Decommissioning Svalbard -Bartlett B-pro Architectural Design RC1

DECOMMISSIONING SVALBARD // LOGISTICS

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

RESEARCH CLUSTER 1, DÉBORAH LÓPEZ, HADIN CHARBEL, DARIA RICCHI Logistics: Maaya Harakawa, Ran Mo, Nutthapol Pimpasak, Jin Wang

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Project overview Theoretical background Project objectives The dynamic time line The Arctic circle 66° 33’N

2 AN ISLAND OF PARADOX

6 VOXELIZATION 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

Hybridization case study: church, restaurant and clinic Binary system classification Six digit language Voxelization analysis 3x3 neighbourhood combination Voxel-bashing Typology combination study

2.1 An island of paradox 2.2 Svalbard ecosystem

7 MATERIALIZATION AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION

3 AVALANCHE SCENARIO

7.1 Voxel to architecture 7.2 Materialization process 7.3 Hybridized building

4 DECOMMISSIONING 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Multi scale analysis ML material detection Detection process Classification logic Decommissioning catalogue

5 STUDY OF TYPOLOGY 5.1 Hybridization approach 5.2 Norwegian floor plan 5.3 Architectural typology and spaces 5.4 Nostalgia in architecture: Dark side of the moon 5.5 Multiple objective solution 5.6 Initial design approach

8 GENERATIVE ARCHITECTURAL EXQUISITE CADAVRE 8.1 Multiple generative process 8.2 The final mode 8.3 Identity in architecture

9. B-PRO SHOW: 78°13’N 15°39’E SVALBARD 9.1 Concept 9.2 Digital optimization 9.3 Narrative

10 THE SYSTEM IN THE POST ANTHROPOCENE 10.1 Climigration and paradoxical situation 10.2 Case studies 10.3 Hybridization case study in Java Central, Indonesia: a market and an oil station

APPENDIX Environmental burden and initial design approach

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Decommissioning Svalbard

3.1 Avalanche scenario 3.2 The three phases and site

Chapter 1 Introduction

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Chapter 1 Introduction - Project Overview

Img1. Svalbard U shape landscape, Longyearbyen, Svalbard. February 23, 2020.

Img2. Svalbard Satellite Station, Svalbard, February 23, 2020.

Img3. Eiscat Svalbard Radar, Longyearbyen, Svalbard. February 23, 2020.

Longyearbyen, Svalbard is located at the bottom of the ravine, and there is only a tiny area with human intervention. In Img.1, only the small area in the middle of the picture is the area where people live. While the topography makes up sublime scenery, it also is one of the causes of high avalanche risk. Although Svalbard locates at the end of the earth, the two satellite station (Img.2

and 3) which are the large scale facilities of the world connect with all over the world by offering various high-tech information, and these create a vernacular industrial landscape. In other words, Svalbard has both environmental and cultural significance for the world.

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STARTING FROM LOGISTICS IN THE ARCTIC

THE PARADOX BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT EFFECT AND PROFIT DRIVEN ECONOMY

Ran Mo, Maaya Harakawav, Nutthapol Pimpasak, Jin Wang

Objectives

The project explores the paradoxical situation between profit-driven society and environmental destruction as well as climigration as a result of this phenomena. The project tries to consider how nostalgic factor could optimize in architectural design as a representation of place identity, which cultivated by local climate and culture.

The project operates in Longyearbyen, Svalbard where is the northernmost city of the world. The town is called the island of paradox because it is wavering between ecological importance and geopolitical importance as a remote island of Norway. Furthermore, super high avalanche risk in this area is accelerated by climate change which the local people will need to migrate safe place. That is why the project aims to mitigate this contradicted situation by designing the new architecture which people could migrate safer area with their trace of the past life and less environmental burden.

A methodology

As a methodology of the project, we employ machine learning material detection, a study of the hyper typology and binary codes with voxelization and material application from abandoned building to a new building which the project proposed. In this town, Norwegian government plans to decommission facilities inside of high avalanche risk area. Thus, the project uses these materials from decommissioned building for the new building by detecting through machine learning and cataloguing its property as a database. The new building

Expected contribution

Since climmigration is not a specific issue but global issue, the project believes that the methodology would contribute worldwide. Thus, the project is still ongoing to researches and test its utility to move forward. This methodology proposes an opportunity to reconsider climate issue as well as the life span of materials, and it might bring innovated way to tackle degrowth society to see current profit-driven society critically through the Internet of Building things.

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Decommissioning Svalbard

The site of the project

is a result of the hybridization of a multi-building based on working time and user population to make the best use of the remaining area in Longyearbyen due to avalanche risk.

The hybridization is executed through voxelization with the six-digit binary code which involves spatial and structural information influenced by the logic of Wave Function Collapse, and the process proposes voxel-bashing.

Additionally, nostalgic factor and typologies in the town are combined into the design through algorithmic optimization.

Finally, the voxel-bashing applies material from the decommissioned catalogue based on the property of the material and the binary code. The new building is an aggregation of the trace in the town but looks new, and this methodology which brings unimagined result basis on digital language and the hyper typology can be called exquisite architectural cadaver.

