2011 Japanese Martial Art Terms
Tony Johnson Anglo Japanese Martial Arts 1/1/2011
Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................. 3 Contact Details .................................................................................................................................... 4 -A- ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 -B-....................................................................................................................................................... 6 -C- ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 -D- ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 -E-..................................................................................................................................................... 10 -F- ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 -G- .................................................................................................................................................... 11 -H- .................................................................................................................................................... 14 -J- .................................................................................................................................................... 16 -K- ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 -L- ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 -M-.................................................................................................................................................... 23 -N- .................................................................................................................................................... 27 -O- .................................................................................................................................................... 28 -P- ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 -Q-.................................................................................................................................................... 28 -R-..................................................................................................................................................... 29 -S- .................................................................................................................................................... 29 -T- .................................................................................................................................................... 35 -U- ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 V- ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 -W- ................................................................................................................................................... 40 -X- .................................................................................................................................................... 40 Y- ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 -Z- .................................................................................................................................................... 41 UKE NO GO GENSOKU....................................................................................................................... 42 NUMBER SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................... 43 Parts of a Katana ............................................................................................................................... 44
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Foreword
The reason that this list of terms was created was initially as a point of reference for myself and was compiled from various sources including personal knowledge, books, the internet and in particular Wikipedia.com for the Kanji symbols etc. Myself and my students were able to learn a great deal from this and as such I was asked to expand on it as much as possible. Please be aware that I am not a Japanese speaker and certainly no expert in Japanese writing, If you are considering getting a tattoo or using any of the terms found in this list then I would strongly suggest that you get the item verified by someone more knowledgeable than me. This is far from being a complete list but is more in-depth than anything else that I have found, It is a work in progress and will be added to and amended from time to time.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Contact Details
Association Name
Anglo Japanese Bujutsu Association
Club name
Hayes Bujutsu Club
Instructor
Tony Johnson
Contact: Mobile
07958 59 60 66
tony@oldyone.co.uk
Websites
www.anglojapanesebujutsu.co.uk www.oldyone.co.uk/martialarts
Club Address
Hayes Rugby Club Kingshill Avenue Hayes Middx
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
A Lexicon of terms used in Martial Arts.
Japanese - English -AAge Age Tsuki.(Zuki) Age Uke
Age Zuki Aka Aoi Ashi Barai
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Rising. Rising Punch. Means "rising block", or "upward block" is the Japanese term for a technique used in martial arts. There numerous variations in how the technique might be executed, and nothing implicit in the term itself restricts its use to unarmed techniques. Age-uke may be used to stiffly block or deflect an incoming high attack. Alternately, it may be used to receive an incoming attack, sweeping it overhead while maintaining contact with the attacking instrument (limb or weapon). It is important to understand that “Uki” means “receive” or “reciever” The term age-uke is frequently used interchangeably with "jōdan-uke" (high-level block). Whether these terms refer to two distinct techniques, or the same technique, depends entirely upon how each is used within any given martial arts school. However, the terms are distinct in that age comes from the verb ageru, meaning upward, and implying direction and/or motion. In the martial arts, the noun jōdan refers specifically to a target area of the body, including the shoulders and above. See Age Tsuki. Red/Crimson.
赤
Blue. Foot Sweep. De-ashi-barai - the advanced or advancing foot sweep. Deashi-barai is best performed at the precise moment that the ukes foot comes forward just before the foot is firmly planted on the ground, as their weight is being redistributed towards that foot. The sole of the foot needs to be used by the tori, or it is possible to damage the side of their foot. The timing on this technique is the most difficult aspect - but it is still possible to throw the opponent if they have the advanced foot planted (but much more difficult). It can be difficult to distinguish between this throw and Ko-soto-gari - simply the direction of the uke's fall (to the side with De-ashi-barai, to the back with Ko-soto-gari)
Ashi Ura Ashi guruma Ashi Waza Ashi Yubi Ashi Atama Atemi
Atemi Waza Atemi Awase Uke Awase Tsuki
Sole of foot. ( ): Leg wheel foot throwing technique in judo. Foot Techniques. Toes (also called Tsuma). Foot. Head. In Japanese martial arts, the term atemi ( ) designates blows to the body, as opposed to twisting of joints, strangleholds, holding techniques and throws. Atemi can be delivered by any part of the body to any part of the opponents body. They can be percussive or use 'soft' power. Karate is a typical martial art focusing on percussive atemi. The location of nerve and pressure points, such as might be used for certain acupressure methods, also often informs the choice of targets for atemi. Striking Techniques. (Esp. pressure points.) Striking. (Esp. pressure points.) Joined Hand Reception (Block). "U Punch". Also referred to as MOROTE ZUKI.
足車
当て身
-BBitei Bo
Coccyx. Long Staff. A bō ( : ) or kon (Chinese term), is a Japanese long staff weapon which is typically around 6ft long, used in Japanese martial arts, in particular bōjutsu and ninjutsu. Related staff weapons are the jo which is 4ft long and the hanbo or hambo (half bō) which is 3ft long. : A 6ft bō is sometimes called a rokushakubō ( ). This name derives from the Japanese words roku ( : ), meaning "six"; shaku ( : ); and bō. Shaku is a Japanese measurement equivalent to 30.3 centimeters (0.994 ft). Thus, rokushakubō refers to a staff about 6-shaku (1.82 m; 5.96 feet) long. The bō is typically 3 cm (1.25 inch) thick , sometimes gradually tapering from the middle to 2 cm (0.75 inch)at both ends. This thickness allows the user to make a tight fist around it in order to block and counter an attack. Long staff techniques. Wooden sword.
棒 ぼう
ろくしゃくぼう 六 ろく
Bojutsu Bokken
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
六尺棒 尺 しゃく
Budo
Bugei
武芸
Bujutsu Bunkai Bushi Bushido
Martial way. The Japanese character for "BU" who’s literal meaning is "martial" is derived from characters meaning "stop" and (a weapon like a) "halberd." In conjunction, then, "BU" may have the connotation "to stop the halberd." In Karate, there is an assumption that the best way to prevent violent conflict is to emphasize the cultivation of individual character. The way (DO) of Karate is thus equivalent to the way of BU, taken in this sense of preventing or avoiding violence as far as possible. Martial arts. Martial techniques. Applications of Kata. Warrior class. Way of the warrior Bushidō ( ), meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a name in common usage since the late 19th century which is used to describe a uniquely Japanese code of conduct adhered to by samurai since the feudal medieval period. This code is said to have emphasized virtues such as loyalty, honor, obedience, duty, filial piety, and self-sacrifice.
武士道
-CCha-iroi Cha-iroi Ichi Shiroi Cha-iroi Ni Shiroi Chi shi
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Brown Brown and White Brown and Double White Chi shi (weighted levers) are concrete weights that are attached to a wooden pole. The practitioner strongly grips to the end of the wooden pole (opposite the concrete weight), and moves his or her wrist and arms in motions used in techniques normally used in kata or against opponents. This weighted training helps strengthens the fingers, hands, arms, and chest.
Choku Tsuki
Straight punch In karate and its variants, choku-zuki is the term used for "straight punch". The chamber, or preparatory position, of choku-zuki is with the striking hand retracted to the hip or ribs, in a fist, with the palm facing up. The punch travels in a linear path directly toward the target, with the elbow behind the fist, tracing the fist's path. The hand remains palm up until the last two inches of the punch, when it rotates to face down. Ideally, the beginning of the fist's rotation coincides with the initial contact with the target. The elbow remains on the bottom of the arm. Permitting it to rotate to the side or upward exposes it to injury from either self-inflicted hyperextension, or from a stiff block by the opponent. Contact is made with knuckles of the fore-fist. A straight punch executed from a front stance (zenkutsu-dachi) is called gyaku-zuki (reverse punch) if the advanced leg and fist are on opposite sides, or oi-zuki (lunge punch) if the leg and fist are on the same side.
Choku Chudan Chui
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Straight The Middle section of the body. The torso and up to just below shoulder height Foul (Often used in competitions i.e. Judo).
-DDachi
Stance
Dai Daki Dan
Great/Greater To Embrace "Level", "Rank" or "Degree". Black Belt rank. Ranks under Black Belt are called KYU ranks
段
The dan ( dan) ranking system is a Japanese mark of level, which is used in traditional fine arts and martial arts. Originally invented in a Go school in the Edo period, this system was later applied to martial arts by Kano Jigoro, the founder of judo and later introduced to other East Asian countries. In the modern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear a black belt, those of higher rank also red-andwhite and red belts. Dan ranks are still given in arts such as the strategy board games Go and Renju, the art of flower arrangement (ikebana), and tea ceremony.
