SLIME MOLE/COMPOSITE HYBRIDS STUDIO by Oliver XIA

HTTP:// SLIME MOLD -. COM / H U

X I A

P H A S E

WEN J ING

OL IVER

0 1 / C OMPO SI TE H YBRI DS STUDI O

2022 S1C MARCH 5020 ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2 01 | COMPOSITE HYBRIDS STUDIO INTERIM PRESENTATION REPORT WENJING HU | 510381716 OLIVER XIA | 510379942

1-2 DOES THE BRAIN MATTERS 3-6 HOW REALITY WORKS 7-10 WHY SO SPECIAL 11-15 WHAT ELSE 16-22 BABY STEPS 23-30 ORDER IN CHAOS 31-34 MANUFACTURING REALITY 35-42 THE REAL CAVE 43-44 WHAT FORMULA 45-48 WHERE & WHY STRATEGY 49-50 TRUE ARCHITECTURE 51-76 HOW REALITY 77-82 THE BIGGEST ISSUE Abstract

Concept Development Precedent Study Site Studies

Site Strategy Studies Design Process

Finding Basic Form Concept Model Future Vision

Elements Logic Ecosystem

Progress & Technical Drawings Practical Construct

“Whether it’s beautiful or not, if it doesn’t take care of itself and the people in it, it’s as bad as a sinking ship – which is what most of it is.”

Michael Reynolds

1 THE

BIGGEST ISSUE The increment of global greenhouse gas emissions has resulted in the rapid climbing of climate challenges, leading to disastrous impacts and global warming. Australia, as one of the large continental countries, sea-level rise has explicitly struck not only increasing flooding that would cause loss of lowerlying coastal beaches, communities, infrastructures and industries but also damaging the ecological system of the major coastal cities and accompanies several potential hazards that jeopardise the wellbeing of the communities. The release of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development by the United Nations has guided governmental authorities and people from all countries to cooperate within their own lives or professions to achieve the common goals of future betterment. Specifically, the 17 sustainable development goals from United Nations dispersedly indicate a full spectrum of directions that we could contribute towards. Following our own studio goals, our group has mainly focused on number three, good health and wellbeing, number nine, industry, innovation and infrastructure and number eleven, sustainable city and community. Through the lens of historical development on the parkland of Sydney Olympic Park, Homebush bay once became a dumping site for both Sydney’s residential and industrial waste in the 1960s and ’70s; the neglected land has had been reclaimed and repurposed by remediating soils where were underneath the Rhodes surroundings and also has been buried down as partial park landscape design for future management. Which urgently became an environmental hazard and the consequences that climate change has been bringing up.

Our investigation examines a future architectural possibility with the principle of biological filament structures by transferring the hypothetic theories into the algorithmic computer-based design to interact and remedy the result of aggravating the environment and ecosystem, shortening the construction time by introducing manufacturing process at the site and accumulatively adapting new structure or space with robotic arms and recycled fast dry materials in order to respond the changes of environmental changes spontaneously. A matured and well-established architectural robot arm 3D printing technology has provided a strong rationale that allows us to extend our concept further. By searching the relationship of hybridised architectural technology to future infrastructure, it became evident that prompt architectural response to environmental changes, the efficiency of recycling or repurposing local waste into construction material, and the requirement of less labour work help accurately, immediately, and economical efficiently reacting to the impacts of climate changes challenges in the future, providing a solution of faster, safer and more cost-efficient construction methodology with natural aesthetics pushes the boundary of reclaiming the losing land. In conclusion, our initial proposal reflects that our understanding of a potential architectural solution could be achieved with hybridised AI and biological technologies. We hypothesised the biological and architectural rationales into integration to formulate the methodological feasibilities for future built environments and be applied in a broader contextualised sustainable development.

ABSTRACT | 02

2 DOES THE

BRAIN MATTERS

Figure 2.1

To explain slime molds, different scale are the key to understanding. In the case of slime molds, there’s not just a single creature that can be observed, but thousands of them. Slime molds are not actually molds. They’re more like amoebas, single-celled microscopic sacs that move by changing the shape. When more than one slime mole cell meets, they dissolve and disintegrate each individual, re-merging in a new membrane. This means that every slime mold with individual genes can re-exist inside of one body. Each cell of the slime mold is making decisions that ultimately benefit the collective.

03 | CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

S L I M E M

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Slime Mold is an informal name for several unrelated eukaryotes. Slime Mold can act freely as single cells, but can also clump together to form multicellular reproductive structures. Slime Mold are found all over the world, usually in the dark and cool. Growing in a humid environment.

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

N O B R A I N

A team of Japanese and England researchers published an experimental report on January 1, 2010. According to the report, when they formed a cereal group centered on Tokyo and all surrounding cities. The brainless single-celled slime molds build a network of nutrient channels that resembles Japan’s railway system. The railway network surrounding Tokyo is among the most advanced in the world. Every day, mass transportation needs must be met in order to move millions of people between remote locations in a timely and dependable manner. The slime mold, on the other hand, lacks a central brain and is unaware of the larger problem it is attempting to solve, but it manages to produce a structure with properties similar to a real railway network. The simple slime mold model shows a finely tuned mesh that doesn’t require a brain to guide it.

Figure 2.5

When placed in an environment, slime molds spread out in a pattern in all directions, assessing the distribution of land. If they find something good for them, like food, they reinforce that path. On the contrary, if they find something they don’t like - like direct sunlight - they will recoil. At the same time, in the process of continuous expansion. If the slime mold’s consumption continues to go unharvested, they will recoil as well.

the other hand, does not have this ability to think. All slime mold want is to build a network of connections as efficiently and quickly as possible. After establishing the shortest walk, the slime mold strengthens the path, also weakens the rest of the connections that do not provide food.

Figure 2.6

An experiment from MIT’s Senseable City Lab claims that humans don’t always choose the best route to take when moving. In contrast, when people decide to get from point A to point B, their brains break the journey into smaller trips. However, often the sum of these small journeys is not the shortest distance from point A to point B. This happens because people tend to rely on specific landmarks in their memory and miscalculate street lengths. What’s more interesting is that people deliberately take longer routes in order to reduce the relative angle between them and their destination. It was all because our brains guided us to choose a ‘pointiest path’ instead of the shortest path. This idea involves calculations of reference points, surfaces and angles, and seems to be a very natural way of thinking. Slime Mold, on

S H O R TEST WA L K

05 | CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

“LOGIC WILL GET YOU FROM A TO B. IMAGINATION WILL TAKE YOU EVERYWHERE.”

