Ethnography 30...Religion 32...Education 34...Landslides 36...Earthquakes 38...Recent earthquakes 40...Deductions
#4 REGIONAL FRAMEWORK GILGIT-BALTISTAN 42...Introduction 44...Settlements 46...Seasons 48...Precipitation 50...Land use 52...Infrastructure 54...Demography 56...The local population 58...Social structure 60...Villages 62...Communal buildings 66...Deductions
#5 VERNACULAR CULTURE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 68...The vernacular house 70...Access and levels 76...Construction techniques 78...Construction materials 80...Earthquake resistance
#6 EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION VISION 92...Premise 94...Design parameters 96...Cycles 100...Strategy
82...Indoor climate 84...Case studies 88...Deductions
#8 BUILDING A COMMUNITY PROJECT PROPOSALS 150...Proposals 152...House #1
#7 EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
162...House #2 168...House #3 174...Clinic 180...School
106...Process 128...Connections 134...Layering
186...Mosque 194...Aid scenarios 196...Service & materials in transit
138...Envelope 140...Roof 142...Dimensions 146...Cross sections
#9 AFTERWORD
148...Foundations 198...Afterword 206...List of references 210...List of illustrations
#1
PREFACE
CHALLENGE //
.ATURAL DISASTERS STRIKE THE WORLD REGULARLY AFFECTING HUGE AMOUNTS OF PEOPLE AND RESULT IN URGENT NEED FOR SHELTER AND HOUSING 4HE VAST MAJORITY OF AFFECTED PEOPLE LIVE IN PRECARIOUS CONDITIONS TO BEGIN WITH AND THE RECOVERY FROM THE DISASTER BECOMES A TRAGEDY IN ITSELF -OST OF THE DISASTERS HIT REGIONS WITH WARM CLIMATE WHERE EVEN SIMPLE SHELTER SOLUTIONS CAN FULÚLL THE LOCAL population’s basic needs. Numerous designs already RESPOND FOR THIS KIND OF SCENARIOS "UT NATURAL DISASTERS OCCUR ALSO IN HARSH AND COLD CLIMATES WITHIN REMOTE LESS accessible areas. )N /CTOBER g! CATASTROPHIC EARTHQUAKE HIT THE +ASHMIR REGION AND LEFT THE WORLD REELING YET AGAIN +ASHMIR WAS PARTICULARLY AFFECTED BY THE LACK OF CAPACITY TO REACT /VER PEOPLE HAVE DIED FROM THE QUAKE MANY OF THEM CHILDREN WHO ATTENDED THE SCHOOLS THAT COLLAPSED AND OVER TWO MILLION PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DISPLACED 4HE REAL DANGER IS YET TO COME WITH THE ONSET OF THE BRUTAL (IMALAYAN WINTER 7ITHOUT AID OFÚCIALS SAY THOUSANDS COULD DIE OF EXPOSURE ILLNESS AND INFECTION POTENTIALLY MULTIPLYING THE ORIGINAL DEATH TOLL SEVERAL TIMES OVER s 3INCLAIR CITED IN !RCHITECTURE FOR (UMANITY PP -ORE THAN A FEW PAST AID INTERVENTIONS WERE MADE IN Northern Pakistan. These admirable projects focus ON THE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNICAL ASPECTS COST SPEED AND STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE BUT MORE THAN OFTEN LACK an understanding of local populations and their built ENVIRONMENT 4HEY IMPOSE AN ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT TENT CONTAINER ETC ON THE HIT COMMUNITIES A PRODUCT THAT LEAVES THE PEOPLE WITH NO CHOICE !NOTHER PROBLEMATIC OF THESE INTERVENTIONS IS THEIR STRICT DIVISION INTO THREE TYPOLOGIES EMERGENCY SHELTER TRANSITIONAL SHELTER AND PERMANENT HOUSE 4HIS DIVISION PRESENTS MANY DISADVANTAGES THAT MAKE THE RECOVERY PROCESS COMPLICATED AND PAINFUL
PROPOSAL // 4HIS THESIS AIMS TO PROVIDE A SOLUTION WHICH CAN COVER AND REPLACE ALL THE THREE MENTIONED SHELTER TYPOLOGIES A SYSTEM THAT CAN EVOLVE SEAMLESSLY FROM AN IMMEDIATE SHELTER TO A HOUSE )T AIMS TO DO SO BY GIVING THE DIRECT CHOICE TO THE HIT COMMUNITIES THEY WILL DESIGN THEIR HOUSE AND BUILD IT DOING SO IN THEIR OWN WAY IN THEIR OWN TIME AND ON THEIR OWN TERMS 4HE THESIS SUGGESTS A MODULAR HIGHLY ÛEXIBLE AND EASY TO USE SYSTEM FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY OF THE REMOTE COMMUNITIES IN .ORTHERN 0AKISTAN )T NOT ONLY OFFERS DWELLINGS BUT ALSO focuses on the social needs of the people during the RECONSTRUCTION AND ADDRESSES THEM WITH THE POSSIBILITY TO BUILD STRUCTURES SUCH AS A CLINIC A SCHOOL AND A MOSQUE 4HE THESIS PRESENTS A STRATEGY THAT LEAVES THE END USER WITH MAXIMUM CHOICE WHILE PROVIDING SOLUTIONS FOR CLIMATIC TOPOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTAL BUILT AND NATURAL ECONOMIC RELIGIOUS CULTURAL SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC ASPECTS
#2
NATURAL DISASTERS WORLDWIDE
INTRODUCTION //
!S HUMAN BEINGS WE ARE PART OF PLANET %ARTH S ECOSYSTEM 7E LIVE IN AND WITHIN A PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .ATURE /VER THE COURSE OF HISTORY WE HAVE LEARNED NATURE IN GREAT DEPTHS 7E HAVE LEARNED HOW TO COLLABORATE WITH IT INTEGRATE OURSELVES IN IT USE IT AND EVEN MASTER IT 7E HAVE BECOME SO PROÚCIENT IN ITS MASTERING THAT WE ARE ABLE TO LIVE AND INHABIT NEARLY ALL PARTS OF OUR PLANET 7HILE THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT presents constant and continuous challenges in its INHABITATION IT IS ALSO A GENERATOR OF SINGLE HARSHER MORE INÛUENTIAL EVENTS %VENTS THAT CAUSE THE EARTH TO SHAKE THE SKY TO OPEN AND BRING ABOUT ÛOODS THE EARTH CRUST TO BRAKE AND RELEASE HOT LAVA 4HESE EVENTS ARE REFERRED TO AS @NATURAL DISASTERS 7HILE THESE EVENTS ARE INDEED A PART OF NATURE THE WORD gDISASTERSs REFERS TO THE IMPLICATIONS THEY HAVE ON US HUMANS 4HE FOLLOWING CHAPTER SHOWS A RELEVANT ANALYSIS OF THESE NATURAL DISASTERS AND HOW THEY INÛUENCE HUMAN LIVES )T WILL DEÚNE THEM EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS DISASTER TYPES SHOW THEIR LOCATION AND FREQUENCY AND ILLUSTRATE THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE EFFECTS ON people.
“A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.� (IFRC, 2014)
)
DEFINING NATURAL DISASTERS //All CONTINENTS OF THE GLOBE ARE SUBJECT TO NATURAL DISASTERS !MERICAS !FRICA !SIA /CEANIA AND %UROPE 4HE IMPLICATIONS OF DISASTERS VARY GREATLY DEPENDING ON TYPE AND LOCATION 4HE DIFFERENT DISASTERS REQUIRE INDIVIDUAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND HAVE VARIOUS AFTERMATHS $ISASTERS ARE DIVIDED INTO ÚVE GENERAL TYPES 'EOPHYSICAL -ETEOROLOGICAL #LIMATOLOGICAL (YDROLOGICAL AND "IOLOGICAL EACH ONE COULD BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO A VARIETY OF SUB GROUPS
GEOPHYSICAL
//
!RE DEÚNED AS gEVENTS ORIGINATING FROM SOLID EARTHs 'UHA 3APIR ET AL P 4HE MAIN GEOPHYSICAL DISASTERS ARE %ARTHQUAKES 6OLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND -ASS MOVEMENT $RY 3UBTYPES CONSIST OF 'ROUND SHAKING 4SUNAMI !VALANCHE ,ANDSLIDE and Subsidence. These types of occurrences represent APPROXIMATELY OF ALL DISASTERS 4HE DISASTER TYPE HAS A HIGH IMPACT AND IS THE CAUSE OF OVER OF ALL CASUALTIES )T COUNTS FOR OF THE TOTAL PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTERS 'UHA 3APIR ET AL EMDAT BE
METEOROLOGICAL //
!RE DEÚNED AS gEVENTS CAUSED BY SHORT LIVED SMALL TO MESO SCALE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES IN THE SPECTRUM FROM MINUTES TO DAYS s 'UHA 3APIR ET AL P 4HE MAIN TYPE OF DISASTERS ARE STORMS 3UBTYPES CONSIST OF 4ROPICAL STORM AND %XTRATROPICAL CYCLONE 4HESE TYPES OF DISASTERS ARE ABOUT OF THE TOTAL DISASTERS 4HEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ABOUT OF ALL DISASTER RELATED DEATHS !ND ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN OF THE TOTAL PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTERS 'UHA 3APIR ET AL EMDAT BE
CLIMATOLOGICAL //
!RE DEÚNED AS g%VENTS CAUSED BY LONG LIVED MESO TO MACRO SCALE PROCESSES IN THE SPECTRUM FROM INTRA SEASONAL TO MULTI DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY s 'UHA 3APIR ET AL P 7HERE THE MAIN TYPES OF DISASTERS ARE $ROUGHT 7ILDÚRE AND %XTREME TEMPERATURES !ND SUBTYPES ARE (EAT WAVE #OLD WAVE &OREST ÚRES AND ,AND ÚRES 4HESE DISASTERS ACCOUNT FOR OF ALL DISASTERS OCCURRING 4HEY REPRESENT ALMOST OF ALL PEOPLE KILLED BY DISASTER BUT REPRESENT MORE THAN OF THE TOTAL PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO THE DURATION AFTERMATH AND SCALE THEY CAN TAKE ESPECIALLY DROUGHT 'UHA 3APIR ET AL EMDAT BE
HYDROLOGICAL // !RE DEÚNED AS gEVENTS CAUSED BY DEVIATIONS IN THE NORMAL WATER CYCLE AND OR OVERÛOW OF BODIES OF WATER CAUSED BY WIND SET UPs 'UHA 3APIR ET AL P 4HE MAIN TYPES OF DISASTERS ARE DEÚNED AS &LOOD -ASS MOVEMENT WET ,ANDSLIDE !VALANCHE AND 3UBSIDENCE 7ITH SUBTYPES 2IVER ÛOOD &LASH ÛOOD 3TORM SURGE AND 2OCKFALL 4HESE DISASTERS ACCOUNT FOR OF ALL OCCURRENCES 4HEY TAKE UP OF ALL CASUALTIES RELATED TO DISASTERS (YDROLOGICAL EVENTS ARE THE CAUSE OF AROUND OF ALL PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTERS 'UHA 3APIR ET AL EMDAT BE
BIOLOGICAL //
!RE DEÚNED AS g$ISASTER CAUSED BY THE EXPOSURE OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO GERMS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCESs 'UHA 3APIR ET AL P 4HE MAIN TYPES ARE DEÚNED AS %PIDEMICS )NSECT INFESTATION AND !NIMAL STAMPEDE 3UBTYPES ARE 6ARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND LOCUST SWARMS "IOLOGICAL EVENTS MAKE UP OF ALL DISASTERS ON A GLOBAL SCALE 4HE EVENTS MAKE UP OF ALL CASUALTIES 4HEY ACCOUNT FOR LESS THAN OF ALL PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTERS 'UHA 3APIR ET AL EMDAT BE
AID FLOW //
)N THE MODERN WORLD EACH AND EVERY country takes part in the international community. This aspect of global participation comes to light in a rather CLEAR MANNER WHEN EXAMINING THE INTERNATIONAL AID ÛOW /XFORD DEÚNITION FOR FOREIGN AID IS g-ONEY FOOD OR OTHER RESOURCES GIVEN OR LENT BY ONE COUNTRY TO ANOTHERs /XFORD $ICTIONARIES A 4HIS GLOBAL ÛOW OF RESOURCES IS DEPICTED ON THE MAP ON PAGE SHOWING THE DONATING and recipient countries. The data used for the map refers TO THE TOTAL AID ÛOW IN AND IT CAN DERIVE FROM CONSTANT DEVELOPMENT WAR RELIEF OR ANY OTHER AID TYPE NOT ONLY FOR THE RECOVERY FROM NATURAL DISASTERS
9
DISASTERS BY QUANTITY Most disasters
,EASTÂ&#x;DISASTERS
Meteorological 2005 Hurricane (Katrina) U.S.A. 1.836 Killed 15.000.000 Affected 280 km/h Wind speed
Geophysical 2010 Earthquake Haiti 220.000 Killed 3.500.000 Affected 7.0 Magnitude
@!Â&#x;NATURALÂ&#x;EVENTÂ&#x;SUCHÂ&#x;ASÂ&#x;AÂ&#x;Ă›OOD Â&#x;EARTHQUAKE Â&#x;ORÂ&#x;HURRICANEÂ&#x;THATÂ&#x;CAUSESÂ&#x; GREATÂ&#x;DAMAGEÂ&#x;ORÂ&#x;LOSSÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;LIFE Â&#x; /XFORDÂ&#x;$ICTIONARIES Â&#x; Â&#x;B
Biological 2008 - present Cholera Zimbabwe
Climatological 2011-2012 Drought East Africa
Hydrological 2010 Flood Pakistan
4.293 Killed
260.000 Killed 12.000.000 Affected 12+ months
1781+ Killed 20.000.000 Affected 1/5 of country under water )
MOST AFFECTED PEOPLE BY COUNTRY Most affected
,EASTÂ&#x;AFFECTED
Nearly all people affected by natural disasters live in Asia, Africa and South America; These are also the most economically vulnerable regions.
Ethiopia
Mozambique
57.382.354 Affected
23.317.164 Affected
Â&#x;g/VERÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;PASTÂ&#x;2 YEARS 700 NATURAL DISASTERSÂ&#x;WEREÂ&#x;REGISTEREDÂ&#x;WORLDWIDE affecting more than 450.000.000 PEOPLEs )NTERNATIONALÂ&#x;-ONETARYÂ&#x;&UND Â&#x;
Pakistan
India
58.098.719 Affected
1.521.726.127
China
Affected
2.815.051.215 Affected
)
WORLDWIDE AID 2ECIPIENTS
$ONORS
No data
The IFRC, Based in Geneva, is the world's largest humanitarian organization.
U.S.A was 2010 #1 donor, with a total of $18 Billion
“Architecture for Humanity”, a non-profit organization, was involved in the construction of over 245 projects in 28 countries, used by more than 700,000 people.
gAIDÂ&#x;kÂ&#x;THROUGHÂ&#x;RESOURCEÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;KNOWLEDGEÂ&#x;TRANSFERSÂ&#x;AMONGÂ&#x;COUNTRIESÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;COMMUNITIESÂ&#x;k ISÂ&#x;AÂ&#x;VALUEDÂ&#x;EXPRESSIONÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;mutual solidarityÂ&#x;THATÂ&#x;RECOGNIZESÂ&#x;OURÂ&#x;inter-dependent PEOPLESÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;PLANET sÂ&#x; )&2# Â&#x;
Japan, 2010 #2 donor, donated a total of $7 Billion
Afghanistan was 2010 #1 recipient, with a total of $5.5 Billion
Pakistan was 2010 #2 recipient, with a total of $2.4 Billion
)
SHELTER TYPOLOGY Emergency/Â&#x; “Emergency shelter is temporary and is intended just to provide shelter for survival.â€? (E. Babister, cited in Architecture for Humanity, 2006, p.66)
Emergency shelters are typically tents, or other fast erected light structures. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies (IFRC) Emergency kit, for example, includes a collection of tools and 2 plastic tarpaulins.
Transitional/ “Transitional implies something that is longer-term and gives you
space to carry out livelihood activities rather than just surviving� (E. Babister, cited in Architecture for Humanity, 2006, p.66)
“Rapid, post disaster household shelters made from materials that can be upgraded or re-used in more permanent structures, or that can be relocated from temporary sites to permanent locations. They are designed to facilitate the transition by affected populations to more durable shelter.� (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cresent societies, 2011, p.8)
Permanent/Â&#x; “The process of providing permanent dwellings and the related physical, social and administrative infrastructuresâ€? (Barakat and Roberts, 2002, cited in IFRC, 2003, p.6). Â&#x; “Houses are seen as an end result of this process, whose physical attributes (design and materials) and function vary across cultures.â€?(IFRC, 2003, p.6)
ARCHITECTURAL
AID
//
Architectural RESPONSESÂ&#x; TOÂ&#x; NATURALÂ&#x; DISASTERSÂ&#x; CANÂ&#x; BEÂ&#x; DIVIDEDÂ&#x; INTOÂ&#x; THREEÂ&#x; MAINÂ&#x; TYPOLOGIESÂ&#x; Â&#x; EMERGENCYÂ&#x; SHELTER Â&#x; TRANSITIONALÂ&#x; SHELTER Â&#x; ANDÂ&#x; PERMANENTÂ&#x; HOUSING Â&#x; 4HISÂ&#x; PAGEÂ&#x; ILLUSTRATESÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; DEĂšNITIONSÂ&#x; ANDÂ&#x; GENERALÂ&#x; OUTLINESÂ&#x; OFÂ&#x; THESEÂ&#x; TYPOLOGIES Â&#x; !NALYZINGÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; COMMONÂ&#x; TYPOLOGIES Â&#x; WEÂ&#x; HAVEÂ&#x; NOTICEDÂ&#x; AÂ&#x; CONSTANTÂ&#x; PREVALENCEÂ&#x; SOMEÂ&#x; FACTORSÂ&#x; HAVEÂ&#x; ONÂ&#x; OTHERSÂ&#x; INÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; AIDÂ&#x; PROCESS Â&#x; )TÂ&#x; SEEMSÂ&#x; THATÂ&#x; ETHNO CULTURALÂ&#x; ANDÂ&#x; SOCIO CULTURALÂ&#x; FACTORSÂ&#x; AREÂ&#x; OFTENÂ&#x; CONSIDEREDÂ&#x; SECONDARYÂ&#x; ORÂ&#x; EVENÂ&#x; IRRELEVANT Â&#x;3UCHÂ&#x;APPROACHÂ&#x;CANÂ&#x;LEADÂ&#x;TOÂ&#x;INADEQUATEÂ&#x;HOUSINGÂ&#x; solutions and further discomfort among the disaster hit COMMUNITIES Â&#x; )NÂ&#x; OURÂ&#x; THESISÂ&#x; WEÂ&#x; AIMÂ&#x; ATÂ&#x; PLANNINGÂ&#x; AÂ&#x; holistic reconstruction strategy Â&#x;ONEÂ&#x;THATÂ&#x;FORESEESÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;RESPONDSÂ&#x; to all the architectural aid related factors. In order to do SO Â&#x;THEÂ&#x;THREEÂ&#x;COMMONÂ&#x;TYPOLOGIESÂ&#x;AREÂ&#x;BEINGÂ&#x;TAKENÂ&#x;ONLYÂ&#x;ASÂ&#x;AÂ&#x; REFERENCE Â&#x;ANDÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;DESIGNÂ&#x;ISÂ&#x;CONCEIVEDÂ&#x;ASÂ&#x;ANÂ&#x;EVOLUTIONARYÂ&#x; architectural process rather than a mere architectural product.
)
)
Quality
)
PERMANENT HOUSE
TRANSITIONAL SHELTER
EMERGENCY SHELTER
Time
WHY AND WHERE // !S SEEN IN THE WORLDWIDE ANALYSIS 0AKISTAN IS ONE OF THE MOST DISASTER AFFECTED COUNTRIES MILLION 0AKISTANI WERE AFFECTED BY NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE LAST YEARS AND THE COUNTRY IS THE ND recipient of foreign aid. p/NE OF THE MOST DEVASTATING DISASTERS IN THE COUNTRY WAS THE +ASHMIR EARTHQUAKE 4HIS DISASTER SHOWCASES A PARTICULAR VULNERABILITY IT HAPPENED IN THE NORTHERN regions of the country. p4HE .ORTHERN REGIONS ARE SUBJECT TO DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES AND LANDSLIDES p4HE CLIMATE IS EXTREMELY COLD AND THEREFORE REQUIRES proper solutions. p4HESE REGIONS ARE REMOTE HAVE POOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND therefore are hardly accessible. p4HE LOCAL POPULATION CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS ARE HIGHLY VERNACULAR AND UNIQUE p!LL THESE ASPECTS MAKE NORTHERN 0AKISTAN AND SPECIÚCALLY THE REGION OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN AN INTRIGUING CASE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISASTER RELIEF STRATEGIES
Afghanistan Iran
India
193,238,868 Pakistan was 2010 #2 aid recipient, with a total of $2.4 Billion
796,095 km2
2005 Kashmir earthquake 7.8 Magnitude >80,000 Deaths >3,500,000 Displaced 171,884 Houses
Polar climate Remote & inaccessible
Vernacular & unique
#3
COUNTRY FRAMEWORK PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION // As the reasons for our choice TO FOCUS ON 0AKISTAN AND A SPECIÚC REGION IN ITS NORTH WERE EXPLAINED ABOVE THE NEXT CHAPTER AIMS TO BROADEN THE EXPLANATIONS AND CLARIFY RELEVANT ISSUES CONCERNING THE country. 4HE NAME 0AKISTAN DERIVES FROM THE 5RDU WORDS pak PURE and stan LAND -IAN 4HE COUNTRY IS LOCATED IN 3OUTH %AST !SIA AND IS ONE OF THE MAJOR POWERS IN THE AREA TOGETHER WITH NEIGHBORING )RAN )NDIA AND #HINA %VEN THOUGH THE POLITICAL SYSTEM IS UNSTABLE AND IS SUBJECT TO CONSTANT CHANGES CORRUPTION AND INVOLVEMENT OF NON GOVERNMENTAL VIOLENT ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS THE 4ALIBAN "ESIDES THAT THE COUNTRY IS IN A CONTINUING DISPUTE WITH )NDIA OVER NORTHERN +ASHMIR BY PART AS A RESULT OF "RITISH former presence in the area. 4HE COUNTRY IS THE TH LARGEST IN THE WORLD BY SIZE AND TH BY POPULATION SIZE WHICH SUMS TO MORE THAN MILLION 0AKISTANI MORE THAN OF THEM ARE -USLIMS )T IS BLESSED BY A FAIR AMOUNT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS NATURAL GAS AND OIL BUT ALSO BOUND TO DEAL WITH THE DEVASTATING FORCES OF NATURE DROUGHTS EARTHQUAKES AND ÛOODS ARE CAUSING EXTENSIVE DAMAGE AND AFFECTS IMMENSE numbers of people. 4HE FOLLOWING CHAPTER WILL DEEPEN AND ILLUSTRATE THE NATIONAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMATIC RELEVANT TO A DISASTER RELIEF INTERVENTION
)
GEOGRAPHY // Pakistan is situated in the !SIAN CONTINENT AND HAS BORDERS WITH )RAN ON THE 7EST !FGHANISTAN ON THE WEST NORTH #HINA ON ITS EXTREME NORTH AND )NDIA ON THE %AST 4HE BORDER WITH )NDIA IS PROBABLY THE MOST CONÛICTED ONE g4HE "RITISH CAME TO DOMINATE THE REGION IN THE TH CENTURY 4HE SEPARATION IN OF "RITISH )NDIA INTO THE -USLIM STATE OF 0AKISTAN WITH 7EST AND %AST SECTIONS AND LARGELY (INDU )NDIA WAS NEVER SATISFACTORILY RESOLVED AND )NDIA AND 0AKISTAN FOUGHT TWO WARS IN AND OVER THE DISPUTED +ASHMIR TERRITORYs #ENTRAL )NTELLIGENCE !GENCY 4HE GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY WITH LAND AREA OF km IS COMPOSED OF A WIDE VARIETY OF LANDSCAPES k PLAINS DESERTS FORESTS HILLS PLATEAUS AND HIGH MOUNTAINS k stretching from the cost of the Arabian sea in the south TO THE (IMALAYAN +ARAKORAM RANGE UP .ORTH 4HE COUNTRY CAN BE SEEN AS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS k THE "ALOCHISTAN 0LATEAU THE )NDUS 2IVER 0LAINS AND THE .ORTHERN HIGH LANDS EACH ONE WITH ITS OWN DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS 4HIS GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC VARIETY AND THE NATURAL DISASTERS ACCOMPANYING IT CREATES A MULTITUDE OF NEEDS WHEN DEALING WITH RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
2%')/.3 Ø.$ -Ø*/2 #)4)%3 #ITIES WITH MORE THAN INHABITANTS
Islamabad 800,000
Rawalpindi 1,400,000
Peshawar 2,500,000 Gujranwala 1,150,000 Faisalabad 3,500,000 Multan Quetta 1,500,000 900,000
Karachi 13,000,000
Lahore 7,000,000
Hyderabad 3,500,000
AZAD SINDH CAPITAL PUNJAB TRIBAL AREAS BALOCHISTAN GILGIT BALTISTAN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
DISPUTED BORDER I.9
CLIMATE // 0AKISTAN CLIMATE IS MOSTLY HOT AND DRY WITH AN EXTENSIVE DESERT COVERING ITS ENTIRE WESTERN AREA 4HE NORTHERN PARTS WHICH LIE ON THE WESTERN MARGIN OF THE (IMALAYA ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT THAN THE REST 4HE NORTHWESTERN PARTS HAVE A TEMPERATE CLIMATE AND THE .ORTH SHOWS THE OPPOSITE CLIMATIC EXTREME COMPARING TO South – most of it has an arctic climate. It resembles other HIGH (IMALAYAN REGIONS IN )NDIA AND .EPAL )T IS A HIGH EXTREMELY COLD AND DRY DESERT WITH LONG HARSH SNOWY WINTERS g4HE HOT SEASON BEGINS IN -ARCH AND BY THE END OF *UNE THE TEMPERATURE MAY REACH # "ETWEEN *UNE AND 3EPTEMBER THE MONSOON PROVIDES AN AVERAGE RAINFALL OF ABOUT CM IN THE RIVER BASINS AND UP TO ABOUT CM IN THE NORTHERN AREAS 2AINFALL CAN VARY RADICALLY FROM YEAR TO YEAR AND SUCCESSIVE PATTERNS OF ÛOODING AND DROUGHT ARE NOT UNCOMMON s %NCYCLOPEDIA OF THE .ATIONS N D
#,)-Ă˜4)# 2%')/.3
:ONESÂ&#x;BASEDÂ&#x;ONÂ&#x;TEMPERATUREÂ&#x;PROĂšLESÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;ANNUALÂ&#x;RAINFALL
VERY COLD, SUB-HUMID < 1000 mm
HOT, ARID < 125 mm, very dry
COLD, HUMID
125 - 250 mm, dry
> 1000 mm
WARM, SEMI-ARID
COOL, SUB-HUMID
250 - 500 mm, winter rain
500 - 1000 mm, all year rain
250 - 500 mm, summer rain
> 1000 mm, summer rain
)
ECONOMY //
)NFORMAL ECONOMY IS WIDESPREAD IN 0AKISTAN AND MAKES IT HARD TO EVALUATE AND MEASURE THE COUNTRY S ECONOMY IN THE USUAL WAYS g$ECADES OF INTERNAL POLITICAL DISPUTES AND LOW LEVELS OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT HAVE LED TO SLOW GROWTH AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN 0AKISTAN !GRICULTURE ACCOUNTS FOR MORE THAN ONE ÚFTH OF OUTPUT AND TWO ÚFTHS OF EMPLOYMENT s #)! #OTTON WHEAT RICE SUGARCANE FRUITS VEGETABLES MILK BEEF MUTTON AND EGGS ARE THE PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF THE COUNTRY gu,ONG TERM CHALLENGES INCLUDE EXPANDING INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE adapting to the effects of climate change and natural DISASTERS AND REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN DONORS s #)!
AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE // !GRICULTURE AND LAND USE IN THE COUNTRY ARE VERY MUCH A RESULT OF THE CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHY ALSO BECAUSE OF THE RELATIVELY LITTLE USE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGY !RABLE LAND CONSTITUTES OF THE COUNTRY WHEN PERMANENT CROPS SUMS UP TO AROUND 3OME OF THE COUNTRY S MOST URGENT ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS ARE sWATER POLLUTION FROM RAW SEWAGE INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF LIMITED NATURAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES MOST OF THE POPULATION DOES NOT HAVE ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER DEFORESTATION SOIL EROSION DESERTIÚCATIONs #)!
,Ă&#x2DC;.$ 53% Ă&#x2DC;.$ -Ă&#x2DC;*/2 #2/03
!
Arable land: 26.02% Permanent crops: 1.05% Other: 72.93%
RICE
GDP per capita - Pakistan
WHEAT FOREST
GDP per capita - EU
OPEN SCRUB SCRUB/DESERT
Industry 21.6% Services 53.1% Agriculture 25.3% Industry 25.2% Services 72.8% Agriculture 1.8%
)
POPULATION DENSITY //
%VEN THOUGH 0AKISTAN IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ITS INHABITANTS ARE UNEVENLY SPREAD IN THE COUNTRY 4HE RELATIVELY LOW URBANIZATION RATE WHICH STANDS ON AS FOR THE ESTIMATION CAN BE SOMEWHAT MISLEADING 7HILE 0AKISTAN HAS CITIES WITH OVER MILLION INHABITANTS +ARACHI BEING THE BIGGEST WITH MORE THAN MILLION LARGE AREAS OF THE COUNTRY SHOW AN EXTREMELY LOW POPULATION DENSITY 4HE NORTHERN PARTS STARTING FROM THE FOOTHILLS OF THE (IMALAYA HAVE A POPULATION DENSITY OF PERSON PER SQUARE KILOMETER
0/05,Ă&#x2DC;4)/. $%.3)49
.UMBERÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;INHABITANTSÂ&#x;PERÂ&#x;SQUAREÂ&#x;KILOMETER
196,174,380 (world 7th) Islamabad 800,000
796,095 km (world 36th) 2
246p / km2 Peshawar 2,500,000 Rawalpindi 1,400,000 Gujranwala 1,150,000 Quetta 900,000
Lahore 7,000,000 Faisalabad 3,500,000 Multan 1,500,000
Hyderabad 3,500,000
Karachi 13,000,000
1000 persons/km2 250 100 25 1 0
)
ETHNOGRAPHY //
Pakistan population is of a HIGH ETHNIC DIVERSITY BUT QUITE HOMOGENEOUS IN TERMS OF RELIGION )N FACT OF THIS MULTI ETHNIC POPULATION IS -USLIM 4HE BIGGEST ETHNIC GROUP IS THE 0UNJABI WHICH MAKES UP ALMOST OF THE POPULATION INHABITING THE EASTERN REGIONS BORDERING WITH )NDIA 4HE DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS ARE HIGHLY CONNECTED WITH SPECIÚC GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS 4HIS CONNECTION IS EVIDENT THROUGH A QUICK LOOK AT THE MAP SHOWING THE )NDIC GROUPS INHABITING THE REGIONS BORDERING WITH )NDIA AND )RANIAN GROUPS IN THE WESTERN REGIONS 4HE .ORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS ARE INHABITED BY DISTINCT ETHNIC GROUPS SUCH AS THE "ALTI AND 3HINA IN THE 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN REGION %ACH GROUP HAS ITS SIGNIÚERS AND CHARACTERISTICS WAYS OF LIVING AND TRADITION WHICH MAKES THE GENERALIZATION OF THE MILLION 0AKISTANIS A HARD TASK
RELIGION //
!S STATED ABOVE AND SEEN IN THE MAP gALMOST ALL OF THE PEOPLE OF 0AKISTAN ARE -USLIMS OR AT LEAST FOLLOW )SLAMIC TRADITIONS AND )SLAMIC IDEALS AND PRACTICES SUFFUSE VIRTUALLY ALL PARTS OF 0AKISTANI LIFE 4HE ROLE OF RELIGION IN 0AKISTANI SOCIETY AND POLITICS ÚNDS ITS MOST VISIBLE EXPRESSION IN THE )SLAMIC !SSEMBLY Jama’at-e Islami party. The party has for long played a role in Pakistan’s POLITICAL LIFE AND HAS CONTINUALLY ADVOCATED REFASHIONING 0AKISTAN AS A CHASTE )SLAMIC OR THEOCRATIC STATE s "URKI 2ELIGION NAMELY )SLAM HAS A PROMINENT PART OF THE POLITICAL EDUCATIONAL CULTURAL AND ALMOST ALL INÛUENTIAL structures in the country.
%4(.)# '2/503 Ă&#x2DC;.$ 2%,)')/.
Islam majority area (95.4% of total population)
Mixed religion area Christians (1.5% of total) Hindus (1.4% of total)
INDIC Sindhi
IRANIAN
OTHERS
Punjabi
Baluch
Brahui
Chitrali
Pathani
Balti - Shina
)
EDUCATION // 4HE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN 0AKISTAN AT LEAST BY THE WIDE SPREAD RANKINGS IS ONE OF THE LEAST DEVELOPED IN THE WORLD 4HE #OUNTRY IS PLACED TH OUT OF IN WORLDWIDE LITERACY RATE 4HE MAP DESCRIBES the literacy rate in different regions of the country. As EXPECTED IT IS HIGHER IN URBAN AREAS AND LOWER IN RURAL MORE REMOTE AREAS g4HERE ARE MAIN SECTORS OF EDUCATION SYSTEM IN 0AKISTAN k &ORMAL EDUCATION )NFORMAL EDUCATION AND 2ELIGIOUS EDUCATION s -IAN 4HE FORMAL EDUCATION COMPRISES ALL EDUCATIONAL LEVELS THAT EXIST IN WESTERN COUNTRIES WITH ITS OWN SPECIÚCATIONS AND DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS g4HERE ARE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN 0AKISTAN WHO HAVE NO ACCESS TO FORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEM It is not possible for the formal system to meet educational NEEDS OF THE RAPIDLY GROWING POPULATION .ON FORMAL SCHOOLS ARE OPENED IN THOSE AREAS WHERE FORMAL SCHOOLS ARE NOT AVAILABLE 'OVERNMENT PROVIDES TEACHER S SALARY AND TEACHING MATERIAL WHEREAS COMMUNITY PROVIDES SCHOOL BUILDING ROOM 4HIS EDUCATION HAS NO REGULAR CURRICULUM IT IS NOT OBLIGATORY AND THERE S NO FORMAL CERTIÚCATION s -IAN 3IDE BY SIDE WITH MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM THERE IS ALSO RELIGIOUS EDUCATION SYSTEM @Madrassah %DUCATION WHICH PROVIDES )SLAMIC EDUCATION 4HESE INSTITUTIONS HAVE THEIR OWN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITHOUT INTERFERENCE FROM EITHER THE PROVINCIAL OR FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS -IAN
,)4%2Ă&#x2DC;#9 2Ă&#x2DC;4%
0ERCENTAGEÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;INHABITANTSÂ&#x;OVERÂ&#x; Â&#x;YEARSÂ&#x;OLDÂ&#x;WHOÂ&#x;CANÂ&#x;READÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;WRITE ,ITERATEDÂ&#x;POPULATIONÂ&#x;OVERÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;TOTAL Â&#x;
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS: 80 % 70 %
formal education
60 % 50 %
informal education
40 % 30 %
religious education
20 %
)
LANDSLIDES // %VEN THOUGH MASS MOVEMENT IS NOT AS DISASTROUS AS EARTHQUAKES IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS IT CAN HAVE RATHER HARMFUL EFFECTS ,ANDSLIDES AVALANCHES ROCK FALL DEBRIS FANS AND EROSION ARE ALL DANGEROUS MASS MOVEMENT TYPES 4HE ADJACENT MAP SHOWS THE LANDSLIDES HAZARD LEVEL FOR THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF 0AKISTAN MOST OF THE COUNTRY HAS A LOW OR NO HAZARD OF LANDSLIDES 4HE ONLY REGION WHICH SUFFERS FROM HAZARDOUS MASS MOVEMENT IS THE NORTHERN PART OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN 4HE LANDSLIDE HAZARD IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN IS ADJOINED BY EARTHQUAKES AND ÛOODS IN LOW AREAS MAKING THE REGION A PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE ONE %ARTHQUAKES ARE ALSO THE TRIGGER FOR MUCH OF THE DRY MASS MOVEMENT WHILE PRECIPITATION CAUSES WET MASS MOVEMENT ,ANDSLIDES AND OTHER TYPES OF WET AND DRY MASS MOVEMENT BURY HOUSES AND VILLAGES DESTROY ROADS AND BRIDGES AND DISCONNECT THE ALREADY REMOTE AND INACCESSIBLE REGION "ELDEN PP -OREOVER MASS MOVEMENT CAN BLOCK RIVER CHANNELS AND CREATE A RISK FOR ÛOODS 4HIS TYPE OF NATURAL DISASTER DOESN T ALLOW FOR MANY PREVENTIVE ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING BESIDES ONE COMMON SENSE SOLUTION BUILDING THE HOUSES AND VILLAGES ON plateaus that are distanced from slopes.
-Ă&#x2DC;33 -/6%-%.4
2ISKÂ&#x;ZONESÂ&#x;FORÂ&#x;LANDSLIDESÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;OTHERÂ&#x;TYPESÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;MASSÂ&#x;MOVEMENT
high hazard level medium hazard level low hazard level no hazard
)
)
)
)
EARTHQUAKES // Pakistan is subjected to constant NUMEROUS EARTHQUAKES -OST OF THEM ARE LOW IN 2ICHTER SCALE AND DON T CAUSE ANY SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE AND NOT EVEN STRONG ENOUGH TO FEEL "UT SOME CAUSE SEVERE DEVASTATION AND AFFECT MILLIONS OF PEOPLE -OST OF THE EARTHQUAKES HIT THE .ORTH AND 7ESTERN PARTS OF THE COUNTRY ! QUICK ANALYSIS OF 0AKISTAN S EARTHQUAKE HISTORY SHOWS A DEATH TOLL SUMMING UP TO OVER PEOPLE AND MORE THAN MILLION DISPLACED PEOPLE -OST OF THEM IN THE +ASHMIR EARTHQUAKE )T IS KNOWN AND APPROVED THAT THE MAIN REASON FOR A HIGH NUMBER OF VICTIMS AS A RESULT OF EARTHQUAKES ARE POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS AND HOUSES AND THEREFORE THE POPULATIONS INHABITING THE SUBJECTED REGIONS WILL HAVE TO ADAPT AND IMPROVE THEIR BUILT ENVIRONMENT SO THEY CAN SUSTAIN THE LIVES IN THE REGION DECREASE VULNERABILITY AND MINIMIZE VICTIMS AND DAMAGES g6ERNACULAR CONSTRUCTIONS REPRESENT A VERY LARGE SHARE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT "EING BY DEÚNITION NON ENGINEERED CONSTRUCTIONS THEY ARE THE RESULT OF ANCIENT TRADITIONS IMPROVED WITH TIME AS A RESPONSE TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THEIR SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT #ONSEQUENTLY THEY ARE WELL ÚTTED SOLUTIONS TO THE DEMANDS OF THEIR SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND POSSESS A CERTAIN BUILT IN ÚXITY ONLY MODIÚED AS A RESULT OF PERSISTENT AND EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES 3TRONG EARTHQUAKES ARE INDEED EXTRAORDINARILY DISRUPTIVE EVENTS BUT THEY ALSO HAVE LARGE RETURN PERIODS MAKING IT DIFÚCULT TO LEARN FROM THEM IN SHORT TIME SPANS WITHOUT THE TOOLS OFFERED BY MODERN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DESIGN ABSENT BY DEÚNITION FROM THE VERNACULAR #ONSEQUENTLY IN MANY CASES THESE CONSTRUCTIONS HAVE PROVEN INADEQUATE TO RESIST STRONG EARTHQUAKES AND THEY CAN BE HELD responsible for most of the resulting human fatalities caused BY MAJOR QUAKES DEMANDING AN EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING COMMUNITY s 'UTIERREZ P g4HE MAIN DANGER DUE TO HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH IS THAT THE WALLS OF BUILDINGS MIGHT FALL OUTWARDS AND CONSEQUENTLY THE ROOFS COLLAPSE 4HE MAIN AIM OF BUILDING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSES THEREFORE IS TO AVOID WALLS BEING ABLE TO FALL OUTWARDS AND TO ENSURE THAT THE ROOFS ARE ÚXED WELL TO THE WALLS OR EVEN BETTER THAT THEY STAND ON A SYSTEM OF POSTS SEPARATED FROM THE WALL SO THAT THE ROOF system AND THE WALLS CAN SWING INDEPENDENTLY DUE TO THEIR DIFFERING FREQUENCY s -INKE P
3%)3-)# (Ø:Ø2$ Ø.$ -/34 3%6%2% %Ø24(15Ø+%3
3EISMIC ZONES BASED ON HAZARD LEVEL SCALE FROM LOW RISK LEVEL TO HIGH RISK LEVEL
1974
1983 2002
1981
1991 2005
1997
2008 2011
2013
4 3 2B 2A 1
)
RECENT EARTHQUAKES Major earthquakes between 1974-2014.
Minimum 86,892
died and 4,635,000 people were displaced as a result of earthquakes between 1974 - 2014 in Pakistan.
1974
1981
1983
1991
1997
6.2MW
6.2MW
7.4MW
6.7MW
7.3MW
5,300
220
14
300
50
38
2005 Kashmir earthquake:
pÂ&#x; pÂ&#x; Â&#x;MAGNITUDE / Epicenter in Muzaffarabad pÂ&#x;over 80,000 Deaths, over100,000 Injured pÂ&#x;over 3,500,000 People homeless in 1,083 villages pÂ&#x;171,884 Houses completely destroyed
2002
2005
2008
2011
2013
6.3MW
7.8MW
6.4MW
7.2MW
7.8MW, 6.8MW
23
80,000
215
á
770
15,000
3,500,000
120,000
1,000,000 I.20
39
DEDUCTIONS // 4HE ANALYSIS OF THE COUNTRY SHOWS HOW 0AKISTAN IS CHARACTERIZED BY A PLURALITY OF CULTURES WITH SPECIÚC LOCAL ASPECTS 4HE REGIONS IN THE COUNTRY ARE RADICALLY DIFFERENT CONTEXTS BY MANY POINTS OF VIEW !S MENTIONED THE NORTHERN REGION OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN SEEMS TO BE PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING DUE TO ITS UNIQUE CHARACTERS p 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN IS A CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXCEPTION IN 0AKISTAN WHICH MAKES RECOVERY STRATEGIES FOR MOST OF 0AKISTAN ALMOST IRRELEVANT FOR THE REGION p 4HE REGION IS POORLY ACCESSIBLE AND SPARSELY POPULATED WHICH MAKES THE TRANSPORTATION TO IT HARD EVEN HARDER IN CASE OF INFRASTRUCTURAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY AN EARTHQUAKE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AID CENTERS NOT SO EFFECTIVE Therefore the use of local materials and systems is preferred. p 4HE REGION IS POPULATED BY UNIQUE ETHNIC GROUPS WITH distinct cultures. p %ARTHQUAKE HISTORY SHOWS A NEED IN ACCOMMODATING VERY LARGE POPULATIONS 4HE MAJOR DEATH CAUSE AS A RESULT OF EARTHQUAKES IS THE COLLAPSING OF POOR STRUCTURES &UTURE STRUCTURES HAVE TO BE MORE STABLE AND LIGHTER p 0AKISTAN ECONOMY IS POOR AND IS BASED ON LOCAL RESOURCES and small scale production. This economic model has to be taken in consideration in the reconstruction strategy.
p #LIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXCEPTION
p 5NIQUE ETHNIC GROUPS AND CULTURES
p $ISTINCT ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS MATERIALS TECHNIQUES AND WAYS OF INHABITING A HOUSE
p 0OOR ACCESSIBILITY AND SPARSE POPULATION
p 2EQUIRES EXCEPTIONAL AID
p 7EAK ECONOMY
p 0ROBLEMS IN IMPORTING MATERIALS AND ESTABLISHING AID CENTERS 5SE OF LOCAL MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUESS IS PREFERRED
p #ALLS FOR INGENIOUS AND EFFICIENT USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES
p $ESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES LEAD TO HOUSES COLLAPSING AND DEATH
p ! CRITICAL NEED FOR SHELTERS AND RESISTANT HOUSES
#4
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK GILGIT - BALTISTAN
INTRODUCTION //
'ILGIT "ALTISTAN IS THE MOST NORTHERN REGION OF 0AKISTAN IT IS COMPOSED OF TWO REGIONS 'ILGIT TO THE WEST AND "ALTISTAN TO THE EAST 4HE REGION WAS ÚRST DEÚNED AS A UNITY IN WHEN THEY REBELLED AGAINST the Maharaja and joined Pakistan. They gained further INDEPENDENCE IN BY BECOMING A SINGULAR DISTRICT OF 0AKISTAN ,ASTLY IN THEY BECAME AN AUTONOMOUS REGION WITH THE Gilgit-Baltistan empowerment and selfgovernance order OF The area has throughout time been notoriously dominated BY SURROUNDING EMPIRES 4ODAY IT IS LOCATED IN BETWEEN THREE OF THE WORLD S NUCLEAR POWERS 0AKISTAN )NDIA AND China. "ESIDES THE AREA BEING SUBJECT TO TERRITORIAL CLAIM FROM MULTIPLE NATIONS IT SUFFERS FROM AN ABUNDANCE OF NATURAL DISASTERS ESPECIALLY EARTHQUAKES LANDSLIDES AND AVALANCHES 4HESE DISASTERS COME IN VARYING SCALES AND SHAPE THE EVERYDAY LIFE FROM BLOCKING MOUNTAIN PATHS TO KILLING PEOPLE TO DESTROYING ENTIRE VILLAGES
)
SETTLEMENTS //
4HE REGION BORDERS WITH !FGHANISTAN TO THE 7EST #HINA TO THE .ORTH )NDIA CONTROLLED +ASHMIR TO THE %AST AND THE REST OF 0AKISTAN TO THE SOUTH 4HE KM of the region are mostly high mountain ridges. The region is home to many of the tallest PEAKS IN THE WORLD AMONG THEM THE WORLD ND HIGHEST MOUNTAIN + WITH ITS M THE .ANGA 0ARBAT REACHING M AND THE 'ASHERBRUMS PEAKS RANGING FROM TO M 4HE REGION IS DIVIDED INTO SEVEN DISTRICTS 'ILGIT 3KARDU !STORE $IAMER 'HIZER 'HANCHE AND (UNZA .AGAR 4HE CAPITAL AND BIGGEST CITY OF THE REGION IS 'ILGIT WITH OVER INHABITANTS 4HE REGION SHOWS A POPULATION DENSITY OF INHABITANTS PER SQUARE KILOMETER AND IS ONE OF THE LEAST POPULATED IN THE COUNTRY &URTHERMORE THE URBAN POPULATION SUMS UP TO ONLY PER CENT )NTERNATIONAL 5NION FOR #ONSERVATION OF .ATURE AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN P WHILE THE REST LIVES IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS 4HIS LOW DENSITY AND URBANIZATION RATE RESULTS IN RELATIVELY ISOLATED VILLAGES AND communities. The mountainous features of the region lead to INACCESSIBILITY AND SECLUSION FROM THE REST OF THE COUNTRY AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION TRADE INFORMATION EDUCATION and other factors. This remoteness and inaccessibility RAISES UP UNIQUE ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOLISTIC AID INTERVENTION 3OME OF THEM ARE THE AVAILABILITY AND PROCUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES ACCESSIBILITY TO KNOWLEDGE UNIQUE CULTURAL FAMILY AND ECONOMIC MODELS AND BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS
$)342)#43 #)4)%3
Afghanistan China
Gahkuch Gilgit NWFP (Pakistan)
K2
Chilas Skardu Nanga Parbat
Khaplu
India (Kashmir)
Azad Kashmir
Districts by Population
(Pakistan)
Gilgit (capital) - 302,000
1,200,000
Skardu - 274,000 Ghizer - 155,000
72,496 km2
Diamer - 147,000 Hunza-Nagar - 117,000 Ghanche - 110,000
17 / km2
Astore - 93,000
)
SEASONS // 4HE AREA SURROUNDING THE +ARAKORAM RIDGE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A MULTITUDE OF DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS DUE TO THE GREAT ALTITUDE GRADIENT (EWITT CITED IN "ELDEN P PROPOSES A DISTINCTION IN FOUR ZONES OR BELTS DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWING ZONE )6 BELOW METERS ASL IS DEÚNED AS ARID ZONE ))) BETWEEN AND METERS ASL IS A COOL SUB HUMID BELT PRESENTING WARM SUMMERS AND SNOW COVER FROM THREE TO EIGHT MONTHS DURING THE YEAR THE CLIMATE OF ZONE )) BETWEEN AND METERS ASL IS COLD HUMID WITH SNOW COVER LASTING UP TO MONTHS ZONE ) ABOVE METERS ASL IS the perennial ice belt. An increase in altitude corresponds TO LOWER TEMPERATURES AND HIGHER PRECIPITATION RATES THEREFORE ZONE )6 THE AREA WHERE STABLE SETTLEMENTS CAN BE FOUND HAS VERY LITTLE PRECIPITATION AND RELATIVELY HIGH TEMPERATURES NOTWITHSTANDING THE EXTREME TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS DURING THE YEAR 4HE AVERAGE PEAKS OF TEMPERATURE REGISTERED ACROSS THE YEAR IN 3KARDU ARE # AND # 2AO -ARWAT P WHILE IN 'ILGIT THEY RANGE FROM # TO # AS VISIBLE ON THE ADJACENT diagram.