Chapter 1 Introduction - Theoretical Background

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Img.1 Installation view by Formafantasma

Img.2 Tarot card

Img.3 Nakagin capsule tower

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De-growth: Anti-consumerism, aging society and Internet of building things

1 AMO. (2011, January). Construction on materials lifespan in years. Amsterdam, The Netherland: Stichting Archis.

2 Badano, R., Lewin, R., Grabowska, N., Studio Formafantasma, & Serpentine Gallery. (2020). Formafantasma Cambio. London, The United Kingdom: Serpentine Gallery.

3 WWW.METASITU.COM. (2014). Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/document/d/14Cw3ntzU3rZ4FRNinLtFtRzI MJrzHHOhu0nG4kp5J30/edit

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Decommissioning Svalbard

Img.1 Darrell,G. Formafantasma, Cambio (Installation view 4, Serpentine Galleries, 4 March – 17 May 2020) Retrieved from: “https://www.ft.com/content/65dbd11a-d9a411e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17” Img.2 Playing card by WWW.METASITU. COM. (2014). Retrieved from https://docs. google.com/document/d/14Cw3ntzU3rZ4FR NinLtFtRzIMJrzHHOhu0nG4kp5J30/edit Img.3 Nakagin capsel tower designed by Kisho Kurokawa Retrieved from: “https:// mosimosi-memo.at.webry.info/201904/ article_2.html”

De-growth is an ideology to see the current profit drive society critically which cause environmental destruction. De-growth insists to decrease consumption and production. That is to say, the idea’s priorities are ecological well-being not over-production and development. Recently the idea is paid attention more than past and many people starts to conscious the importance of that attitudes towards the earth because of the recent serious climate change. The Arctic might be the best place to see both environmental destruction as well as the consciousness of De-growth direction through such as oil and gas drilling and tensioned territorialisation with the movement to save natural resources.

In architectural filed, according to Millona who is an architectural researcher , there is also a movement to reconsider architectural design under that capitalist society, and many architects try to see an alternative way. Also, they try to see the role of architects in a world of De-growth. Recently, material utilization is often discussed combined with the topic because material is one of the most harmful part of architecture and construction field. The tree are continuously cut and used, and the processing stage emit CO2. That is why such as material sustainability, reuse material are subject when De-growth is discussed in this area. Koolhaas has published his research regarding longevity of material1 to discuss how architects need to treat these aging by using Nakagin Capsel tower as an example (Img2). Additionally, product design practice unit Forma Fantasma held an exhibition called Cambio2. In this exhibition, through the process of deforestation, logistics and processing, they made a discussion regarding sustainability of material criticize mass non-conscious consumption. On the other hand, architectural practice unit Metasitu3 see the De-growth as a new direction of urban development with human’s emotional aspect such as nostalgia and their identity. They tries to create discourse regarding De-growth for normal people through a card game workshop which need to consider their own cities development. What the unique point is they also tries to tackle shrinking city due to the aging of society.

As these practice suggest, now is turning point of architectural and urban design to seek the way to coexisting with nature and environment. Thus, in this project we tries to offer the opportunity to discuss De-growth by experimenting alternative way of using material. Also, how city and architecture can develop with some nostalgia and memory in the coming age of shrinking society. As a methodology, the project also propose Internet of building things which is the way to optimize building through computational and algorithmic design based on automation system.

Chapter 2 An Island Of Paradox - Project Objectives And The Dynamic Time Line

The project objective

The project: Decommissioning Svalbard

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Environmental Law

Geopolitical Condition

Can not build 100 m around preserved building

Continuous conflict regarding sovereignty of the Arctic

Preserve the building made before 1946

The Arctic as a mecca of resorces The need of Svalbard

40 Homese are evacuated because of avalanche risk

The living area is estimated to decrease due to the avalanche

Avalanche Risk

Digital Mitigation

Img1. The diagram of the project aim and contribution

shift of the site. Furthermore, since the workflow employs robotics system, it can reduce energy and resources consumption. The workflow itself is not a site-specific but a placeless system which can be applied to any site. However, the target and the result of the optimization would be indigenous elements of the site.

The project is conducted based on the workflow (Img2) which starting from decommissioning the building made after 1946, which does not protect by the environmental law to keep it. What the unique point of the workflow is that it is a circulate system update by the digital catalogue which keep decommissioned materials because by adopting the system, the project can respond conditions

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The project work flow

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The process is initiated by first conducting a physical and digital survey, used to generate a non-prescriptive taxonomy of parts.

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The project cannot use building made before 1946 because these are protected by environmental law as a cultural heritage.

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Building made after 1946

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The process is initiated by first conducting a physical and digital survey, used to generate a non-prescriptive taxonomy of parts.

The entire work-flow considers an ongoing process where decommissioning and building operate in parallel time-lines. Therefore, as parts are used to build, decommissioned parts are added to the catalog resulting in undetermined outcomes that are guided by the preceding logics.

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Catalog

The discrete elements are then classified in a multi dimensional matrix. One order proceeds from Volume, to Surface to Linear element. Another order precedes through materiality, structural capacity and inherent performative quality.

7 Fabrication Based on the scale of parts being assembled (Volume/Surface/Line/Particle) Different on-site construction machines are deployed crane and robot arm respectively.