ALBERT EINSTEIN

3 HOW

REALITY WORKS In practice, generative design is a form of imitating the natural evolution design method. Slime Mold has played an unparalleled role in many generative designs. A group led by Peter Sander, who is from Schaefer, a part of Airbus’s Emerging Technologies and Concepts group in Germany, introducing a concept generative design, which for the partition that separates the passenger compartment from the galley in the Airbus A320 cabin. In this case, the whole structure flows only through four main joints. All structural loads have been completed. It does away with most of the materials, weight and volume inherent in traditional designs. In each iteration, Slim Mold constantly optimizes and learns what works and what doesn’t by constantly creating new connections. The optimization of such systems pushes the boundaries of what human design alone can do to achieve the most efficient design. The final design is 45% lighter (30kg) than previous designs. 07 | PRECEDENT STUDY 01

A I R C R A F T PA R T I T I O N

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

P A R T I T I O N O P T I M I Z A T I O N

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

PRECEDENT STUDY 01 | 08

Students at Catalonia’s Institute for Advanced Architecture (IAAC) are conducting research on bio-inspired processes to inform architectural explorations. The ‘living screens’ project investigates design possibilities by studying a single-cellular organism known as slime mold, physarum polycephalum. The goal of the living screen

Figure 3.7

09 | PRECEDENT STUDY 02

project is to maximise the biological properties of slime in order to engage a structural biomachine capable of manifesting and articulating the cognitive relationships between the user and the space. The project’s research has been divided into two parts, the first focusing on the analysis of the slime’s natural properties, and the second on how these properties could be applied in an architectural sense using computer-aided prototyping. Because of the material’s flexibility, it is hoped that over time, living screens will be able to follow a variety of scenarios, even evoking dynamic experiences between users and the architectural artefact. The living screens can filter light in spaces as well as change its colour, resulting in transparent, translucent, and opaque effects, as well as shadow projections.

Figure 3.6

L S

I V C R

I N E E

G N

Figure 3.8

PRECEDENT STUDY 02 | 10

4 WHY SO

SPECIAL The site is located at Sydney Olympic Park. Parramatta River geographically surrounds it at North, Wentworth Point, Liberty Groove and North Strathfield at East, Homebush West at South and Newington at West. The site sat around the Sydney Olympic Park sports facilities and became one of the nation’s significant economic generators. The Master Plan 2030 strategise the place to become a world-class venue and parkland.The stippled areas are our chosen areas that we want to dive into it.

11 | HISTORY

S YDNE Y O LY M P I C PA R K

Figure 4.1

Sydney Olympic Park sits on land initially called the Wann-gal with Aboriginal communities, after the First Fleet of Captain John Hunter. The latter had led the European settlement at Homebush Bay in 1788. With the extensive land use, John Blaxland had claimed a new purpose of 520 hectares of land in Newington for his family estate in 1807, the Armament Depot at Newington had played a role circa World War II. It functioned not only as a powder magazine depot but also as an armament transfer station. In between, the estate was gradually claimed by NSW Government by 1907. Partial land was turned into waterfront industries; some parts became abattoir and Brickwork land, which left a lasting environmental impact on the land nowadays.

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

HISTORY | 12

Waterway Light Traffic

Winter Wind (am)

Winter Sunset

Prevailing Wind Summer Breeze (pm)

Winter Sunrise

Residential Noise

Residential Noise Summer Sunset

Summer Sunrise

Winter Wind (pm)

Heavy Traffic Noise

Olympic Park Occasional Event Noise

The Sydney prevailing wind comes from the northeast, where the Parramatta River is located. The geographical character allows the wind to pass through directly to the Wetland at the north and the Blaxland Park behind. In Winter, morning and afternoon wind come from Northwest and South-west; where Summer breeze from North-east and South. Shelter or weatherproof devices might be in need to block the winter wind and welcome the summer breeze.

Heave traffic noises are mainly identified from the M4 and A3 highways; the secondary noises are Newington and Wentworth Point residential zones. Occasionally noises might be generated from Olympic Park significant events where the area facing the Parramatta River provides a quiet zone that is good for people to relax and chat near the waterfront.

As a typical southern sphere sun path, the northern part of the site has the more prolonged and most morning sun in Winter, whereas the southern part has the shorter and afternoon sun. Vice versa. We need to pay more attention to the northern Wetland area if the Birdhide is taken by the sea level rise in the future.

13 | SITE ANALYZE

WI N D

Figure 4.4

S U N PAT H N O I S E

Summer Breeze (am)

C ONNECT I ON

SU RROUNDING

The Northern waterfront of Sydney Olympic Park shares Parramatta River with Wentworth Point residential zone, the Eastern wetland partially facing the river and next to a busy highway. On the Southern part of the site, it neighbours with Olympic Park’s major sports infrastructure and facilities, which occasionally host events with an incredible number of visitors. The Western side is situated with the Newington residential zone next to a small strip of the park and a Correctional Centre next to the ambient flat and open Blaxland Park.

Sydney Olympic Park is a 6.63km2 park that travels from the south gate to the north part of Blaxland Park requires sixty minutes by foot. Therefore the park was designed to suit car or bicycle travels, which also became a problematic limitation for some other visitors who are not convenient to travel by those tools.

1 6

Figure 6

N 1. Education 2. Correctional Centre 3. Industrial Zone 4. Olympic Park 5. Commercial Zone 6. Residential Zone

Shared path Bicycle route Future path Boundary

SITE ANALYZE | 14

Figure 4.6 Sports & Recreation

Figure 4.8 Leisure & Play

Figure 4.9 Conservation

Based on category classification, The Sydney Olympic Park was divided into five categories; where the nature reserve is located on the top of the site near the waterfront, and the wetland is situated far down in the southeast. On the one hand, the widely dispersed leisure and play areas provide places for nearby residential civilians. On another, the scattered play zones prevent the potential efficiency of the cultural and social congregation. At the same time, Sports fields are far distanced from Blaxland Park, which creates difficulty using relevant activities during a one day visit. 15 | SITE ANALYZE

Figure 4.7 Wetlands & Waterways

C AT E G O RY C L A S S I FI CAT IO N

Figure 4.5 Nature Reserve

5 WHAT

Figure 5.2 2100

F U TU R E

21 00

Figure 5.1 Present

ELSE

F I

A S

N U

G E

Sea level rising is occurred by climate changes and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which lead to ocean heating. In the next 30 years, by 2050, the water level might be raised by a foot which is as much as what was raised in the last century. By 2100, the sea level is estimated to be raised by 0.84 meters. The two maps demonstrate that the sea level rise would firstly impact the waterfront land, in particular, the Birdhide on the east, Partial Wetland and recreation park on the north will be swallowed. The waterway branched out from the Parramatta River will be affected compared to the two maps.