4%-0%2Ă&#x2DC;452%3
20°C 18°C 16°C 14°C 12°C 10°C no data available
Gilgit
Mean and peak temperatures in the city of Gilgit (°C) 35 30 20 15 10 5 0 -5 jan feb mar apr may jun
jul aug sep oct nov dec
)
PRECIPITATION // 4HE 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN REGION IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN EXTREMELY LOW AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATIONS IN THE LOWER AREAS 4HE HIGHER ALTITUDES ON THE OTHER HAND SHOW A CONSISTENT AMOUNT OF SNOW AND HAIL REACHING EACH YEAR MM ABOVE METERS ASL )5#. AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN P +HAN ET AL CITED IN "ELDEN P THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS THEREFORE BASED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ON MELT WATER FROM SNOW DEPOSITS AND GLACIERS AND THE CULTIVATED AREAS RELY ON A NETWORK OF MAN MADE CHANNELS CALLED kuhls )5#. AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN P 4HE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER IS PERCEIVED BY THE INHABITANTS AS AN INCREASING PROBLEM IN THE REGION )5#. AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN PP +HAN ET AL P $ROUGHTS AND ÛOODS INDUCED BY CLIMATE CHANGE +HAN ET AL P AND THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES SUCH AS MINING )5#. AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN P ARE ASCRIBED AMONG THE CAUSES LEADING TO SHORTAGE AND CONTAMINATION OF WATER 4HE NATIONWIDE HEALTH SURVEY carried out by the National Institute of Population Studies .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL P UNDERLINES THAT MORE THAN OF THE POPULATION OF THE RURAL AREAS DON T TREAT DRINKING WATER 4HE COMBINATION OF UNSAFE WATER AND poor hygienic conditions is pointed out as the main cause OF INFANT MORTALITY .)03 AND -ACRO )NTERNATIONAL CITED IN .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL P 2EGARDING THE REGION OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN THE MORTALITY RATE AMONG CHILDREN UNDER ÚVE REACHES .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL P
Ă&#x2DC;6%2Ă&#x2DC;'% 2Ă&#x2DC;).&Ă&#x2DC;,, $Ă&#x2DC;4Ă&#x2DC;
major rivers flood affected areas 800 - 1000 mm/year 600 - 800 400 - 600 200 - 400 0 - 200
Average rainfall across the region (mm) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 jan feb mar apr may jun
jul aug sep oct nov dec
)
LAND USE // -ORE THAN HALF OF '" IS LOCATED ABOVE METERS ASL )5#. AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN P BEYOND THE !LPINE TIMBERLINE AND BEYOND THE POSSIBILITY to comfortably inhabit the area. The Alpine timberline M ASL REPRESENTS THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE HIGH UNINHABITABLE MOUNTAINS AND THE LOWER RANGELANDS 4HE MOST PROMINENT LAND USE IN THE REGION ARE THE VAST RANGELANDS SPREADING OVER MILLION HECTARES ABOUT OF THE REGION S TOTAL 4HEY COMPRISE FORESTS !LPINE GRASSLANDS !LPINE DWARF SHRUBS GLACIERS AND RIVERS 4HE RANGELANDS ARE COVERED BY SNOW AROUND HALF OF THE YEAR AND GRAZING IS ENABLED FROM LATE SPRING TILL EARLY AUTUMN WHEN MANY OF THE SHEPHERDS MIGRATE TO LOWER ALTITUDES WITH THEIR HERDS 4HE FORESTS MOSTLY (IMALAYAN DRY #ONIFEROUS HAVE NUMEROUS SIGNIÚCANT BENEÚTS FOR THE LOCAL POPULATION 4REES SUCH AS $EODAR AND 0INE ARE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AND ALL TREES AND SHRUBS CAN BE USED AS FUEL WOOD THE ONLY MEAN OF HEATING AND COOKING IN THE RURAL AREAS OF THE REGION #OLLECTION OF MEDICINAL HERBS IS ALSO COMMON -ANY SPECIES OF WILD animals and plants greatly depend on the forests. Their role AS A CATALYST OF BIODIVERSITY AND CARBON REDUCTION IS OF KNOWN IMPORTANCE 4HEY ALSO ATTRACT TOURISM AN IMPORTANT MEAN OF INCOME AND DEVELOPMENT IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN 7HILE THE NATURAL VEGETATION PROVIDES THE LOCALS WITH AREAS FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FUEL WOOD WATER MEDICINAL HERBS AND OCCASIONALLY FOOD MUSHROOMS HONEY WILD BERRIES IT CAN T ENTIRELY FULÚLL THE EVER GROWING DEMAND FOR LIVELIHOOD OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN AREA IS USED FOR AGRICULTURE AND FARM FORESTRY 4HE MAIN CROPS ARE MAIZE WHEAT BARLEY AND POTATOES AND THE MAIN TREES WHICH MAKE UP FOR FARM FORESTRY ARE APRICOT CHERRY PLUM APPLE WALNUT PEAR PEACH AND ALMOND Most of the related problematic are encompassed in the FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH g4HE LOWER TIMBERLINE %CO TONE IS UNDERGOING EXCESSIVE DEGRADATION AND SEVERE EROSION DUE TO INTENSIVE FARMING DEFORESTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FREQUENT HAZARDS LIKE ÛASH ÛOODS MUD SLIDES AND LAND SLIPS )T IS FURTHER THREATENED BY EXPANSION OF FARMING ACTIVITIES ROAD NETWORKS RESORTS AND OTHERS INFRASTRUCTURE s :AFAR +HAN ET AL P &URTHER RELATED ISSUES IN THE REGION ARE OVERGRAZING EXCESSIVE CUTTING OF FUEL WOOD WATER CONTAMINATION AND IN GENERAL INEFÚCIENT USE OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES
490% 3(Ă&#x2DC;2% /& ,Ă&#x2DC;.$ 53%
<3300 m:
3300 - 4000 m:
>4000 m: Alpine Timberline
Rivers & Lakes 0.2% 1.2 Agriculture & Farm Trees 1.2% Natural Forests 4% Rangelands (Alpine Pasteur) 29% 65. Glaciers, Snow, High Mountains 65.6%
)
INFRASTRUCTURE
// The transportation AND MOBILITY WEB IN THE REGION IS RATHER PARTICULAR g&OR CENTURIES THIS MOUNTAINOUS LANDSCAPE MADE THE .ORTHERN Areas one of the most remote and inaccessible regions of THE SUB CONTINENT !T THE TIME OF 0AKISTAN INDEPENDENCE FOR EXAMPLE THE .ORTHERN !REAS HAD ONLY NINE PONY TRACKS SUSPENSION BRIDGES AND A SMALL BASIC AIRPORT 7ITH THE OPENING OF THE +ARAKORAM (IGHWAY IN AND OTHER INITIATIVES THE PICTURE HAS ALTERED ALMOST BEYOND RECOGNITION 4HE REGION NOW HAS HUNDREDS OF KILOMETERS OF ROADS OVER BRIDGES AND TWO SUBSTANTIAL AIRPORTS ONE OF WHICH IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING "OEING S s )5#. AND 'OVERNMENT OF 0AKISTAN P 4HE PRESENT SITUATION EVEN IF GREATLY DEVELOPED STILL PRESENTS A RELATIVELY POOR INFRASTRUCTURE 2EGARDING LONG DISTANCES TRAINS DON T CROSS THE REGION AND ROADS ARE RELATIVELY SCARCE AND PROVIDE VARIOUS LEVELS OF PRACTICABILITY /NLY ONE ROAD k FROM 'ILGIT CITY WEST WARD k IS SUITABLE FOR HEAVY TRUCKS 4HE +ARAKORAM HIGHWAY WHICH CROSSES the region from North to South is suitable for light trucks AND SMALLER VEHICLES !PART FROM THESE AND TWO ADDITIONAL WAYS THE REST OF THE ROADS ALLOW ONLY FOR A LIMITED SIZE OF VEHICLES IN CERTAIN PERIODS OF THE YEAR 2OADS ARE MOSTLY BLOCKED IN WINTER DUE TO FREQUENT LANDSLIDES AVALANCHES RAIN AND SNOW 4RAVELING BY BUS FROM THE 0AKISTANI CAPITAL )SLAMABAD TO THE REGION S CAPITAL 'ILGIT TAKES BETWEEN HOURS DEPENDING ON ROAD AND WEATHER CONDITIONS WHILE ÛYING ON THE SAME ROUTE TAKES ABOUT MINUTES 4HE REGION S TWO AIRPORTS ARE LOCATED IN 'ILGIT AND 3KARDU WIKITRAVEL ORG 4RANSPORTATION IN MOST PARTS OF THE REGION ESPECIALLY COMMUTING IS STILL DEPENDENT BY LARGE ON WALKING "EING A RURAL REGION VILLAGERS MAINTAIN A LIFE STYLE WHICH CONCENTRATES ALMOST ALL ITS ACTIVITIES ON SHORT DISTANCES &ARMING GRAZING SCHOOL AND OTHER DAILY ACTIVITIES ARE BEING REACHED BY FOOT %VEN RIVER CROSSING IS LARGELY NON MOTORIZED AND ENABLED BY SMALL CABLE CARS FOR people and goods and by suspended rope bridges. The region’s infrastructural conditions illustrate the DIFÚCULTIES IN TRANSPORTING MATERIALS AND PEOPLE A HIGHLY CONSIDERABLE MATTER WHEN DEVELOPING A DISASTER RELIEF AND reconstruction strategy.
,Ă&#x2DC;.$ Ă&#x2DC;)2 #/..%#4)/.3
Karakoram Highway highways primary roads secondary roads airport
Gilgit
Skardu
)
)
) )
DEMOGRAPHY //
The data collected by NIPS AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL GIVE AN OVERSIGHT ON THE structure of the households. In the rural areas of the COUNTRY THE AVERAGE FAMILY IS COMPOSED BY MEMBERS AND OF THE HOUSEHOLDS HAVE OR MORE .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL P )N 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN MORE THAN HALF OF THE FAMILY IS COMPOSED BY PEOPLE UNDER YEARS OLD THE PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE THEN DROPS AS THE AGE INCREASES CHANGING FROM FAMILY MEMBERS BETWEEN AND YEARS OLD TO MEMBERS BETWEEN AND YEARS OLD !T ALL AGES THE POPULATION IS COMPOSED BY MEN AND WOMEN IN EQUAL PROPORTIONS .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL APPENDIX ! P !N IMPORTANT FACT TO MENTION IS THE MORTALITY RATE AMONG CHILDREN WHICH AMOUNTS TO FOR CHILDREN UNDER ÚVE .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL P
Ă&#x2DC;'% 092Ă&#x2DC;-)$ Ă&#x2DC;6%2Ă&#x2DC;'% (/53%(/,$ 3):% 52"Ă&#x2DC;.):Ă&#x2DC;4)/.
87% Rural population
+
13% Urban population
75 70 65 60 89/1000 Infant mortality rate
55
10% are more than 55 years old. Pakistanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life expectancy is 64.
50 45 40 35 30 25 20
35% are between 20-55 years old, the major providing group.
15 10 5
6.9 people Average household size
0
55% are kids younger than 20 years.
)
THE LOCAL POPULATION //
The position AND GEOGRAPHY OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN CONTRIBUTED TO THE VARIED cultural identity of a region inhabited by the descendants of PEOPLE MIGRATED FROM )NDIA FROM #HINA FROM THE (IMALAYA "ALTI 3HINA "URUSHASKI +REUTZMANN CITED IN (UNZAI P COUNTS AT LEAST LINGUISTIC AND ETHNIC GROUPS AND FOUR DIFFERENT DENOMINATIONS OF )SLAM OF THE -USLIMS IN THE REGION ARE 3HIA 3UNNI )SMAILI .OORBUKSHI 4HE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE IS 3HINA SPOKEN BY OF THE POPULATION FOLLOWED BY THE "ALTI IDIOM )T IS NOT POSSIBLE TO FORCE SUCH A COMPLEX CULTURAL LANDSCAPE INTO THE NARROW SPACE OF A GENERIC DESCRIPTION EACH SOURCE CANNOT DESCRIBE BUT ONLY FEW TILES OF A MUCH WIDER MOSAIC 4HE descriptions of the hospitality of the inhabitants (Mortenson P GO ALONGSIDE WITH REPORTS OF THE VIOLENT SECTARIAN CONÛICT BETWEEN 3UNNI AND 3HIA -USLIMS (UNZAI P #LIMATE LAND POPULATION SURVEYS DEPICT 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN AS A VULNERABLE REGION WHERE INFANT MORTALITY POVERTY AND ILLITERACY ARE MARKED ISSUES 7HAT SURVEYS CANNOT HIGHLIGHT IS THE ENSEMBLE OF CUSTOMS RULES STRATEGIES DEVELOPED BY EACH COMMUNITY IN EACH VALLEY OF THE REGION !N EVOLUTION LASTED FOR CENTURIES AND STILL ONGOING WHICH ALLOWED PRESERVING THE DELICATE BALANCE OF SYSTEMS WHERE THE SLIGHTEST VARIATION CAN lead to crises on a large scale.
)
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
//
4HE WORKS OF +EN -AC$ONALD +ATHRINE "ESIO AND %RMES )NVERNIZZI ET AL N D PROVIDE A MORE DETAILED understanding of the economic and social structure in a VILLAGE IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN NAMELY THE VILLAGE OF !SKOLE 4HE STRUCTURE OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY DERIVES FROM A COMPLEX OVERLAPPING OF NETWORKS BASED ON KINSHIP AND PROXIMITY WITH THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF GRANTING THE SUBSISTENCE OF THE VILLAGE 4HE RESPECT OF TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS AND SOCIAL CONVENTIONS AIMS AT BALANCING THE POWER OF THE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE VILLAGE AND GRANTS MUTUAL HELP IN CASE OF CRISIS -AC$ONALD PP %ACH HOUSEHOLD IS LED BY ONE MAN THE khang-go SIDED BY HIS FEMALE EQUIVALENT THE dhakmo "ESIDES BEING KEEPERS OF THE TRADITIONS AND NORMS THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTES TIME LABOR TOOLS AND RESOURCES AND HAS THE RIGHT TO ARRANGE AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER HOUSEHOLDS %VERY year four different khang-go are chosen according to A ROTATIONAL SCHEDULE AND THEY ARE GIVEN AUTHORITY OVER THE VILLAGE 4HESE FOUR VILLAGE MANAGERS YUL LTUMPONG DECIDE ON THE ACTIVITIES WHICH INVOLVE THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE -OREOVER THEY DISTRIBUTE COMMON RESOURCES AND LABOR AMONG THE FAMILIES WITH THE PURPOSE TO gMINIMIZE OR ATTEMPT TO EQUALIZE VULNERABILITY AMONG ALL VILLAGE HOUSEHOLDSs -AC$ONALD P !LBEIT STRONG the authority of yul-ltumpong IS NEVERTHELESS CONÚNED WITHIN THE VILLAGE 4HE RELATIONS WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES ARE MANAGED BY A FURTHER INSTITUTION THE VILLAGE HEAD OR trampa WHO CONVERSELY CANNOT EXERCISE HIS POWER OVER THE ALLOCATION OF COMMON RESOURCES INSIDE THE VILLAGE )N HIS ANALYSIS -AC$ONALD POINTS OUT THAT THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IS FRAMED IN A REÚNED HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE BASED ON LOCAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH gHAVE NOT BEEN SUPERIMPOSED BY THE STATE BUT RATHER HAVE HISTORICALLY DERIVED LEGITIMACY FROM WITHIN THE COMMUNITYs -AC$ONALD P 4HE LOCAL CONDITIONS IN A SPECIÚC LOCATION IN THE REGION SEEM THEN ABLE TO DETERMINE DIFFERENT SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND CONVENTIONS FURTHER EVIDENCE IS THE TEMPERED PRINCIPLE OF FEMALE SECLUSION OR purdah IN !SKOLE )N THE OPINION OF -AC$ONALD P THE REDUCED GENDER SECLUSION WHICH ALLOWS WOMEN TO WORK IN THE ÚELDS IS THE CONSEQUENCE OF A RISK MEDIATION STRATEGY 4HE SAME IS STATED BY "ESIO g"ECAUSE FEMALES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SIGNIÚCANT NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL CHORES SUCH AS WEEDING IN THE VILLAGE S ÚELDS IT IS NOT FEASIBLE FOR WOMEN TO SECLUDE THEMSELVES AT HOME AND THEIR DISCOURSES OF APPROPRIATE FEMALE BEHAVIOR DIFFER FROM THOSE NEARBY )N 3KARDU FOR EXAMPLE INAPPROPRIATE FEMALE BEHAVIOR WOULD BE !SKOLE WOMEN S VISIBILITY AND PROMINENCE IN AGRICULTURAL SPACESs "ESIO P
)
VILLAGES // The structure of the built areas and the management of land changes according to the position in THEÂ&#x;REGION Â&#x;ASÂ&#x;CANÂ&#x;BEÂ&#x;SEENÂ&#x;ONÂ&#x;SATELLITEÂ&#x;IMAGES Â&#x;3ETTLEMENTSÂ&#x; can be formed by a dense cluster of buildings or appear ASÂ&#x; GROUPSÂ&#x; OFÂ&#x; SCATTEREDÂ&#x; HOUSES Â&#x; WHATÂ&#x; SEEMÂ&#x; TOÂ&#x; MAKEÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; DIFFERENCEÂ&#x;AREÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;WIDTHÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;SLOPEÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;VALLEYS Â&#x;(OWEVER Â&#x; ALLÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;INHABITEDÂ&#x;AREASÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;REGIONÂ&#x;AREÂ&#x;CHARACTERIZEDÂ&#x;BYÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; PRESENCEÂ&#x; OFÂ&#x; RETAININGÂ&#x; WALLSÂ&#x; ANDÂ&#x; DITCHESÂ&#x; FORÂ&#x; DRAINAGEÂ&#x; and irrigation. !SÂ&#x; MENTIONEDÂ&#x; BEFORE Â&#x; THEÂ&#x; LOWÂ&#x; PRECIPITATIONÂ&#x; RATEÂ&#x; INÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; region determines the dependency of local agriculture on THEÂ&#x;MELTÂ&#x;WATERÂ&#x;Ă&#x203A;OWINGÂ&#x;FROMÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;HIGHERÂ&#x;ALTITUDE Â&#x;WHICHÂ&#x;ISÂ&#x; channeled in a net of kuhls Â&#x;DITCHES Â&#x;/VERLAPPINGÂ&#x;WITHÂ&#x;THISÂ&#x; NET Â&#x; THEÂ&#x; WIDESPREADÂ&#x; GEOMETRYÂ&#x; OFÂ&#x; RETAININGÂ&#x; WALLSÂ&#x; AROUNDÂ&#x; EACHÂ&#x;VILLAGEÂ&#x;DESCRIBESÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;INCLINATIONÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;GROUND Â&#x;WHICHÂ&#x; ALLOWSÂ&#x;WIDEÂ&#x;Ă&#x161;ELDSÂ&#x;ONÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;Ă&#x203A;ATÂ&#x;AREASÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;ONLYÂ&#x;NARROWÂ&#x;STRIPESÂ&#x; OFÂ&#x; CULTIVATEDÂ&#x; LANDÂ&#x; ONÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; STEEPERÂ&#x; PARTS Â&#x; 3OMETIMESÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; WALLSÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;HOUSESÂ&#x;AREÂ&#x;RETAININGÂ&#x;WALLSÂ&#x;ASÂ&#x;WELL Â&#x;DEPENDINGÂ&#x; again on the characters of the site.
)
)
COMMUNAL BUILDINGS //
"ESIDES HOUSES AND STABLES BUILDINGS THAT CAN BE USUALLY FOUND IN A TYPICAL VILLAGE IN 'ILGIT ARE THE MOSQUE THE RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONAL HALL THE RELIGIOUS SCHOOL madrassa AND THE SECULAR SCHOOL DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF THE VILLAGE EACH OF THESE STRUCTURES CAN RANGE FROM A SIMPLE ROOM TO A RELATIVELY LARGE BUILDING 4HE SAME TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE houses are applied also to the communal buildings. These TECHNIQUES ARE FURTHER REÚNED AND ADAPTED TO THE FUNCTION AND SIGNIÚCANCE OF THE STRUCTURE )N THE MOSQUES WOODEN PILLARS AND BEAMS ARE RICHLY DECORATED AND CARVED g-OST OF THE DECORATIONS CARVED ON PANELS PILLARS AND CAPITALS CONSIST OF ABSTRACT AND ÛORAL MOTIFS REPRESENTING ANCIENT religious or social symbols. One of the most fascinating PATTERNS IS THE ENDLESS KNOT USED IN THE HOUSES OF THE "RALDO VALLEY BOTH AS A DECORATION AND AS A CENTRAL MOTIF s )NVERNIZZI ET AL N D P 4HE ADJACENT ILLUSTRATION SHOWS THE COMMUNAL BUILDINGS IN THE ALREADY MENTIONED !SKOLE A VILLAGE IN ONE OF THE MOST REMOTE VALLEYS OF THE REGION THE "RALDU VALLEY !MONG these structures it is possible to notice the presence of a CAMP SITE ACTIVE MOSTLY DURING THE WARM SEASON WHEN A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF TOURISTS VISIT THE VALLEY AND THE NEARBY + MOUNTAIN !LONGSIDE WITH THE ECONOMIC GROWTH TOURISM BRINGS EXTRANEOUS CULTURAL MINDSETS WHICH HAVE AN INÛUENCE EVENTUALLY ON CONSUMPTION 0LASTIC WRAPS AND BOTTLES ARE FOR EXAMPLE MORE AND MORE COMMON IN THE REGION !S OPPOSED TO WELL KNOWN STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE SCHOOL AND MOSQUE THE FUNCTION OF THE )MAM BARGAH SHOULD BE SHORTLY EXPLAINED )T IS A RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONAL HALL OF THE 3HIA -USLIMS WHICH DIFFERS FROM THE MOSQUE BY THE TYPE OF gatherings and ceremonies hosted. 4WO EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ARE SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES A SCHOOL IN "UBAR AND A SMALL MOSQUE IN Shakyot.
CAMP SITE facilities to support increasing tourism
jeep road
OLD MOSQUE
MADRASA Islamic education
NEW MOSQUE
IMAM BARGAH congregational hall
SCHOOL secular education
main village path
)
GIRL SCHOOL IN BUBAR "UILT USED BY PUPILS /FÚCE M CENTRAL ROOM M LATERAL ROOM M 4OTAL M
room
6m
room
7.3m
3.7m
2.7m
3m
3.7m
3m
veranda
office
)
)
MOSQUE IN SHAKYOT 5SEDÂ&#x;BYÂ&#x;SEVENÂ&#x;3HIAÂ&#x;FAMILIES )NSIDE Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x; Â&#x;VERANDA Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x; 4OTAL Â&#x; Â&#x;M
low stone wall bukhari (stove)
entrance
arch veranda
1.8m
1.8m )
decorative column
Koran niche
decorative column
)
DEDUCTIONS //
4HE ANALYSIS OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN AS A WHOLE REVEALS A GREAT DIVERSITY IN CLIMATE LANDSCAPE INFRASTRUCTURES ACCESSIBILITY MORPHOLOGY OF SETTLEMENTS AND ABOVE ALL CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE p .EXT TO THE BIGGER CITIES WITH MORE ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURES TOOLS MATERIALS AND KNOWLEDGE THE REGION has also remote and inaccessible settlements. The project MUST ADDRESS THE MOST CHALLENGING SCENARIO MEANING LACK OF SKILLS MATERIALS TOOLS AND CONNECTION p 4HE SAME GOES FOR CLIMATE THE PROJECT HAS TO FORESEE THE HARSHEST CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE REGION AND PROVIDE a degree of comfort. p 4HE USE OF LAND IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASING DEFORESTATION LEADING TO DESERTIÚCATION WATER POLLUTION EROSION AND LANDSLIDES 4HESE ARE HAZARDS THAT THE PROJECT NEEDS TO TAKE IN CONSIDERATION -OREOVER THE DESIGN MUST USE TIMBER IN AN ADEQUATE WAY SO TO REDUCE THE DEMAND p !S SOME AREAS CAN REMAIN COMPLETELY ISOLATED THE project should count as much as possible on locally AVAILABLE MATERIALS 4HE STRATEGY SHOULD AIM AT MINIMIZING WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF EVERYTHING CARRIED FROM OUTSIDE p 4HE RICHNESS AND COMPLEXITY OF THE REGIONAL CULTURE LEADS US TO PLAN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT WITH UTMOST CARE AS OPPOSED TO MANY INTERVENTIONS WHERE THE LOCAL understanding of space is disesteemed. p .EARLY THE ENTIRE REGION IS -USLIM THE DESIGN SHALL ANSWER AESTHETIC )SLAMIC VALUES p 4HE VARIETY IN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY IMPLIES A DEGREE OF ÛEXIBILITY IN THE PROJECT ALLOWING DIFFERENT INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BUILDINGS
p $IVERSITY IN SKILLS TOOLS AND MATERIALS THROUGHOUT THE REGION
p %XCESSIVE USE OF TIMBER LEADS TO
DEFORESTATION
SOIL EROSION
FOLLOWED BY
DESERTIFICATION LANDSLIDES
p 0LANNING FOR THE MOST UNFAVOURABLE CASE p 3OME AREAS CAN REMAIN COMPLETELY ISOLATED AFTER A DISASTER
p #ORRECT DIMENSIONING APPLICATION
CAN INVERT THE TREND p -USLIM predominance
p )SLAMIC INSPIRED AESTHETICS
p 5SE AS MUCH LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
MINIMIZE WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF OUT SOURCED ONES
p 6ARIOUS SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGIES
p 2EQUIRE AN ADAPTABLE FLEXIBLE DESIGN
#5
VERNACULAR CULTURE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
THE VERNACULAR HOUSE // 4HE COMPLEX landscape of mountainous regions such as the Himalayan AND THE +ARAKORAM RIDGE DETERMINED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VARIED VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERIZED BY DIFFERENT LOCAL FEATURES IN EACH VALLEY "ANERJI N D P .EVERTHELESS SOME COMMON BASIC CHARACTERS CAN BE TRACED UNDERNEATH THIS DIVERSITY 4HE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN IS AN ITERATIVE SYSTEM WHERE LOCAL MATERIALS ARE EMPLOYED IN A WAY TO MAXIMIZE STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND MINIMIZE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AS MUCH AS ALLOWED BY THE LIMITED KNOWLEDGE "Y LOOKING AT THE PLANS REPORTED BY (ASAN PP !ND "ERSANI ET AL N D P THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE SEEMS TO BE BASED ON THREE FUNCTIONAL ENTITIES THE CENTRAL DWELLING AREA THE STORAGE AND THE ANIMAL SHED 4HE DWELLING AREA HAS ALWAYS A CENTRAL FOCUS IN THE ÚREPLACE WHICH IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF HEAT IN THE HOUSE (ASAN P 4HIS STRONG CENTRAL SYSTEM LEADS OFTEN TO SQUARE PLANS WHERE INTERNAL PARTITIONS ARE DETERMINED BY DIFFERENT ÛOOR LEVELS (ASAN P OR BY LOW WOODEN PARTITIONS "ERSANI ET AL N D P $ESPITE THE ABSENCE OF STRONG PARTITIONS THE SPACE INSIDE THIS ROOM IS STRICTLY DIVIDED IN DIFFERENT ZONES BY GENDER AND AGE ON THE OTHER HAND NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN SLEEPING AND LIVING AREA CAN BE TRACED 4HIS LEADS TO A MULTI FUNCTIONAL USE SLEEPING EATING COOKING SOCIALIZING AND WORKING ARE ALL CARRIED OUT IN ONE SINGLE SPACE The storage and the shed are usually placed on opposite SIDES OF THE CENTRAL ROOM PROVIDING FURTHER INSULATION TO THE DWELLING
)
)
ACCESS AND LEVELS //
7HILE (ASAN SHOWS ONLY HOUSES ON ONE ÛOOR ILLUSTRATED ON PAGES THE HOUSES VISITED BY )NVERNIZZI AND "ESIO IN THE VILLAGE OF !SKOLE ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF A SUMMER LEVEL balti ON TOP OF A WINTER LEVEL kaza PARTIALLY DUG UNDERGROUND 4HE USE OF TWO SEASONAL LEVELS SEEMS RATHER COMMON IN THE MID AND HIGH ALTITUDES IN THE (IMALAYAS "ANERJI N D P PROBABLY AS IT ANSWERS TO THE GREAT SEASONAL TEMPERATURE EXCURSION 7HILE THE WINTER LEVEL IS EXTREMELY DARK AND NARROW THE SUMMER LEVEL IS LARGER WITH MORE INTERNAL PARTITIONS AND OPENINGS ALLOWING LIGHT AND FRESH AIR INSIDE THE HOUSE "ESIO P .OWADAYS HOWEVER THE INHABITANTS TEND TO ABANDON the ancient kaza IN FAVOR OF A HOUSE ON ONE LEVEL "ERSANI ET AL N D P )N THIS CASE THE SEASONAL DISTINCTION CAN STILL BE FOUND IN THE FORM OF A VERANDA ON ONE OR MORE SIDES OF THE building. 4HE SQUARE OPENING ON THE ROOF OF THE HOUSE IS AN ELEMENT AS ESSENTIAL AS THE CENTRAL ÚREPLACE )TS FUNCTION IS NOT ONLY TO LEAD THE SMOKE OUT OF THE HOUSE AS CHIMNEYS ARE UNKNOWN TO THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE PLACE BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE HOUSE FROM THE ROOF )N FACT IN THE HOUSES ON TWO LEVELS THIS HOLE ON THE ROOF IS THE gFRONT DOORs PER SE LEADING EVENTUALLY TO THE DEEPER KAZA THROUGH ANOTHER SMALLER HOLE ON THE ÛOOR 4HE VERTICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS IN THE HOUSE AND BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND ITS ROOF PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE RURAL CULTURE 4HE ÛAT ROOF OF THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IS MUCH MORE THAN A COVER ESPECIALLY DURING SUMMER ON TOP OF THE ROOF FODDER AND WOOD ARE STACKED FRUIT IS DRIED AND WOOL IS PROCESSED )NVERNIZZI ET AL N D P )N THOSE VILLAGES WHICH ARE COMPOSED BY A CLUSTER OF BUILDINGS AS SEEN FOR INSTANCE ALONG THE "RALDU VALLEY ROOFS ARE SEMI PUBLIC SPACES WHERE PEOPLE AND ESPECIALLY WOMEN MEET AND WORK $URING THE WARM SEASON IT IS COMMON TO EVENTUALLY SLEEP ON TOP OF THE ROOFS IN THE OPEN AIR 3MALL SHELTERS MADE WITH BRANCHES STRAW AND CLOTH CAN ALSO BE FOUND THE MAIN FUNCTION OF WHICH IS TO PROVIDE A PRIVATE SPACE FOR WOMEN "ESIO P
ENTRANCE vertical access with ladders SHELTER private space, especially for women
BALTI cool summer level ROOF public space work, talk, play
KAZA warm winter level connected with livestock and storage
)
HOUSE IN PASSU
1.8m
N
3TORAGE Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x; Â&#x;ANIMALÂ&#x;SHED Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x; Â&#x;DWELLING Â&#x; Â&#x;M 4OTAL Â&#x; Â&#x;M
storage
men
cupboard
12.6m
3.4m
core
1.8m
2.3m
1.8m
2m
1.8m
women
children 4.1m
livestock
7.3m
)
)
)
HOUSE IN SUMAL N
1.8m
&AMILYÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x; "UILTÂ&#x;INÂ&#x; )NSIDE Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x; Â&#x;VERANDA Â&#x; Â&#x;M 4OTAL Â&#x; Â&#x;M
1.8m
livestock
core
storage
2.7m
1.8m
3m
veranda
women
1.8m
2.3m
men
1.7m
)
)
HOUSE IN GILGIT
3m 2.3m 3m
veranda
women
3m
storage
2.3m
N
"UILTÂ&#x;INÂ&#x; 3TORAGE Â&#x; M Â&#x; Â&#x;DWELLING Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x; Â&#x;VERANDA Â&#x; Â&#x;M Â&#x;Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x;M 4OTAL Â&#x; Â&#x;M #OST Â&#x; Â&#x;0+2Â&#x;
core
men
pantry
shoes
5.8m
2.5m
veranda
)
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES //
The VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN RELIES ON EARTH RIVER COBBLESTONE MUD SUN DRIED CLAY BRICKS AND TIMBER "ERNIER P "ANERJI N D P )NVERNIZZI ET AL N D P 4HE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE IS BASED ON HEAVY STONE WALLS COVERED BY A THICK ROOF IN RAMMED EARTH SUPPORTED BY LOGS AND COLUMNS )T IS HARD TO DETERMINE HOW DEEP ARE THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE HOUSE AND IF THERE ARE ANY )F ANY FOUNDATION FOR THE HOUSE EXISTS IT IS COMPOSED OF STONES FREELY PILED ON TOP OF EACH OTHER "ERNIER P 4HE WALLS CAN BE BUILT IN DIFFERENT WAYS COBBLESTONE CEMENTED WITH MUD SUN DRIED BRICKS CEMENTED WITH MUD OR A COMPOSITE OF THE TWO OPTIONS WITH THE BRICKS LAYING ON THE INSIDE AND THE STONE ON THE OUTSIDE 4HE ÚNISH LAYER OF MUD MIXED WITH STRAW OUTSIDE SOME OF THE HOUSES GIVES THE DISTINCT IMPRESSION OF THE BUILDING MERGING WITH THE GROUND 5LTIMATELY THE HOUSES APPEAR AS A DIRECT EXTENSION OF THE MOUNTAIN 4HE ALTERNATE USE OF LONG TRANSVERSAL STONES INCREASES SIGNIÚCANTLY THE STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE OF THE WALL WHILE STONE WALLS WITH AN INNER LAYER OF EARTH PROVE TO BE LESS SAFE IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKES (ASAN P 4HE ROOF IS MADE OF ROUGH TRUNKS WORKING AS HORIZONTAL BEAMS LAID ON TOP OF THE WALLS 4HE TIMBER STRUCTURE SUPPORTS A LAYER OF THINNER BRANCHES A WATERPROOF LAYER MADE WITH BARK AND A LAYER OF MUD MIXED WITH STRAW FROM TO CM THICK !N ADDITIONAL WATERPROOF LAYER COMMONLY USED IN THE PAST WAS A THIN LAYER OF EARTH MIXED WITH APRICOT JUICE (ASAN P 4HIS HEAVY ROOF IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE PERIMETRAL WALLS ALONE BUT ALSO BY COLUMNS )T IS COMMON TO ÚND FOUR COLUMNS topped by capitals at the corners of the central hole on the ROOF )NVERNIZZI ET AL N D P AND MORE PILLARS ARE DISTRIBUTED inside the house. 4HE USE OF HEAVY MATERIALS WHICH REQUIRES A CONSIDERABLE WORKLOAD PROBABLY LEADS TO A LONG CONSTRUCTION TIME AND EXCLUDES PART OF THE COMMUNITY SUCH AS CHILDREN AND ELDERLY FROM THE HEAVIER LABOR
additional waterproof layer made with mud mixed with apricot juice
mud mixed with straw
waterproof layer of bark
secondary structure
primary structure
)
stone blocks bound with mud
)
sun-dried clay bricks cemented with mud
stone wall coupled with a brick wall
)
)
stone wall with internal mud infill
)
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS //
There ARE THREE PROMINENT VERNACULAR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN TIMBER STONE AND MUD 4HEY ARE ALL USED TRADITIONALLY AND THE LOCAL POPULATION HAS EXTENSIVE WORKING EXPERIENCE WITH THEM 4HEY ARE ALL HIGHLY ACCESSIBLE AND nearly procurable.