段
The character of Dan ( dan?) is used in Japanese to mean step or grade, and is commonly equated with degree. However, the origin of the Chinese character, pronounced duán in modern Pinyin, was used to mean "phase". Dan rank is often used along with the lower rank system, Kyū ( Kyū?) rank. There are other methods of assessing rank in Japanese martial systems, of particular note is the older, menkyo system. Deashi Harai ( ), more accurately romanized: Deashibarai, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai-Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-noNagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo.
級
Deashi harai
出足払
It is classified as a foot technique, Ashi-Waza.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Do
The Way:
道 どう), meaning path or way. Specifically, dō is
dō ( :
derived from the Buddhist Sanskrit mārga (meaning the "path" to enlightenment).[1] The term refers to the idea of formulating propositions, subjecting them to philosophical critique and then following a 'path' to realize them. Dō signifies a "way of life". Dō in the Japanese context, is an experiential term, experiential in the sense that practice (the way of life) is the norm to verify the validity of the discipline cultivated through a given art form. Dojo
Place of the Way ; Training Hall
道場, dōjō) is a japanese term which literally means
A dojo (
"place of the way". Initially, dōjōs were adjunct to temples. The term can refer to a formal training place for any of the Japanese do arts but typically it is considered the formal gathering place for students of any Japanese martial arts style to conduct training, examinations and other related encounters Dojime Dokko
Scissors Move Mastoid process (behind the ear).
-EEmbusen Empi (Anatomical)
Floor pattern of movement in a given KATA Elbow ? Enpi ( ), literally meaning "monkey elbow", is a term for an elbow strike by the Japanese martial art of karate. There are several kinds of elbow strikes, classified by the direction they hit from. Upward elbow strikes and forward elbow strikes use the fist-chest interface as a pivot. Side elbow strikes translate the elbow, rather than rotating it around a point. Elbow strikes offer several advantages over punches. They can be used when too close to an opponent to throw a punch, and there are less joints to give way in comparison to punches, which incorporate the comparatively weak wrist joints as well as the fingers. It is also easier to effectively harness one's whole upper body weight behind an elbow strike than a punch.
Empi Uchi Empi Enorei Eri
Elbow strike Name of a kata in some karate forms Relax Collar
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
猿臂
-FFudo Dachi Fumikomi
Rooted stance or ready stance, feet parallel approximately shoulder width apart "Stamp kick", usually applied to the knee, shin, or instep of an opponent.
-GGankaku Dachi Gasshuku
"Crane Stance", sometimes referred to as Tsuru ashi dachi and Sagi ashi dachi. A special training camp.
Gatame
Arm Bar.
Gedan Juji Uke
Lower cross reception (block).
Gedan
The lower region of the body, usually from the hips down.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Gedan Barai
Low block Gedan barai is a karate technique mainly used for blocking an attack. The approximate English meaning is 'low level sweep' (although this is done with the arm). Execution (Shotokan)The following is consistent with the teachings of Shotokan karate. Other styles that use gedan barai may differ slightly. From natural stance Standing in hachiji dachi (natural stance), and in a yoi (ready) position, bend left forearm up until fist reaches near the right ear while the right arm moves slightly in to the middle. The left elbow should be resting in the elbow pit of the right arm. Fling the left arm straight and at an angle of ~155째(vertical, up = 0째) while retracting right fist to the right hip. During this movement, your hips should swiftly rotate clockwise to add power. The rotation of the hips must be swift and stop the instant the fists stop at the final position. Another simultaneous event is the retracting hand landing on the hip, and last and most important of all, a sharp exhalation must be done through the nose with an extremely abrupt stop at the moment the fist lands. The amount of hip rotation should be about 30째 (direction feet are pointing, i.e. straight forward = 0째), with the feet static, firmly gripping on the ground.This finishes a gedan barai executed with the left arm. To do it with the right arm, simply mirror the actions. In-depth Analysis:The gedan barai is usually the very first technique a karateka of shotokan learns. It is very basic but at the same time highly effective. The intermediate stage where the arms cross forms a very tight defence where the karateka's middle section is covered. A vulnerable spot called the solar plexus is at this moment protected. The sweeping motion also allows for a very large surface area to be covered and increases the likelihood of deflecting an incoming strike. The power generated by correct breathing and rotation of hips is very great and effective at deflecting even the most powerful of strikes. The angle at which the leading arm is likely to collide with the striking limb is such that the power is used effectively. It is likely to collide a near-right angles and so maximise deflection.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Gedan Ude Uke Gedan-no-kamae
Geri Gi Go No Sen Gohon Kumite
Gyaku Tsuki
"Low Forearm reception (block)". Gedan-no-kamae ( Hiragana: ), frequently shortened simply to gedan, occasionally shortened to gedan-gamae, is one of the five stances in kendo: jōdan, chūdan, gedan, hassō, and waki. Gedan-nokamae means "lower-level posture." This position is adopted when the sword is held out in front of the body pointing at the waist in kendo, or at the knee or sometimes the ankle in kenjutsu.
下段の構え
げだんのかまえ
It is considered a variant of chūdan-no-kamae and therefore appearing as a defensive posture, but instead it is used to deflect blows and create striking opportunities. This stance is used as a transition from chūdan-no-kamae to a tsuki (thrust). It is called the Kamae of Earth ( chi-no-kamae?) in Yagyū Shinkage-ryū. Kick Karate Training uniform The tactic where one allows the opponent to attack first so to open up targets for counter attack. Five step basic sparring. The attacker steps in five consecutive times with a striking technique with each step. The defender steps back five times, blocking each technique. After the fifth block, the defender executes a counter-strike. Punch performed with the hand opposite the forward leg in stance: gyaku zuki or gyaku tsuki (Japanese: ) is a karate technique. It involves a punch executed by the back arm. A gyaku zuki is sometimes called a "reverse punch". It is also executed better if you use the hips to push it forward. It is one of the most used and effective punches used in a karate fight. The punch is generally to strike the solar plexus. The movement of a Gyaku Zuki consists of muscles such as the gluteus maximus, calf muscles and the thigh muscles. For long range punches twisting is important
地の構え
逆突き
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
-HHachiji Dachi
Open leg stance:
八字立 はちじだち
: ) is a stance used in Hachiji dachi ( karate. In English, hachiji roughly translates to "the character for eight," but in context means something more like "shaped like number eight." Note that this refers to the shape of the kanji for the number eight: , not the arabic numeral "8". Dachi ( : ), the pronunciation of tachi ( : ) when the word is second in a compound, translates to "stance," referring specifically to the body's position from the waist down. The term "hachiji dachi" is frequently used interchangeably with "shizentai" ( ), or "shizentai dachi", which translates to "natural stance" (literally, 'natural body,' or 'natural body stance'). In most styles, shizentai is identical to hachiji dachi.
立 たち
立 だち
八
自然体：しぜんたい
Description The following is consistent with the teachings of shotokan karate. Different styles may vary slightly. In hachiji dachi, the feet are shoulder width apart, toes pointing forward. The karateka stands upright, facing straight forward. While in hachiji dachi, the karateka is usually in a yoi (ready) position. The yoi position is a preparitory position that gives a clear starting point for execution of other techniques. The main version of yoi means the arms are slightly moved forward, with fists closed. The fists point slightly to the centre line and are roughly half a shoulder width apart. The elbows should be bent very slightly.