CASE STUDIES | 16

ECOL OGICAL T H R E AT S AND PRESSURES

As an enormous park surrounded by several young developing suburbs, the park becomes the largest ecological world of the native plants and species for the region. The park it habitats with over 400 native plants and 200 native vertebrate animal species, 190 species of native birds, seven species of frog, ten species of bats, 16 species of reptile, and a significant number of fish and invertebrate species. Somehow along with the increment of human activities and the impacts that climate challenges have brought, it has been explicitly affecting the balance of the ecological system.

Figure 5.4

17 | CASE STUDIES

Figure 5.3

Based on the 2016 Census report from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the median age of the park visitors is 31 years, the age group of 25-34 years are the highest visitor, whereas 80-84 years are the lowest. The statistics demonstrate that families with kids are the most users of the park at 44.7%, and families without kids are the second highest at 37.8%. The park indicates that the most users are young people and families. By encouraging congregation of social and cultural value exchange, the park has the potential to provide a more travel-friendly arrangement to attract an older group of visitors.

T HE R EI O N O F R HO D ES P E N I N SUL A

Figure 5.5

Because the region of Rhodes Peninsula used to be Australia’s chemist industry site for nearly 60 years, the toxic waste of chemical products contaminated the mudflat of Homebush bay, which cost the Government $12 million for remediation of the region. Nowadays, few landfills are left being buried under the landscape for future management purposely.

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.6

The precedent is an academic case study of designing a CutOff wall and Dewatering System in the MSW Lubna Landfill in a wetland. The geotechnical engineering design helped stop and purify contaminated land ten times lower than the original index within ten years of observation and monitoring. The methodology is shown in Figures 10 and 10.1. The trench

equipped with perforated pipes helps catch the toxic component from the landfill slop after filtering, followed by a vertical cut-off wall that can completely block the rest of the harmful impurities.

CASE STUDIES | 18

Along with the impacts of global warming, the harmony of the ecological system in the Sydney Olympic Park wetland is losing its balance. The predicted rising sea level will be swallowing the Birdhide, where habitats of a significant number of both terrestrial and aquatic species.

19 | CASE STUDIES

Inter-Tidal Pool is a waterfront project at Roberto Clemente State Park in Bronx, New York. The geographical character of the site was the lack of accessibility to ecological lives. The park’s renovation by designing “breathable” walkways that allow the visitors to circulate on the platform and let the aquatic species and weeds come in and out to the walkway by tidal waves has brought the ecosystem back to life and follows its law of nature.

CASE STUDIES | 20

Figure 5.8

INTER-TIDAL P OO L

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

The wet and dry activity zones are divided into two sides, and the wet areas are dominant in the western and southern views where the dry areas are located at the back of the building which faces the mountains. The wet zone, there are subdivided into three types of pools for a different group of users. The corridor around the dry and wet zones effectively functions as a divider of these categories as well as smooth circulations through the one large open space. 21 | CASE STUDIES

Figure 5.13

WET ZONE

Figure 5.14

Courchevel is an aquatic centre in the middle of France Alps, the unique location and weather contrast against the aquatic centre in a harmonious way. From the distance looking toward the articulated forms of the complex echoes the mountains behind it. Looking from the inside of the building, the panoramic landscape of the snowy mountain views becomes a part of the interior wall of the building.

DRY ZONE

COURCHEVEL A Q U AT I C CENTRE

Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12

CIRCULATION/PUBLIC

Gunyama Park and Aquatic Centre is located in the heart of Zetland in Sydney. It is a key infrastructure that advocates the sustainable economy and society for the suburban master plan.

The necessary functions are placed on the mobile circuit according to the user’s purpose. The advantage of this spatial arrangement is to make the route of action more efficient and reduce the strangeness of users to the space. Even more, the design extended

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.15

by public space allows all kinds of small spaces to interweave with each other. The use of glass Windows divides the interior and exterior, but visually extends to the exterior, making the interior space more expansive. The flow lines are designed to echo the flow of water. On the contrary, the designer’s deep consideration for the

Figure 5.17

occupants of the building is not only about the visitors, but also about the employees. The Workforce plays an important role in a sustainable society. In the design process, building software can be made sustainable by providing a more comfortable working environment for the local Workforce and building a low-carbon office system.

G U N YA M A PA R K & A Q U AT I C C E N T R E

The programming of space program in design refers to what happens in or within a building, site area. There are various modes of composition between the spaces. In this design, the main body of the designer is connected to various spaces through the public space as the centre. The second is to create unique action lines for different functional areas.

CASE STUDIES | 22

BABY STEPS

“The geometric line is an invisible thing. It is the track made by the moving point; that is, its product. It is created by movement – specifically through the destruction of the intense self-contained repose of the point. Here, the leap out of the static to the dynamic occurs. […] The forces coming from without which transform the point into a line, can be very diverse. The variation in lines depends upon the number of these forces and upon their combinations” -Wassily Kandinsky As with the slime mold, every cell needs to be counted. From a single cell to a curve composed of cells, and then from curve to surface, and finally into a extrusion network. The digital model was used to simulate the movement logic of Slime Mold, and then the logic behind it was re-analyzed to gain more understanding.