Stone A NATURAL AND ABUNDANT MATERIAL OF 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN IN BOULDER RUBBLE OR SLATE FORM /NCE CARRIED TO SITE ON PEOPLES BACKS TODAY STONE IS BROUGHT ON TRACTORS EITHER already broken into manageable pieces or to break on SITE COMMONLY WITH A HAMMER 3TONE IS USED IN RANDOM OR course rubble masonry. g 4WO MASONS WORKING TOGETHER CAN PUT UP ABOUT SQUARE FEET CA M OF RUBBLE OR DRESSED STONE MASONRY IN A DAY 4HE MASONRY THICKNESS WOULD BE ABOUT s CM ; = 3KILLS FOR BREAKING MAKING AND LAYING OF STONE ARE EASILY AVAILABLE IN EVERY SETTLEMENT s (ASAN P Timber OBTAINED EITHER BY CUTTING OWN FARM TREES OR BUYING FROM A NEAR AVAILABLE SOURCE $EFORESTATION AND HIGH TRANSPORTATION COST ARE GROWING PROBLEMS !MATEUR and trained carpenters are commonly found in most VILLAGES 4HE TOOLS HAND SAW AND AXE POOR SEASONING OVER SIZING OF ELEMENTS POOR JOINERY NAILING CRUDE DOVE TAIL OR NONE AND A RELATIVELY LOW LEVEL OF WOOD WORKING skills are some of the major timber related issues. Mud IS OBTAINED LOCALLY AND IS USED FOR ÛOORS COMPACTED EARTH OR FOR WALLS AND ROOF PLASTERING ! KNOWN VERNACULAR WAY OF WATER PROOÚNG THE EXTERNAL MUD LAYER IS MIXING IT WITH APRICOT JUICE WHILE NEW WAYS INVOLVE ITS MIXING WITH SUITABLE CHEMICALS (ASAN P 4HERE IS AN INCREASING USE OF NON VERNACULAR MATERIALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION 4HE TWO MOST USED ARE CONCRETE FOR WALLS SOMETIMES WITH THE ADDITION OF REINFORCING STEEL RODS AND CORRUGATED IRON SHEETS FOR ROOÚNG )T IS WORTH POINTING OUT THAT THE LIMITED EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE WITH SUCH NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES SOMETIMES leads to poor and risky outcomes. !N EASILY ACCESSIBLE MATERIAL INCREASINGLY IN USE FOR INSULATION IN WESTERN COUNTRIES IS SHEEP WOOL 4HE LOCAL ECONOMY IS BASED LARGELY ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY GOATS AND SHEEP BEING THE TWO MAIN ANIMALS 4HE WOOL CAN BE USED DURING ALL PHASES OF THE RECONSTRUCTION FROM EMERGENCY shelter to permanent house.
p ,IME STONE 0LASTERING
p 4IMBER 2OOF STRUCTURE $OOR AND WINDOW FRAMES $OORS &URNITURE #OLUMNS AND BEAMS 4REE SKIN FOR WATERPROOFING
p 3TONE 2UBBLE 7ALLS STRUCTURAL AND NON
)
p #ONCRETE 7ALLS REINFORCED OR NOT
p #ORRUGATED IRON 2OOFS
p 3TRAW !LREADY IN USE WITH MUD AS FINISHING
CAN BE APPLIED AS INSULATION
p -UD %ARTH "ONDING MATERIAL FOR WALLS &LOORS COMPACTED EARTH %XTERNAL ROOF LAYER 0LASTERING
p 3TEEL RODS 2EINFORCEMENT OF WALLS
p 3HEEP 7OOL )NSULATION AS PART OF SANDWICH PANELS FOR PERMANENT HOUSES OR AS STUFFING OF DOUBLE LAYER CANVAS FOR EMERGENCY SHELTERS
#ONSTRUCTION MATERIALS in use (vernacular)
#ONSTRUCTION MATERIALS in use (not vernacular)
Potential #ONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (vernacular)
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE //
Timber is EMPLOYED TO VARIOUS DEGREES TO REINFORCE THE BUILDING AGAINST the seismic actions. The integration of timber and stone can ASSUME VARIOUS CONÚGURATIONS THE COMMON DENOMINATOR BEING THAT TIMBER MUST FRAME MUD CLAY AND STONE IN A ÛEXIBLE STRUCTURE "ANERJI N D P "ERNIER P 4HE SIMPLEST option consists in a frame based on pillars at each corner of THE BUILDING WITH A BEAM PLACED ON TOP "ERNIER P (ASAN P NOTES THAT MOST OF THE OLD BUILDINGS DISPLAY ALONG THEIR WALLS A NUMBER OF TIMBER COLUMNS BOUND ON TOP AS WELL AS AT PLINTH LEVEL CREATING SOME SORT OF RING BEAMS EFFECTIVE AGAINST EARTHQUAKES !NOTHER SAFE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM CAN BE SEEN APPLIED IN THE -OSQUE OF !SKOLE )N THIS case timber and stone are bound together by layering them IN EQUAL PROPORTIONS FOLLOWING A TECHNIQUE CALLED gCATOR AND CRIBBAGEs "ERNIER P )NVERNIZZI ET AL N D P 4HE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF !RUP HAS ANALYZED A LOCAL TECHNIQUE CALLED dhajji dewary LITERALLY gPATCHWORK QUILT WALLs )T CONSISTS OF A BRACING PATTERN OF TIMBER BEAMS ÚLLED WITH STONES AND MUD AS VISIBLE IN THE ADJACENT TOP PICTURES !RUP GULF LTD P !RUP STATES THAT ALTHOUGH AN ACCURATE ANALYSIS HAS NOT BEEN DONE YET THERE IS gANECDOTAL EVIDENCE THAT dhajji BUILDINGS PERFORM REASONABLY WELL DURING EARTHQUAKESs A STATEMENT WHICH IS SUPPORTED BY THE INCREASED NUMBER OF BUILDINGS ADOPTING THE TECHNIQUE SINCE EARTHQUAKE IN +ASHMIR !RUP P 4HE ANALYSIS ALSO UNDERLINES THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF JOINTS AND NOTES HOW THE INTRODUCTION OF NAILS SENSIBLY IMPROVES THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCES !RUP P 4HE WORK BY BOTH (ASAN AND !RUP SUPPORTS THE IDEA THAT the traditional building culture in the area can produce STRUCTURES WITH A CERTAIN DEGREE OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE -ORE IMPORTANT IS THAT THESE BUILDINGS ARE EVENTUALLY SAFER THAN BUILDINGS WHERE MODERN TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS ARE APPLIED MAINLY BECAUSE THE DESIGNERS AND BUILDERS IN THE REGION DON T KNOW HOW TO PROPERLY APPLY MODERN MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES 4HE OUTCOME IS BUILDINGS WHICH ARE IN THE WORDS OF (ASAN gSTRUCTURALLY AND ARCHITECTURALLY BADLY DETAILEDs (ASAN P 4HE TENDENCY OF GOING BACK TO THE TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES NOTICED BY (ASAN IS CONÚRMED BY THE WORK OF !RUP )T HAS TO BE NOTED THOUGH THAT THE EXTENSIVE use of timber in a system such as the dhajji dewary might RESULT IN AN INCREASED PRESSURE OVER THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
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DHAJJI DEWARY system based on the use of a bracing pattern with various expressions; to be noted the absence of joints or nails.
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CATOR AND CRIBBAGE based on the use of long horizontal beams locked at the corners; also in this system no nails or joints are employed.
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INDOOR CLIMATE //
!S MENTIONED BEFORE THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE OWES SOME OF ITS FEATURES TO THE EXTREME CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE REGION ABOVE ALL THE ABSENCE OF WINDOWS &OR CENTURIES THE ONLY CONNECTIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WERE THE SKYLIGHTS ON THE ROOF AND THE DOORS OF THE STABLES 3UCH LIMITED OPENINGS ALLOW THE BUILDING ENVELOPE TO LIMIT HEAT LOSSES BUT AT THE SAME TIME PREVENT LIGHT AND AIR TO enter the house. The indoor conditions are harsh especially DURING WINTER WHEN THE WHOLE FAMILY IS CROWDED IN THE CORE OF THE BUILDING NEXT TO THE POULTRY AND THE STABLES (ASAN P CALCULATES THAT EIGHT TO TEN PEOPLE USUALLY SHARE A SURFACE OF LESS THAN M .
7HILE THE QUALITY OF AIR AND LIGHT IS RATHER LOW A SIMULATION OF A TRADITIONAL HOUSE COMPARISON ON PAGE RUN ON THE $ANISH SOFTWARE "3IM SHOWS RELATIVELY GOOD THERMAL CONDITIONS EVEN compared to the performances of an insulated structure. The WHOLE BUILDING IS DESIGNED AND USED IN A WAY TO SAVE HEAT g)N WINTER TIME THE BALCONIES ACT ALSO AS STORAGE FOR ÚREWOOD AND GRASS FOR THE CATTLE WHICH PROVIDES ANOTHER LAYER OF WIND PROTECTION AND INSULATION 4HE HEAT FROM THE ANIMALS bodies in the gaushala ANIMAL SHED NDA RISES UP TO KEEP THE LIVING SPACES WARM THE CEILINGS OF THE ROOMS ARE USUALLY VERY LOW CIRCA M WHICH MEANS THE SPACES HEAT UP FAST 4HE MOST COMMON AND ALMOST ONLY WAY TO CREATE HEAT IS THE STOVE WHICH IS USED ALSO FOR COOKING ; = 3TOVES ARE MOSTLY FOUND IN THE CENTER OF THE ROOMS 4HAT WAY THE HEAT IS EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED AND THERE IS MORE PLACE FOR PEOPLE TO SIT AROUND IT s +RISTAL P 4HE INTRODUCTION OF WINDOWS OCCURRED IN RECENT TIME AS THIRTY YEARS AGO (ASAN MENTIONED THEM AS A NEW ELEMENT SUCCESSFULLY INTEGRATED WITH THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE (ASAN P 4HE WINDOWS ARE MADE WITH THICK TIMBER FRAMES IN A CASEMENT STYLE WITH GLASS DIVIDED IN SMALL SQUARES 4HE WHOLE WINDOW IS USUALLY INSET INTO THE WALL THANKS TO A THICK WOODEN FRAME "ERNIER P 'LASS IS PRESENT IN THE LOCAL ARCHITECTURE THOUGH USED VERY LITTLE PART OF THE WINDOW GLAZING IS SOMETIMES REPLACED WITH WOODEN BOARDS OR FABRIC This suggests a lack of glass as a building material in the area. 4OGETHER WITH WINDOWS A SIGNIÚCANT IMPROVEMENT IN INDOOR CLIMATE CONDITIONS IS THE PROGRESSIVE USE OF THE bukhari STOVE INSTEAD OF THE OPEN ÚRE WHICH ALLOWS TO LEAD SMOKE OUTSIDE through a pipe and therefore to close the opening on the roof. This solution addresses at the same time the problems OF SMOKE AND HEAT LOSS BUT PROBABLY IT HAS NOT BEEN ADOPTED IN THE WHOLE REGION SO FAR AS BOTH )NVERNIZZI IN AND "ESIO IN MENTION THE STILL PRESENT OPEN ÚRE
AIR AND SMOKE absence of chimneys and windows affects indoor air quality and health of the inhabitants.
BUILDING ENVELOPE absence of insulation layer leads to heat losses and extreme thermal conditions.
ILLUMINATION amount and dimension of the openings doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow penetration of light, leaving dark spaces
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CASE STUDIES //
0AST INTERVENTIONS HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEMS WHICH OCCUR IN THE AID PROCESS 4HEY GIVE AN INSIGHT OF HOW TO PROVIDE QUICK AND SAFE RESPONSE TO THE NEED OF SHELTER FROM STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC CULTURAL AND INDOOR CLIMATE STANDPOINTS 4HEY ARE EXAMPLES of strategies to train the locals to participate in building THE SHELTERS TO ENGAGE COMMUNITIES AND TO IDENTIFY THE PEOPLE IN MOST NEED WITHIN THE GROUP 4HE FOLLOWING CASES ILLUSTRATE AID INTERVENTIONS THAT CAME AS A RESPONSE TO THE +ASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
#1 CASE // Habitat for Humanity produced a design THAT FOCUSES ON THE UPPER PORTION OF THE WALLS AND CEILINGS 4HE IDEA WAS TO LIGHTEN THE STRUCTURE AND REDUCE RISK 4RADITIONAL DESIGNS FEATURE HIGH WALLS WITH MUD STONE AND TIMBER 4HE NEW DESIGN INVOLVES A ONE METER HIGH STONE AND TIMBER WALL WITH AN UPPER SECTION OF LIGHTER CORRUGATED IRON ROOF SHEETS METAL SIDE SHEETING AND INSULATION (ABITAT PROVIDED THE ROOÚNG AND SIDE SHEETS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND SAWMILL SERVICES 4HE REST TIMBER STONE AND MUD PLUS UNSKILLED LABOR CAME FROM THE FAMILIES 4HE ESTIMATED COST OF A NEW HOME IF MATERIALS HAD TO BE BOUGHT WOULD HAVE BEEN 53$ "Y DISMANTLING AND reusing materials from the transitional shelters and reusing SALVAGED TIMBER AND WOOD THE COST COULD BE LOWERED TO JUST 53$ 4HE SAW MILLS WERE TRANSPORTED TO DIFFERENT VILLAGES ALLOWING THE LOCALS TO ADAPT AND RE USE SALVAGED timber elements. Evaluation 4HE INTERVENTION SHOWS A CLEAR DIVISION INTO THREE PHASES EMERGENCY SHELTER TRANSITIONAL AND permanent houses. A considerable amount of materials AND LABOR WAS THEREFORE INVESTED FOR THE ASSEMBLY AND disassembly of structures in each phase. The permanent STRUCTURES SHOW AN EFÚCIENT AND EDUCATIVE USE OF TIMBER BUT NEGLECT SOME CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WHEN IMPLEMENTING CORRUGATED STEEL ROOFS 4HE USE OF TRANSPORTABLE SAWMILLS HAS AN EDUCATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE IT TEACHES THE LOCAL POPULATION A MORE EFÚCIENT AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT USE OF TIMBER AND PROVIDE THEM WITH ADDITIONAL SKILLS 4HE LOW STONE WALLS PROVIDE STRUCTURAL STABILITY WITHOUT RISK OF COLLAPSING IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE
#Ã&#x2DC;3% 0(Ã&#x2DC;3%3 1. EMERGENCY SHELTER
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2. TRANSITIONAL SHELTER
TENTS WINTER KITS BLANKETS
PRICE PER UNIT 200-250$ CONSTRUCTION TIME 30 min.
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3. PERMANENT HOUSE
IRON SHEETS STEEL REBAR INSULATION
PRICE PER UNIT UNITS BUILT PEOPLE SERVICED
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500$ x 346 x 5500
IRON SHEETS (RE-USED) SALVAGED TIMBER SALVAGED STONE CONCRETE + MOBILE SAWMILL
#2 CASE //
A design for a transitional shelter. The SHELTER WAS BASED UPON THREE MATERIALS POLYPROPYLENE BAGS TIMBER AND CORRUGATED IRON SHEETS 4HE BAGS WERE USED TO BUILD A LOW WALL COVERED BY THE CORRUGATED METAL SHEET AS A ROOF 4HE INÚLL OF THE BAGS CHANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR POSITION IN THE WALL STONE AND GRAVEL FOR THE LOWER LAYERS AND STRAW OR CROP WASTE ON THE UPPER ONES 4HE WOODEN STRUCTURE SUPPORTING THE ROOF WAS MADE WITH SALVAGED TIMBER BEAMS PUT TOGETHER TO FORM A TENT LIKE STRUCTURE 4HE ÚNAL STEP OF THE DESIGN WAS TO PLACE POLYPROPYLENE BAGS ÚLLED WITH VARIOUS MATERIALS TO CREATE AN INSULATING EFFECT FOR WINTER 4HE DESIGN WAS BASED ON COMBINING LOCAL MATERIALS WITH ONES PRODUCED ELSEWHERE IN 0AKISTAN OR IMPORTED 4HE SHELTER DESIGN WAS MADE TO ACCOMMODATE PEOPLE AND LIVESTOCK PROVIDING PEOPLE WITH TO M AND ANIMALS WITH TO M per shelter. Evaluation 4HE STRATEGY APPLIED ON THE WALLS HEAVY LOW WALLS AND LIGHTER UPPER WALLS IS STRUCTURALLY VIABLE BUT EVEN IF THE STRUCTURE CAN WITHSTAND SEISMIC ACTIVITY IT DOESN T SEEM TO SATISFY MOST LIVELIHOOD NEEDS 7HILE THE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM IS COMMUNICATIVE AND STRAIGHT FORWARD MOST MATERIALS HAVE TO BE TRANSPORTED TO THE SITE 4HE STRUCTURE CAN BE QUICKLY ASSEMBLED BUT DOES NOT HAVE HIGHER VALUE THAN COMMON TENTS IN TERMS OF SPACE AND LIVING CONDITIONS 4HERMAL COMFORT IS IMPROVED 4HE STRUCTURE LASTS FOR FAR TOO LONG FOR THE RELATIVELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS IT OFFERS 4HE MATERIALS SEEM ALIEN TO THE SURROUNDINGS AND THE DESIGN IS UNAWARE OF THE LOCAL culture.