Hadari Hai
Left Yes
Haishu Juji Uke Haishu Uchi Haishu Uke Haito
'X' shaped reception (block) using the back of the hands A strike with the back of the hand A reception (block) using the back of the hand Strike made with the "ridge" of the hand just above the thumb. (Opp. of a hammer fist or knife hand.) Back of the arms reception (block). Begin". A command given to start a given drill Kata, or Kumite "Half-Moon Stance". Three quarter facing
Haiwan Uke Hajime Hangetsu Dachi Hanmi
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Hanshi
Hansoku-make Hantei Hasami Tsuki Harai Te Harai makikomi
Harai Waza Hara
Hassō-no-kamae
Hayai Heiko Dachi
Heiko Tsuki Heisoku Dachi Henka Waza
Hichu Hidari Hiji Hiji Ate Hiji Uke
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Master." An honorary title given to the highest Black Belt of an organization, signifying their understanding of their art Lose through violation of rules Call to referees for judgment Scissor Punch Sweeping technique with the arm Harai Makikomi ( ) is a side sacrifice in judo. It is one of the techniques adopted later by the Kodokan into their Shinmeisho No Waza (newly accepted techniques) list. It is categorized as a side sacrifice technique, Yokosutemi. Sweeping techniques Belly: The Hara is considered to be the physical center of gravity of the human body and is the seat of one's internal energy Hassō-no-kamae ( , "all (eight) directions"), frequently shortened simply to hassō and occasionally called hassō-gamae, is one of the five stances in kendo: jōdan, chūdan, gedan, hassō, and waki. It is an offensive stance, named for one's ability to respond to a situation in any direction. Waki and hassō are not commonly used in modern kendo, except in kata. In hassō-no-kamae, the left foot is forward, and the sword is held pointing upright with the hilt in front of the right shoulder. The blade should slope slightly to the rear. When cutting, the sword is raised above the head, as in jōdan. Hassō-no-kamae is used by uchidachi in the 4th kendo kata, opposite shidachi's waki-gamae. This posture is also used in Naginata, Bo, Jo and Bokken techniques. Fast natural stance. Feet positioned about one Shoulder width apart, with feet pointed straight forward. Some Kata begin from this position "Parallel Punch" (A double, simultaneous punch). An informal attention stance. Feet are together and pointed straight forward. Techniques used after OYO WAZA is applied. Henka waza is varied and many, dependent on the given condition. Adams apple Left Elbow", also known as EMPI "Elbow Strike". Also referred to as EMPI UCHI. A receiving action using the elbow.
払巻込
八相（八双）の構
Hikite
Hikiwake Hiku Hiraken
The retracting (pulling and twisting) arm during a technique. It gives the balance of power to the forward moving technique. It can also be used as a pulling technique after a grab, or a strike rearward with the elbow. A Draw in a competition Pull Strike made with the back of the knuckles on a fist. (Generally done very fast and whip-like.)
Hitosashi Ippon Ken
Forefinger Knuckle
Hiza Hiza Geri Hizagashira Hojo Undo
Knee See Hizaken Geri Kneecap Hojo undō ( ) is a Japanese language term, translated as "supplementary exercises", that refers to the conditioning exercises specifically used in martial arts. Hojo undō training was designed to develop ambidextrous physical strength, stamina, muscle coordination, speed, and posture. This style of training uses simple, traditional devices, made from wood and stone. A term used to refer to the central dojo of an organization. Basic, Fundamental "Egg in the Nest Ready Position." A "ready" position used in some KATA where the fist in covered by the other hand.
Hombu Dojo Hon Horan No Kamae -IIppon Ippon Ken
Ippon Kumite Ippon Nukite Ippon seoinage
補助運動
One point. A fist made with one knuckle extended, usually the index or middle finger. Generally used for pressure point strike
"One step sparring". The designated attacker makes one attack, after which the defender counter-attacks. A stabbing attack using only the extended index finger. ( , or ): One arm shoulder throw in Judo. hand throwing technique in Judo.
本背負い投げ 本背負投
-J-
Jikan Jiyu Ippon Kumite Jiyu Kumite Jo Jodan Jogai Joko Ju
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Time up. One attack semi free sparring "Free Sparring". Short staff. The upper section of the body, the head. "Out of Bounds". Used in tournaments. Slow Ten.
柔道
Judo
Judo or Jūdō ( jūdō, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art and combat sport created in Japan in 1882 by Dr Kano Jigoro. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either throw or takedown one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an opponent to submit by joint locking or by executing a strangle hold or choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defences are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori).
Jūdōka. Juji Uke
Practitioner of judo. Reception (block) with both forearms crossed.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Jujitsu
Jari bako
literally translates to "art of pliancy". More accurately, however, it means the art of using indirect force, such as joint locks or throwing techniques, to defeat an opponent, as opposed to direct force such as a punch or a kick. This is not to imply that jujutsu does not teach or employ strikes, but rather that the art's aim is the ability to use an attacker's force against him or her, and counter-attack where they are weakest or least defended. Methods of combat included striking (kicking, punching), throwing (body throws, joint-lock throws, unbalance throws), restraining (pinning, strangulating, grappling, wrestling) and weaponry. Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons such as the tantĹ? (dagger), ryufundo kusari (weighted chain), jutte (helmet smasher), and kakushi buki (secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in koryĹŤ jujutsu. Most of these were battlefield-based systems to be practiced as companion arts to the more common and vital weapon systems. At the time, these fighting arts went by many different names, including kogusoku, yawara, kumiuchi, and hakuda. In reality, these grappling systems were not really unarmed systems of combat, but are more accurately described as means whereby an unarmed or lightly armed warrior could defeat a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. Ideally, the samurai would be armed and would not need to rely on such techniques. In later times, other koryĹŤ developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of the jujutsu commonly seen today. These systems are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment. For this reason, they include extensive use of atemi waza (vital-striking technique). These tactics would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield. They would, however, be quite valuable to anyone confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire. Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as knives or tessen (iron fans) were included in the curriculum. Today, jujutsu is practiced in many forms, both ancient and modern. Various methods of jujutsu have been incorporated or synthesized into judo and aikido, as well as being exported throughout the world and transformed into sport wrestling systems, adopted in whole or part by schools of karate or other unrelated martial arts, still practiced as they were centuries ago, or all of the above. The jari bako is simply a bowl filled with sand that is used by striking one's fingers into it. This conditions the fingers and fingertips and can also work with a bowl filled with rice.
-KKachikake Kaeshi Kaeshu Ippon Kumite
Point of jaw. Counter attack. Counter attack semi free sparring
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Kage Uke Kai Kaisho Kakae Te Kakato Geri Kagi Tsuki
Hooking reception (block). Style Open handed. Trapping block. Kick where heel is used to strike opponent, generally to the rear. (see Ushiro geri)"Hook Punch".
Kakiwake Uke Kaisho
Wedging open reception (block). "Open hand." This refers to the type of blow which is delivered with the open palm. It can also be used to describe other hand blows in which the fist is not fully clenched. "Hook Block" or "Hooking Technique." "Hooking Technique." A two handed block using the outer surface of the wrist to neutralize a two-handed attack, such as a grab. "Hidden techniques." "Wrist joint strike." Also known as "KO UCHI." "Wrist Joint reception (Block)." Also known as KO UKE. A posture or stance either with or without a weapon.Kamae may also connote proper distance (Ma-ai) with respect to one's partner. Although "Kamae" generally refers to a physical stance, there is an important parallel in Karate between one's physical and one's psychological bearing. Adopting a strong physical stance helps to promote the correlative adoption of a strong psychological attitude. It is important to try so far as possible to maintain a positive and strong mental bearing in Karate.
Kake-te Kake-waza Kakiwake Kakushi waza Kakuto uchi Kakuto uke Kamae
構え
? Kamae ( ) is a Japanese term used in martial arts. It translates approximately to "posture". The Kanji of this word means "base".
立ち
? Kamae is to be differentiated from the word tachi ( ), used in Japanese martial arts to mean stance. While tachi (pronounced dachi when used in a compound) refers to the position of the body from the waist down, kamae refers to the posture of the entire body, as well as encompassing one's mental posture (i.e., one's attitude). These connected mental and physical aspects of readiness may be referred to individually as kokoro-gamae ? ? ( ) and mi-gamae ( ), respectively.
心構え
身構え
Although it is a generic term, context may mean there's a default specific posture which is being implicitly referred to. e.g. many modern styles use kamae by itself as shorthand usually for the style's basic stance for sparring or self defense. As a further note, there are also related verbs, and adding te to the end of kamae makes the command for "get ready/in position" ( kamaete?). Thus, a karate instructor ordering the students to assume a front stance might shout, "Zenkutsu dachi, kamaete!"