POINT CURVE SURFACE EXTRUSION

DESIGN PROCESS | 24

EMITTER

FOOD

Environment: Emitter Type: Escape Setting: Speed Setting: Detect Direction Setting: Trigger Frequency:

25 | DESIGN PROCESS

Surface environment Point emitter 100% escape possibility Max speed -10 Every 4 cell 500ms / trigger

P OI NT TO P OI NT

To understand the whole simulation system, it’s important to understand how it works. In the whole simulation system, there must be two most important elements: Food and Emitter. The emitter represents the starting point of the slime mold, and food is the destination the slime mold wants to reach. After that, some basic rules need to be set. Each individual cell needs to have an aging period setting, an escape probability setting, and an escape velocity setting. Another noteworthy setup is the function of the basic neuron reflex between each cell as information transmission. In this case, the first simulation is the exploration process of slime mold starting from one point to another point, which is from the emitter to the food. First, the emitter will set itself as a center point and fires cells around it, forming a small system of four cells between each other. Each small system will cycle and increase the path until it hits the boundary. After hitting the boundary, cells reflect information to rest of cells through the neuron system and reduce movement in that

direction. When rest of cells receive the message, they will start moving in the opposite direction. This is clearly shown in Figure 5, on the upper right corner where the cells receives the signal, it start to create a new opposite path after hitting the boundary. On the other side of the image, a small path is being created. After coming into contact with food, the entire slime mold system began to reinforce this path. As each of the four cells previously set transmits information about the direction, this path is more purposeful than the previous aimless launch. In the final image ,Figure 8, shows the operation process of the slime mold. The entire Figure shows a complete change from the irregular establishment of the path on the right to the more purposeful one on the left.

PO I NT S TO PO I NT S

Of course, if everything is just getting from point A to point B, then the entire simulation just shows slime mold’s understanding of the shortest distance walk. But how does slime mold cope with even more complex system? Especially when there is more than one slime mold group, and all the food is located all over the place, In this simulation, two emitters are set, also placed food in different locations, around the emitters. At the same time, the number of communication between cells been reduced to only three cells, which means that the channels for cell to get information are much less, now all cells is more difficult to form an overall consciousness. Not only are communication channels reduced, but the speed of movement of each cell is also reduced. At this point, cells need to be more careful about creating new paths between each other. As can be seen from Figure 2, when the two slime mold groups met, they began to fuse and create a new slime mold group. With fewer channels to communicate, the way of slime

mold movement becomes more simpler. As it can see from figure 2, after reaching the first food, the slime mold gradually begins to build a direct path. Meanwhile, it can be seen from Figure 3 that after arriving at the food, slime began to re-center around the food and spread around. Finally, after all the slime molds have reached all the food, the slime mold begins to reprogram the shortest path from the emitters to each individual food. As can be seen from Figure 7, the slime mold establishes the pathway of the shortest walk between the emitters and each individual food.

EMITTERS

FOOD FOOD

Environment: Emitter Type: Escape Setting: Speed Setting: Detect Direction Setting: Trigger Frequency:

Surface environment Point emitter 100% escape possibility Max speed - 6 Every 3 cell 800ms / trigger

DESIGN PROCESS | 28

PO I NT S TO PO I NT S IN 3 D

Due to the limitations setting by the environment, the slime mold was only able to moving on the surface. But in 3D, slime mold can build more sophisticated, complex and efficient systems. In this simulation, more testing will be how the slime mold re-establishes an effective walk path through obstacles. First, by placing emitters and food on the surface of the obstacle. Then the shortest walk path through the obstacle is established by analyzing the surface of the obstacle. Meanwhile, in 3D space, cells need more information to establish a complete structure. So changing every six cells establishes communication. It also increases the speed of cell movement to allow 3d structures to be built more quickly. In the beginning of the simulation, each sell is trying to avoid the obstacles, and each is constantly moving toward the outside of the obstacles. As it moves, slim mold makes contact with the box environment’s boundaries and then works backwards to locate the food. When the cell finds the food, it begins to pass

information, starting with the central emitters to build up the structure to the food location in the box environment. In the final image, by re-analyzing how the structure was created. According to the movement track, distance and reflection information of each cell to enhance communication, the efforts made by each cell for the whole structure are distinguished by dark and light colors. The darker the color, the more efficient the movement of these cells, which take on more responsibility in the structure. Conversely, the lighter the color, the more it indicates that the cell is still in search mode. It doesn’t add much to the overall structure.

S H O R TEST WA L K

FOOD E M I TTERS

O B S TA CLES

Environment: Emitter Type: Escape Setting: Speed Setting: Detect Direction Setting: Trigger Frequency:

Box environment Point emitter 100% escape possibility Max speed - 10 Every 6 cell 100ms / trigger

DESIGN PROCESS | 30

7 ORDER

Once you understand how slime mold moves, you need to think about how to turn these tracks into a complete structure. Three of the most basic structures, and one of the most stable, are shown here. The first is curve. In any structure, the column assumes the responsibility of transferring weight in the structure. Here, the contribution of each cell is calculated to select forms that can bear the weight and are not too bloated. After that, is the most stable structure - triangle structure. Interestingly, slime mold is not the best builder for triangle structure. Because of slime mold unique way of moving, there are fewer choices between cells to form triangular structures. As the result, the diagram does not show more efficient structure forms. Slime Mold is friendlier to hexagonal structures than triangle structure. Most cells establish a path and then make more connections with neighboring cells to form a complete structure. The space in the middle of the hexagon gives cells space to move around. This is why form formation is more concentrated in the middle of the image.

31 | FINDING BASIC FORM

CURVE

IN CHAOS

FINDING BASIC FORM | 32

STRUCTURE

P O LY G ONAL

TRIANGLE STRUCTURE

FI NAL O U TCO ME

After analyzing the structure formed by the previous types of curves, we can better understand how to establish a more effective structure in the moving path of slime mold. We started by accommodating all of the slime mold action track structure, but some cells didn’t benefit the entire system. In this case, it is not appropriate to count this part of the cell, or even make the entire structure bloated. By constantly subtracting the cells that do not contribute enough, we leave only the cells that provide the most nutrition, and the communication paths established between them. The resulting image on the left shows the entire slime mold path structure.

33 | FINDING BASIC FORM

FINDING BASIC FORM | 32

MANUFACTURING REALITY

Follow with construction logic, we started our first model with the small columns, and during the printing process, because of the structure and setting of the clay printing machine, the columns could not be printed steadily to hold the upper body of the model, manually we fixed them down with sticks during the foundation printing process in order to prevent any unforeseen failures.