#Ã&#x2DC;3% %-%2'%.#9 42Ã&#x2DC;.3)4)/.Ã&#x2DC;, 3(%,4%2
POLYPROPYLENE BAGS
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SALVAGED TIMBER BEAMS < Day CONSTRUCTION TIME PEOPLE AREA 6.5-10.5 m2 CATLE AREA 2-3 m2
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CORRUGATED METAL SHEET MATERIALS PER HOUSE
IRON SHEETS POLYPROPYLENE BAGS NAILS PLASTIC WIRE SALVAGED TIMBER
x 16 x 350 5 kg
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DEDUCTIONS // /BSERVING CLOSELY THE VERNACULAR WAYS OF LIVING AND BUILDING LEADS US TO ACKNOWLEDGE SEVERAL FEATURES TO BE USED AS GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN p 4HE DWELLING SPACE IN THE HOUSE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGH MULTI FUNCTIONALITY OPPOSED TO A STRICT GENDER AND age distinction in the use of space. The functional layout CAN BE SEEN AS OPPOSED TO THE 7ESTERN CULTURE WHERE EACH FUNCTION IS GIVEN A ROOM DINING LIVING SLEEPING BATHING WITHOUT MAKING A DISTINCTION REGARDING THE users. p 4HE HOUSE IS BASED ON A CENTRAL CORE REPRESENTED BY THE HEARTH AND THE OPENING ON THE ROOF ABOVE p 4HE ÛAT ROOF IS AN ESSENTIAL SPACE RELATED TO THE INHABITANTS WAY OF LIVING p /THER VITAL FUNCTIONS THAT REÛECT THE LOCAL ECONOMY ARE the animal shed and the storage. p 4HE HOUSE PRESENTS A DISTINCTION BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER LEVELS WITH A CONTEMPORARY TENDENCY TOWARDS A SINGLE LEVEL STRUCTURE 4HE TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES SHOW SOME ADVANTAGES AND SOME PROBLEMATIC p 4HE HEAVY MATERIALS REQUIRE LONG TIME AND HARD LABOR AND INCREASE RISK IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE 4HE DESIGN MUST REDUCE THE WORKLOAD AND ALLOW THE WHOLE COMMUNITY TO participate to a fast and safe construction. p 4IMBER PROVES TO INCREASE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE especially in the dhajji dewary SYSTEM AND THE USE OF JOINTS TOGETHER WITH A CORRECT DIMENSIONING OF THE BEAMS CAN FURTHER IMPROVE THE TECHNIQUE p 4HE NEW CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE AND UNSAFE WHEN APPLIED BY UNSKILLED LABORERS 4HE PROJECT MUST EMBRACE A BROAD PERSPECTIVE AND APPLY NEW TECHNIQUES TO TRADITIONAL AND LOCAL MATERIALS p 4HE INDOOR CLIMATE ALLOWS A MINIMUM LEVEL OF THERMAL COMFORT WHILE THE QUALITY OF AIR AND LIGHT IS EXTREMELY LOW SEVERELY DAMAGING THE HEALTH OF THE INHABITANTS !S SUGGESTED BY THE CASE STUDIES THE COMMON DISASTER relief projects lack in understanding and respect for the LOCAL CULTURE AND WAYS OF LIVING
p 7EAK FEATURES TO IMPROVE
p 6ERNACULAR GUIDELINE FEATURES
f1
f2 f1 f3 f2 fn
p (EAVY STONE CONSTRUCTION COLLAPSES IN EARTHQUAKES
f3
fn
p 7ESTERN MONOFUNCTIONAL SPACES USED BY ALL
p 4HE TRADITIONAL dhajji dewary IS MORE RESISTANT BUT LACKS IN JOINERY AND ROOF SUPPORT
p '" MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACES
AGE AND GENDER DIVISION
p &LAT ROOF AS AN ACTIVE SPACE
p ! LIGHT AND WELL JOINED STRUCTURE WILL BE MORE RESISTANT AND PREVENT DEATH AS A RESULT OF COLLAPSING
p #ENTRAL HEARTH AND OPENING p 3PACES ARE DARK AND FULL OF SMOKE VENTILATION AND LIGHT NEEDED
p (OUSES DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS DWELLING STORAGE AND ANIMAL SHED
p 3TONE WALL CONSTRUCTION IS HARD TAKES LONG AND IS EXCLUDING
p ! LIGHT AND SIMPLE STRUCTURE
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#6
EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION VISION
PREMISE // $URING AND AS A RESULT OF THE ANALYSIS our parameters and guidelines for the project became MORE AND MORE CONCRETE AND DEÚNED 4HE FOLLOWING g6)3)/.s SECTION IS INTENDED AS A PREMISE FOR THE PROJECT )T EXPLAINS WHAT WE WANT TO ACHIEVE HOW WE INTEND TO ACHIEVE IT AND WHAT ARE THE EVALUATION CRITERIA THAT WE SET in order to make reasoned decisions. p )N OUR THESIS WE AIM AT DEVELOPING A HOLISTIC STRATEGY FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION AND EMPOWERMENT OF THE COMMUNITIES in the remote Himalayan region of northern Pakistan. p ! STRATEGY WHICH SEES THESE DRAMATIC EVENTS AS A POTENTIAL FOR CHANGE AND REVITALIZATION ! STRATEGY STRONGLY rooted in the local culture and tradition. p 4HIS STRATEGY WILL SEE THE CRUSHED HOUSES AND INDIVIDUALS NOT AS AN END BUT AS A PART A OF A PATH 4HE IDENTITY OF THE HOUSES AND PEOPLE WILL INSPIRE AND CREATE THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE NEW STRUCTURES AND THEIR MATERIALS AND KNOWLEDGE WILL BE SALVAGED AND USED FOR THE RE construction. p 7E AIM AT DOING SO NOT ONLY FROM A MERE TECHNICAL POINT OF VIEW BUT BY TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION BROADER ASPECTS SUCH AS THE LOCAL CULTURE AND WAYS OF LIVING THE LOCAL ECOSYSTEM THE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES p !ND ON TOP OF ALL WE WISH TO MAKE AN INTERVENTION WHICH LEAVES THE LOCALS STRENGTHENED WITH CHOICE AND WITH A SENSE OF BELONGING TO THE NEW BUILT COMMUNITIES
DESIGN PARAMETERS4().'3 4(Ø4 -Ø44%2
Culture & Society
Techniques
Materials
Psychological effects
Simplicity
Transportation
Communal effort
Local knowledge
Reflection of local culture
Participation
Evolution
Cost of materials and tools
Sense of independence
Quick assembly
Structural performance
Communal structures
Re use of materials
Durability
Security
Cost
Renewability
Proximity to old house
On site construction Relocation Aesthetics
“How fast can we re-gain a decent life style?” “Are the new houses structurally safer?” “Can we re-build our life together?”
“How much will it cost?”
“Can we come out stronger from the tragedy?” “Can we re-build the houses ourselves?”
Building Physics
Spatial Organization
Eco System
Thermal comfort
Users’ needs
Reduce deforestation
Air quality
Behavioural patterns
Use of local materials
Natural light
Flexibility
Reduce oil use
Reduce use of fuel wood
Modularity
Self sufficiency
Fire resistance
Expansion
Energy comsumption
Functionality
“Can we maintain normal life while re-building?” “Can we change/expand the houses?” “Will the new houses suit our needs and ways of living?” “Can the new houses solve health issues?” “Can the new houses reduce use of timber?” “Will the new houses reflect our culture?”
CYCLES7)$% (/2):/.3
The use of extraneous materials doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fit local skills and environment. It leads to misuse and triggers risks.
It implies remote manufacturing and use of oil, which in turn affects the global ecosystem, hastening even more natural disasters.
This project will introduce new materials, together with new ideas. Each and every one of them will be very carefully considered. We understand that changes in the existing self-sustained society of the area can have dramatic implications. Any change made is aimed to have the capacity to endure for long. Any change is aimed to create a system as self sustained as possible, without creating dependency.
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A relief project, like any other architectural project, shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be forced on the end user. Even if it comes out of an honest intention to help. It should leave the user with choice and respect his needs. This intervention strategy will respect the human and built culture. It will try to generate a sense of self appreciation and belonging, rather than try to impose.
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STRATEGY%6/,54)/.Ă&#x2DC;29 2%#/.3425#4)/.
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Immediate response - erection of quickly assembled structures, made of out sourced canvas and local materials.
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Using salvaged timber the structure expands gradually while inhabited.
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Transformation of structure through modularity developing the dwelling while clearing the ruins.
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Fixing dwellingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s final location. Families regain confidence and familiarity with the dwelling, that by now highly resembles the vernacular houses.
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Dwelling expands according to inhabitantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; need and capability.
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The safer, more comfortable dwelling is finalized, still maintaining its expansion potential.
#7
EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS // 4HE NEXT CHAPTER SHOWS IN DETAIL HOW THE VISION COMES TO LIFE !LWAYS WITH A STRONG EMPHASIS ON TRANSFORMATION PROGRESSION AND EVOLUTION VARIOUS MODULAR STRUCTURES WERE DEVELOPED 3OME SHOWED MORE SOME LESS POTENTIAL THAN OTHERS 4HE CHOSEN MODULE WAS DEVELOPED IN AN ITERATIVE PROCESS )T WAS ÚRST EVALUATED FOR ITS VIABILITY IN RELATION TO A PERMANENT HOUSE CONSTRUCTION later for its speed and ease of construction as an EMERGENCY RESPONSE 4HEN IT WAS TESTED AND IMPROVED FOR ITS UPGRADEABILITY FROM A MINIMAL EMERGENCY SHELTER TO A COMFORTABLE SATISFYING HOUSE 4HE STRUCTURE WAS IMPROVED CONSTANTLY UNTIL IT ANSWERED ALL THE DESIGN PARAMETERS 4HE CHOSEN MODULE CONSISTS OF SIX TIMBER ELEMENTS THAT EACH FAMILY CAN SALVAGE FROM THE OLD HOUSE THAT FORM TWO CROSSES AND ARE FRAMED BY TWO BEAMS 4HE MINIMAL SHELTER REQUIRES ONLY TWO MODULES AND ACCOMMODATES ONE PERSON )T CAN BE EASILY BUILT IN A FEW HOURS BY TWO PEOPLE CONSIDERING THE AVAILABILITY OF TIMBER SAWMILL AND THE METAL ELEMENTS BRACKETS BOLTS AND NUTS 4HE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE MODULE WERE REÚNED NUMEROUS TIMES UNTIL A POINT WHERE THEY CAN BE BUILT BEAM TO HOUSE BY UNTRAINED PEOPLE AND WITH SIMPLE TOOLS 4HE DESIGNED MODULE LEAVES THE USER WITH MAXIMUM CHOICE and adaptability. This chapter illustrates the implementation of the strategy. &IRST IT SHOWS THE MATERIALS AND TOOLS NEEDED A SORT OF gSHOPPING LISTs FOLLOWED BY A CLEAR TIME LINE ILLUSTRATION THAT COVERS MOST OF THE RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS $UE TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF ÛEXIBILITY OF THE DEVELOPED STRATEGY THE PROJECT CAN BE EVOLVED IN DIFFERENT WAYS SOME OF THEM ARE EXPLAINED 4HE DESIGN CHOICES MADE REGARDING THE STRUCTURE WALL LAYERING JOINERY FOUNDATIONS AND MORE ARE DEPICTED AFTER THE TIME LINE ILLUSTRATION 4HE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE OPTIONS WE CONSIDERED ARE EXAMINED THROUGH A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS METHOD
Tools
Salvaged materials
Transported materials
Sawmill
Timber beams
‘L’ brackets
Drill
Stone
Bolts
Wrench
Sheep Wool
Nuts
Meter
Straw
Waterproof Canvas
Pencil
Mud
Ratchet
Hand Saw
One module consists of timber, steel brackets, bolts and nuts. The first step to create a module is to procure salvaged timber. Using a sawmill, the timber needs to be sawn into two different sizes - columns of 10x10x230cm and members of 5x5x134cm. 4 members, 2 columns, 6 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; brackets, 14 bolts and 14 nuts is the necessary starting amount of material.
Take a 5x5x134cm member and drill three holes along the central axis in the longitudinal direction; one in the middle (67 cm from edge) and one on in each end (2,5cm from the edge).
6 Brackets
14 Bolts
14 Nuts
1cm 2.5cm
5cm
5cm
Drill another member in the same way. Then place it diagonally on the first member creating a cross. Fix the members together with a bolt and a nut passing through the middle holes.
Repeat steps 1-2 and create another cross. Place the new cross as an extension of the first cross. Bolt the two crosses with an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bracket.
Take a 10x10x230cm column and drill three holes in it on a line 2,5cm off the long edge; Two holes are drilled 25cm from each end and one 116cm off one end. At each hole, place an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bracket (short side on the column) and fasten them with a bolt and a nut. Place the column next to the two crosses and bolt it to the crosses.
25cm
Drill another column, place it on the opposite side of the crosses, and join column and crosses. The module is now complete. Step 1-4 can be repeated with new columns and members to expand into a multitude of structures.
116cm 134cm
2.5cm 230cm 5cm
67cm
25cm
115cm 10cm
5cm
10cm
2.5cm 125cm
When disaster strikes, the sawmill, canvas, and the metal pieces are transported to the site. Salvaged timber (from collapsed houses) is gathered and cut with the sawmill to form the moduleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 6 beams. The module is the only necessary structural element, covering the entire process, from emergency shelter to permanent house. The simple joints - bolts, nuts, and metal â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; brackets - cover all the connections - crosses, beams and roof.
Crosses unframed by columns are foldable - they can expand and collapse.
Using two identical modules, an emergency triangular shelter is erected. The structure is light and requires basic skills (working with a drill, wrench and ratchet), so the entire family can participate in the construction process.
Unframed crosses can also be put together, shortening and extending the shelter.
190cm
The structure is expanded rapidly to provide a safe place. If a need arises, the family can fold the light structure and relocate it.
The shelter can expand depending on family size and needs.
190cm
The shelter quickly evolves into a more comfortable space - by rotating upwards one of the walls and anchoring its hinges to a new wall. A rope should be stretched between the roof and wall elements to ensure stability.
The upward rotation requires at least two people. The formation of a roof by adding two modules increases volume and allows standing.
A simple, repetitive addition of modules is followed, creating a growing sense of safety, comfort, and confidence.
The structure can be simply expanded in both directions, by using supporting columns along the middle row.
At all phases of the reconstruction the strcutures should be covered with double layer waterproof canvas. The cavity between the two canvas layers should be filled with sheep wool or straw and act as a winterization kit, protecting against the cold. When achieving a satisfying and spacious enough dwelling, The family can calmly clean the lot, mark, and dig the foundations for the permanent house.
The structure is placed nearby the permanent houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s site to allow fast construction. The modules that currently form the temporary dwelling will be later used for the house.
When foundations are ready the construction of the permanent house takes course with the same tools and techniques. To ensure stability, the modules are anchored to the ground via long metal rods, fastened in both ends to horizontal timber members. The rods function the same way as the bolts do - and require the same treatment - with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; brackets and nuts.
Ground level Stone infill
Metal rods
Horizontal timber members
The corner joints function as normal linear wall extensions do - but with a minor detail that requires more attention; Each â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bracket has two holes on its short face. After drilling and bolting one of the holes, the remaining one should be bolted alternately.
Bolt placed in upper hole
Bolt placed in lower hole
Modules are added and the house grows. The family can deviate and modify the layout easily - and create infinite configurations according to need and feel. The house can be very easily modified even after construction is completed. Disconnecting the diagonal crosses (by unscrewing the bolts) will create openings through which the internal volume grows.
Central axes of the column
The roof modules are placed between the central axes of two columns - so the structure can grow modularly.
When a satisfying floor area has been enclosed by walls, the roof is built - by using the same unique module.
The roof modules seat on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; brackets which are bolted to the roof module itself and the supporting wall module.
Ring beams are added on two sides and provide further structural stability.
The ring beams are joined in the same manner as other roof elements.
When the dwelling space is formed, the walls and roof are cladded. First by using the same double layer canvas provided for the emergency shelters, which is stuffed with sheep wool for insulation. Low stone walls (max 1.2m) strengthen the structure without increasing risk of collapsing. On top of them - a light mixture of mud and straw seals the structure with the local traditional appearance of mud finishing.
Mud Canvas Sheep wool Canvas Timber module
Straw Mud + straw Stone
CONNECTIONS //
)N ORDER TO MAKE WELL ESTABLISHED AND REASONED DECISIONS WE HAVE USED A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS METHOD 4HIS METHOD WAS APPLIED IN THE CHOICE OF JOINTS WALL LAYERING CLADDING DIMENSIONS OF TIMBER ELEMENTS FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER DESIGN ASPECTS The comparison takes into consideration not only numeric DATA IT IS BASED ON THE BALANCED EVALUATION OF A WIDE RANGE OF PARAMETERS 4HE CHOICE OF AN ADEQUATE JOINT FOR EXAMPLE WAS BASED ON PARAMETERS SUCH AS COST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL MODULARITY STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY VERSATILITY ELEGANCE EASE OF TRANSPORT AND MORE 4HE FOLLOWING JOINT COMPARISON SHOWS ONLY A PART OF THE JOINERY OPTIONS WE CONSIDERED )T SHOWS ONLY METAL JOINTS !T AN EARLY PHASE WE HAVE DECIDED NOT TO USE COMPLICATED AND TIME CONSUMING TIMBER JOINTS BECAUSE OF THE LOCAL LEVEL OF SKILLS AVAILABLE MACHINERY AND POSSIBILITY OF ERRORS THAT WOULD WEAKEN THE STRUCTURE AND ENDANGER THE INHABITANTS 4HE JOINT HAD TO BE A SIMPLE ELEMENT EASY TO APPLY 7E AVOIDED HIGH TECH ESPECIALLY TAILORED JOINTS AS WE WANTED TO ENSURE THEIR AVAILABILITY ! HIGHLY IMPORTANT ASPECT WAS THE POSSIBILITY TO APPLY THE JOINT IN AS MANY CONNECTION POINTS AS POSSIBLE BETWEEN COLUMNS AND CROSSES COLUMNS AND ROOF CORNERS AND FOUNDATIONS 4HE use of a single joining element facilitates the construction AND REDUCES THE SKILL LEVEL REQUIRED 7E CONSIDERED ALSO THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE USE OF A SPECIÚC JOINT HOW MANY HOLES HAD TO BE DRILLED AND HOW MANY BOLTS AND NUTS HAD to be used for it. 4HE CHOSEN JOINT IS A METAL @, SHAPED BRACKET )T IS DIMENSIONED BY CENTIMETERS AND HAS A THICKNESS OF MILLIMETERS )T HAS ONE HOLE ON ITS LONG FACE AND TWO HOLES ON ITS SHORT FACE TO ALLOW FOR ALTERNATE BOLTING IN SPECIÚC CASES SUCH AS THE CORNERS 4HE @, JOINT IS ALWAYS USED WITH bolts and nuts. 4HE FOLLOWING QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON WAS MADE ON A SET OF MODULES VERTICAL MODULES THAT FORM A CORNER AND ONE HORIZONTAL ELEMENT THE ROOF 4HIS CONÚGURATION COVERS ALL CONNECTION POINTS OF THE ABOVE GROUND CONSTRUCTION 4HE QUALITATIVE COMPARISON IS BASED ON OUR EVALUATION OF A joinery option. The circles besides each joint indicate the VIABILITY OF IT IN A SPECIÚC CONNECTION POINT 4HE AXON SHOWS the different connection points. Some solutions could not COVER ALL POINTS AND A ÛAT METAL PLATE HAD TO BE USED AS A supplementary joint.
m
9c
m Connections covered: Crosses / Column Corner columns Beam / Column Foundations
5 cm
5c
3 mm
Connections covered: Crosses / Column Corner columns Beam / Column Foundations
Connections covered: Crosses / Column Corner columns Beam / Column Foundations
Connections covered: Crosses / Column Corner columns Beam / Column Foundations
Connections covered: Crosses / Column Corner columns Beam / Column Foundations
Comparison of Joints. Required for 3 vertical and 1 horizontal modules:
+
+
+
miao
8+24
31
8+21
29
8+36
995 (240+755)
626
940 (240+700)
493
1330 (240+1090)
Volume of bolts (cm3)
522
487
582
678
905
Holes drilled
81
82
81
81
108
11.8 kg
7.1 kg
11.9 kg
9.1 kg
17.4 kg
Price (Steel)
5.9€
3.5€
5.9€
4.5€
8.6€
Notes:
Steel density - 7.8g/cm3, price of steel in Pakistan - 497€/ton.
No. of Elements Volume (cm3)
Weight (of elements & bolts)
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
Cost (lowest)
Material (lowest) (m3)
Elegance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
Ease of Transport
Versatility (connections covered)
Kinetic (Flexibility)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
-
Construction simplicity
+
-
Structural reliability
-
Moduleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s independence
LAYERING // 4HE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WALL LAYERING CLADDING WAS LARGELY DRIVEN BY THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE MATERIALS 4HIS SPECIÚC EVALUATION WAS CONDUCTED IN "3IM "UILDING 3IMULATION A DIGITAL SOFTWARE AND THROUGH THE USE OF SPREADSHEETS AND HAND CALCULATIONS ! SQUARE SPACE OF M AND METERS TALL WAS TAKEN AS THE @TESTING GROUND WHILE DIFFERENT MATERIALS THEIR THICKNESS ORDER AND CONÚGURATION CHANGED AND compared. 3IMILARLY TO THE JOINTS COMPARISON ONLY SOME OF THE CONSIDERED OPTIONS ARE PRESENTED 7E AVOIDED THE USE OF OUT SOURCED REMOTELY PRODUCED MATERIALS AND TRIED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE USING STRAW MUD STONE AND SHEEP WOOL 4HE ONLY OUT SOURCED MATERIAL IS THE DOUBLE LAYER WATERPROOF CANVAS TO BE ÚLLED WITH SHEEP WOOL 'IVEN THE PROJECT S IDENTITY AND INTENTION ENERGY REGULATIONS WERE NOT SET AS GOALS )NSTEAD THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE IS EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF LOCAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE HOUSE AS THE MEDIUM THROUGH WHICH ENERGY IS CONSUMED 4HE DEFORESTATION PROBLEM IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN is largely due to the house heating and cooking mean THE ÚREPLACE 7ELL INSULATED SPACES ARE NOT ONLY MORE COMFORTABLE TO DWELL IN BUT ALSO REQUIRE LESS FUEL WOOD FOR THEIR HEATING WHICH LEADS TO A REDUCTION IN CUTTING OF TREES 4HE RE FORESTATION WOULD IN TURN LEAD TO LESS SOIL EROSION AND REDUCED LANDSLIDE HAZARD 4HE FOLLOWING COMPARISON SHOWS THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE AND three of the cladding options. Each of the options holds SOME ADVANTAGES AND SOME DISADVANTAGES COMPARED TO THE REST ,OW STONE WALLS FOR EXAMPLE CAN HELP INCREASE THERMAL MASS AND STRUCTURAL STABILITY BUT ARE ALSO TIME CONSUMING AND REQUIRE HARDER WORK #OMPARED TO MUD AND STRAW MIXTURE THEY ALSO POSSESS A LOWER THERMAL resistance. The numeric data relates to the thermal comfort in terms OF MINIMUM MAXIMUM AND MEAN TEMPERATURE 4HESE TEMPERATURES DON T RELATE TO ANY ÚNISHED HOUSE BUT SHOULD BE USED ONLY AS A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT OPTIONS !LL OF THE PROPOSED OPTIONS SHOW IMPROVEMENT COMPARING TO THE TRADITIONAL WALL LAYERING MADE OF ONLY STONE AND MUD 4HE FOLLOWING DATA HOWEVER DON T RELATE to issues such as CO LEVELS EXTREMELY HIGH IN TRADITIONAL HOUSES DUE TO THE OPEN ÚREPLACE AND LACK OF WINDOWS AND NATURAL LIGHT WHICH WILL BE ADDRESSED LATER IN THE REPORT
windows: single glass door: wood panel
opening
9.2
m
2.3 m
9.2
walls: various options roof: timber covered with dry mud
floor: dry soil
heating: open fire + 10 people heat gain
m
A
Traditional wall composition: U = 3.95 W/m2K Mud (5cm) Timber column Load bearing stone (30cm) Mud (5cm)
3.77 m3 of pine
5505 kWh
19.6 Þ#
July 29.1 Þ#
January 8.8 Þ#
Fuel wood needed annually to maintain 17 Þ#
Heating energy needed annually to maintain 17 Þ#
Annual Mean Temp.
Max. temp monthly average
Min. temp. monthly average
3.49 m3 of pine
5102 kWh
20.4 Þ#
July 29.1 Þ#
January 11.3 Þ#
Mud finishing Waterproof canvas Sheep wool (2cm) Waterproof canvas Timber module Straw (10cm) Exterior mud finishing (3cm) U = 0.51 W/m2K B
#
U = 0.93 W/m2K Mud finishing Waterproof canvas Sheep wool (2cm) Waterproof canvas Timber module Mud and straw 3/1 (10cm) Low stone wall (10 cm)
January Â&#x;Ă&#x17E;#
July 29 Ă&#x17E;#
20.1 Ă&#x17E;#
5321 kWh
3.64 m3 of pine
Min. temp. monthly average
Max. temp monthly average
Annual Mean Temp.
Heating energy needed annually to maintain 17 Ă&#x17E;#
Fuel wood needed annually to maintain 17 Ă&#x17E;#
January 10.8 Ă&#x17E;#
July 29 Ă&#x17E;#
20.3Ă&#x17E;#
5207 kWh
3.57 m3 of pine
Mud finishing Waterproof canvas Sheep wool (2cm) Waterproof canvas Timber module Straw (5cm) Mud (5cm) Low stone wall (10cm) U = 0.72 W/m2K D
ENVELOPE // !FTER ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE MENTIONED PARAMETERS OPTION $ APPEARED AS THE MOST BALANCED SOLUTION ADDRESSING BOTH THE NECESSITY FOR INSULATION AND THE CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEM 3TARTING FROM INSIDE THE HOUSE THE WALL IS COMPOSED BY ! DOUBLE LAYERED COTTON CANVAS ÚLLED WITH CM OF WOOL 4HE AMOUNT OF WOOL AVAILABLE CHANGES FROM PLACE TO PLACE ASSUMED THAT ONE SHEEP PRODUCES +G OF WOOL EVERY YEAR -UNIR ET AL P AND ASSUMED THAT AN INSULATION LAYER IN WOOL AND AIR HAS A DENSITY OF +G m +RISTIANSEN 2ODE P THE WOOL OF SHEEP IS NEEDED TO ÚLL THE VOLUME OF M INSIDE THE CANVAS WHICH SURROUNDS THE HOUSE 4HE SAME AMOUNT IS THEN NEEDED TO PROVIDE INSULATION ON THE ROOF ! CM THICK LAYER OF STRAW OR CROP WASTE PROVIDING further insulation. ! CM THICK LAYER OF MUD MIXED WITH STRAW THE TRADITIONAL gara A MIXTURE OF PARTS OF MUD AND ONE OF STRAW WHICH SEALS THE LAYER OF STRAW /N THE BOTTOM THE WALL IS ÚLLED WITH STONES CEMENTED WITH MUD THE STONES APPLY ADDITIONAL LOAD ON THE FOUNDATIONS anchoring the building to the ground and reinforcing the BASE OF THE WALLS 4HE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WALL IS A PROCESS TAKING PLACE IN DIFFERENT STEPS FOLLOWING THE AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL AND TIME /NCE THE WALL IS COMPLETED THE STRUCTURE CAN STILL BE VISIBLE AS A PATTERN ON THE WALLS OR IT CAN BE COVERED WITH A ÚNISHING LAYER OF MUD -UD SHOULD ALSO BE USED IN A THIN ÚNISHING LAYER INSIDE THE HOUSE IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ÚRE
+
+
+
+
+
+
B
D
#
A
# $
B
D
#
D
#
B
D
#
B
B
D
#
A
A
A
B
A
Thermal performance
Structural stability
Construction simplicity
Local technique
-
-
-
-
-
Aesthetics
-
Weight (lowest)
Comparison of different cladding options Cladding process - Option D 1. Wrapping of interior walls with waterproof canvas (to be filled with sheep wool). From this point the house can already be inhabited.
3. Filling the spaces between the first layer of crosses with straw. The straw is insulating, light weight, and easily applied.
2. Laying of low stone walls - to increase structural stability and thermal mass, and create a base for the straw and mud infill.