6 Material application

5 Voxelization

The voxel-bashing which is the result of voxelization process applies material from the decommissioning catalog with assembling logic transformed from voxel to architectural scale.

The final building assembles material based on six digit spatial and structural information in each voxel involve.

After the decommissioning process, the voxelized targeted building is analyzed its spatial condition. The voxel result uses a binary classification to reassemble with other targeted building which has availability to be hybridized with. Original spatial quality and some part of architectural shape keeps in the new building.

Img2. The project working process

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Decommissioning Svalbard

8 Dynamic timeline

Chapter 1 Introduction - The Arctic Circle 66° 33’N

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

The Arctic circle and the detective wall

Img.1 The detective wall, London. November23, 2020.

Geopolitics

Mecca of resources

Profit drive society

Logistic activities Climate fluctuation Img.2 The situation surrounding profit driven society

The project started with capturing a big picture of the Arctic circle by using a detective wall. The starting point was logistic activities. As a result of the research, we defined four keywords: Mecca of resources, geopolitics, climate fluctuation and logistic activities and these relationships with the causal connection.

The character of our society as a profit-driven economy is a trigger of all elements. Since there are abundant undermined resources such as oil and gas inside of the Arctic circle1, many countries pay closer attention more than the past because the sea ice melting is opening up an opportunity to access these resources. Because of this circumstance, logistic activities like militarisation and shipping are activated and its rising geopolitical tension. As a result of these issues, ecological devastation is getting worse.

1 Lindholt, L. (2006, December). Arctic natural resources in a global perspective. The Economy of the North, 27-39.

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Img.5

1 Anonymous. (2009, July 02). New internationalist. Retrieved April 2020, from THE ARCTIC: A HISTORY: https://newint.org/features/2009/07/01/ arctic-history Img.3 Map of the Arctic circle Img.4 Dutch whalers near Spitsbergen (Abraham Storck, 1690) Img.5Logo of Arctic council Img.6 Satellite-based maps of annual minimum (top row) and maximum (bottom row) Arctic sea ice concentration in 1979 (left side) and 2013 (right side).

Maps by Josh Stevens, NASA Earth Observatory.

Img.4

Img.6

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Decommissioning Svalbard

Img.3

The eight Arctic nations: Russia, United States, Norway, Denmark, Canada, Finland, Sweden and Iceland which have the sovereignty of lands inside of the Arctic circle (Img.1) belong to the Arctic council (Img.2). The Arctic Council is the high-level intergovernmental forum to govern the Arctic circle, and also six indigenous communities belong as permanent participants.

Explorations of the Arctic was started in the 9th century by the Viking. After the discovery of the potential of opulent undermined resources in the Arctic was found at the end of the 19th century, the area’s environment has been destructed by exploitations.

The sea ice around the north pole has melted considerably by comparing the sea ice in 1979 and 2013(Img.4)1.

Chapter 1 Introduction - The Arctic Circle 66° 33’N

Arctic resources races Disputes over territorial sovereignty LOGISTIC ROUTE

SEA TERRITORY

MILITARY BASE

Img2 New Shipping Routes

FISHING AREA

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Atlantic cod/Atlantic salmon/ Arctic cod/ Polar cod

ICE THICKNESS

SEA DEPTH

Img3 The location of ongoing logistic activity

OIL AND GAS

PERMAFROST

Img4 Estimated 30% Of World’s Undiscovered Natural Resources

ARCTIC CIRCLE

The Arctic is rich in resources, so many countries want to take it for themselves, so icebreakers have begun to use a lot. In the past, more and more ships have reached the Arctic, and human activities have caused damage to the Arctic environment.

With the new 1982 law which allowed countries to extend their continental shelf beyond the 200nm default mark, the world got an opportunity to expand their territories and venture into unexplored resource pool.

Img1 Multiple Arctic resources and logistic activity

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The maritime territory and the extension of continental shelf

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img1. The maritime territory of the Arctic circle

Canada

Denmark

Iceland

High sea

Russia

USA

Norway

Over lapped area

Claimed extension territory

Eligibility criteria

Fact finding and submission

Assessment

Img2. The continental shelf assessment process (Reprinted from: https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/clcs_home.htm)

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EEZ zone

Sovereign right over territory

Chapter 1 Introduction - The Arctic Circle 66° 33’N And Scenario

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Since the Arctic circle is the so-called mecca of resources, the sovereignty of the territory inside of the Arctic circle is a crucial strategy for all countries. Although the border is prominent, the maritime border is more complicated than the land one because the rule is fragile. Some states have been trying to insist on their maritime territory unofficially due to the circumstance. It has been effecting to make the tension between the countries. The main issue of the marine border is the rule of extension of the continental shelf.

Continental shelf is a part of countries landmass(Img.5), only covered by ocean starts at baseline and ending at the deep ocean. After 12nm of the territorial sea, Every country gets 200nm of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) marking its maritime border by default under UN Convention on Law of the Sea. This continental shelf can be extended up to 60nm from the maritime boundary (Img.3). If in case, the maritime border doesn’t coincide with the 200nm mark the extension can be up to 350 nm from the baseline(Img.4).