35 | CONCEPT MODEL A

S E T T I Flow 80 Speed 45 Layer Height 0.8 Nozzle 1.2 Double layer on surface No infill support

THE U N P R E D I C TA B L E M O VEM EN T B ECAM E A S U RPRISED FO RM OF T HE M O DE L .

The drapery lines are curvy forms that have not been designed at a smaller angle. We have learned that any change of direction needs to be adjusted at small angles and gradually move towards the other axis. Any angle greater than 45o are safe to be printed properly.

CONCEPT MODEL A | 36

We changed the flow from 80 to 50, speed up to 20, and increased layer height by 0.2, and the model became less texture and cleaner, which is suitable for a larger scale model as the curvy surface is more firm and sticks together. Somehow trading off the rough surface with a “clean” look is not what we expect to achieve. S E T T I Flow 50 Speed 65 Layer Height 1 Nozzle 1.2 Double layer on surface No infill support

37 | CONCEPT MODEL B

Installing two models together with slightly different settings has demonstrated the clear distinction between the model on forms, textures, reflections and flexibilities of unveiling the details. We have brought the robotic arm model for testing the scale and spatial interaction of our ideas on spontaneous construction with pre-programmed printing technology.

TESTI NG CONCEPT U AL I Z E D FU N CTIO NAL I T I E S O F T H E S PA C E .

CONCEPT MODEL B | 38

Flow 65 Speed 85 Layer Height 0.8 Nozzle 1.2 Double layer on surface Infill support with 15% line shape

We have scaled up the 3rd model in an approximately 1:500 scale; the result of this setting left a similar texture as the first one, that we thought might look good on a larger scale model, somehow because the high flow with low speed retarded the fluidity of the irregular forms, where arch area draped down like a bunch of rope curtain.

39 | CONCEPT MODEL C

Overall, the random texture provides a bumpy, rough sandstone atmosphere. The drippy clays become curtain-like naturally grown plants attached to an architecture. Surprisingly created a private space in a public open area.

CONCEPT MODEL C | 40

We have extracted a small part of the algorithmically designed object and scaled it up to 1:100. In this way, we wanted to test the form, texture, structure and space that might be naturally generated by our grasshopper scripts and investigate potential functionalities and programs. We have observed that the model could be rooted from the bottom of the river and up above the water; the naturally formed holes could be explored as caves, staircases and tidal pools.

Flow 75 Speed 100 Layer Height 0.8 Nozzle 1.2 Double layer on surface Infill support with hexagon shape

41 | CONCEPT MODEL D

O BSERV I N G FROM DI FFER ENT A N GLES, T H E P R INTI N G S ETTIN G S O F THIS M O DE L H AS D E M O N S T R AT E D T H E S U R FA C E S O F THE P H YSI CAL M O DE L F R O M T H E D I G I TA L DE SI G N AS C L O S E LY A S WE EXPEC T ED A D E Q U A T E L Y. CONCEPT MODEL D | 42

9 THE

REAL CAVE

Filter

l Co

Purified Water

lum

D IA GR A M

ura

43 | FUTURE VISION

C OL U M N

uct

Our proposed architecture needs to be rooted in the soil, like plant roots, whether on land or water. The first feature of our proposal is that partial solid structural columns for support and partial columns are veneered with a filter system that allows not only the contaminated tidal water to be purified through the system and come into our programs such as Aquatic Park and Tidal Pools, but also the filter system also provides a function that remediate and block the toxic component of the landfill release to the Parramatta River.

ST R U C T U R A L

Filter Holes

Str

Along with the threats and pressures that we have investigated and analysed on the Sydney Olympic Park, as well as in favour of the general global, we aim to use the principle of slim mould biological growth systems and put the rationales into our hypothetic theory, that is to preprogram a serious of formula to connect the significant spots of the park that we are intended to bring people to, and spontaneously allows the AI technologies to create the most efficient 3D printed walkways to the destiny.

U N D E R WAT E R

Landfill Component

Tidal Water

Purified Water

An architecture that can breathe with nature and “grow” with Mother Earth.

The second feature of our proposal is that the building with the preprogrammed system allows the labour-free construction of the infrastructure to be continuously “growing”, as much as the existing environmental impact that has been brought to the site, such as the lost balance of ecological system and swallowed wetland in 50 or 100 years. Function and Programs The “emitting points” where are our significant marked spots are Tidal Pools, Aquatic Parks and Educational Exhibition Pavilion, where are the connecting bridges and corridors are the shortest path that leads the visitors from one destiny to the next; they also perform as a view platform or a live stage that allows people to interact through our “living” architecture with the nature.

Materiality and Construction Methodology Using a robotic arm in the construction is the core tool we advocate bringing into the project due to its time and cost efficiency, not to mention the advancing AI and software technologies. In the long term, it could reduce the labour cost and prevent hazards that difficult hydraulic and on-land construction that might occur to the construction workers. Remediated clay and cement mixtures are our primary construction materials; they are encouraged to use with the robotic arms because of repurposing the contaminated soil. In addition, its fluidity and flexibility characters maximise a significant number of design opportunities. According to academic research, the mixture

of clay and cement helps generate a stronger and more thixotropy and yield stress value, as well as reducing environmental impact sufficiently

Cement

Clay

FUTURE VISION | 44

“A FORMULA CAN BE VERY SIMPLE, AND CREATE A UNIVERSE OF BOTTOMLESS COMPLEXITY.”

BENOIT MANDELBROT

10 WHAT

FORMULA

Since the height of the sea level increases with each year, the feasibility of temporary construction building cannot fully address this environmental problem. Constant change is the only way to deal with future environmental changes, so we came up with a formula. This formula can change over time and be individually designed according to the unique needs of the input. And it all started with this programming project called “Hey, Simo”. The project will run according to the specific conditions and requirements required by the input.

Hey Simo~ <Input conditions> <program> exhibition room <pathway> from <location> FFL10.000/main entrance to <location> FFL10.000/northwest corner <area> enough for <number> 20 people <access> allow <max. number> 3 to <min. number> 3 <RUN> ........................ <output> <connecting…> <pathway program> bridge <function> platform <connect> from <point> A to <point> B <forming…> < space creating… > <COMPLETE> ELEMENTS LOGIC | 46

BRI DGE E L EM E N TS Hey Simo~ <Input conditions> <program> pathway <pathway> from <location> FFL10.000/main entrance to <location> FFL10.000/northwest corner <area> enough for <number> 10 people <access> allow <max. number> 2 to <min. number> 2 <RUN> ......................