構えて
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Kami Kansetsu waza
Hair. Joint-lock techniques.including: Ude-garami • Ude-hishigi-juji-gatame • Ude-hishigi-ude-gatame • Ude-hishigi-hiza-gatame • Ude-hishigi-waki-gatame • Ude-hishigihara-gatame • Ashi-garami • Ude-hishigi-ashi-gatame • Udehishigi-te-gatame • Ude-hishigi-sankaku-gatame
Kappo
Kata Kata guruma Katana Kasumi Kawashi Keage Keiko Keichu Keito Uchi Kekomi Kempo
Ken Kenjutsu
Kenko Kensei Kentsui Kentsui uchi Ki Ai Ki Kiba Dachi Kibisu gaeshi Ki Rei Tu
Techniques of resuscitating people who have succumbed to a shock to the nervous system. Kara Te - (Ancient - China Hand), A style of empty hand fighting whose basics come from China and was further developed in Okinawa and Japan. KARATE-DO "The Way of Karate". This implies not only the physical aspect of Karate,but also the mental and social aspects of Karate. A complete set of choreographed martial ovements. ( ): Shoulder wheel hand throwing technique in Judo. Japanese curved long sword. Temple. Evasion Snap Kick. (Literally, Kick rising). (1) Training. The only secret to success in Karate. (2) "Joined Fingertips". Back of neck. Base of thumb strike. Thrust Kick ( Literally, Kick Into/Straight ). "Fist Law." A generic term to describe fighting systems that uses the fist. In this regard, KARATE is also KEMPO. In Chinese, it is pronounced "Chuan Fa". Closed hand used for various strikes. ? Kenjutsu ( ), meaning "the art of the sword", is the umbrella term for all traditional (koryū) schools of Japanese swordsmanship, in particular those which predate the Meiji Restoration. It is sometimes used more generally to describe any martial art which makes use of the Japanese sword inculding the modern styles of Kendo and Iaido that emerged from the traditional schools in the late 19th century.
肩車
剣術
Meaning Health. The technique with silent KIAI. Related to meditation "Hammer Fist" Also known as TETTSUI. See TETTSUI UCHI "Hammer Fist Strike". Shout used to harmonise the body and energy during a martial technique. Vitality. A Yang counterpart to Blood(Yin), it forms and circulates blood. See San Bao (Chinese). Stance with feet parallel and twice shoulder width apart.
踵返
( ): One-hand reversal in Judo hand throwing technique in Judo. Stand Up.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Kihon
基本 きほん
Kihon ( , ) is a Japanese term meaning "basics" or "fundamentals." The term is used to refer to the basic techniques that are taught and practised as the foundation of most Japanese martial arts. The practice and mastery of kihon is essential to all advanced training, and includes the practice of correct body form and breathing, while practising basics such as stances, punches, kicks, blocks, and thrusts, but it also includes basic representative kata. Kihon is not only practising of techniques, it is also the karateka fostering the correct spirit and attitude at all times.
Kime
Kihon techniques tend to be practiced often, in many cases during each practice session. They are considered fundamental to mastery and improvement of all movements of greater complexity. Kihon in martial arts can be seen as analogous to basic skills Focus of Power. Kime (Japanese: ) is a Japanese word. It is the noun form of the verb "kimeru," which means "to decide," "to conclude," etc. In English, its general meaning is "deciding."
決め
Kime is a commonly-used Japanese martial arts term. In karate it
Kin Geri Kinteki Kiroi Kizami Tsuki Ko Ko bo ittchi Kobore Ko uchi Ko uke Kohai Kokoro Koken Kokutsu dachi
can mean "power" and/or "focus," describing the instantaneous tensing at the correct moment during a technique. The tension at this time is mostly focused on the dantian ("hara") and abdomen. In judo, the "Kime-no-kata" are often translated as the "Kata of Decision." In other budō, the term refers to attacking a pressure point. In all cases, certain finality is implied. Instep kick to groin. Testicles. Yellow "Jab Punch". Small, Minor. The concept of "Attack-Defence Connection". Tibia. "Wrist joint strike." Also known as KAKUTO UCHI. "Crane reception (Block)" or "Arch reception (Block)". Same as KAKUTO UKE. A student junior to oneself. "Spirit, Heart." In Japanese culture, the spirit dwells in the Heart. "Wrist Joint". A stance which has most of the weight to the back. Referred to in English as "Back Stance".
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Koryu
Kosa dachi Koshin Kuatsu Kubotan Koshi Ko Soto Gari Kubi Kumade Kumite Kuroi Kuzushi
meaning traditional school, or old school, refers specifically to schools of martial arts, originating in Japan, either prior to the beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1866, or the Haitōrei edict in 1876. The term also is used generally to indicate that a particular style or art is "traditional", rather than "modern". However, what it means for an art to be either "traditional" or "modern" is subject to some debate. As a general rule of thumb, the primary purpose of a koryū martial art was for use in war. The most extreme example of a koryū school is one that preserves its traditional, and often ancient, martial practices even in the absence of continuing wars in which to test them. Other koryū schools may have made modifications to their practices that reflect the passage of time (which may or may not have resulted in the loss of "koryū" status in the eyes of its peers). This is as opposed to "modern" martial arts, whose primary focus is generally upon the self-improvement (mental, physical, or spiritual) of the individual practitioner, with varying degrees of emphasis on the practical application of the martial art for either sport or self defence purposes. "Crossed-Leg Stance". "Rearward". The method of resuscitating a person who has lost consciousness due to strangulation or shock. A self-defence tool developed by TAKAYUKI KUBOTA. This tool serves normally as a key chain. Hips and also ball of foot. Minor Outer Reaping Neck. "Bear hand." Sparring. Black. Kuzushi ( : ) is a Japanese term for unbalancing an opponent in the martial arts.
崩し くずし
The noun comes from the intransitive verb, kuzusu, meaning to level, pull down, or demolish. As such, it is refers to not just an unbalancing, but the process of getting an opponent into a position where his stability, and hence ability to regain compromised balance, is destroyed. There are three primary ways of applying kuzushi in judo: • • • Kyoku
direct action (e.g. pulling or pushing while entering for a throw); inducing opponent's action (e.g. a feint or combination attack); direct action by opponent (e.g. a counter throw).
Breathing.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Kyosen Kyoshi Kyototsu Kyu Kyusho waza
Solar plexus (also Suigetsu). "Master Instructor." A Dan level in the sequence of RENSHI, KYOSHI, and HANSHI. Sternum. "Grade". Any rank below Shodan. Pressure Point techniques.
-L-MMa-ai
Mae Mae Geri Mae ashi geri Mae geri keage Mae geri kekomi Mae Ukemi Makibishi
Proper distancing or timing with respect to one's partner. Since Karate techniques always vary according to circumstances, it is important to understand how differences in initial position affect the timing and application of techniques. Front. Front Kick. Kick with the ball of the foot impacting target parallel to the kicking leg. Kicking with the front leg. "Front Snap Kick". Also referred to as MAE KEAGE. "Front Thrust Kick:. Also referred to as MAE KEKOMI. "forward fall/roll". The term makibishi ( or ) or tetsubishi ( or ) refers to small, spiked caltrops used by ninja to deter pursuit. When pursued by enemies, ninja would scatter makibishi on the ground. In ancient Japan, common footwear consisted of sandals made of straw, called zori, which offered relatively little protection against such hazards. Makibishi spines were often hooked, and occasionally grooved to allow for a light coat of poison, to increase the damage they dealt to those unfortunate enough to step on them and possibly result in death.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
撒き菱 撒菱
撒菱 鉄菱
Makiwara
Makoto Manabu
Manji uke
Mata Matte
The makiwara is a padded striking post used as a training tool in various styles of traditional karate. It is thought to be uniquely Okinawan in origin. The makiwara is one form of hojo undĹ?, a method of supplementary conditio The makiwara is used by karate practitioners to practice strikes in much the same way as a boxer uses a heavy bag. The makiwara develops ones' striking ability by letting them experience resistance to punches, kicks and other strikes. A poor punch will bounce off the makiwara if the body is not in a position to support the energy generated by the strike. It also develops targeting, and focus, which is the ability to penetrate the target (i.e., opponent) to varying degrees of force. The makiwara is very versatile, and can accommodate practice of open/closed hand strikes, kicks, knee strikes and elbow strikes. Okinawan methods emphasize striking from different angles. Most sources recommend a regimen of hitting the makiwara 50-100 times per day, with each hand. It is especially important to train the weaker side of the body as hard as, or harder than the dominant side. It is important to note that one should not use the makiwara so much that it causes them harm. Like all good training, there should be no lasting damage. A feeling of absolute sincerity and total frankness, which requires a pure mind, free from pressure of events. "Learning by imitating." A method of studying movement and techniques by following and imitating the instructor. A Double armed reception (block) where one arm executes GEDAN BARAI to one side, while the other arm executes JODAN UCHI UKE (or JODAN SOTO YOKO TE). Top of thigh. "Wait".