UNCLCS is the body that assesses these continental shelf claims. Group of just scientists. Based on facts and data, do not involve in diplomatic issues. Take decisions based on Topographical and Geological similarities with the countries landmass(Img.2). As a result of the rule complexity, there remains some overlapped territory that need an agreement between countries.

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Img.1

Img.2

Img.1 The rule of extension of continental shelf (Reprinted from: https://www.spf.org/ tairikudana/01important/definition.php) Img.2 The rule of extension of continental shelf(Reprinted from: https://www.spf.org/ tairikudana/01important/definition.php) Img.3 Natural character of continental shelf (Reprinted from: https://www.spf.org/ tairikudana/01important/definition.php)

Img.3

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Scenario This diagram shows the brief scenario of the project to represent the focus point. The Arctic as a scope, the research of the project starts from what profit driven society brings and affects to our society. Climigration and lost of place identity are key role to conduct the project. The rapid development of the society brought massive impact towards environment as well as conditions of resources. Many countries paying attention to the Arctic, which is rich in resources. It accelerate territorialization and logistical

Profit driven society

Resources race

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

activity, and it affects condition in Arctic.

Longyearbyen, Svalbard represent this situation a lot through the paradoxical situation between sovereignty and environmental importance as well as high avalanche risk. Some residents in the town needs to migrate due to avalanche risk, which is typical situation of climigration.

Also, they are facing the lost of their nostalgic landscape. The project tackle this situation with the several technical and theoretical methodology.

Resources Shortage

Climate change

The environmental Law

Avalanche Risk

Flood

Decommissioning Svalbard

Sovereignty Importance

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Decommissioning Svalbard

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project Climigration case studies

The binary code

Hyper Typology

Decommissioning Catalogue

Theoretical approach

Multi scale material Detection

Mitigation target Wave function Collapse

Causal correlation Img4.The scenario of the project

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Aging of material

Anti-consumerism

Internet of building Things

Chapter 2 An island of paradox

Chapter 2 An Island Of Paradox - An Island Of Paradox

Chapter 2 AN ISLAND OF PARADOX

Profit driven society

Resources race

Rich resources

Rapid development

Environmental Destruction

Territorialization

Resources Shortage

Logistic activity

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Img2 The morning grow in Longyearbyen

Climate change

Flood

Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Soil erosion

Avalanche Risk

Climigration

The paradox

Img3 The after grow in Longyearbyen

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Decommissioning Svalbard

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project

The binary code

Hyper Typology

Decommissioning Catalogue

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

Climigration case studies Mitigation target Causal correlation

Img1.

Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

The scenario of the project

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Anti-consumerism

Internet of building Things

This chapter introduces the situation surrounding Longyearbyen, Svalbard and the reason why Svalbard is called the island of paradox.

There is much pristine nature. Also, the area has significance to keep the sovereignty towards the Arctic circle as a remote island of Norway. Thus, this area is wavering between the importance of environment and geopolitics. Svalbard time-line (p.22) indicate the history of Svalbard, which has been struggling with the paradox.

Svalbard ecosystem (p.24) describes how the environment is protected as well as how the area keeps global connection through logistics.

Location of Longyearbyen, Svalbard

Arctic Ocean

Greenland

Greenland Sea Barents Sea

Russia

Sweden Norway

Finland

Decommissioning Svalbard

Svalbard

Longyearbyen, Svalbard Norway 78°13′N 15°38′E Population: 2368 Area: 242.9 km² Longyearbyen is the northernmost town of the world. It is a Norwegian archipelago, but the law and legal system in Svalbard are based on Svalbard treaty and not under the Norwegian law. Spitzbergen is only inhabited island, and other islands are almost barren land. The main settlement is Longyearbyen and here is called researcher town. Many researchers from all over the world live in the town.

Img4. Three scale map of Longyearbyen, Svalbard

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1194 The Viking theory It is said that Viking are called this island as Cold-edge. Svalbard was named due to this theory.

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Population in Svalbard by sex and age

The portrait of John Longyear

Annual temparature in Svalbard

1905 Starting of lobbying Norwegian government begun lobbying for sovereignty of Svalbard.

Regardless of family sizes, most of residence has one or two stories wit triangular roof.

1600 Explorations by flying-boat In this age, many explorations were done by flying ship.

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Spitsbergen and Svalbard during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).

Portion of 1599 map of Arctic exploration by Willem Barentsz.

In 1900, the first coal mine was opened, and few years later John Longyear opened the first mining company in Svalbard(Longyearbyen).

This is the estimated avalanche high risk area map. It projects considerable area are faced serious risk of catastrophy.

1611 The beginning of whale hunting Due to the need of fat and oil in Europe, Whale huntings around the Svalbard was started by Britain.

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1194 Uncertain discovery Norwegian historians insisted that Norse seamen had found Svalbard. However, there is no scientific evidence which can support this hypothesis.

1400 The beginning of the exploration British and Dutch started exploration to fine new sea-route across the Arctic.

1596 Finding of Svalbard Svalbard(Spitsbergen) was officially founded in 1596 by William Barentz’ expeditions, and it was first written in the map.