B A

...................... <output> <connecting…> <pathway program> bridge <function> platform <connect> from <point> A to <point> B <forming…> < space creating… > <COMPLETE> 47 | ELEMENTS LOGIC

S PA C E E L EM E N TS Hey Simo~ <Input conditions> <program> exhibition room <pathway> from <location> FFL30.000/main entrance to <location> FFL30.000/west-east corner <area> enough for <number> 20 people <access> allow <max. number> 3 to <min. number> 3 <RUN> ......................

...................... <output> <connecting…> <pathway program> door <function> exhibition hall <connect> from <point> A to <point> B <forming…> < space creating… > <COMPLETE> ELEMENTS LOGIC | 48

POSITI TERRE

WHERE & WHY

STRATEGY

REGENERATING UNDERWATER LIFE

The ecosystem is like a micro reflection of the current global climate issues, the accumulation of previous environmental hazards had left critical impacts on this region, which will be continuously affecting the land, the aquatic and terrestrial creatures and local habitats if we leave it as it is. The diagram illustrates that our proposed architecture needs to function as a crucial stage in this ecological cycle and guides the cycle into an up-swirling circulation for a better future.

49 | ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEM OF O LY M PIC PA R K

BALANCED ECO-SYSTEM

RECLAIM

IVE IMPACT ON ESTIAL HABITAT

MING & FILTERATING

POLLUTION

LANDFILL

FLOODING

SEA LEVEL RISING

ECOSYSTEM | 50

12 TRUE

ARCHITECTURES

MOBILITY STRATEGIES

MO BI L I T Y S T R ATEG Y

The park is categorized into 5 sections as it is: Recreation, Reserve, Wetland, Leisure and Conservation. Short term: Visitors are offered to travel by free shuttle buses in three types of route: 1. Within the section; 2. Main route among main stops 3. Subordinate route in the center of the park. Long term: It is an ongoing mobility construction in reclaiming the losing land in the future, with the lime mold logic, that is to pre-programe with 3D printing technology to construct corridors among places from the water edge towards the park. 51 | MOBILITY STRATEGIES

SPORT AND RECREATION WETLAND NATURE RESERVE MAIN STOP MAIN ROUTE SUBORDINATE ROUTE

MOBILITY STRATEGIES | 52

I T ERAT I O N 1 P R O G ITERATION RE SS

THE PROCESS OF FORMATION The formation was generated based on the logic of programs arrangement and geographical site condition. According to the functionalities of the aquatic centre, we computerized each program as the “food” and outdoor space as the avoiding space for the “slime” to create the formation that is the most effective and suitable outcome for this configurations, ITERATION 3 after the form is generated, continuously we carry on the ITERATION 3 investigation in the 3D form for further improvement or errors that we need to refine in the next iterations. ITERATION ITERATION 3 3

Programs - Dry area - Front house - Reception - Back house - Dry toilet - Office - Toilet TOP VIEW - Cafe - Kitchen - Service room - Storage room ITERATION 2

- Wet area - Learn to swim - Recreational pool - Squat swimming pool - Children shallow ITERATION 1 wet area - Heated indoor pool ITERATION 1 pool - Outdoor - Changing room - Toilet - Family room ITERATION ITERATION 1 1 I T E R AT I O N

I T E R AT I O N

Programs

- Wet area - Learn to swi - Recreationa - Squat swimm - Children sha - Heated indo - Outdoor poo - Changing ro - Toilet - Family room

-Programs Dry area - Front house --Reception Wet area --Back Learnhouse to sw --Dry toilet Recreationa --Office Squat swim --Toilet Children sha --Cafe Heated indo --Kitchen Outdoor poo --Service room Changing ro --Storage Toilet room

- Family room

- Dry area - Front house - Reception - Back house - Dry toilet - Office WET Z - Toilet - Cafe - Kitchen - Service room - Storage roo

TOP VIEW

WET Z DRY Z

TOP VIEW

ITERATION 2

ITERATION 3

ITERATION 2 TOP VIEW TOP VIEW

Programs

ADMINIST

- Wet area - Learn to swim - Recreational pool - Squat swimming pool - Children shallow wet area - Heated indoor pool - Outdoor pool - Changing room - Toilet - Family room

DRY Z

- Dry area - Front house - Reception - Back house - Dry toilet - Office - Toilet - Cafe - Kitchen - Service room - Storage room

ITERATION ITERATION 2 2

WET ZONE

ADMINIST

1 2 3 4

DRY ZONE

INDOOR

OUTDOOR

53 | ITERATION PROGRESS

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ADMINISTRATION

17 18

PROGRAM RECREATIONAL POOL SQUAT SWIMMING POOL SHALLOW PLAY AREA HEATED INDOOR POOL OUTDOOR POOL CHANGING ROOM TOILET FAMILY ROOM MAIN ENTRY RECEPTION STAFF ROOM STAFF OFFICES YOGA STUDIO GYM STUDIO GOOD/SERVICE LIFT STAFF RESTROOM CIRCULATION (NON PUBLIC ZONE)

220sqm 500sqm 180sqm 300sqm 180sqm 100sqm 80sqm 100sqm N/A N/A 80sqm 80sqm 500sqm 100sqm 300sqm 200sqm 80sqm 350sqm

S C HEDU L E WE TLAN D

WET ZONE

DRY ZONE

ADMINISTRATION

O F

RECREATIONAL POOL

220sqm

SQUAT SWIMMING POOL

500sqm

SHALLOW PLAY AREA

180sqm

HEATED INDOOR POOL

300sqm

OUTDOOR POOL

180sqm

CHANGING ROOM

100sqm

TOILET

80sqm

FAMILY ROOM

100sqm

MAIN ENTRY

N/A

RECEPTION

N/A

STAFF ROOM

80sqm

STAFF OFFICES

80sqm

YOGA STUDIO

500sqm

GYM

100sqm

STUDIO

300sqm

GOOD/SERVICE LIFT

200sqm

STAFF RESTROOM

80sqm

CIRCULATION (NON PUBLIC ZONE)