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Mawashi Geri
回し蹴り
Mawashi-geri ( ) means "round kick", although it is also sometimes referred to as a roundhouse kick. It is a kick used in Japanese martial arts. Technique Mawashi-geri may be executed from a variety of stances, and there are several methods of proper execution. The portion of its execution that is always consistent is that the kick is executed inward and at an angle that is anywhere from parallel to the floor to 45 degrees upward. In general, it is a lateral kick that strikes with the foot. Ideally, the foot that is on the ground during the kick points directly away from the opponent, but 90 to 45 degrees away from the opponent may also be acceptable. Variations If mawashi-geri is being thrown with the lead leg, the lead leg comes straight up from the ground, moving into a position with the knee bent back and pointing at the desired target area on the opponent. Without stopping, the upper leg rotates inward to whatever angle the kick will be thrown at, and finally, the lower leg flicks out to strike the opponent, and then immediately back in. If the kick is being thrown from the rear leg, another option is available. The rear leg lifts with the knee bent and pointing to the side, and the entire body rotates as the knee swings around to the front (picture swinging one's leg over to mount a bicycle). The rotation of the body and lateral movement of the leg add to the momentum of the lower leg, which moves in and out the same as above. The final possible variation is in the foot, itself. One may either strike with the instep of the foot (with the ankle and toes extended), or with the ball of the foot (ankle and toes bent back). Alternately, one could forgo the use of the foot entirely, and strike with the shin instead (for example, at extremely close range). Targets Common targets for this kick include the head (especially in competition), as well as the knees and floating ribs. Kyokushinkai karate practitioners commonly use low mawashigeri attacks to strike the thigh of opponents whereas this move is less common in other styles.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
There are many versions of roundhouse kick. Martial arts have many different methods of delivering a roundhouse kick. The original method involved bringing up the knee, and then swiftly turning the hip over and snapping the leg outwards from the knee to deliver a strike with the ball of the foot. As the years have gone by, some martial arts schools also practice kicking roundhouse kick with the shin, which has always been the preferred method of Muay Thai. Another popular point of contact is with the instep, which, for safety reasons, is usually practiced when sparring in the martial arts school.
Mawashi Tsuki Mawashi hiji ate Mawat-te
There are now more and more martial artists practicing the 'cutting roundhouse kick', this is where the practitioner will lift their attacking leg higher than the intended target, they will then execute the kick in a downward cutting movement. A very effective attack against the thigh. "Roundhouse Punch". "Circular Elbow Strike". Also referred to as MAWASHI EMPI UCHI. A command given by the instructor for students to turn around.
Midori Migi Mikazuki geri Makiage kigu
Green. Right. "Crescent Kick". The makiage kigu (wrist roller) is a weight hanging by a rope from a wooden handle. The practitioner grasps the handle with the weight hanging in the middle, and twists the handle to wrap the rope around the handle. The handle is raised and lowered throughout the twisting to strengthen the wrists.
Mimi Mokuso
Ears. Meditation. Practice often begins or ends witha brief period of meditation. The purpose of meditation is to clear one's mind and to develop cognitive equanimity. Perhaps more importantly, meditation is an opportunity to become aware of conditioned patterns of thought and behaviour so that such patterns can be modified, eliminated or more efficiently put to use. Semi forward stance. "U-Punch". Punching with both fists. Also referred to as AWASE ZUKI "Augmented reception (Block)". One arm and fist support the other arm.
Moroashi Dachi Morote Tsuki Morote uke
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Moto dachi Morote gari Mudansha Mune Murasaki Mushin
A short forward stance, also referred to as HAN-ZENKUTSU DACHI. ( ): Two-hand reap in Judo hand throwing technique in Judo.
双手刈
Students without black-belt ranking. Chest. Purple. "No Mind." The state of being that allows freedom and flexibility to react and adapt to a given situation. Mushin ( ; Chinese wúxīn; English translation "no-mindedness") is a mental state into which very highly trained martial artists are said to enter during combat They also practice this mental state during everyday activities. The term is shortened from mushin no shin ( ), a Zen expression meaning mind of no mind and is also referred to as the state of "no-mindness". That is, a mind not fixed or occupied by thought or emotion and thus open to everything. An attention stance with feet pointed slightly outward.
無心
無心の心
Musubi dachi -NNagashi uke Nage waza Naginata
Naihanchi dachi Naiwan Uke: Naha Te Naha Nakadaka ippon ken Nami-gaeshi
Neko ashi dachi Nihon nukite Nidan Nidan geri Nigiri game
Nukite Nunchaku
"Sweeping reception (Block)" using the palm of the hand to sweep the attack to the side of the body Throwing/take-down techniques. A pole arm with a blade affixed to the end designed for slashing. Naginatajutsu is a well practised art of the samurai women of Japan. “Straddle Stance". Also referred to as KIBA DACHI and NAIFANCHI(N) DACHI. Inside of the arms reception (block). The martial art which comes from the Naha village in Okinawa. One of the three major villages in Okinawa from which Martial traditions spring See also Shuri and Tomari. "Middle Finger Knuckle". "Returning Wave." Foot technique found in Tekki Shodan to block an attack to the groin area. The technique can also be used to strike the opponent's inner thigh or knee, as well as to sweep an opponent's leg. "Cat Leg Stance". Two finger spear hand “stabbing” attack. Second Level, as in Second Degree Black Belt. "Double Kick". Nigiri game (gripping jars) are ceramic jars filled with sand to different weights. The jars are gripped around a lipped rim. Then, while holding the jars, the practitioner moves in varying stances, in order to strengthen the arms, shoulders, back, and legs. A strike made with the open hand, thrusting forward with the tips of the fingers. (Hand generally held vertically.) An Okinawan weapon consisting of two sticks connected by rope or chain. This was originally used by the Okinawans as a farm tool to thrash rice straw.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
-OO Obi
Big, Major. Belt: Many Japanese martial arts feature an obi as part of their exercise outfit. These obis are often made of thick cotton and are about 5 cm wide. The martial arts obis are most often worn in the koma-musubi knot (square knot); in practice where hakama is worn, the obi is tied in other ways.
Obi otoshi Oi Tsuki Onaji waza Onegai shimasu
Orenji Osae uke Oss Osu Otoshi Otoshi empi uchi Oyayubi ippon ken Oyo waza
In many martial arts the colour of the obi signifies the wearer's skill level. Usually the colours start from the beginner's white and end in the master's black, or red and white. ( ): Belt drop which is a hand throwing technique in Judo. Punch performed with the hand over the forward leg in stance. "Same technique". "I make a request" or "I ask of You..." This is said while bowing to one's partner when initiating practice, to the instructor at the beginning of training, or to anyone when asking a favor/request.
帯�
Orange "Pressing reception (Block)". Agreement. Push. Dropping. An elbow strike by dropping the elbow. Also referred to as Otoshi Hiji Ate. "Thumb Knuckle". Applications interpreted from techniques in Kata, implicated according to a given condition.
-P-Q-
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
-RRandori
Rei
乱取り
Randori ( ) is a term used in Japanese martial arts to describe free-style practice or sparring, usually with multiple attackers. The term literally means "chaos taking" or "grasping freedom," implying a freedom from the structured practice of kata. Randori may be contrasted with kata, as two potentially complementary types of training. The exact meaning of randori depends on the martial art it is used in. In judo, jujitsu and Shodokan Aikido, among others, it most often refers to one-on-one sparring where partners attempt to resist and counter each other's techniques. In other styles of aikido, in particular Aikikai, it refers to a form of practice in which a designated aikidoka defends against multiple attackers in quick succession without knowing how they will attack or in what order. This form of randori is not the same as sparring, as the attackers are not allowed to strongly resist or attempt to counter the defender's techniques. "Respect". A method of showing respect in Japanese culture is the Bow. It is proper for the junior person bows lower than the senior person. Etiquette dictates that one should bow when entering the dojo, when entering the training area, when greeting Sensei, when greeting a Black Belt BUDOKA, when beginning or ending a training session with a partner, when beginning or ending a kata performance, and when someone bows to you.
Reigi
Etiquette. Also referred to as REISHIKI. Observance of proper etiquette at all times (but especially observance of proper DOJO etiquette) is as much a part of one's training as the practice of techniques. Observation of etiquette indicates one's sincerity, one's willingness to learn, and one's recognition of the rights and interests of others.