4. Sealing the wall with an exterior mud layer, the same finishing material used in traditional construction.
ROOF // !N IMPORTANT FACTOR RELATED WITH EARTHQUAKE SAFETY IS THE WEIGHT OF THE ROOF AS WILL BE SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS A LIGHTER BUILDING IS SUBJECT TO SMALLER SEISMIC LOADS THUS DECREASING THE RISK OF COLLAPSE 4HE WEIGHT OF THE CONSTRUCTION SHOULD BE REDUCED ESPECIALLY ON TOP WHERE THE DEFORMATION OF THE STRUCTURE due to seismic loads is greater. The most structurally sound SOLUTION WOULD BE A PITCHED ROOF SUSTAINED BY TIMBER TRUSSES AND COVERED WITH CORRUGATED METAL SHEETS THIS SOLUTION IS CHARACTERIZED AT THE SAME TIME BY LOW WEIGHT AND SAVING OF MATERIAL .ONETHELESS THE ÛAT ROOF HAS SUCH A GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE LOCAL CULTURE AND WAY OF LIFE SEE VERNACULAR HOUSE ANALYSIS THAT THE PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED IN A WAY TO PRESERVE THE TRADITIONAL ROOF )N ANY CASE THE USE OF THE STRUCTURAL MODULE ALLOWS A REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AND MATERIAL AND THE INTRODUCTION OF AN INSULATION LAYER INCREASES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE )N ORDER TO SUPPORT THE ÚNISHING LAYER OF gara (mud and STRAW MIXTURE A LAYER OF THIN BRANCHES MUST BE LAID ON TOP OF THE STRUCTURE OPTIONS ! AND # #ORRUGATED METAL SHEETS MIGHT BE USED INSTEAD OF THE WOVEN BRANCHES DEPENDING ON ITS AVAILABILITY ON THE SITE EVENTUALLY AS SALVAGED MATERIAL OPTION " 4O PROVIDE THE ROOF WITH AN INSULATING LAYER THE SAME CANVAS ÚLLED WITH WOOL THAT WAS USED FOR THE WALLS CAN BE NAILED TO THE STRUCTURE OR LAID BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE AND THE EXTERNAL ROOÚNG LAYERS )N THIS LAST OPTION ! THE STRUCTURE IS VISIBLE INSIDE THE HOUSE A SOLUTION WHICH HOLDS A GREAT VISUAL AND ORNAMENTAL EFFECT /N THE OTHER HAND IN OPTION ! THE INSULATING LAYER IS SUBJECT TO COMPRESSION IN SOME PARTS AND THE POSITION OF THE CANVAS DOES NOT LEAVE SPACE FOR AN ADDITIONAL INSULATION LAYER OF STRAW VISIBLE INSTEAD IN " AND # WHICH PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DECREASING THE TRANSMITTANCE VALUE OF THE ROOF 4HE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MENTIONED OPTIONS DID NOT YIELD AN ABSOLUTELY SUPERIOR SOLUTION MUCH BECAUSE OF AVAILABILITY AND INTENTION TO USE NON VERNACULAR MATERIALS SUCH AS METAL SHEETS /PTION # IS THE ONE THAT SHOWS THE MOST OVERALL VALUE AND IS MOST RECOMMENDED )T WILL BE FURTHER ANALYZED AND PRESENTED IN THE NEXT CHAPTER
A Mud and straw 3/1 (10cm) Thin branches Wool filled canvas (2cm) Timber module (10cm) U = 0.92 W/m2K
B Mud and straw 3/1 (10cm) Corrugated steel plate Straw (10cm) Timber module (10cm) Wool filled canvas (2cm) U = 0.36 W/m2K
C Mud and straw 3/1 (10cm) Thin branches Straw (10cm) Timber module (10cm) Wool filled canvas (2cm) U = 0.36 W/m2K
DIMENSIONS //
)N ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THE USE OF material and design a reliable structural system a model OF THE STRUCTURE WAS ANALYZED IN +ARAMBA 4HE SOFTWARE IS A COMPONENT OF 'RASSHOPPER FOR 2HINOCEROS WHICH ALLOWS calculating the displacement of a structure in a parametric ENVIRONMENT 4HE ANALYSIS TOOK IN CONSIDERATION MODULES OF DIFFERENT SIZE AND STRUCTURES WITH VARIOUS CONÚGURATIONS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT IN ITS VARIOUS ASPECTS LEADS THEN TO THE DEÚNITION OF A ÚNAL STRUCTURAL MODEL WHERE TIMBER ELEMENTS OF DIFFERENT SIZE WERE TESTED 4HE MODEL REPRESENTS A SQUARE STRUCTURE COMPOSED ON EACH SIDE BY MODULES ON TWO LEVELS EACH MODULE MEASURES X CM AND THE WHOLE STRUCTURE SUMS UP TO X X CM %ACH ONE OF THE TWO CEILINGS IS COMPOSED BY MODULES AND SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS 4WO DIFFERENT LOADS WERE APPLIED ON THE STRUCTURE ! ROOF LOAD OF +. M REPRESENTING THE WEIGHT OF A CM THICK ROOF MADE IN RAMMED EARTH THE LOAD WAS MULTIPLIED BY A FACTOR OF AND APPLIED ON BOTH ÛOORS ! SEISMIC LOAD THE VALUE OF WHICH CHANGED IN RELATION TO THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE !CCORDING TO .EWTON S SECOND LAW THE LOAD CAN BE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS ,s = M * pga
7HERE ,s IS THE SEISMIC LOAD - IS THE MASS OF THE building and pga IS THE PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION I E THE ACCELERATION CAUSED BY SEISMIC WAVES ON THE GROUND 4HE VALUE OF pga APPLIED WAS THE HIGHEST VALUE REPORTED IN THE CITY OF 'ILGIT M S CORRESPONDING TO AN EARTHQUAKE HAPPENING ONCE EVERY THOUSAND YEARS ACCORDING TO STATISTICS -ETEOROLOGICAL $EPARTMENT OF 0AKISTAN AND .ORSAR P 4HE MASS OF THE BUILDING WAS OBTAINED BY SUMMING THE MASS OF THE ROOF AND CEILINGS WITH THE MASS OF THE TIMBER ELEMENTS THE VALUE WAS THEN INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF SO TO INCLUDE THE WEIGHT OF THE WALLS AND AN ADDITIONAL SURPLUS 4HE LOAD THUS OBTAINED WAS DISTRIBUTED along the top side of the structure in a diagonal direction.
Ls = M * 5.6 m/s2
Seismic load
Roof load
Seismic load
A
6 cm
16 cm
8 cm
3 mm
15 mm
5.23 m3
1707 kg
Max. displacement (roof load)
Max. displacement (seismic load)
Amount of timber
Weight of structure
7 mm
22 mm
3.92 m3
1293 kg
12 cm
6 cm 6 cm
B
#
6 cm
3 cm 3 cm
6 cm
458 kg
1.4 m3
88 mm
54 mm
Weight of structure
Amount of timber
Max. displacement (seismic load)
Max. displacement (roof load)
1272 kg
3.9 m3
28 mm
7 mm
5 cm 5 cm
10 cm
10 cm
D
CROSS SECTIONS // It is important to underline THAT THE SOFTWARE USED FOR SIMULATIONS CAN ONLY GIVE A ROUGH ESTIMATION OF THE BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE OF THE STRUCTURE ESPECIALLY CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF SEISMIC ACTIONS .EVERTHELESS IT ALLOWS TO COMPARE DIFFERENT CONÚGURATIONS OF THE MODULE AND TO HIGHLIGHT SOME STRATEGIES WHICH INCREASE STRUCTURAL STABILITY 4HE GOAL WAS TO MINIMIZE THE USE OF TIMBER WHILE INCREASING THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE 7HEN APPLYING THE ROOF LOAD THE DISPLACEMENT VALUE HAD TO REMAIN BELOW OF THE LENGTH OF THE BEAM AMONG THE FOUR CASES SHOWN ONLY IN CASE # THE STRUCTURE HAD AN EXCESSIVE DISPLACEMENT DUE to roof load. #ONCERNING SEISMIC LOADS THE DISPLACEMENT VALUE HAD TO BE AS LOW AS POSSIBLE AND REMAIN IN THE ORDER OF CENTIMETERS BUT THE REAL LIMIT VALUE COULD NOT BE CALCULATED .ONETHELESS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO NOTE HOW A REDUCTION IN WEIGHT SIGNIÚCANTLY REDUCES THE DISPLACEMENT "ESIDES THE SIMULATION THE DESIGN OF THE MODULE AND ESPECIALLY OF THE WHOLE STRUCTURE TAKES IN ACCOUNT SOME GUIDELINES 4HESE are usually applied in relief projects and are included IN CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOKS AS IN )&2# S 3HELTER 3AFETY (ANDBOOK PP 4HE CHOSEN CONÚGURATION WITH CROSS SECTIONS OF RESPECTIVELY X AND X CM FOR CROSSBEAMS AND COLUMNS DOESN T ACHIEVE THE BEST STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCES BUT PRESERVES A HIGH LEVEL OF ÛEXIBILITY AND SIMPLICITY IN THE MODULE "EAMS WITH A RECTANGULAR SECTION ALTHOUGH PREFERABLE BY THE POINT OF VIEW OF STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE WOULD NEVERTHELESS IMPLY CONSIDERABLE PROBLEMS ON THE corners of the structure concerning both the connection AND THE AESTHETICS OF THE ÚNISHED BUILDING /PTION $ SEEMS TO ALLOW SAVING MATERIAL WHILE ENSURING STRUCTURAL SAFETY MOREOVER THE SIZE OF THE BEAMS SEEMS FAIRLY SUITABLE WITH THE USE OF SALVAGED TIMBER
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
$ #
#
#
D
#
B
B
D
D
#
D
D
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
Weight of single element (lowest)
Total amount of timber (lowest)
Aesthetics
Size availability salvaged timber
#
-
Structural performance
-
Modularity
-
-
-
-
Comparison of different cross sections Basic guidelines for earthquake safe construction
aim for lightweight structures and roofs
simple, simmetrical and compact shape
divide complex shapes in independent elements
divide different heights in independent structures
FOUNDATIONS // 4HE MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES applied in the foundations of the building change greatly DEPENDING ON THE POSITION OF THE SITE THE AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS AND THE SKILL OF BUILDERS 4HE FOUNDATIONS SERVE AS A STRUCTURAL RING ANCHORING THE STRUCTURE AS A WHOLE TO THE GROUND AND PREVENTING THE CONSTRUCTION TO SLIDE BY cause of the seismic loads. /PTION ! IS THE MOST SUITABLE WITH THE PROJECT STRATEGY AS IT DOESN T REQUIRE TRANSPORTATION OF HEAVY MATERIALS THE FOUNDATION IS A DITCH ÚLLED WITH STONES AND THE STRUCTURE IS bound to the ground through steel bars and timber beams WITH @, BRACKETS AS IN THE STRUCTURAL MODULE 4HIS KIND OF foundations can be found under some of the mentioned Dajji dhewari STRUCTURES !RUP P " 4HE STONES ARE NOT BOUND BY ANY KIND OF CEMENT AND THE CONSISTENCY of the foundations is determined by the pressure of the SURROUNDING GROUND THE WEIGHT OF STONES AND THEIR SHAPE #AGING THE FOUNDATION WALL IN STEEL WIRE NET AS VISIBLE IN OPTION " WOULD INCREASE CONSISTENCY BUT REQUIRES THE transportation of out sourced materials. In option C as WELL SOME MATERIALS NEED TO BE TRANSPORTED TO THE SITE THE USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ALLOWS THE HIGHEST SAFETY AND DOESN T REQUIRE DEEP EXCAVATION BUT THE CORRECT MIX AND USE OF CONCRETE REQUIRES MORE SKILL )T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO POINT OUT THAT WHILE THE STONE MASONRY ALLOWS WATER DRAINAGE TO A CERTAIN DEGREE THE CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS DON T PROTECT THE TIMBER STRUCTURE FROM DAMP !RUP P "
A Timber structure Stone infill
Base beam Steel bars Timber boards Gravel
B Timber structure Base beam Steel wire net Stone infill Steel bars Timber boards Gravel
C Timber structure
Base beam Concrete wall Steel bars Gravel
#8
BUILDING A COMMUNITY PROJECT PROPOSALS
PROPOSALS //
As a part the project’s holistic APPROACH HOUSES AND COMMUNAL BUILDINGS WERE DESIGNED 0ROPOSALS FOR THREE DWELLINGS ONE CLINIC A SCHOOL AND A MOSQUE ARE PRESENTED 4HE PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECTS PROPOSALS ENDS WITH A SUGGESTION FOR AN URBAN LAYOUT )T IS SUPPOSED TO GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF HOW A VILLAGE CAN BE BUILT BUT IT IS NOT BY ANY MEAN INTENDED AS A DEÚNED MASTER PLAN !S STATED IN THE VISION THE STRATEGY SHOULD ANSWER A WIDE RANGE OF NEEDS AND WAYS OF LIVING IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN !LL THE PROPOSALS ARE INTENDED TO SHOWCASE THE QUALITIES AND POTENTIALS OF THE STRATEGY NOT AS ÚNISHED ARCHITECTURAL project that cannot be changed or discussed. On the CONTRARY THE PROPOSALS AIM TO INITIATE MORE DESIGNS AND TO COVER EVEN A WIDER RANGE OF FUNCTIONS &URTHERMORE AS STATED IN THE VISION THE STRATEGY HAS NO INTENTION TO ENFORCE ANY ÚNISHED ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT ON THE END USER )NDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES SHOULD USE THE PROPOSALS AS sources of inspiration and demonstration of the strategy’s VIABILITY 4HE PERFORMANCE OF THE ÚRST PROPOSED HOUSE IS ANALYSED IN COMPARISON TO A HOUSE BUILT IN A TRADITIONAL WAY A HOUSE IN 0ASSU A SMALL VILLAGE ON THE +ARAKORAM HIGHWAY DISTANT LESS THAN TWO HUNDRED KM FROM 'ILGIT CITY 4HE COMPARISON COVERS ISSUES SUCH AS THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE indoor climate conditions and daylight. !LL THE PROJECTS PROPOSALS ARE ENTAILED VIA PLANS DIAGRAMS ELEVATIONS VISUALIZATIONS AND TEXT
MIAO
HOUSE #1 // All of the proposals for the houses are strongly based upon the analysis and its deductions. They ALL RESPOND TO THE LOCAL WAY OF LIVING WITH FUNCTIONS SUCH AS THE ANIMAL PEN AND STORAGE TO BE USED FOR FUEL WOOD FODDER FOR THE CATTLE AND ALIMENTARY PRODUCTS 4HEY ARE ALL ARTICULATED AROUND A CENTRAL HEARTH AND ALLOW FOR THE TRADITIONAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ON EACH side of it. (OUSE PROPOSAL COMES OUT OF A RATHER ABSTRACT BUT EASILY TO APPLY CONCEPT USING THE SAME LOGIC THAT WAS USED TO CREATE THE STRUCTURAL MODULE IT SEES THE INTERSECTING END POINTS OF TWO ELEMENTS AS GENERATORS OF ÛEXIBILITY 4HE HOUSE ADDRESSES THERMAL COMFORT WITH THE PLACEMENT OF THE @, SHAPED STORAGE AND ANIMAL PEN AS PROTECTION FOR THE INNER DWELLING CORE "OTH ACT AS THERMAL BARRIERS WHILE THE ANIMAL PEN INCREASES HEAT GAIN RELEASED FROM THE ANIMALS BODY 4HESE TWO SPACES ALSO SHIELD THE VERANDA FROM WIND 4HE HOUSE IS ARTICULATED ON ONE SINGLE ÛOOR WHICH RESPONDS TO THE LOCAL CONTEMPORARY TENDENCY to let go of the kaza THE SUBTERRANEAN WINTER ÛOOR 4HIS ÛOOR WHICH IS NECESSARY FOR THE HARSH WINTERS IS NO LONGER NEEDED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF INSULATING MATERIALS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF THERMAL COMFORT /THER INDOOR QUALITY CONDITIONS SUCH AS NATURAL LIGHT AND FRESH AIR ARE IMPROVED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF TRIANGULAR WINDOWS STILL ACCOMPANIED BY THE ROOF OPENING 4HE OPENING CAN STILL BE USED AS A DOOR BUT CAN ALSO HAVE THE SOLE FUNCTION OF LEADING SMOKE OUT WHILE THE ENTRANCE IS DONE THROUGH THE DOORS 7HEN USING A PIPE TO LEAD THE SMOKE OUT IT CAN SIMPLY BE INSERTED IN ONE OF THE HIGHER WINDOWS 4HE MODULAR SYSTEM ENABLES FAST AND SIMPLE EXPANSION OF THE HOUSE TOWARDS THE BACK AND FRONT SIDES WHICH IS COVERED BY THE VERANDA 4HE EXPANSION IS INTENDED AS AN OUTWARD RADIATION FROM THE CENTRAL CORE
79 modules 4OTAL M
M
M
M
M
1. A common local house plan - a square articulated around the central hearth.
2. Addition of two â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; volumes - animal pen and storage as thermal barriers. The heat from the animals contributes to the thermal comfort.
3. The traditional veranda is protected by the three volumes. All functions are accessible from the veranda.
4. The modular system enables fast and simple expansion of the house, towards the back and front. The expansion is intended as an outward radiation from the central core. New indoor spaces
New veranda
N
Storage
Women
2.3m Fireplace
2.3m
Opening
6.9m Men
4.6m Animal Pen
4.7m
veranda
11.6m
0.72m
2.5m
1.18m
New House N
Animal pen 15 m2
Living space 47 m2
Walls: Thickness - 0.126m U value - 0.35 W/m2K Resistance - 2.69m2K/W Roof: Thickness - 0.216m U value - 0.21 W/m2K Resistance - 4.64m2K/W
Floor: Thickness - 0.3m U value - 1.5 W/m2K Resistance - 0.44m2K/W
Storage 15 m2
Windows: (4 mm glazing) Total U value - 3.55 W/m2K Center U value - 5.8 W/m2K Heat transmittance - 0.86m2K/W
House data: Volume 177 m3 Glazed area 58.3 m2 Timber 5.17 m3 Mud 11 m3 Stone 1.7 m3
Scattered diffuse light Min.
Mean
Max.
Air Change. /h
0.5
1.85
5.5
Indoor Temp. oC
13
22.7
37.7
Outdoor Temp. oC
-12
12.4
37
Air pollution. CO2 (ppm)
0
921
1786
Fuel consumption. kW
0
0.352
2.57
New House
Annual fuel wood consumption 2.1 m3
Daylight factor %
1.2
Animal pen 15 m2
Living space 47 m2
Traditional house N Storage 15 m2
Walls: Thickness - 0.4m U value - 1.73 W/m2K Resistance - 0.4m2K/W Roof: Thickness - 0,6m U value - 0,24 W/m2K Resistance - 3,96m2K/W
Windows:(4 mm glazing) Total U value - 3.55 W/m2K Center U value - 5.8 W/m2K Heat transmittance - 0.86m2K/W
Floor: Thickness - 0.3m U value - 1.5 W/m2K Resistance - 0.44m2K/W
House data Volume 138 m3 Glazed area 1.14 m2 Timber 7 m3 Mud 25 m3 Stone 41 m3 Concentrated hard light
Max.
Mean
Min.
5.45
1.71
0.5
Air Change. /h
33.1
20.5
10.5
Indoor Temp. oC
37
12.4
-12
Outdoor Temp. oC
3785
2056
446
Air pollution. CO2 (ppm)
2.65
0.552
0
1.2
Traditional House
Fuel consumption. kW Daylight factor %
Annual fuel wood consumption 3.32 m3
Window types Min.
Mean
Max.
4 mm Glazing
0
0.352
2.57
Fuel consumption. kW
0.5
1.85
5.5
Air Change. /h
13
22.7
37.7
Indoor Temp. OC
Min.
Mean
Max.
10 mm Polycarbonate
0
0.349
2.54
Fuel consumption. kW
0.5
1.82
5.5
Air Change. /h
13.2
22.7
37.4
Indoor Temp. OC
Min.
Mean
Max.
Bottles
0
0.348
2.52
Fuel consumption. kW
0.5
1.80
5.5
Air Change. /h
12.7
22.6
37.2
Indoor Temp. OC
Floor types Min.
Mean
Max.
300 mm Rammed earth
0
0.348
2.52
Fuel consumption. kW
0.5
1.80
5.5
Air Change. /h
12.7
22.6
37.2
Indoor Temp. OC
Min.
Mean
Max.
50 mm Straw
0
0.039
1.34
Fuel consumption. kW
0.5
2.24
5.5
Air Change. /h
14
25.5
41.7
Indoor Temp. OC
Orientation N
Veranda facing North
Min.
Mean
Max.
Fuel consumption. kW
0
0.52
2.65
Air Change. /h
0.5
1.61
5.5
Indoor Temp. oC
12
21.7
36.8
Veranda facing East
Min.
Mean
Max.
Fuel consumption. kW
0
0.47
2.65
Air Change. /h
0.5
1.62
5.5
Indoor Temp. oC
13
22
36.5
Veranda facing West
Min.
Mean
Max.
Fuel consumption. kW
0
0.4
2.57
Air Change. /h
0.5
1.86
5.5
Indoor Temp. oC
13
22.7
38.5
Veranda facing South
Min.
Mean
Max.
Fuel consumption. kW
0
0.352
2.57
Air Change. /h
0.5
1.85
5.5
Indoor Temp. oC
13
22.7
37.65
Annual PPM and Fuel consumption PPM 2000
kW 2,0
1500
1,5
1000
1,0
500
0,5
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0,0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
HOUSE #2 // (OUSE IS THE SECOND PROPOSAL OUT OF TWO DWELLING UNITS THAT ARE THE OUTCOME OF THE SAME CONCEPT )T HIGHLY RESEMBLES BUT PRESENTS A HIGHER LEVEL OF EXTERNAL GEOMETRICAL PURITY 4HE ANIMAL PEN AND STORAGE STILL TAKE AN @, SHAPE BUT THIS TIME THEY ARE CONTAINED IN THE SQUARE ENVELOPE INSTEAD OF BEING PLACED OUTSIDE AS ADDITIONS 4HEIR INSERTION INSIDE THE SQUARE SPACE CREATES MORE ARTICULATED AND ÛUID INTERIOR SPACES AND LEAVES THE EXTERIOR SIMPLE WITH THE SOLE ADDITION OF AN @, SHAPED VERANDA ON THE CORNER 4HE SHAPE AND PLACEMENT OF THE VERANDA HINT TO AN EVENTUAL EXPANSION OF THE HOUSE FOLLOWING THE SAME LOGIC OF THE ALREADY PLANNED DWELLING spaces. 4HE INTERIOR SPACES CAN BE SEEN AS THREE SIMPLE SQUARES WITH OVERLAPPING CORNERS 4HE VERANDA IS A SQUARE OF THE SAME SIZE MINUS THE SUBTRACTION OF THE OVERLAPPING CORNER 4HE SPACES RESPOND TO LOCAL WAYS OF USING A HOUSE k THEY ARE ARTICULATED AROUND THE CENTRAL HEARTH AND ALLOW FOR OPPOSITE ROOMS FOR MEN AND WOMEN 4HE SMALL SQUARES CAN BE EASILY DIVIDED WITH FOLDABLE PARTITIONS AND ACCOMMODATE OR FAMILY UNITS &OR EXAMPLE THE TWO LATERAL SQUARES CAN EACH BE INHABITED BY DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF THE SAME FAMILY WHILE THE CENTRAL SQUARE IS SHARED 4HE @, SHAPED STORAGE IS OPEN ON TWO SIDES IS ACCESSIBLE FROM BOTH LATERAL SQUARES AND ENHANCES circulation and continuity of spaces. The long and jagged INTERIOR CREATES NUMEROUS SMALL AND INTIMATE SPACES AS OPPOSED TO THE SINGLE OPEN SPACE IN @INTERSECTION house. 4RIANGULAR WINDOWS ARE PLACED AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS AND CHECKER OPPOSITE WALLS )N THE SUMMER WHEN OPEN THEY FACILITATE NATURAL CROSS VENTILATION k BOTH BY WIND PRESSSURE AND THERMAL BUOYANCY 4HE SPACES HEATED BY BURNING FUEL WOOD CAN BECOME HEALTHIER AND PROVIDE BETTER INDOOR CLIMATE CONDITIONS WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF NATURAL VENTILATION 4HE WINDOWS ALSO PLAY AN AESTHETIC ROLE THEY SEEM TO LIGHTEN THE FA ADE CREATE A VARIETY OF VIEWS AND EMPHASIZE THE STRUCTURE AND ITS CROSSES
82
M M M M
4OTAL M
1. A common local house plan - a square articulated around the central hearth.
2. Subtracting two â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; volumes from the square and transforming them into animal pen and storage. The exterior remains a pure square while the interior spaces are articulated.
3. The interior spaces are three squares, their corners
overlapping. These spaces can be divided with partitions and be used for 3 small family units. The added veranda is a hint for the possible expansion of the house - following the sequence of interior spaces.
4. The entrances for the dwelling and the animal pen are placed next to each other, and the veranda emphasizes the dwellingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entrance. The space can be divided into two squares for two family units, with shared space in the center. The storage is accessible from two sides.