1618 A separated lands Britain and Dutch split the land of Svalbard in half.

1820 The first port Norway built the first port called Hammerfest in the Arctic and hunting was accelerated. Almost 100000 whale was killed until this year.

1900 The beginning of coal mining Coal mining and mineral exploration was started. At the same time, land claim and geology begins.

1905 The first coal mine company The first coal mine company was established by John Longyear, and his name became derivation of city Longyearbyen.

1945 An international research platform Svalbard became international research platform.

1973 Environmental Protection Act The purpose of this Act is to preserve a virtually untouched environment in Svalbard with respect to continuous areas of wilderness, landscape, flora, fauna and cultural heritage.

1996 EISCAT EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) is a studies the interaction between the sun and the earth.

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The lowest temperature is -21℃

po com one m) 0m (500

1760 The beginning of scientific research Explorations ended, and scientific explorations was started instead.

1920 The Svalbard treaty The Svalbard treaty was signed up. As a result of it, Svalbard became part of Norway, and the other things was regulated such as military restriction and environmental conservation.

Live in Svalbard Norway

John Munro Longyear,Sr. was an American businessman who became the central figure behind the Arctic Coal Company, which surveyed and mined coalfields on Spitsbergen, now Svalbard, from 1905 to 1916.

Svalbard Satellite Station Operater: Kongsberg Satellite Services User: Private campany Provide satelite data

Svalbard Environmental Protection Act

1944 Norway vs Soviet Union Soviet Union insisted that Soviet Union also should have the responsibility towards Svalbard.

1946 Norway and Russia After the cold war, Norway and Russia went back to Svalbard and started to rebuilt. Both countries aimed to having the land for geopolitical reason.

Svalbard Environmental Protection Act

Reference: https://www.mindmeister.com/ja/840535531/th e-history-of-svalbard-timeline?fullscreen=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Svalbar d http://www.thedockyards.com/norsemen-in-sval bard/

2050-2150 The avalanche risk The area is threatened by super high avalanche risk. In the near future many area will be a hazardous avalanche zone which people cannot live.

nt pone mm) 00 com one m-100 0m (800

Live in the mainland Norway A security zone shall extend for 100 metres in all detections from the visible or known perimeter, unless the Governor prescribes that it shall be delimited differently.

Feet cover

1960 End of coal mining Coal mine in Ny-Alesund was closed down for good. Other coal mine also started to close.

1973 Normalization “Normalization” was a term coined in the 1970s to transform Longyearbyen from a company town to a regular community.

2002 Svalbard Environmental law It is said one of the strictest environmental law established by local council which regulate to preserve old building as well as pristine nature.

Iceland

Feet under the house

EISCAT Svalbard Radar Operater: European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) User: International researcher Observe aurora zone

Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway 78°13’ N 15°39’ E

2017 Arctic World Archive The Arctic World Archive is a facility for data preservation in Svalbard. The data all of the world is stored.

2020 Svalbard now Svalbard is one of the island in Norway. Now there are 2667 people live in here.

The largest non-Norwegian groups are Russia, Ukraine and Poland. The main industries are coal mining, tourism and research.

EISCAT Svalbard Radar Operater: European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association(EISCAT) User: International researcher Observe aurora zone

Svalbard timeline 2020- Decommissioning Svalbard The project approaches this circumstance by proposing digitally mitigated building for people to continue to live Longyearbyen.

Triangular roof

Russia The US

Carbon footprint per person in Svalbard is ten times higher than people in the mainland Norway. The main reason is that they have to import most of the daily necessities Map of Arctic circle with EEZ zone(maritime territory) The density of maritime teriitory(EEZ) is very high around North pole.

- The land use plan , or parts of it should be revised as circumstances require. The instance responsible for land-use planning should asses whether plans need to be revised at least every four years. ( Section49)

The coal mining has been the key industry at Svalbard ever since Norway won sovereignty over the archipelago in 1920. There is Russian and Ukraniane company and Norwegian company run coal mine company.

Two stories/ One stories

Illustration from a 16th century chronicle entitled ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus’ ( ‘The History of the Northern Peoples’ ) by Olaus Magnus, depicting a group of Norsemen transporting their longship on land.

Not to heat the ground to protect snow surface, the architectures in the Svalabard have feet. Also it is coverd by woods.

-When an ativity or parts thereof are discontinued, the head of undertaking shall at his own expense remove from the area all surface installations, alll waste and other remains that are not protected structures and sites under Chapter. The area shall as far as possible be restored to its original condition (Section 64)

Canada

Denmark

EEZ zone of each countries

Manmade artifact which made before 1946 in Svalabard have to be untouched. A protection order includes fixed inventry (cup boards, stoces etc.)

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Chapter 2 An Island Of Paradox - An Island Of Paradox

The highest temperature is 7℃

The first map of Svalbard

The paradoxical value in Longyearbyen

Avalanche catastrophe

Geopolitical value

Img1 The scenery from the top of the mountain in Longyearbyen

Img2. The abandoned building due to an avalanche catastrophe

The area remain a lot of pristine nature, also there nature is fragile towards climate fluctuation.

The area is facing serious avalanche risk, as well as decreasing of living area.

The area has a strategically important place for Norwegian government as a remote island.