Renoji dachi Rensei
A stance with feet making a 'L-shape.' Practice Tournament. Competitors are critiqued on their performances. "A person who has mastered oneself." This person is considered an expert instructor. This status is prerequisite before attaining the status as KYOSHI.
Renshi
Ryu
School.
-SSaei Rei Tu
Line Up.
Sagi ashi dachi Sai Sakotsu
One Leg Stance. Also referred to as TSURU ASHI DACHI. An Okinawan weapon that is shaped like the Greek letter 'Psi' with the middle being much longer. Collar bone.
Sanbon kumite Sanbon shobu
"Three Step Sparring". Three Point match. Used in tournaments.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Sanbon Tsuki Sanchin dachi Sasae Sashite Seiken
Triple punch. "Hour-glass Stance". Prop, Propping. Raising of the hand either to strike, grab, or block. Strike made with knuckles on fist held vertically.
Seiryuto
"Bull Strike." A hand technique delivered with the base of the SHUTO (Knife hand).
Seiza
A proper sitting position. Sitting on one's knees. Sitting this way requires acclimatization, but provides both a stable base and greater ease of movement than sitting cross-legged. It is used for the formal opening and closing of the class.
Seoi nage
(背負い投げ, or 背負投): Lifting shoulder throw or back carry throw in Judo. hand throwing technique in Judo.
Seoi otoshi
(背負落): Kneeling shoulder drop hand throwing technique in Judo.
Sempai -
A senior student.
Seme
Seme ( , , "attack", "offense") is a Japanese martial arts term for a kind of psychological pressure. The seme is the one inflicting something on to the uke. It is also an attitude meant to disrupt the opponents sense of confidence and resolution, prior to an attack.
Sen no sen Sen sen no sen -
Attacking at the exact moment when the opponent attacks. Attacking before the opponent attacks, Pre-emptive attack a
Sensei
? Sensei ( ) is a Japanese title used to refer to or address teachers, professors, professionals such as lawyers, CPA and doctors, politicians, clergymen, and other figures of authority. The word is also used to show respect to someone who has achieved a certain level of mastery in an art form or some other skill: accomplished novelists, sweepstakers, musicians, and artists for example are addressed in this way.
攻め せめ
先生
The two characters that make up the term can be directly translated as "born before" and implies one who teaches based on wisdom from age and experience.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Senpai
先輩
後輩
? ? Senpai ( ) and kōhai ( ) are an essential element of Japanese seniority-based status relationships, similar to the way that family and other relationships are decided based on age, with even twins being divided into elder and younger sibling. Senpai is roughly equivalent to the western concept of mentor, while kōhai is roughly equivalent to protege, though they do not imply as strong a relationship as these words mean in the West. More simply, these may be translated as senior and junior, or as an elder compared with someone younger in the family/company/organization—the terms are used more widely than a true mentor/protege in the West. There is usually no average separation in age between a senpai and his or her kōhai
Note that senpai is often seen romanized as "sempai" because it is pronounced that way (the Japanese "n" ( ) is pronounced as "m" when it comes before bilabials, such as "p"). The ritual of suicide in Japanese culture used to regain ones lost honour.
ん
Seppuku Shaku
尺
The shaku ( ) is a traditional unit of measure used throughout Asia with a length approximately equal to a foot. It is variously called shaku in Japanese, chi in Mandarin, chek in Cantonese, and written as " " in Hong Kong. As with other measurements, it was originally derived from nature: the average length between nodes on bamboo. The actual length varies slightly by country.
呎
寸
Shiai Shidoin
Shihan
The shaku may be divided into ten smaller units ( ), known as either cun in Mandarin, sun in Japanese, or tsun in Cantonese. Ten shaku are equal to a jō in Japanese, a zhang in Mandarin, a jeung in Cantonese A match or a contest (Event). Formally recognized Instructor who has not yet been recognized as a SENSEI. Assistant Instructor. The SHIDOIN serves as the instructor who teaches the technical aspects of Karate. "teacher of teachers."
師範
) is a Japanese term, often used in Japanese martial Shihan ( arts as an honorific title for expert or senior instructors. The term is frequently used interchangeably with English terms such as "master instructor". Various martial arts organizations have different requirements for the usage of the title, but in general it is a high title, 6th dan or above, that takes many years to achieve. It is sometimes associated with certain rights, such as the right to give out black belt (dan) ranks in the name of the organization. However, the title is generally distinct from the black belt ranking system (dan'i).
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Shiko dachi
The use of the term is completely style or organization specific, as is the process of becoming a shihan. Within the Bujinkan it has been said that you become a shihan when the other shihan start calling you a shihan.] However within judo, a Japanese teacher automatically becomes a shihan at sixth dan.] In other organizations, for example Shodokan Aikido, the title is organizational and less strongly correlated to rank.] In aikikai aikido, the shihan title is bestowed by the Aikikai Hombu Dojo headquarters. Shihan is also a term in Japanese Kyokushin Karate. It is Usually the Branch's director and head instructor and leader. Shihan is responsible for the branch's and dojo's leadership, belt tests or promotions, and is a mentor of immense experience. "Square Stance". A stance often used in GojuRyu and Shito-Ryu.
Shime waza
Choking/Strangling techniques. Including: Nami-juji-jime • Gyaku-juji-jime • Kata-juji-jime • Hadaka-jime • Okuri-eri-jime • Kata-ha-jime • Do-jime • Sode-guruma-jime • Kata-te-jime • Ryo-te-jime • Tsukkomi-jime • Sankaku-jime
Shiroi
White.
Shizentai Sho
"Natural Position". The body remains relaxed but alert. Less, Lesser.
Shobu
Official contest.
Shodan
Shodan ( ), literally meaning "beginning degree," is the lowest black belt rank in Japanese martial arts and the game of Go. The 2nd dan is higher than Shodan, but the 1st dan is called Shodan traditionally and the 1st dan is not called "Ichidan" even though "One" or "First" in English are called "Ichi" in Japanese.
Shomen
初段
Also frequently referred to as "first dan" (though the correct Japanese translation would be ichidan), it is a part of the kyū/dan ranking system common to modern Japanese martial arts. The term may be used to describe both the rank a person holds, as well as the person (i.e., it is proper to say that a person holds the rank of shodan, and it is also appropriate to say, "I am a shodan in 'x' martial art"). Front or top of head. Also the designated front of a Dojo.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Shotokan
Shuri Te Shuri
松濤館流
Shotokan ( Shōtōkan-ryū) is a style of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) and his son Gigo (Yoshitaka) Funakoshi (1906–1945). Gichin was born in Okinawa and is widely credited with popularizing karate through a series of public demonstrations, and by promoting the development of university karate clubs, including those at Keio, Waseda, Hitotsubashi (Shodai), Takushoku, Chuo, Gakushuin, and Hosei. Funakoshi had many students at the university clubs and outside dojos, who continued to teach karate after his death in 1957. However, internal disagreements (in particular the notion that competition is contrary to the essence of karate) led to the creation of different organizations—including an initial split between the Japan Karate Association (headed by Masatoshi Nakayama) and the Shotokai (headed by Motonobu Hironishi and Shigeru Egami), followed by many others—so that today there is no single "Shotokan school", although they all bear Funakoshi's influence. The martial art which comes from the Shuri village in Okinawa.
Sochin dachi
One of the three major villages in Okinawa from which Martial traditions spring. See also Naha and Tomari. Strike made with the bottom edge of hand with hand open and held rigid. Colloquially called "Chop" (Opp. of ridge hand.) "Immovable Stance". Also referred to as Fudo Dachi.
Sode Sokuto Geri -
Sleeve. Kick performed with blade edge of foot.
Sorashi
Feignt, Fake attack.
Soto Uke
soto uke is a karate blocking technique used for blocking mid-level incoming attacks. It is translated as "From outside block" like in O Soto Gari (leg throw from the outside), which comes from the block's final resting point centered on the blocker's body.