N
Storage
Women
Fireplace
9.2m
Opening
6.9m
2.3m
Men
Animal pen
6.9m veranda
4.7m
2.5m 0.27m
HOUSE #3 // Thinking ahead in a time of crisis has THE POSSIBILITY TO BEAR FRUIT (OUSE IS DESIGNED WITH A MAIN FOCUS ON PROGRESSION 4HE DIVISION OF THE CONSTRUCTION INTO TWO OR MORE PHASES IS THE DIRECT EXTENSION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY 4HE ÚRST FUNCTIONAL SPACE CAN BE CREATED WITHIN A SHORT TIME FRAME WHILE THE BUILT LAYOUT WILL ACT AS AN INDICATION AND GUIDELINE FOR THE NEXT PHASES 4HE DESIGN DEPARTS WITH THE BASIC NEEDS WISHES OF A FAMILY ACCOMMODATION FOR ALL FAMILY MEMBERS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SOCIAL BOND OF THE FAMILY and recuperation. 4HE ÚRST PHASE OF THE HOUSE SEES THE CONSTRUCTION OF M ON ONE ÛOOR AND WITH AN OPEN PLAN 4HE SPACE IS INTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE PEOPLE 4HE OPEN PLAN IS ENCASED BY A VERANDA THAT ÛOWS AROUND THREE OF THE HOUSE S WALLS 4HE VERANDA IS A DISTINCT FEATURE OF THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE WITH FUNCTIONAL AND SOCIAL PURPOSES SUCH AS STORAGE OF FUEL WOOD AND FODDER AND A GATHERING SPOT FOR MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN $URING THIS PHASE THE STORAGE IS PLACED OUTSIDE ON THE NORTH VERANDA WHICH IS A COOL AND protected place. 7HEN THE FAMILY HAS HAD SUFÚCIENT TIME TO REGAIN BALANCE THE HOUSE IS EVOLVED INTO A MORE SPACIOUS DWELLING WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SECOND ÛOOR 4HE INITIAL OPEN PLAN IS NOW DIVIDED INTO A LARGE ANIMAL PEN AND AN INSIDE STORAGE 4HE VERANDAS ON THE NEW ÛOORS ARE PLACED ON TOP OF GROUND ÛOOR ONES TO REDUCE HEAT LOSS AND TO MAINTAIN EXTERIOR SPACE AND STORAGE CONTINUITY ON ALL ÛOORS 4HE INSERTION OF VERANDAS BECOMES A GUIDING PRINCIPLE FOR THE INTERIOR SPACE AND GIVES A SIMPLE AND CLEAR EXPRESSION TO THE BUILDING #ONSTRUCTION WEIGHT IS REDUCED IN THE UPPER ÛOOR WHICH HAS NO INTERNAL PARTITIONS 4HE LOWER ÛOOR IS EVENTUALLY CLADDED WITH STONE AND MUD AND THE UPPER ÛOOR IS LEFT LIGHTER WITH AN INSULATION LAYER AND THIN MUD AND STRAW LAYER 4HE DIFFERENCE IN CLADDING GIVES A HEAVIER EXPRESSION TO THE LOWER ÛOOR AND REVEALS THE MODULES crosses on the upper one. 4HE ÚNAL OUTCOME IS A SPACIOUS M HOUSE ON TWO ÛOORS !S A MEAN OF GAINING MORE SPACE A FUTURE NEXT PHASE COULD BE THE CLADDING AND INCLUSION OF VERANDAS IN the interior spaces.
100 4OTAL M M M M M M
M
1. A typical local house consists of three functions dwelling, animal pen, storage. The house is planned with a two-stages progressive approach; building a dwelling that serves the basic needs, and with time evolving it into a spacious home.
2. A dwelling for a family and their storage is built and a veranda (to be used for future expansion) is added.
3. When the family feels it is ready to expand, an additional floor is built on top of the existing one. A new living space is created and the ground floor is used as an animal pen.
4. The new built dwelling space is isolated from ground and gains heat from the animal pen. Heat loss is reduced by the placement of the verandas on top of each other.
N
Storage Fireplace Opening
4.6m
Men Women
Children
Storage Opening Storage
Animal pen 9.2m
4.7m
veranda
Vertical access
1.05m
5m 0.72m
2.3m
1.18m
CLINIC // 4HE CLINIC IS CONCEIVED AS A RELATIVELY SMALL BUILDING WHICH CAN BE QUICKLY BUILT IN AN EMERGENCY SITUATION AND AS A DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE NEED OF MEDICAL AID 4HE STRUCTURE IS AT ÚRST A SIMPLE BOX COMPOSED BY X MODULES THE OPENINGS ON THE FOUR SIDES AND THE SKYLIGHTS ON THE ROOF PROVIDE LIGHT AND NATURAL VENTILATION WHILE THE ABSENCE OF ÚXED PARTITIONS ALLOWS A HIGH LEVEL OF ÛEXIBILITY )N THIS WAY THE BUILDING CAN BE USED AS A SINGLE OPEN SPACE OR CAN BE DIVIDED IN TWO THREE OR FOUR SMALLER SPACES SIMPLY BY HANGING THE WATERPROOF CANVAS ON THE COLUMNS 4HE USE OF A WATERPROOF MEMBRANE ON THE WALLS AND THE ÛOOR ALLOWS CLEANING AND DISINFECTING THE SPACE inside the clinic. The design for the clinic also foresees and tries to adapt to future uses. After the phase of emergency response has PASSED THE STRUCTURE CAN BE CONVERTED INTO A MORE STABLE CLINIC BY INTRODUCING ÚXED INTERNAL PARTITIONS SIMPLY BY UNFASTENING AND CONNECTING MORE MODULES FOLLOWING THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE PROCESS PART 4HE PARTITIONS NUMBER and position can again change according to the needs OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY PROVIDING SPACE FOR OFÚCES AND WAITING ROOMS #ONSIDERED THE LOCAL CONTEXT THE PRESENCE OF TWO SEPARATE WAITING ROOMS FOR MEN AND WOMEN SEEMS likely to be appreciated. 3INCE FROM THE BEGINNING THE DISPOSITION OF THE WINDOWS ANSWERS TO THE ÚNAL CONÚGURATION OF THE BUILDING ON ONE SIDE OF THE CLINIC THEY ARE PLACED FAR FROM THE GROUND IN ORDER TO PROVIDE MORE PRIVACY IN THE AREA OF THE BUILDING WHICH WILL CORRESPOND TO THE DOCTOR S OFÚCE !LSO THE MATERIAL USED ON THE WINDOWS CAN DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF PRIVACY INSIDE THE BUILDING THE USE OF PLASTIC BOTTLES OR POLYCARBONATE PANELS ALLOWS LESS LIGHT INSIDE BUT GRANTS MORE PRIVACY AS OPPOSITE TO THE USE OF GLASS
40 4OTAL M
M
M
M
1. The clinic is at first an open space characterized by a high level of flexibility. The number of doctors and patients, and the treatments required determine the spatial organization.
2. The finished building has fixed interior partitions. Their number and position can change according to the needs and specific conditions of the local community, and according to the local culture.
3. In its final configuration, the building must be well ventilated and illuminated. On the other hand, the openings must also protect the privacy of patients inside the clinic.
Womens Waiting Room
9.2m
Doctors office
Mens Waiting Room
4.7m
4.6m
2.5m
2m
1.57m
M
M
M M
M
M
M 4OTAL M
128
SCHOOL // The future generation of any community IS IMPORTANT FOR PROGRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT %DUCATION IS A VITAL PART OF THAT 4HE DESIGN OF THE SCHOOL SEEKS TO DISPLAY HOW THE MODULAR SYSTEM CAN BE APPLIED IN OTHER WAYS THAN A DWELLING WHILE STILL MAINTAINING A STRONG AND DIRECT CONNECTION TO VERNACULAR CULTURE )T IS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS AND INSPIRED BY VARIOUS SCHOOLS FROM 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN 4HE SCHOOL BUILDINGS ARE M in total and intended for A VILLAGE OF PEOPLE WITH AROUND PUPILS THAT NEED TO be educated. The design is further based on an analysis OF CLASSROOM DIMENSIONS ON CONSIDERATIONS SUCH AS STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND MATERIAL ECONOMY AND ON THE HIGH importance of outdoor areas. 4HE SCHOOL IS ESSENTIALLY COMPOSED OF TWO BUILDINGS CONTAINING THREE CLASSROOMS AND ONE ROOM WHICH DOUBLES IN FUNCTION AND SERVES AS A TEACHERS ROOM AS WELL 4HE VOLUMES FRAME AN EXTERIOR SPACE INTENDED FOR SCHOOL YARD PLAYGROUND DURING RECESS 4HE EXTERIOR SPACE FURTHER FUNCTIONS AS A SPACE FOR FORMAL TEACHING GATHERINGS AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 0LAYFUL ASPECTS WHERE ADDRESSED WITH THE CREATIVE USE OF MODULES THAT CAN TILT AND FUNCTION AS INTERACTIVE BENCHES 4HE ÛAT VERNACULAR ROOFS ARE DESIGNED AS OUTDOOR SUMMER CLASSROOMS ACCESSIBLE THROUGH LATERAL STAIRS 4HE PROMINENT USE OF FRONT VERANDAS in schools across the region is directly integrated into THE DESIGN 4HE SCHOOL IS FRAMED BY A LOW STONE WALL THAT INDICATES WHERE FORMAL TEACHING STARTS AND STOPS
1. Dimensions Long
Wide
Short
2. Economy vs. Stability Minimum material
Maximum stability
3. Exterior spaces Exposed
Surrounded
4. Localization / Adopting use of typical veranda and adding a lavatory.
5. Localization / Roof-top summer classrooms double learning spaces.
6. Fun! / Tilted modules and crosses turn into a playground.
Optimal O pti timall
Optimal O pttim timall
Optimal O ptimall
N
Pupils
WC WC
Pupils
Teacher 11.6m Teacher
5.85m Pupils
4.7m
Teacher Teacher
Pupils
2.3m
1.57m 0.73m
MOSQUE // 4HE MOSQUE AS THE REST OF THE COMMUNAL STRUCTURES IS A PART OF A HOLISTIC THINKING WHICH SEES THE RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS AS A POTENTIAL FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF THE HIT COMMUNITY 4HE CONCEPT OF THE MOSQUE AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE NEXT PAGE DERIVES FROM THE JUXTAPOSITION OF TWO GEOMETRIC ÚGURES ONE k THE COMMON CENTRAL ÛOOR PLAN OF LOCAL MOSQUES USUALLY A SQUARE 4WO k the eight pointed star (Rub el Hizb A WELL KNOWN -USLIM SYMBOL 4HESE TWO GEOMETRIC ÚGURES ARE DEVELOPED THROUGH THE CONÚGURATION OF THE MODULE 4HE MOSQUE WITH A M ÛOOR AREA IS INTENDED TO CATER FOR A VILLAGE OF PEOPLE ABOUT FAMILIES )T IS CONCEIVED AS A PARTICULAR AND EXCEPTIONAL STRUCTURE BUILT ONCE FOR EACH COMMUNITY AND THEREFORE SHOWS A GREATER LEVEL OF DETAILS and manipulations of the module comparing to the rest of THE BUILDINGS .ONETHELESS ITS STRUCTURE IS BASED UPON THE DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODULE WITH ALTERATIONS SUCH AS THE USE OF A SINGLE CROSS MODULE HALF THE NORMAL SIZE A TRIPLE CROSS MODULE AND THE USE OF LONGER BEAMS 4HE SINGLE CROSS MODULES WERE USED TO BUILD THE CENTRAL PART OF THE ROOF AND THE TRIPLE CROSS MODULES FOR THE VERTICAL WALLS WHICH GROWS TO A HEIGHT OF METERS 4HE INTERIOR SPACE IS ENCOMPASSED BY A LOWER VERANDA WITH A PLAYFUL CONÚGURATION OF CROSSES WHICH CREATES A MULTITUDE OF COVERED OUTDOOR SPACES SOME MORE PROTECTED THAN THE OTHERS !NOTHER PARTICULARITY OF THE MOSQUE ARE THE TWO SYMMETRIC ENTRANCES WHICH ALLOW FOR WOMEN AND MEN separation. The separation can be further enhanced by a FOLDABLE PANEL ALONG THE CENTRAL AXIS 4RIANGULAR OPENINGS ARE PLACED ALONG THE HIGHEST PART OF THE WALLS TO CREATE A DIFFUSE LIGHT WHICH FURTHER HIGHLIGHTS THE STRUCTURE S HEIGHT and the traditional decorated columns. The columns FOLLOW THE ROOF S STRUCTURAL GEOMETRICAL PATTERN THAT BECOMES LESS DENSE TOWARDS THE CENTER POINT 4HE ROOF S CENTERPIECE IS A PURELY STRUCTURAL STAR OR SPARK MADE OF beams.
8
56
4OTAL M
4HE CONSTRUCTION OF A MOSQUE A SYMBOLIC STRUCTURE WHICH SUCH SPIRITUAL AND COMMUNAL SIGNIÚCANCE IS INTENDED to be built by the entire community and encourage PARTICIPATION )T IS AIMED TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY WITH A SENSE OF SELF APPRECIATION AND BELIEVE IN THEIR OWN POWER TO OVERCOME TRAGEDIES 4HE MOSQUE SHOWCASES HOW A SIMPLE MODULAR SYSTEM CAN BE USED TO CREATE PROGRESSIVE AND UNCONVENTIONAL architecture.
M
M
32
1. A Mosque’s typical central plan. Commonly conceived as a square in Gilgit-Baltistan.
2. ! Þ ROTATIONAL COPY CREATES AN POINTED STAR A common Muslim symbol known as ‘Rub el Hizb’. It is the basis of numerous Islamic patterns.
3. Creating a structural roof pattern, inspired by geometrical Islamic patterns and based on the modules.
4. Extending the beams and providing structural support through pattern replication.
5. Replicating the roof pattern and beam extension with single cross modules.
6. A typical local veranda encompasses the mosque, creating a variety of protected open spaces for gathering. Two entrances facilitate men and women separation.
N
veranda
Men
2.3m
2.3m Women
7.85m 11.6m
3.4m 2.3m
The traditional village is a complex and well organized system - the synthesis of cultural and functional elements.
The project should introduce the basic strategies for risk reduction, but the local culture and traditions can never be over-estimated. The inhabitants need to recognize themselves in the project.
The development of a new settlement must be a participatory process, with the local community as a protagonist and the designers as collaborators.
AID SCENARIOS
#1 SCENARIO - PREVENTIVE EDUCATION NGOs build a â&#x20AC;&#x153;travelling training pavilionâ&#x20AC;? that moves around the disaster prone regions. The pavilion is built together with the inhabitants.
the pavilion remains in the village as a permanent training center, that will function as an emergency room in case of disaster.
the pavilion is dissassembled and materials travel - knowledge stays.
If a disaster strikes, the pavilion will be employed for the distribution of materials (metal joints and canvas), host the sawmill, and train people.
If a disaster strikes, the pavilion will be turned into a clinic.
#2 SCENARIO - POST DISASTER RESPONSE NGOs send volunteers with sawmill, joints and canvas.
The construction takes place.
Among the structures built, one can be used as material storage and training center. The structures themselves serve as a model for further development.
The volunteers move the sawmill to another location.
pÂ&#x;Secondary phase materials
Timber (collapsed houses, nearby forests or farm trees)
Sheep Wool (own sheep)
Stone (local stone)
Mud (local soil)
pÂ&#x;Materials for immediate response
Waterproof Canvas (wholesalers Islamabad)
Bolts (wholesalers Islamabad)
Nuts (wholesalers Islamabad)
pÂ&#x;-ATERIALSÂ&#x;FOR aid and training
Idea & Guidance
SERVICE & MATERIALS IN TRANSIT // All the materials for all phases of the reconstruction are REGIONALLYÂ&#x;ORÂ&#x;NATIONALLYÂ&#x;SOURCED Â&#x;4OOLSÂ&#x;SUCHÂ&#x;ASÂ&#x;THEÂ&#x;SAWMILLÂ&#x; and drill can be sourced in Pakistan. The strategy has a STRONGÂ&#x; EMPHASISÂ&#x; ONÂ&#x; REGIONALISMÂ&#x; ANDÂ&#x; SELF SUFĂ&#x161;CIENCY Â&#x; ANDÂ&#x; the tools and materials needed for the reconstruction SUPPORTÂ&#x; THATÂ&#x; VISION Â&#x; 4HEÂ&#x; STRATEGYÂ&#x; DOESN TÂ&#x; IMPLYÂ&#x; USEÂ&#x; OFÂ&#x; OIL Â&#x; AIRPLANES Â&#x; TRUCKSÂ&#x; TOÂ&#x; CARRYÂ&#x; PREFABRICATEDÂ&#x; HOUSES Â&#x; ORÂ&#x; ANYÂ&#x; OTHERÂ&#x; FACTORÂ&#x; THATÂ&#x; WOULDÂ&#x; CREATEÂ&#x; AÂ&#x; DEPENDENCYÂ&#x; ONÂ&#x; globalised systems. The only element sourced outside of 0AKISTANÂ&#x; ISÂ&#x; THEÂ&#x; STRATEGYÂ&#x; ITSELF Â&#x; WHICHÂ&#x; ISÂ&#x; TOÂ&#x; BEÂ&#x; TAUGHTÂ&#x; ANDÂ&#x; IMPARTEDÂ&#x;ONCE Â&#x;ANDÂ&#x;IFÂ&#x;PROVENÂ&#x;SUCCESSFULÂ&#x; Â&#x;REMAINSÂ&#x;AÂ&#x;PARTÂ&#x; of the culture.
Metal brackets (wholesalers Islamabad)
Straw (local crops)
Gilgit-Baltistan Materials procured in the nearest surroundings No transportation required
Islamabad
Materials available in Pakistan Road transportation
#9
AFTERWORD REFLECTIONS & CONCLUSIONS DEFINING NEED //
4HIS PROJECT HAD A VAGUE START WHICH WAS AT THE SAME TIME EXTREMELY FOCUSED "EFORE IT HAD A PLACE A SHAPE A SCOPE OR A SPECIÚC PROBLEM TO TACKLE k IT HAD ONE CLEAR DIRECTION TO ADDRESS A REAL concrete need of a group of people – of a community. As OPPOSED TO SO MANY OTHER ACADEMIC BUT ALSO PROFESSIONAL PROJECTS WE WANTED TO BASE OUR DESIGN FROM BEGINNING TO END ON A SERIES OF REAL LIFE PARAMETERS .OT INVENTED BY US 7E APPROACH ARCHITECTURE INTENDED HERE AS THE CREATION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS AN ANSWER TO THE NEEDS OF PEOPLE VARY AND COMPLEX AS THEY ARE )T CAN T ONLY BE AN AESTHETIC OR STRUCTURAL MANIFESTATION 7E ALSO don’t see it as a mere solution for energy consumption. !ND EVEN THE TECTONIC IDEA k BEAUTIFUL IN ITSELF k INSTANTLY EXCLUDES SO MANY OTHER ASPECTS OF THE INCREDIBLY RICH ÚELD OF ARCHITECTURE IF CONSIDERED AS THE ONLY PARAMETER 4HE INITIAL PREMISE OF THE PROJECT WAS TO COME UP WITH A HOLISTIC SOLUTION FOR A SPECIÚC AND REAL NEED OF A COMMUNITY 4HE MEANING AS WE INTERPRET IT OF THE WORD NEED SHOULD BE CLEARED ! NEED IS VERY DIFFERENT THAN A WISH OR A DESIRE ! PERSON IN NEED IS A PERSON THAT LACKS SOMETHING VITAL 3OMETHING HE MUST HAVE IN ORDER TO SURVIVE )T IS COMMON IN WESTERN SOCIETIES AS RICH AND ABUNDANT AS THEY ARE TO CALL A PURE DESIRE @NEED 7E ADMIRE AND SUPPORT THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE LIFE QUALITY OF EACH AND EVERY INDIVIDUAL k BUT THIS IMPROVEMENT IS NOT NECESSARILY A NEED )N WESTERN SOCIETIES -ORE OFTEN THAN NOT IMPROVEMENT COMES OUT OF THE PURE WISH TO HAVE MORE AS WE OVERCAME ALL FUNDAMENTALS LONG AGO )N SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD THOUGH PEOPLE STILL HAVE BASIC NEEDS THAT ARE UNFULÚLLED .EED FOR WATER FOR FOOD FOR SHELTER )F THESE NEEDS REMAIN UNFULÚLLED THESE PEOPLE WILL SIMPLY NOT BE ABLE TO SURVIVE (AVING THAT IN MIND WE WERE DRAWN TO THE HARD ISSUE OF NATURAL DISASTERS ,IVING QUITE A COMFORTABLE LIFE k WE NEVER HAD TO DEAL WITH LOSING OUR ENTIRE WORLD IN AN INSTANCE
4HE HOUSE THE OBJECTS AND THE PEOPLE WE LOVE 7E studied the topic of human response to natural disasters AND FOUND OUT THAT MANY OF THE RECOVERY PROCESSES THAT OFTEN TAKE YEARS WERE AS TRAGIC FOR THE PEOPLE AS THE DISASTERS THEMSELVES 4O ÚND OUT WHERE COMMUNITIES ARE SUBJECT TO NATURAL DISASTERS WE MAPPED THE WORLD kTHE NUMBER OF EVENTS OF AFFECTED PEOPLE OF DISASTER TYPES 7E FURTHER ANALYZED the response of the so called global community to these DISASTERS 7E FOUND OUT A REGION IN THE WORLD WHICH PRESENTS AN EXTREMELY HARSH LIVING ENVIRONMENT k THE upper parts of the Himalaya in northern Pakistan. On top OF THE HARSH CONDITIONS TO BEGIN WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION SUFFERS FROM NUMEROUS AND DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES AND landslides.
SCALE CONSIDERATIONS // 7E DECIDED to tackle the essential post disaster need of the local POPULATION 4O HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PLACE AND CONTEXT WE STARTED BY STUDYING THE NATURE AND MAN MADE ENVIRONMENTS OF 0AKISTAN AND SLOWLY FOCUSED ON THE 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN REGION AND LATER ANALYZED A BROAD RANGE OF ASPECTS CONCERNING THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE PLACE
"EFORE DECIDING TO FOCUS ON 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN AS A REGION WE CONSIDERED DIFFERENT SCALES 7E CONCLUDED THAT FOCUSING ON POST DISASTER SOLUTIONS IN GENERAL WOULD BE TOO WIDE AND WOULD NOT YIELD A SATISFYING ENOUGH DESIGN FOR ANY OF THE HIT COMMUNITIES 7E ALSO CONCLUDED THAT FOCUSING ONLY ON ONE VILLAGE IN NORTHERN 0AKISTAN WOULD LEAD TO A SOLUTION TOO NARROW AND ADDRESS ISSUES TOO SPECIÚC FOR ANYONE ELSE TO BENEÚT FROM 4HEREFORE A DECISION TO FOCUS ON A REGION WITH HIGH SIMILARITY OF CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL CULTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL FACTORS WAS MADE 7HEN APPROACHING THE ACTIVE PART OF THE PROJECT k THE DESIGN ITSELF THE CHOICE OF SCALE FOR THE AREA OF INTERVENTION WAS FOUND TO BE BENEÚCIAL AND HELPFUL BY LARGE THOUGH STILL LEFT US WITH DOUBTS REGARDING SPECIÚC ISSUES IN THE DESIGN 4HROUGH THE ANALYSIS WE IDENTIÚED SPECIÚC ASPECTS that determined the design solutions and facilitated our DECISIONS ,OCAL ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS LIKE THE ÛAT ROOF THE CENTRAL PLACEMENT OF A ÚREPLACE THE EVERYDAY USE OF SPACES AND THE LOCAL TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS WERE THEN DEÚNED THROUGH THE ANALYSIS AND LEFT US NO PLACE FOR DOUBT during the design.
/THER ASPECTS THAT RELATE TO THE VARIETY OF LIFESTYLE IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN AS A REGION WERE SOURCES FOR CONTINUING DISCUSSIONS 4HE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TOWNS AND REMOTE VILLAGES WERE EVENTUALLY DECIDED TO BE APPROACHED IN A RATHER ÛEXIBLE MANNER THE DESIGN HAD TO ADAPT TO THE MOST CHALLENGING SCENARIOS THE REMOTE VILLAGES BUT LEAVE ROOM FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEW MATERIALS SUCH AS CONCRETE AND IRON SHEETS AND CHANGING LIFE STYLE OF THE BIGGER MORE ACCESSIBLE TOWNS /NE ESSENTIAL PART OF THE ANALYSIS WAS STILL MISSING A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ! FACE TO FACE ENCOUNTER WITH THE REGION AND ITS INHABITANTS 7E WEREN T ABLE TO VISIT 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN DURING THE THESIS AND WE ACKNOWLEDGE THE SIGNIÚCANCE OF SUCH AN EXPERIENCE IN THE TYPE OF PROJECT chosen.