Svalbard, Longyearbyen has been wavering between the gravity of environmental protection and geopolitics. Also, the area is facing decreasing living areas because of high avalanche risk.

Environmental law in Svalbard is one of the strictest environmental regulation of the world to protect nature in this archipelago as well as keep the legacy of industrial development. Also, another reason, the government change its direction after the flourish of coal mining. As an alternative way of mining to keep people in this area, the government choose it to be a researcher town of nature.

For example, no one can deconstruct and construct a new building around the building before1946 under the law.

Avalanche risk and Longyearbyen are in an inseparable relationship due to the unique U-shape valley geo-condition. On the one hand, the catastrophe becomes more severe year by year because of climate change. The local government is monitoring the condition and publish the map of hazardous avalanche zone to prevent tragedies which have happened the past. Furthermore, they have announced that the area which will be covered by the dangerous avalanche zone is mandatorily decommissioned. Global warming gives an enormous impact on this uncertain situation.

Svalbard is geopolitically crucial for Norwegian government because the location works to keep a strong influence towards inside of the Arctic circle. The Arctic is told a Mecca of resources that so many countries have been paying attention. By keeping Svalbard as Norwegian territory, they can access these resources.

That is why the area had been the area of political conflict, and some part is still ongoing. For example, Russia is still keeping some Russian economy based site in Svalbard as they may monitoring some possibilities. Thus, although the area’s environmental burden (Ecological footprint) is ten times more than living in mainland Norway, the government have to keep the population in the archipelago.

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Img3. The scenery with water pipe in Longyearbyen

Decommissioning Svalbard

Environmental value

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Chapter 2 An Island Of Paradox - Svalbard Ecosystem

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Decommissioning Svalbard

Img1. The Svalbard ecosystem

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Chapter 3

Avalanche scenario

Chapter 3 Avalanche Scenario - Avalanche Scenario

Chapter 3 AVALANCHE SCENARIO

Profit driven society

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Resources race

Resources Shortage

Climate change

Flood

Sovereignty Importance

Soil erosion

Avalanche Risk

The environmental Law

The paradox

Climigration Img2. Agence Franc-Presse. (2015, 20 Sep). Fatal avalanche buries houses in Norway’s Arctic Svalbard archipelago. The Guardian, Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2015/dec/20/fatal-avalanche-buries-houses-in-norways-arctic-svalbard-archipelago Lost of place identity Technical approach

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle

Decommissioning Svalbard

Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project Climigration case studies

The binary code

Hyper Typology

Decommissioning Catalogue

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

Mitigation target Causal correlation

Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

Anti-consumerism

Img1. The scenario of the project

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Internet of building Things

Chapter3 talks about super high avalanche risk in Longyearbyen to introduce the reason why we propose a specific strategy of the design, which will present in the next chapter. In the research we mainly conduct how the landscape will change due to The considerable area of the town is estimated to be covered by hazardous avalanche zone, and if it covered the building inside of the area need to decommission.

Thus, the avalanche issue is inseparable when thinking about life in Longyearbyen. Climate change can be said it has accelerated the concern more than the past, and it does not only issue for human but other animals. There are many rare species, so the acceleration of avalanche risk might harm Longyearbyen ecosystem.

Short term avalanche risk estimation and decommissioned buildings This illustration Shows what types function of buildings may be demolished in different years, and if it is residential, how much people will lose their home Total climigrate population 470

Total climigrate population 0

Img4. Prediction after 40 years

Img3. Prediction after 20 years

Total climigrate population 575

Total climigrate population 770

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img5. Prediction after 60 years

Snowfall data

Total amount

Img6. Prediction after 80 years

Temperature data

-Length of cold/thaw -Daily Maximum

Wind data

After research, we found that many factors determine the speed and range of avalanches or landslides. According to this data, we want to know in which area buildings may be demolished or collapse, which makes it easier to analyze and use these building materials, so we divided avalanche range in every 20 years, Then Overlapping these information and maps predict the degree of hazardous zones for every 20 years.

Orientation

-Mean Daily Maximum -Accumulated Maximum

High probability

Ram resistance

Snow wetness

-General avalanche Warning all slopes > 25

Low probability -Cliffs -Smooth slopes -Slopes > 40 -Catchment

Img7. Method of calculation

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Chapter 3 Avalanche Scenario - The Three Phases And Site

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Long term avalanche risk estimation

Img1. Longyearbyen topography of with the worst case avalanche scenario

Img2. The U shaped valley looking down from the hill top

Avalanche risk is inseparable factor in the town. Its’ unique U shaped valley (Img2) which formed by the process of glaciation is one of the reason why the area is endangered by the risk. On

the other hand, climate change also gives a huge impact on this phenomena, so that the risk estimation is more and more obstacle than the past.