350sqm ITERATION PROGRESS | 54

W E TLAND P L A N

55 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

TECHNICAL DRAWING | 56

W E TLANDS E TCI ONS

57 | ITERATION PROGRESS

ITERATION PROGRESS | 58

I T ERAT I O N 1 P R O G ITERATION RE SS

ITERATION 1

ITERATION 3

ITERATION 1

TOP VIEW

ITERATION ITERATION 1 1 1

I T E R AT I O N

- Wet area - Learn to swi - Recreationa - Squat swimm - Children sha - Heated indo - Outdoor poo - Changing ro - Toilet - Family room

ITERATION ITERATION 3 3

ITERATION 2

I T E R AT I O N

Programs

ITERATION 3

I T E R AT I O N

- Family room

- Dry area - Front house - Reception - Back house - Dry toilet - Office WET Z - Toilet - Cafe - Kitchen - Service room - Storage roo

TOP VIEW

WET Z DRY Z

TOP VIEW

ITERATION 2

ITERATION 3

ITERATION 2 TOP VIEW TOP VIEW

Programs

ADMINIST

- Wet area - Learn to swim - Recreational pool - Squat swimming pool - Children shallow wet area - Heated indoor pool - Outdoor pool - Changing room - Toilet - Family room

DRY Z

- Dry area - Front house - Reception - Back house - Dry toilet - Office - Toilet - Cafe - Kitchen - Service room - Storage room

ITERATION ITERATION 2 2

WET ZONE

ADMINIST

1 2 3 4

DRY ZONE

INDOOR

OUTDOOR

59 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ADMINISTRATION

17 18

220sqm 500sqm 180sqm 300sqm 180sqm 100sqm 80sqm 100sqm N/A N/A 80sqm 80sqm 500sqm 100sqm 300sqm 200sqm 80sqm 350sqm

S C HEDU L E BI R DHI DE

PUBLIC ZONE

PRIVATE SPACE

NON PUBLIC ZONE

O F

MAIN ENTRY

N/A

FOYER

150sqm

BACK LOCKER ROOM & SCHOOLS EDUCATION BAG STORE

40sqm

MUSEUM SHOP AND CAFE

200sqm

FUNCTION PREPARATION ROOM

30SQM

CHAIR STORE

20sqm

TEMPORARY EXHIBITION GALLERIES

N/A

SEMI PERMANENT EXHIBITION GALLERIES

1450sqm

RESEARCH/ STUDY ROOMS

250sqm

LECTURE THREAT

350sqm

REFERENCE RESOURCE ROOM

50sqm

CHILDREN’S PROJECT ROOM

50sqm

SCHOOL EDUCATION ROOMS

100sqm

COLLECTIONS ACCESS ROOM

250sqm

QUARANTINE

70sqm

BOARDROOM

50sqm

STAFF ROOM

110sqm

STAFF OFFICES

300sqm

EXHIBITION PREPARATION WORKSHOP AND STORES

100sqm

LOADING DOCK

100sqm

GOODS/SERVICE LIFT

15sqm

PLANT ROOM

N/A

CIRCULATION(NON PUBLIC ZONE)

350sqm

UTILITIES(NON PUBLIC ZONE)

N/A TECHNICAL DRAWING | 60

BI R DHI D E P L A N

61 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

TECHNICAL DRAWING | 62

BI R DHI D E S E TCI ONS

63 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

TECHNICAL DRAWING | 64

D E TA I L S E TCI ONS

65 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

TECHNICAL DRAWING | 66

Y EAR O F 2 025

2025

EXTERIOR

67 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

2025

INTERIOR

TECHNICAL DRAWING | 68

69 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

2 0 3 5

2 0 2 5

The drawing demonstrates a series of gradual changes of the architectural form and technologies that might be integrated into the construction as well as becoming partial elements of the building, where no matter the natural ecological system or man-made futuristic civilization, the architecture would help carrying on the lives vertical and inland.

2 0 5 5

2 0 4 5

2 0 6 5 TECHNICAL DRAWING | 70

2 0 9 5

2 0 8 5

2 0 7 5 71 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

2 11 5

2 1 0 5

2 1 2 5 TECHNICAL DRAWING | 72

Y EAR O F 2 125

2125

EXTERIOR

73 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

2125

INTERIOR TECHNICAL DRAWING | 74

2125

AVIATION PERSPECTIVE 75 | TECHNICAL DRAWING

“THE ROAD TO SUCCESS IS ALWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION.”

ARNOLD PALMER

13 HOW

REALITY

R E C O N STR UCT I O N 77 | PRACTICAL CONSTRUCT

M O DUL AR CO N STRUCT I O N Due to clay printer limitations. In the actual construction, in order not to limit the feasibility of Slime Mold formula, we reconsidered the practical application of building modularization. In this case, we took one part from the model, rotate it, and use the clay printer to printing it.

S E T T I Flow 80 Speed 100 Layer Height 0.8 Nozzle 1.2 Double layer on surface No infill support

PRACTICAL CONSTRUCT | 78

M AT E R I A L I T Y

+ Figure 13.1 Cement

= Figure 13.2 Clay

Figure 13.3 Cement/Clay mixture

Investigation has been studied that clay as a replacement of concrete brings more positive sustainable impacts on built environment. With cement in mixture with clay has been evidently proved that the new mixture contains higher thixotropy and yield stress value. Contaminated local soil can be re-mediated through biological and chemical treatments at site, and it can be recycled back in use for new construction material spontaneously.

CO N -

S T R UCT I BI L I T Y structures. 2. 3D printing with two types of printing robots: a.KUKA Robot arm for one storey height construction printing on-site; b.Large-scale 3D printer off-site

To make the hypothetic proposal feasible, constructions are categorized into two main segments: 1. Foundation (Pre-constructed on site), it involves loadbearing construction as well as embedded filtration functionality within the 79 | PRACTICAL CONSTRUCT

PROCESS: 1. Both filter-embedded columns and structural columns are constructed into the ground prior before 3D printing the structure above the ground. 2. Pre-fabricated large scale 3D printed module and transport from local manufacture or laboratory to the site. 3. Spontaneously using KUKA 3D robot arm to print the self supported walls.