SERVING PEOPLE // !NOTHER IMPORTANT ISSUE WE
TRIED TO TACKLE NOT ALWAYS WITH EASE AND STRAIGHT FORWARD DESIGN IS RATHER SIMPLE TO EXPLAIN !S ARCHITECTS WE GIVE SERVICE TO PEOPLE 4HIS SERVICE INCLUDES THE FORMATION OF THE PEOPLE S BUILT ENVIRONMENT %VEN THOUGH AS ARCHITECTS WE KNOW THE SIGNIÚCANCE OF HEALTHY AND FUNCTIONAL BUILT ENVIRONMENTS k WE TEND TO SAVE THIS BASIC MERIT ONLY FOR THE MOST AFÛUENT PEOPLE IN GLOBAL SOCIETY !RCHITECTURE IN TODAY S WORLD IS STILL THE SHARE OF ONLY A FEW )N A ÚELD that constantly discusses sustainability this social injustice IS EXTREMELY UNDERESTIMATED 4HE SO CALLED @SUSTAINABLE HOUSES BUILT IN THE 7EST ARE OFTEN BUILT ON THE EXPENSE OF A SOCIALLY UNBALANCED WORLD /NE OF THE MOST SIGNIÚCANT IMPRESSIONS THIS PROJECT LEFT US WITH IS THAT EVEN IN THE ADMIRABLE ÚELD OF HUMANITARIAN ARCHITECTURE k MOST PROJECTS STILL IMPOSE THEMSELVES ON THE LOCAL POPULATION 4HESE PROJECTS BORN WITH AN HONEST WISH TO HELP PEOPLE IN NEED ARE OFTEN @DROPPED ON THE COMMUNITIES WITHOUT LEAVING THEM WITH CHOICE ! VARIETY OF TENTS TRANSITIONAL SHELTERS AND PERMANENT HOUSES BUILT VOLUNTARILY AND FROM DONATIONS STILL DON T LEAVE THE END USER WITH A SAY REGARDING HIS HER OWN BUILT ENVIRONMENT !FTER COMPLETING THE PROJECT WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IT IS NEVER EASY TO CREATE A DESIGN THAT PERFECTLY SUITS THE END USER 7HAT WE CAN CONCLUDE IS BEAUTIFULLY DESCRIBED BY 9ONA &RIEDMAN g7HAT WE KNOW ABOUT PEOPLE ; = IS VERY VERY UNSURE AND UNCERTAIN )N ORDER TO SATISFY THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN A BUILDING YOU BUILT YOU HAVE TO LET THEM CONCEIVE THE BUILDINGs &RIEDMAN CITED IN #ERIZZA P
7E ACKNOWLEDGE THE FACT THAT DESPITE THE DEEP INSIGHT OF THE LOCAL CULTURE WE TRIED TO ACHIEVE IN THE ANALYTICAL PHASE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR NEEDS IS INEVITABLY AFFECTED BY OUR OWN CULTURE 4HIS IS ONE OF THE MAIN REASONS FOR DEVELOPING A RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY WHICH IS LIKELY TO MEET THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 4HE DESIGN IS AWARE OF FACTORS OF IMPROVISATION UNCERTAINTY FREEDOM Freeconstruction IS NOT A ÚNISHED HOUSE IMPOSED ON PEOPLE AND LANDSCAPE IT IS A STRATEGY TO BE TAUGHT EVENTUALLY TO BE REÚNED AND EVOLVED .ONE OF THE PROPOSED PLANS MIGHT BE ACTUALLY SUITABLE WHILE PEOPLE MIGHT CREATE UNEXPECTED CONÚGURATIONS 7E TEND TO THINK THAT IN THIS PROJECT WE WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE BALANCE AS MUCH AS OUR LIMITED KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE ALLOWED US 7E CONCEIVED A SAFE STRUCTURE WITH A FAST AND SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION SAVING MATERIALS SAVING ENERGY GRANTING A BETTER INDOOR ENVIRONMENT "UT THE REAL STRENGTH OF THE PROJECT LAYS IN ITS ÛEXIBILITY 4HE SAME MODULE USED AS A TENT BECOMES THE WALL OF A PERMANENT HOUSE 4HE COMMON DISTINCTION BETWEEN TEMPORARY SHELTER TRANSITIONAL SHELTER AND PERMANENT HOUSE TURNS INTO A ÛOW A GRADIENT 4HE MODULE CAN BE FREELY COMPOSED ACCORDING TO THE CHOICE OF THE USER WHO DESIGNS AND BUILDS THE STRUCTURES HIMSELF 4HE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE APPLIED IS SO SIMPLE THAT THE WHOLE FAMILY CAN TAKE PART IN it. Most of the solutions implemented in the project are DIRECTLY NOT ONLY FORMALLY OR CONCEPTUALLY INSPIRED BY THE local tradition. Almost all of the materials are sourced on SITE OR IN THE SURROUNDING AREAS
SITE SPECIFIC //
The need to get as close as POSSIBLE TO THE LOCAL CULTURE FORMED AN EXTREMELY SITE SPECIÚC STRATEGY Freeconstruction is tailored for the CONTEXT UPON ÚNISHING THE DESIGN FOR 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN WE HAVE TRIED TO TEST EVENTUAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY in different regions in need. As neighboring Nepal and Afghanistan are also subject to natural disasters and display A SERIES OF SIMILARITIES WE TRIED TO SEE IF THE STRATEGY COULD ÚT THEM /NE OF THE ASPECTS OF VERNACULAR CONSTRUCTION IN .EPAL IS THE PITCHED ROOF WHICH THE DESIGN COULD NOT SATISFACTORILY ACHIEVE !NOTHER REGION OF IMPLEMENTATION COULD HAVE BEEN THE COUNTRIES AROUND THE )NDIAN /CEAN THAT GREATLY SUFFER FROM TSUNAMIS TORNADOES AND SO ON 7E HAVE TRIED TO TRANSFORM THE STRUCTURE INTO ONE MADE FROM BAMBOO TO ÚT AN AVAILABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL OF THE REGION BUT AGAIN THE SPECIÚCITY OF THE DESIGN AND ITS CONTEXT DIDN T ALLOW FOR IT
THE NEXT STEP // 5NDERSTANDING THAT ALL
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS SHOULD BE CONFRONTED WITH REALITY AND EVALUATED THROUGH IT WE BUILT A MODEL OF THE DEVELOPED MODULE )T LED US TO CONCLUDE THAT IN REAL LIFE AND UNDER HIGH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PRESSURE THE TOOLS USED SHOULD BE THE APPROPRIATE ONES 7E VERIÚED THAT THE STRUCTURE ALLOWS FOR A CERTAIN LEVEL OF IMPRECISION IN DRILLING AND CONNECTING BUT BUILDING IT WITH INADEQUATE TOOLS CAN TAKE MUCH LONGER THAN PLANNED "UILDING A REAL SCALE MODULE LEFT US WITH AN INCREASING TRUST IN THE STRUCTURE AND its possible applications. The project didn’t reach an absolute end and it can be FURTHER DEVELOPED IN SOME DIRECTIONS ! DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES WOULD ALLOW VERIFYING THE CORRECTNESS OF THE DEDUCTIONS WHICH LEAD TO DEÚNE THE SYSTEM AND WOULD HELP TO DEPICT more accurately the needs and aspirations of people. &URTHERMORE THROUGH A DIRECT ANALYSIS OF THE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS IT WOULD BE POSSIBLE TO ESTIMATE PRECISELY THE AMOUNT OF MATERIALS USED AND AVAILABLE THE FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT OF THE DWELLINGS THE OBJECTS AND FURNITURE INSIDE the house. -ORE ACCURATE STRUCTURAL TESTS WOULD PRODUCE RELIABLE VALUES OF DISPLACEMENT AND WOULD DESCRIBE THE ACTUAL BEHAVIOR OF THE STRUCTURE UNDER SEISMIC LOADS 4HE CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPICAL HOUSE IS THE ÚRST STEP IN THIS DIRECTION A MODEL IN SCALE WOULD ALSO PROVIDE A PRECISE estimation of the construction time and the minimum AMOUNT OF PEOPLE REQUIRED !ND MORE THAN ANY OTHER QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OR VERIÚCATION THE STRATEGY SHOULD BE APPLIED AS PREVENTIVE MEASURE AND EVALUATED BY THE USERS
Writing stupid quotes since â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;99
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p 'UHA 3APIR $ (OYOIS 0 "ELOW 2 Annual disaster statistical review 2012: the numbers and trends ;INTERNET= "RUSSELS #2%$ !VAILABLE AT HTTP RELIEFWEB INT SITES RELIEFWEB INT ÚLES RESOURCES !$32? PDF ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p 'UTIERREZ * .OTES ON THE SEISMIC ADEQUACY OF VERNACULAR BUILDINGS )N #52%% #ONSORTIUM OF 5NIVERSITIES FOR 2ESEARCH IN %ARTHQUAKE %NGINEERING 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering 6ANCOUVER " # #ANADA !UGUST S L S N p (ASAN ! The indigenous architecture of the northern areas ;)NTERNET= S L S N !VAILABLE AT HTTP ARIFHASAN ORG CULTURE NORTHERN AREAS THE INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE OF THE NORTHERN AREAS ;!CCESSED -ARCH = p (UNZAI ) #ONÛICT DYNAMICS IN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN ;INTERNET= 7ASHINGTON 53)0 5NITED 3TATED )NSTITUTE OF 0EACE !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW USIP ORG SITES DEFAULT ÚLES 32 PDF ;!CCESSED -ARCH = p )NTERNATIONAL &EDERATION OF 2ED #ROSS AND 2ED #RESCENT 3OCIETIES Guidelines for post disaster housing ;INTERNET= S L S N !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW IFRC ORG 0AGE&ILES " D 'UIDELINES FOR 0OST $ISASTER (OUSING VERSION ?/8&!- '" PDF ;!CCESSED !PRIL = p )NTERNATIONAL &EDERATION OF 2ED #ROSS AND 2ED #RESCENT 3OCIETIES Transitional shelters: eight designs ;INTERNET= 'ENEVA )&2# !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW IFRC ORG 0AGE&ILES 4RANSITIONAL 3HELTERS %IGHT DESIGNS %. ,2 PDF ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p )NTERNATIONAL &EDERATION OF 2ED #ROSS AND 2ED #RESCENT 3OCIETIES Shelter safety handbook: some important information on how to build safer ;)NTERNET= 'ENEVA )&2# !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW IFRC ORG 0AGE&ILES PUBLICATIONS 3HELTER SAFETY HANDBOOK %. ,2 PDF ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p )NTERNATIONAL &EDERATION OF 2ED #ROSS AND 2ED #RESCENT 3OCIETIES Aid effectiveness ;ONLINE= !VAILABLE AT HTTPS WWW IFRC ORG EN WHO WE ARE VISION AND MISSION AID EFFECTIVENESS ;!CCESSED !PRIL = p )NTERNATIONAL &EDERATION OF 2ED #ROSS AND 2ED #RESCENT 3OCIETIES What is a disaster? ;ONLINE= !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW IFRC ORG EN WHAT WE DO DISASTER MANAGEMENT ABOUT DISASTERS WHAT IS A DISASTER ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY =
pÂ&#x;)NTERNATIONALÂ&#x;-ONETARYÂ&#x;&UND Â&#x; Â&#x;Natural Disasters Hitting More People, Becoming More Costly ;ONLINE= !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTPS WWW IMF ORG EXTERNAL PUBS FT SURVEY SO NEW A HTM ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;.OVEMBERÂ&#x; = pÂ&#x;)NVERNIZZI Â&#x;% Â&#x;,OCATELLI Â&#x;- Â&#x;3CERRATO Â&#x;) Â&#x; Â&#x;0IETRANGELO Â&#x;6 Â&#x;N D Â&#x;Askole and the upper Braldo valley: new itineraries to the discovery of landscape, people and culture of the northern areas of PakistanÂ&#x;;EXHIBITIONÂ&#x;POSTERS=Â&#x; !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTP WWW EVK CNR ORG CMS Ă&#x161;LES EVK CNR ORG 0ROGETTO !SKOLE 0$& ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;&EBRUARYÂ&#x; = pÂ&#x;)5#.Â&#x;ANDÂ&#x;'OVERNMENTÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x;0AKISTAN Â&#x; Â&#x;Northern areas strategy for sustainable development Â&#x;;INTERNET=Â&#x;+ARACHI Â&#x;)5#.Â&#x;0AKISTANÂ&#x; !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTP CMSDATA IUCN ORG DOWNLOADS NASSD?STRATEGY PDF ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;&EBRUARYÂ&#x; = pÂ&#x;+HAN Â&#x;- : Â&#x;ETÂ&#x;AL Â&#x; Â&#x;(IGH ALTITUDEÂ&#x;RANGELANDSÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;THEIRÂ&#x;INTERFACESÂ&#x;INÂ&#x;'ILGIT "ALTISTAN Â&#x; 0AKISTAN Â&#x;)N Â&#x;. Â&#x;.INGÂ&#x;ETÂ&#x;AL Â&#x;EDS Â&#x; Â&#x;High-altitude rangelands and their interfaces in the Hindu Kush. ;INTERNET=Â&#x;+ATHMANDU Â&#x;)NTERNATIONALÂ&#x;#ENTREÂ&#x;FORÂ&#x;)NTEGRATEDÂ&#x;-OUNTAINÂ&#x; $EVELOPMENT Â&#x;PP Â&#x; !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTP WWW MOUNTAINPARTNERSHIP ORG PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATION DETAIL EN C ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;-ARCHÂ&#x; = pÂ&#x;+RISTAL Â&#x;/ Â&#x; Â&#x;Place culture architecture: the vernacular built environment of Himachal Pradesh Â&#x;" ! Â&#x;-ILANO Â&#x;0OLITECNICOÂ&#x;DIÂ&#x;-ILANO pÂ&#x;+RISTIANSEN Â&#x;& Â&#x;2ODE Â&#x;# Â&#x; Â&#x;Egenkonvektion i fĂĽreuld og papirisoleringÂ&#x;;)NTERNET=Â&#x;,YNGBY Â&#x;)NSTITUTÂ&#x;FORÂ&#x;"YGNINGERÂ&#x;OGÂ&#x;%NERGI $ANMARKSÂ&#x;4EKNISKEÂ&#x;5NIVERSITET !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTP WWW GOOGLE DK L SA T RCT J Q ESRC S SOURCE WEB CD VED #$51&J!! URL HTTP ! & &WWW BYG DTU DK &^ &MEDIA &)NSTITUTTER &"YG &PUBLIKATIONER &BYG?RAPPORTER &IBE?SR ASHX EI A/ 5 RM! Z9 14TK $!$! USG !&1J#.'&A9)X +:DH8 )YS'O /%.7F91 SI G %9KK R-H*,%/ FNWOU:BAW BVM BV D B'% ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;-AYÂ&#x; = pÂ&#x;-AC$ONALD Â&#x;+ ) Â&#x; Â&#x;)NDIGENOUSÂ&#x;LABOURÂ&#x;ARRANGEMENTSÂ&#x;ANDÂ&#x;HOUSEHOLDÂ&#x;SECURITYÂ&#x;INÂ&#x;NORTHERNÂ&#x; Pakistan. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan StudiesÂ&#x;;INTERNET=Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x;PP Â&#x; !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTP DIGITALCOMMONS MACALESTER EDU HIMALAYA VOL ISS ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;!PRILÂ&#x; = pÂ&#x;-IAN Â&#x;5 3 Â&#x; Â&#x;Pakistan: higher education systemÂ&#x;;ONLINE= !VAILABLEÂ&#x;AT Â&#x;HTTP WWW DB IN TUM DE TEACHING WS HSUFG 4AXILA 3ITE 0AKISTAN?5%4 HTML ;!CCESSEDÂ&#x; Â&#x;&EBRUARYÂ&#x; =
p -INKE ' Construction manual for earthquake resistant houses built of earth. ;INTERNET= %SCHBORN '!4% "!3). !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW GTZ DE DOKUMENTE BIB PDF ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY p -ORTENSON ' 2ELIN $ / 4HREE CUPS OF TEA ONE MAN S MISSION TO ÚGHT TERRORISM and build nations - one school at a time .EW 9ORK 6IKING 0ENGUIN p -UNIR - 3HAH . ! !UJLA + - 0RODUCTION OF WOOL AND HAIR IN HIGHLAND "ALOCHISTAN 0AKISTAN Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences ;)NTERNET= PP !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW SAU EDU PK SAU?JOURNAL ? FULL PDF ;!CCESSED !PRIL = p .ATIONAL )NSTITUTE OF 0OPULATION 3TUDIES .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL Pakistan demographic and health survey 2012-13 ;INTERNET= )SLAMABAD 0AKISTAN AND #ALVERTON -ARYLAND 53! .)03 AND )#& )NTERNATIONAL !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW MEASUREDHS COM PUBS PDF &2 &2 PDF ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p /XFORD $ICTIONARIES Foreign aid ;ONLINE= UPDATED !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW OXFORDDICTIONARIES COM DEÚNITION ENGLISH FOREIGN AID ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p /XFORD $ICTIONARIES Natural disaster ;ONLINE= UPDATED !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW OXFORDDICTIONARIES COM DEÚNITION ENGLISH NATURAL DISASTER ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p 0AKISTAN -ETEOROLOGICAL $EPARTMENT .ORSAR .ORWAY Seismic hazard analysis and zonization for Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir ;)NTERNET= )SLAMABAD 0AKISTAN -ETEOROLOGICAL $EPARTMENT !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW PMD GOV PK 3EISMIC2EPORT?0-$ PDF ;!CCESSED !PRIL = p 2AO ! , -ARWAT ! ( NASSD background paper: forestry ;INTERNET= 'ILGIT )5#. 0AKISTAN .ORTHERN !REAS 0ROGRAMME !VAILABLE AT HTTP CMSDATA IUCN ORG DOWNLOADS BP?FORESTRY PDF ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p 4HE )NTERNATIONAL $ISASTER $ATABASE #LASSIÚCATION ;ONLINE= !VAILABLE AT HTTP WWW EMDAT BE CLASSIÚCATION ;!CCESSED &EBRUARY = p 7IKITRAVEL Gilgit-Baltistan ;ONLINE= UPDATED !VAILABLE AT HTTP WIKITRAVEL ORG EN 'ILGIT "ALTISTAN ;!CCESSED -ARCH =
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x; Â&#x;OWN ILLUSTRATIONS
pÂ&#x;)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x;AGAÂ&#x;KHANÂ&#x;DEVELOPMENTÂ&#x;NETWORKÂ&#x; N D Â&#x;Exterior view of homes ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;0OSTÂ&#x;TSUNAMIÂ&#x;HOUSINGÂ&#x;FORÂ&#x;+IRINDA Â&#x;3RIÂ&#x;,ANKA= !T Â&#x;HTTP WWW DESIGNBOOM COM WP CONTENT UPLOADS SBKAK JPG !CCESSEDÂ&#x;ONÂ&#x; pÂ&#x;)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x;3CRADER Â&#x;*Ă&#x201C;RGENÂ&#x; N D Â&#x;new shelter developed from funds of the ikea foundation on a testing site in kobe refugee camp in ethiopia ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;)KEAÂ&#x;SHELTERÂ&#x;FORÂ&#x;REFUGEESÂ&#x;INÂ&#x;+OPEÂ&#x;CAMP = !T Â&#x; HTTP WWW OFFGRIDWORLD COM WP CONTENT UPLOADS IMAGE GALLERY6 GMQF JPG !CCESSEDÂ&#x;ONÂ&#x; pÂ&#x;)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x;2EUTERSÂ&#x; N D Â&#x;Desolate: Refugees wander around between UN-provided tents at a dusty camp in Iraqi Kurdistan ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;REFUGEEÂ&#x;TENTS = !T Â&#x; HTTP WWW DAILYMAIL CO UK NEWS ARTICLE 3YRIA CIVIL WAR WORLDS BIGGEST REFUGEE CRISIS M PEOPLE FORCED Ă&#x203A;EE HTMLÂ&#x; !CCESSEDÂ&#x;INÂ&#x; pÂ&#x; )LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x; !NON Â&#x; N D Â&#x; A landslide blocked the road between Askole and Chakpo in Braldu Valley after heavy rainfall in July 2005 ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;2OADÂ&#x;BLOCKEDÂ&#x;BYÂ&#x;LANDSLIDEÂ&#x;INÂ&#x;"RALDUÂ&#x;VALLEY= )N Â&#x; '%/-/20(/,/')#!,Â&#x; -!00).'Â&#x; /&Â&#x; 4(%Â&#x; + Â&#x; !2%! Â&#x; 0!+)34!.Â&#x; 53).'Â&#x; ')3Â&#x; !.$Â&#x; 2%-/4%Â&#x;3%.3).'Â&#x;P Â&#x; pÂ&#x;)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x;!NON Â&#x; N D Â&#x;Debris cone in the Braldu Valley ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;-OUNTAINSÂ&#x;INÂ&#x;"RALDUÂ&#x;VALLEY= )N Â&#x; '%/-/20(/,/')#!,Â&#x; -!00).'Â&#x; /&Â&#x; 4(%Â&#x; + Â&#x; !2%! Â&#x; 0!+)34!.Â&#x; 53).'Â&#x; ')3Â&#x; !.$Â&#x; 2%-/4%Â&#x;3%.3).'Â&#x;P Â&#x;
pÂ&#x;)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x;!NON Â&#x; N D Â&#x;Older lichen-covered(A) and younger lichen-free(B) boulders in Dassu gorge testifying the ongoing mass movement activity ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;-ASSÂ&#x;MOVEMENTÂ&#x;INÂ&#x;$ASSU= )N Â&#x; '%/-/20(/,/')#!,Â&#x; -!00).'Â&#x; /&Â&#x; 4(%Â&#x; + Â&#x; !2%! Â&#x; 0!+)34!.Â&#x; 53).'Â&#x; ')3Â&#x; !.$Â&#x; 2%-/4%Â&#x;3%.3).'Â&#x;P Â&#x; pÂ&#x;)LLUSTRATIONÂ&#x; Â&#x;-UDDIR Â&#x;*ESSICAÂ&#x; Â&#x;Kashmir after earthquake ;0HOTOGRAPH Â&#x;%FFECTSÂ&#x;OFÂ&#x; Â&#x;+ASHMIRÂ&#x;EARTHQUAKE=Â&#x; !T Â&#x;HTTP JESSICAMUDDITT Ă&#x161;LES WORDPRESS COM KASHMIR AFTER EARTHQUAKE SMALL JPG !CCESSEDÂ&#x;ONÂ&#x;
p )LLUSTRATION !HMAD 3HAKEEL Bridge Astore ;0HOTOGRAPH 3USPENSION BRIDGES= !T HTTP UPLOAD WIKIMEDIA ORG WIKIPEDIA COMMONS B B "RIDGE?!STORE JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION 9OGESHGUPTA Sringar-Leh Route (Zolila Pass) ;0HOTOGRAPH "US IN MOUNTAIN ROAD= !T HTTP UPLOAD WIKIMEDIA ORG WIKIPEDIA COMMONS B B :OJILA?2OAD JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D Moshin ;0HOTOGRAPH 7OMEN WITH A SCARF= !T HTTP GBTIMES ÚLES WORDPRESS COM MOSHIN JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION #ENTRAL !SIA )NSTITUTE N D Azer with her children in Korphe Village, Pakistan ;0HOTOGRAPH 7OMEN AND CHILDREN FROM THE VILLAGE OF +ORPHE 0AKISTAN= !T HTTPS WWW IKAT ORG WP CONTENT GALLERY PHOTOS KORPHE JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Part Plan ;$RAWING 0ART PLAN OF THE $ J 3CHOOL AT "UBAR= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF D.J SCHOOL AT BUBAR ;0HOTOGRAPH &RONT OF SCHOOL= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Sketch Plan ;$RAWING 0LAN OF A MOSQUE IN 3HAKYOT= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Verandah ;0HOTOGRAPH 4HE VERANDAH OF A 3HIA MOSQUE IN 3HAKYOT= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D The balti level seen from outside ;0HOTOGRAPH ! TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN 'ILGIT BALTISTAN= )N PAKISTAN ,A #ASA MUSEO AD !SKOLE E LA VALORIZZAZIONE DELLA !LTA 6ALLE "RALDO !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D The balti level seen from inside ;0HOTOGRAPH 4WO MEN INSIDE A TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN 'ILGIT BALTISTAN= )N 0AKISTAN ,A #ASA MUSEO AD !SKOLE E LA VALORIZZAZIONE DELLA !LTA 6ALLE "RALDO !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Plan ;$RAWING 0LAN DRAWING OF A HOUSE IN 0ASSU 0AKISTAN= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P
p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Outside ;0HOTOGRAPH %XTERIOR OF A HOUSE IN 0ASSU= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Inside ;0HOTOGRAPH (OUSE IN 0ASSU= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Plan ;$RAWING 0LAN DRAWING OF )BRAHIM -ADHAR 3HAH S HOUSE AT 3UMAL= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Section ;$RAWING 3ECTION OF )BRAHIM -ADHAR 3HAH S HOUSE AT 3UMAL= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION (ASAN !RIF Plan - Captain Sana Khan’s House, Gilgit ;$RAWING 0LAN DRAWING OF HOUSE IN 'ILGIT= )N 4HE )NDIGENOUS !RCHITECTURE OF THE .ORTHERN !REAS P p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D Reasonably cut stone laid with a lot of mud mortar. ;0HOTOGRAPH $ISPLAY OF VERNACULAR BUILDING SYSTEM= )N !FFORDABLE SEISMICALLY RESISTANT ANDSUSTAINABLE HOUSING P " p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D A completed wall, note large stones. ;0HOTOGRAPH $ISPLAY OF VERNACULAR BUILDING SYSTEM= )N !FFORDABLE SEISMICALLY RESISTANT ANDSUSTAINABLE HOUSING P " p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D Shelters after disaster ;0HOTOGRAPH #HILDREN PLAYING IN THE RUINS AFTER EARTHQUAKE PAKISTAN= !T HTTP ARCHITECTURE BROOKES AC UK RESEARCH CENDEP SHELTER HTML !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D n.d. ;0HOTOGRAPH "UILDING ON A TRANSITIONAL SHELTER= )N 0AKISTAN EARTHQUAKE CHALLENGES INNOCATIONS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE P p )LLUSTRATION !NON N D n.d. ;0HOTOGRAPH "UILDING ON A TRANSITIONAL SHELTER= )N 0AKISTAN EARTHQUAKE CHALLENGES INNOCATIONS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE P p )LLUSTRATION 2EICHART !LBERT N D Building one of the transitional shelters ;0HOTOGRAPH (ABITAT FOR (UMANITY PERMANENT HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION= )N 3HELTER PROJECTS P p )LLUSTRATION 2EICHART !LBERT N D Building one of the transitional shelters ;0HOTOGRAPH (ABITAT FOR (UMANITY PERMANENT HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION= )N 3HELTER PROJECTS P
p )LLUSTRATION 2EICHART !LBERT N D Building one of the transitional shelters ;0HOTOGRAPH (ABITAT FOR (UMANITY PERMANENT HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION= )N 3HELTER PROJECTS P p )LLUSTRATION 2ASHID 3ALMAN n.d. ;0HOTOGRAPH (OUSES OF !SKOLE 0AKISTAN= !T HTTP BP BLOGSPOT COM "EB$?1 SR.C 5QAQ?5 8)) !!!!!!!!)IW !FS Y/6T O S SALMANRASHID PAKISTAN JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRAION !NON N D n.d. ;0HOTOTGRAPH -AN= !T HTTP K PBASE COM G 62P1B%7& JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION 2AKI?-AN 7OMEN CARRYING ÚREWOOD ;0HOTOGRAPH 4HREE WOMEN CARRYING WOOD ACROSS A VALLEY= !T HTTP STATIC PANORAMIO COM PHOTOS ORIGINAL JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION !SSARSSON *OHAN Locals in Askole Village ;0HOTOGRAPH 0EOPLE ON A VERANDA IN A VILLAGE IN 'ILGIT BALTISTAN= !T HTTPS C STATICÛICKR COM ? DFAC ?Z JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION .ASIR 9ASIR n.d. ;0HOTOGRAPH 'IRL CARRYING BRANCHES= !T HTTPS FARM STATICÛICKR COM ? F ?B JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION !FZAL Askole Village ;0HOTOGRAPH +IDS PLAYING ON THE ROOF TOPS IN !SKOLE= !T HTTP IMAGES SUMMITPOST ORG ORIGINAL JPG !CCESSED ON p )LLLUSTRATIONS !DHA K2 - Shoulder ;0HOTOGRAPH -OUNTAINS AROUND THE + = !T HTTP UPLOAD WIKIMEDIA ORG WIKIPEDIA COMMONS + ? ?SHOULDER JPG !CCESSED ON Special thanks to photographer David Buchmann FOR p )LLUSTRATION "UCHMANN $AVID N D N D ;0HOTOGRAH "LUE CONTAINER= HTTP WWW DAVIDBUCHMANN COM !CCESSED ON p )LLUSTRATION "UCHMANN $AVID N D N D ;0HOTOGRAH 4HE NATURE OF 'REENLAND= HTTP WWW DAVIDBUCHMANN COM !CCESSED ON