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Phase 1: 2050 Gross foot print area: 162,400m² Gross volume: 1,462,000m³ Gross accessible land area: 1,893,500m²

Img3. The avalanche scenario phase1

Phase 2: 2100

Decommissioning Svalbard

Gross foot print area: 159,280m² Gross volume: 1,434,000m³ Gross accessible land area: 1,815,500m²

Phase 1 : 2050 Gross foot print area: 162,400㎡ Gross volume: 1,462,000㎡ Gross accessible land area: 1,893,500㎡

Img6. The site for the project

(㎥) [m²]

Img4. The avalanche scenario phase2

Phase 3: 2150 Gross foot print area: 136,970m² Gross volume: 1,233,000m³ Gross accessible land area: 1,788,500m²

2100K 2100K

2000K 2000K

Phase 2 : 2100

1900K 1900K

1800K 1800K

Gross foot print area: 159,280㎡ Gross volume: 1,434,000㎡ Gross accessible land area: 1,815,500㎡

1700K 1700K

2020 2020

2050 2050

Img7. The decrease level of accessible area in Longyearbyen

To understand how much the town will be affected by the avalanche, the project conducts the more research after defining short term scenario (p.29) and define three phases of the climigration due to the avalanche risk. Although the each span of the phase is long, we can see the land area

Img5. The avalanche scenario phase3

Phase 3 :2150 Gross foot print area: 136,970 ㎡ Gross volume: 1,233,000㎡ Gross accessible land area: ㎡

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2100 2100

2150 2150

is apparently decrease. Also, the phase is made by the current research and estimation, thus the situation might become worse due to global warming. Based on the three phases, the project propose the site (Img6) building which will not be covered by the risk at least until 2150.

Chapter 4 Decommissioning

Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Multi Scale Analysis

Chapter 4 DECOMMISSIONING

Profit driven society

Resources race

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

Resources Shortage

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Climate change

Img2. Sample of the decommissioned building

Flood Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Soil erosion

Avalanche Risk

The paradox

Climigration

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Decommissioning Svalbard

Proposal of the project Climigration case studies Mitigation target Causal correlation

The binary code

Hyper Typology

Theoretical approach

Decommissioning Multi scale material Catalogue Detection Wave function Collapse

Aging of material Img1.The scenario of the project

Anti-consumerism

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Internet of building Things

Img3. Sample of thermal camera detection

This chapter focuses on the decommissioning process that we propose. The purpose of the process is keeping decommissioned material to a digital catalogue with material properties to use them as a material for the new building which we design. The process starts with multi-scale detection (p.36), which include several methods such as microscope detection. The project aims to optimize machines like 3D scanner and drone to the process makes automation. The project mainly focuses on machine learning to detect material from images (p.37). Also, the project provides a provisional decommissioned catalogue with multi-purpose availability proposal.

Decommissioning target and multi scale detection

Factory

Residence

Church

Hospital

Decommissioning Svalbard

Office

Restaurant

Hotel

Img4. The building which will be decommissioned

In the decommissioning process, target buildings which will be decommissioned due to the avalanche risk is investigated by multiple physical and digital method. The data through this process is kept as a catalogue to reuse

for new buildings by combining with manual material property research. The target buildings are from residential to factory. This project mainly introduce material detection process by employing machine learning logic.

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Multi Scale Analysis

Objective of the multi scale analysis and estimated result

multi scale analysis

Photographing (Thermal camera)

Microscope detection

Photographing (Normal camera)

Spatial detection

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Cellular detection

ML detection (Semantic segmentation)

Property data research

Particle detection

3D scanning

Img1. Multi scale detection diagram with detection samples

Digital measurement (Measure app)

RC1-Decommissioning Svalbard Thermal detection Photographing ML detection Ran Mo/ Maaya Harakawa/ Jin Wang/ Nutthapol Pimpasak

Property data research

Micro scope detection

It is done by manually through the text, and other research method to combine with other detection result.

The detection uses micro scope camera to see the detail to distinguish similar material.

Similar to micro scope, it also need to distinguish brief difference and character of material.

It is a process to feed them to machine learning process.

It need precise constrain and structure. We use drone.

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It is done autonatically and the preciseness is increase by repeating the detection.

3D scanning and digital measurement The process is mainly to detect material's scale and size as precise as possible.

Machine learning detection method and objectives

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Img2 Machine learning detection interior sample

Img3 Machine learning detection interior sample2

In this machine learning process, the project tries to detect material and member combination of the building from interior and exterior image. The detection results are kept to a material catalogue as a candidate for the new building material. First of all, the project define what kind of image it will detect

Img4 Machine learning detection exterior sample

. Then, choose what word will be label, and it became material name+ member like "mahogany + column. By employing Detectron2, which is a built-in command-line tool, to create machine learning model for this project.

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Ml Material Detection

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Estimated dataset for interior detection

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Estimated dataset for structural dataset

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Ml Material Detection

Structure of Mask-RCNN model

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RPN

Mask Branch

CNN Box regression

Classification

Img1. Structure of Mask-RCNN applied the detection target

Mask-RCNN is extends Faster R-CNN by adding a branch for predicting an object mask in parallel with the existing branch for bounding box recognition.

Mask R-CNN is simple to train and adds only a small overhead to Faster R-CNN, running at 5 fps. Also, it is a deep neural network aimed to solve instance segmentation problem in machine learning or computer vision.

In other words, it can separate different objects in a image or a video. You give it a image, it gives you the object bounding boxes, classes and masks.