Shuto
Soto uke is performed by bringing one hand to the ear, keeping the elbow raised, and sweeping the arm down and out towards the center of the body. The preparatory step of raising the arm gives the block more momentum, making it somewhat painful to encounter. A different application involves extending the nonblocking hand in front before performing the block. This represents grabbing the attacker's arm. The motion termed the block, then, is actually meant to break the arm, which would explain the necessity of the extra momentum.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Suburi
素振り
Suburi ( ) are repetitive, individual, cutting exercises, which are used in Japanese martial arts such as kendo, aikido, iaidō, and kenjutsu. Often a shinai (for kendo), bokken, suburitō, or even tanren bō are used. An iaitō or shinken can also be used, albeit that is rare. In Japanese the word is also used for practice swings with a bat or tennis racket, and the term is composed of the kanji for naked and swing. Some common types (these can vary between styles): • •
• •
• • • •
katate suburi: holding the weapon with only the left hand (which is supposed to be used as the power hand) haya-suburi: rapid suburi where you cut on the forward motion and assume jodan on the return motion, feet should glide on the floor. Sometimes called choyaku-men choyaku-suburi: incorporating a coordinated jumping like movement with the strike joge-suburi: strikes with back swings that almost touch ones lower back and forward swings which almost touch the floor naname-suburi: alternating diagonal strikes, cutting across the opponent's torso, starting with a cut to the left shomen-suburi: strikes to an opponent's forehead zenshin-kotai-shomen-suburi: strikes to an opponent's forehead, starting with forward, then backward. sayu-men-suburi: alternating strikes to an opponent's forehead, starting with your right-hand side.
Suburi is used as a warm up before actual practice begins, usually done in sets of ten, though sometimes sets of 100 are used (especially with naname-suburi and shomen suburi). Suburi serves to loosen the wrists (naname suburi) and elevate heart rate (haya suburi).
Sukui nage Sukui uke Sumi otoshi
掬投
( ): Scoop throw which is classed as a hand throwing technique in judo. "Scooping reception (Block)". ( ): Corner drop which is classed as a hand throwing technique in judo.
隅落
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Sumo
considered by many to be Japan's national sport, has its origins in the distant past. The earliest written records of Japan, which are dated from the 8th century AD, record the first sumo match in 23 BC, occurring specifically at the request of the emperor and continuing until one man was too wounded to continue. Beginning in 728 AD, the emperor Shōmu Tennō ( , 701–756) began holding official sumo matches at the annual harvest festivals. This tradition of having matches in the presence of the emperor continued, but gradually spread, with matches also held at Shinto festivals, and sumo training was eventually incorporated into military training. By the 17th century, sumo was an organized professional sport, open to the public, enjoyed by both the upper class and commoners.
聖武 天皇
Sutemi -
Today, sumo retains much of its traditional trappings, including a referee dressed as a Shinto priest, and a ritual where the competitors clap hands, stomp their feet, and throw salt in the ring prior to each match. To win a match, competitors employ throwing and grappling techniques to force the other man to the ground; the first man to touch the ground with a part of the body other than the bottom of the feet, or touch the ground outside the ring with any part of the body, loses. Six grand tournaments are held annually in Japan, and each professional fighter's name and relative ranking is published after each tournament in an official list, called the banzuke, which is followed religiously by sumo fans. Sacrifice
-TTachi Tai
Long one edged slightly curved sword commonly used by samurai. Slightly longer than the Katana. Body.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Tai sabaki
Body movement/shifting.
体捌き
) is a term from Japanese martial arts and Tai sabaki ( which relates to 'whole body movement', or repositioning. It can be translated as body-management. It is a term used widely in kendo, jujutsu, aikido, judo, karate and ninjutsu. Tai sabaki is usually used to avoid an attack, such that the receiver of the attack ends up in an advantageous position and it is often wrongly referred to as evasion. An example of tai sabaki is 'moving off the line' of attack using irimi and tenkan movements rather than to 'move against' the attack. This implies the use of harmony rather than physical strength. See hard and soft (martial arts) Tai sabaki is related to ashi sabaki (footwork) and te sabaki (handwork). What is Sabaki? Sabaki is a unique method of meeting an attack by combining defence and offence into one. Sabaki uses one of four fundamental circular movements in response to an attacker's thrust. These movements carry the defender to the outside- left or right of an attack, moving either slightly forward or backward. In each case, the defender move's to the attacker's back side. This limits the defender's exposure to frontal attack. In addition, it allows the defender to develop a "blind spot" in the attacker's position. Once the defender has developed this "blind spot", he/she can take strategic advantage of this position by entering that "blind spot" and countering effectively with various combinations of punches and kicks. No matter what the distance short, medium or long - this strategy of moving outside and to an opponent's "blind spot" is essential. In Ashihara Karate the practitioner learns to be aware of three types of distances and the Sabaki that applies to each.
Tai otoshi Tameshiwari
體落
( ): Body drop in Judo. hand throwing technique in Judo. Breaking.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Tanto
is a common Japanese single- or double-edged knife or dagger with a blade length between 15 and 30 cm (6-12 inches, in Japanese 1 shaku). The tantō was designed primarily as a stabbing weapon, but the edge can be used for slashing as well. Tantō appeared in the Heian period, but these blades lacked aesthetic quality and were used purely as weapons. In the early Kamakura period high-quality artistic tantō began to appear. Tantō production increased greatly around the Muromachi period and then declined Tantō are generally forged in hira-zukuri, meaning that their sides have no ridge line and are nearly flat, unlike the shinogi-zukuri structure of a katana. Some tantō have particularly thick cross-sections for armor-piercing duty, and are called yoroidoshi. Tantō were mostly carried by samurai, as commoners did not generally wear them. Women sometimes carried a small tantō called a kaiken in their obi primarily for self-defense.
Tate
It was sometimes worn as the shōtō in place of a wakizashi in a daishō, especially on the battlefield. Before the 16th century, it was common for a samurai to carry a tachi and a tantō as opposed to a katana and a wakizashi Vertical
Tate empi Tate tsuki(zuki) Te
"Upward Elbow Strike". "Vertical Punch." A fist punch with the palm along a vertical plane. Hand.
Te Kubi Teiji dachi
Wrist. A Stance with the feet in a 'T-shape.'
Teisho Tenkan
Tento Tettsui Tobi geri Tobi Tsuki(zuki)
Strike made with the palm or "heel" of the hand. ? Tenkan ( , lit. convert or divert) is the Japanese name of a movement practiced in several martial arts. It is a 180 degree pivot to one's rear, on the lead foot. That is, if the left foot is forward, the pivot is clockwise, and if the right foot is forward, the pivot is counter-clockwise. Top of skull. Hammerfist strike. Jump Kick. Jumping in punch.
Tomoe
Stomach.
Tomari Te
The martial art which comes from the Tomari village in Okinawa.
Tomari
One of the three major villages in Okinawa from which Martial traditions spring. See also Naha and Shuri. A farm tool developed into a weapon by the Okinawans.
Tonfa
転換
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Tori
取り
Tori ( ) is a term used in Japanese martial arts to refer to the executor of a technique in partnered practice. The term "tori" ? comes from the verb toru ( ), meaning "to take", "to pick up", or "to choose".
取る
In judo and some other martial arts, tori often initiates the attack against the training partner, called uke. In aikido and related martial arts, tori executes a defensive technique against a designated attack initiated by uke. Aikido has alternate terms describing the role of tori, depending on the particular style or situation, including "thrower" ( nage) and "performing hand" ( shite)
投げ
仕手
Tsukami waza
Tsuki
“Catching technique.” A blocking technique by seizing the opponent’s weapon, arm, or leg. Used often for grappling techniques. A strike made with a closed fist using the knuckles.
突き
Tsuki ( ), is the Japanese word for “thrust”, coming from the verb tsuku ( ), meaning “to thrust”. It sounds the same as the Japanese word for “moon”/”month” tsuki ( ).
突く
月
In karate and its variants, tsuki is used generally as a part of a compound word for any one of various punches, and virtually never stands alone to describe a discrete technique. (Note that in a compound word, where tsuki does not come first, its pronunciation and writing changes slightly due to rendaku; this is transliterated as zuki.) Some examples of use for basic techniques include: • • • • • • • • • •
Tsuru ashi dachi
直突き), straight punch 逆突き), punch with the rear arm 追い突き), punch with the lead arm 上げ突き), rising punch 裏突き), upside-down fist punch into solar plexus area (short-range) Tate-tsuki (立て突き), vertical fist punch into the middle of the chest (short-range) Morote-tsuki (双手突き), augmented punch using both hands Yama-tsuki (山突き) or Rete-zuki, two-level double punch (combination of ura-zuki and jodan oi zuki) Kagi-tsuki (鉤突き), hook punch Mawashi-tsuki (回し突き), roundhouse punch Choku-tsuki ( Gyaku-tsuki ( Oi-tsuki ( Age-tsuki ( Ura-tsuki (
“Crane Stance”, also referred to as SAGI ASHI DACHI.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Tuite
-UUchi deshi
Grappling skills.