Figure 13.4 KUKA 3D Printer

Figure 13.5 Large scale 3d Printer

F I LT R AT I O N

OUTDOOR

INDOOR PERFORATED WALL FILTER FINE SAND FILLING PERFORATED PIPE FILTER FINE SAND FILLING

VERTICAL BARRIER

FILTRATION IN COLUMN The filter system in the columns are constructed with mechanical filter with fine sand fillings on both sides, where the perforated pipe catches the water and excessive component to the large aquatic filter tank for further treatment. The perforated walls allow the filtering process thoroughly from both salt water and salt pool water. UNDERGROUND FILTRATION To prevent spreading the toxic components from the landfill underneath the ground, the underground filter system is inspired by MSW Lubna Landfill project in wetland. From the right to the left, the excessive toxic components from the slop will be caught by the filter and then pass through the two trenches that are filled with fine sand and perforated pipes, which to catch the dirty water and sediments to the collecting tanks, where the vertical barrier is to completely stop what is left or miss-caught components from going into Parramatta River. PRACTICAL CONSTRUCT | 80

E N T RA NCE

81 | PRACTICAL CONSTRUCT

FI NAL M O DE L

PRACTICAL CONSTRUCT | 82

REFERENCE FIGURES 2.1 slime mold n.d., Colossal, viewed 6 June 2022, <https://www.thisiscolossal.com/tags/slime-mold/>. 2.2 Eye Of Science n.d., The slime mould instruments that make sweet music, New Scientist, viewed 6 June 2022, <https:// www.newscientist.com/article/2142614-the-slime-mould-instruments-that-make-sweet-music/>.

2.3 Plasmobot computer runs on slime mold n.d., NBC News, viewed 6 June 2022, <https://www.nbcnews.com/id/ wbna32736017>.

2.4 Information Gained, Stored, and Transferred Without Brains — Biological Strategy — AskNature n.d., viewed 6 June 2022, <https://asknature.org/strategy/brainless-slime-molds-both-learn-and-teach/>.

2.5 Slime mold wins geeky prize ... again! n.d., NBC News, viewed 6 June 2022, <http://www.nbcnews.com/science/cosmic-log/slime-mold-wins-geeky-prize-again-flna6C10403784>.

2.6 Research – Biological Physics and Morphogenesis n.d., viewed 6 June 2022, <http://www.bpm.ph.tum.de/research/>.

3.1 ‘Airbus Continues to Innovate Bionic Design for Future Sustainable Flights’ 2019, Redshift EN, viewed 6 June 2022, <https://redshift.autodesk.com/bionic-design/>. 3.2 Generative Design at Airbus | Customer Stories | Autodesk n.d., viewed 6 June 2022, <https://www.autodesk.com/ customer-stories/airbus>. 3.3 Autodesk and Airbus generatively design a 3D-printed bionic partition for the A320 - Through the Interface n.d., viewed 6 June 2022, <https://www.keanw.com/2016/02/autodesk-and-airbus-generatively-design-a-3d-printed-bionic-partitionfor-the-a320.html>. 3.4 Airbus Continues to Innovate Bionic Design for Future Sustainable Flights n.d., viewed 6 June 2022, <https://redshift. autodesk.com/bionic-design/>. 3.5 Rhodes, M n.d., ‘Airbus’ Newest Design Is Based on Bones and Slime Mold’, Wired, viewed 6 June 2022, <https://www. wired.com/2015/12/airbuss-newest-design-is-based-on-slime-mold-and-bones/>. 3.6 – 3.8 ‘living screens’ proposes slime mould as and architectural application n.d., viewed 6 June 2022, <https://www. designboom.com/design/living-screens-slime-mould-iaac-11-01-2017/>.

4.1 “Timbrol Chemicals/Union Carbide/Residential – Rhodes, NSW”. 2012. Past/Lives Of The Near Future. https:// pastlivesofthenearfuture.com/2012/03/29/timbrol-chemicalsunion-carbideresidential-rhodes-nsw/. 4.2 “Canada Bay Connections: Image”. 2022. Canadabayconnections.Files.Wordpress.Com. https:// canadabayconnections.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/box-factoryc2ad_2.jpg?w=604&h=461. 4.3 2022. I.Pinimg.Com. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/28/e6/12/28e612745c4a2b4facfec995e113ab90.jpg.

5.1 – 5.2 “Coastal Risk Australia”. 2022. Coastalrisk.Com.Au. https://coastalrisk.com.au/home. 5.3 “Dogs In The Park”. 2022. Sydneyolympicpark.Com.Au. https://www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au/Living/mysop/Dogs-inthe-Park. 5.4 “Heritage Railway Discovery Tour, Newington Armory”. 2022. Sydneyolympicpark.Com.Au. https://www. sydneyolympicpark.com.au/things-to-do/school-holiday-activities/heritage-railway-discovery-tour. 5.5 – 5.10 Koda, Miszkowska, A., Sieczka, A., & Osinski, P. (2019). Cut-Off Walls and Dewatering Systems as an Effective Method of Contaminated Sites Reclamation Processes. IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering, 471(4), 42021–. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/4/042021 5.11 – 5.14 “Aquatic Centre “Aquamotion” Courchevel / Auer Weber”. 2016. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/783621/aquaticcentre-aquamotion-courchevel-auer-weber?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab. 5.15 – 5.18 “GUNYAMA PARK AQUATIC AND RECREATION CENTRE — Andrew Burges Architects”. 2022. Andrew Burges Architects. http://www.aba-architects.com.au/gparc. 13.1 “Cement Vs. Concrete: A Case Of Mistaken Identities”. 2013. Bob Vila. https://www.bobvila.com/articles/cement-vsconcrete/. 13.2 “Clay Modelling | Automotive Exterior Design Company | Creative Wave”. 2022. Creative Wave. https://creative-wave. com/clay-modelling/. 13.3 “CREATE — Experimental Architecture With Concrete 3D Printing”. 2020. CREATE . https://www.create-sdu.com/ projects/eac3dp. 13.4 “Additive Manufacturing: KR QUANTEC Provides Support For 3D Concrete Printing | KUKA AG”. 2022. KUKA AG. https://www.kuka.com/en-us/company/press/news/2021/05/besix-3d. 13.5 “Digital Construction Lab | Centre For Smart Infrastructure And Digital Construction | Swinburne University | Melbourne”. 2022. Swinburne.Edu.Au. https://www.swinburne.edu.au/research/strengths-achievements/specialistfacilities/digital-construction-lab/.