うちでし
Uchi mata makikomi
Uchi mata sukashi Uchi mawashi geri Uchi Uke
A live-in student/disciple. A student who lives in a dojo and devotes him/herself both to training and to the maintenance of the dojo (and sometimes to personal service to the SENSEI of the dojo).
内股巻込
Uchi Mata Makikomi ( ) is one of the techniques adopted later by the Kodokan into their Shinmeisho No Waza (newly accepted techniques) list. It is categorized as a side sacrifice technique, Yoko-sutemi. ( ): Inner thigh void throw in Judo. hand throwing technique in Judo. “Inside Roundhouse Kick”.
内股透
Mid body reception (block) with an inside to outside motion of the forearm. Forearm reception (block). Forearm. A defensive motion made to deflect or stop an attack. Literally meaning “To receive” or “Reciever”
Ude Uke Ude Uke
受け) is the person who
In Japanese martial arts, the uke ( “receives” a technique.
The exact role of uke varies between the different arts and often within the art itself depending on the situation. For instance in aikido, judo kata, and bujinkan ninjutsu uke initiates an attack against his partner, who then defends, whereas in competition judo, there is no designated uke.
Ukemi Ukemi waza
受け身
Uki ashi dachi
Break Falls “Break-fall techniques.”
Uki otoshi
A stance similar to the cat-stance, performed in the karate kata HANGETSU. ( ): Floating drop hand throwing technique in Judo.
Ura zuki
An upper cut punch used at close range.
Uraken Ura Nage
Ushiro Mawashi Geri
“Back Knuckle”. ? Ura Nage ( ), is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fifth group, Gokyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a back sacrifice technique, Ma-sutemi. Striking to the rear with the elbow. Kick executed by thrusting heel to rear, at opponent attacking from behind. Type of Kakato geri. Reverse roundhouse kick.
Ushiro
Back.
Ushiro empi uchi Ushiro Geri
浮落
裏投
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
V-
-WWan Wakizashi wari waza Washide Waza Waza-ari AwasetteIppon
Arm Short sword of the same style as the katana, about three quarters the length. Techniques from a sitting position. Eagles beak hand. Technique(s). Two half points making Ippon.
-X-
YYama arashi
ĺąąĺľ?
Yama zuki Yame Yari Yoi Yoko Yoko geri keage Yoko geri kekomi Yoko mawashi empi uchi
( ): Mountain storm hand throwing technique in Judo. hand throwing technique in Judo. "Mountain Punch". A wide U-shaped dual punch. Stop. A pole arm with a straight narrow blade designed for thrusting. Ready. Side. "Side Snap Kick". Also referred to as YOKO KEAGE. "Side Thrust Kick". Also referred to as YOKO KEKOMI Striking with the elbow to the side.
Yoko tobi geri Yonhon Nukite Yubi Yudansha Yusei-gachi
Flying Side Kick. Four finger spearhand thrust. Finger. Black belt holder (any rank). Winner by superiority.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
-ZZanshin
Za-rei Zenkutsu dachi
Lit. "remaining mind/heart." Even after a Karate technique has been completed, one should remain in a balanced and aware state. ZANSHIN thus connotes "following through" in a technique, as well as preservation of one's awareness so that one is prepared to respond to additional attacks. The traditional Japanese bow from the kneeling position. "Forward Stance". Front stance, sometimes also called forward leaning stance or forward stance, is a basic stance used in Japanese
前屈立ち) and Korean martial arts (앞 굽이). Although the
(
specifics of the stance vary by style, overall it is visually similar to a lunge, with the forward leg bent at the knee, and the rear leg straight, while the hips and shoulders remain squarely facing forward. The purpose of the stance is to teach musculo-skeletal alignment that adds as much mass of the earth to a strike as possible. The stance allows a great deal of power generation forward, but very little in any other direction.
Karate students training in front stance at Shuri Castle, c.1938
前屈立ち
Zenshin
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
In Japanese martial arts, the front stance ( zenkutsu-dachi) is primarily practiced in karate and its variants. Some variations included the version practiced by Shotokan, where students generally place their feet much wider, while Isshin-ryū students place their feet shoulder width, but with much shallower length. Other variations are also practiced. "Forward".
UKE NO GO GENSOKU Shito-Ryu´s Five Method´s of Defence Master Kenwa Mabuni, the founder of Shito-Ryu, defined five principles of blocking. They are RAKKA (pulling or moving the attack downward); RYUSUI (moving the attack to the side); TEN'I (body shifting away from the attack); KUSSHIN (lowering the center of gravity); HANGEKI (meeting the attack with a counterattack) RAKKA: (Blossoms fall from a shaking tree) Analogous to a tremor of the earth that shakes a tree with such tremendous force as to knock the blossoms from its branches. Primarily hard blocking techniques applying sudden maximum power with a twisting action of the arm to literally stop the opponent's attack and destroy his/her confidence. Examples include Age Uke, Yoko Uke, Yoko Uchi and Harai Uke. RYUSUI: : (Two rivers join in harmony) Analogous to the greeting of two rivers that ultimately create a force greater than each alone although doing so with little or no turbulence. Primarily softer blocking techniques that absorb an attack and redirect it using circular or deflecting blocks or parries in a continuous and flowing movement. Examples include Ura Uke, Shuto Uke, Kakete and Sukui Dome. TEN'I: (A Willow sways in the wind) Analogous to the branches of a willow tree that sway to and fro in the wind allowing its tremendous force to pass seemingly effortlessly. General concept of body shifting (taisabaki) or turning away from an attack to avoid the direct force of the attack, often utilized with Ryusui defense (i.e. evasive maneuvers with a soft deflecting block). KUSSHIN: (The Lion crouches low in the grass) Analogous to a Lion that crouches unnoticeably in the grass with its body coiled for an attack on its prey. General concept of disguising one's stance with the ability to either shift quickly out of one stance and into another or reflexively darting away and then back (typically at an angle) momentarily disappearing from the attacker.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
NUMBER SYSTEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 33 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ichi Ni San Shi ( Or Yon ) Go Roku Shichi ( Or Nana ) Hachi Ku (Or Kyu) Ju Ju Ichi Ju Ni Ju San Ni Ju Ni Ju Ichi Ni Ju Ni Ni Ju San San Ju San Ju Ichi San Ju Ni San Ju San Yon Ju Go Ju Roku Ju Nana Ju Hachi Ju Kyu Ju
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Twenty Twenty One Twenty Two Twenty Three Thirty Thirty One Thirty Two Thirty Three Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninty
100 101
Hyaku Hyaku Ichi
One Hundred One Hundred and One
102 200 300 1,000
Hyaku Ni Ni Hyaku San Hyaku Sen
One Hundred and Two Two Hundred Three Hundred One Thousand
2,000 3,000 10,000
Ni Sen San Sen Man
Two Thousand Three Thousand Ten Thousand
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011
Parts of a Katana A katana is a long Japanese sword that was traditionally used by the warrior classed called the Samurai. This type of specialty sword had a curved one-sided blade and were often intricately made. Short swords like the tanto were miniature versions of the longer more elegant katana sword. While a group of katanas can differ greatly according to the smith who made them, they essentially share the same parts and stylings. The katana were made of metal and had wooden handles that were sometimes covered with intricately detailed rayskin or enamel.
Tsuka
1. The handle of a katana is called a tsuka. The tsuka was approximately one-fourth to one-third the length of the blade. The tsuka was usually made of wood which covered one end of the blade. The wood was covered with materials that made the katana easier to handle. The skin of the stingray and leather were often used. Tsuba
2. Dividing the tsuka from the blade is the tsuba. The tsuba is a hand guard that protects the warrior's hand from being cut by his own blade. The tsuba was typically 1 inch to 2 inches in diameter around the blade. Saya
3. The saya is the curved scabbard that covers the blade of the katana. The saya or scabbard was made of enamel that could feature the family name, beautifully detailed scenes or even be left plain. Katana were stored vertically while in their saya usually on a shelf or display stand. Nakago
4. The tang of the blade is called the nakago. The nakago is the part of the blade that is housed inside the handle or tsuka. The nakago has two drill holes that are used to secure the tang to the handle. The Blade
5. The blade is sharp and curved. It can feature a blood groove, which is an indenture in the blade that allows blood to flow more freely. The blade can also feature writing like a family name. The blade will have a tip that is one-sided and slopes down.
Compiled by Tony Johnson Jan 2011