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There are two stages of Mask RCNN. First, it generates proposals about the regions where there might be an object based on the input image. Second, it predicts the class of the object, refines the bounding box and generates a mask in pixel level of the object based on the first stage proposal. Both stages are connected to the backbone structure. 1 1 Zhang, X. (2018, April 22). Simple Understanding of Mask RCNN. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://medium.com/@alittlepain833/simple-understanding-of-mask-rcnn134b5b330e95

Training dataset and label Training dataset

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img2. Training dataset

As a execution test, the project decide starting to teach just one label which is wood + column combination towards interior

pictures from Shinnkennchiku data1. We fixed size to be the 1

新建築データ . (n.d.). Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://

same and pick up several tone images to have variations. shinkenchiku-data.com/

Candidate label

Img3. Labelling candidate to detect architectural member

Img4.Labelling candidate to detect architectural material

Insulation/ Interior wall/ Exterior wall/ Window/ Window frame/ Roof/ Building Service/ Joining/ Foundation/ Beams/ Slabs/ Columns/ Celling/ Floor/ Door

Hard wood/ Soft wood/ Glass/ Fibre glass/ Foam/ Metal/ Plastic/ Tile/ Bricks/ Concrete/ Mortar/ Marble/ Stone/ Slate

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Ml Material Detection

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Training result

Img1. The screen shot of teaching dataset and the result of 300 learning iteration

It is a process of learning datasets by using Decetron2. The code shows the result of 300 times of learning repetition. It offers an amount of iteration, the result and the times

to know and the amount of loss. This result appears in every learning iteration process.

Through this data, people can understand how the result is improved and so on.

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Execution result by each teaching iteration

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img2.300 times iteration detection result

Img3.1000 times iteration detection result

Img5.300 times iteration accuracy percentage graph

Img6.1000 times iteration accuracy percentage graph

It shows how the result become more and more accurate by increasing an iteration amount. For example, while, the accuracy of 300 hundred iteration result shows around 88% accuracy, 1000

times one shows approximately 92%, and 2000 times shows over 96%. Addition to the percentage, the segmentation results shows clear difference by the iteration. 300 iteration looks mess and it

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Img4. 2000 times iteration detection result

Img7.2000 times iteration accuracy percentage graph

does not show any accuracy, but 2000 iteration somehow shows precise segmentation, which is improved from the 300 result.

Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Classification Logic

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Decommissioning

Img1. Building dismantling example diagram

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Material Property

Weight and size to apply

Toughness and elasticity for structure

Brittleness and ductility for structure

Ecological amount to decrease environmental burden

Number and 3D image for design and digitize

Img2. Decommissioning catalogue

Img3. Exploded model of the building

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The decommissioning catalogue offers multiple information for the material application. Not only application towards each architectural function but also provide the sustainable factor of material such as longevity. The catalogue is digitized and applies to the voxel-bashing (chapter6) to design the final building. It can be a material library to propose alternative utilization of material.

Decommissioning Svalbard

Life span for re-use and check the building longevity

Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Decommissioning Catalogue

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Decommissioning catalogue -Svalbard-

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Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Decommissioning Catalogue

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Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Decommissioning Catalogue

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3D decommissioning catalogue -Svalbard-

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img1. 3D decommissioning catalogue

Img2. Still picture of 3D decommissioning catalogue

The project designed the 3D decommissioning catalogue to use in the virtual world to find material quickly. Each material is being layout based on durability, hardness, brittleness and flexural strength. Thus, it is designed that

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users can choose from various parameter. 3D scanned image is employed to be displayed. This catalogue would also contribute to the future designing process which uses an AR/VR based method.

Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Decommissioning Catalogue

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Trans material utilization

Img1. Percentage of material utilization by four type

The trans-material utilization catalogue is used combining with the material catalogue. Based on each material property, the catalogue proposes the possibility of various utilization not based on its original

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function. Materials would get more opportunity to reuse by employing the catalogue. The four types are based on the material catalogue classification.

Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Decommissioning Catalogue

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Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 4 Decommissioning - Decommissioning Catalogue

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Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 5 Study of typology

Chapter 5 Study Of Typology, Hybridization Approach

Chapter 5 STUDY OF TYPOLOGY

Profit driven society

Resources race

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

Resources Shortage

Img2. Collection of multi purpose architectural space

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Climate change

Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Flood

Avalanche Risk

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Img3. Sample of Norwegian floor plan study

Decommissioning Svalbard

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard

The binary code

Proposal of the project

Decommissioning Catalogue

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

Hyper Typology

Climigration case studies Mitigation target

Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

Anti-consumerism

Internet of building Things

Causal correlation

Img1.

The scenario of the project

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In this chapter, the project introduces a hybrid method of land usage, the study of the typology and digital solution which employed GH solution and an initial design approach based on the survey. As regards to the avalanche risk, the project suggests hybridization of building to use limited land in Longyearbyen. The hybrid combination is defined by the working time of each building and avalanche phase.

The study of typology also contributes to propose optimized building for Norwegian culture. Furthermore, the study helps the project to consider the method through Social Networking Service to keep a nostalgic sense of a building.

Decommissioned volume due to the avalanche risk

1

2

3

The total volume which will be de-constructed because of the avalanche risk

The volume which is needed to reconstruct due to avalanche risk.

The available construction volume.

The deficit volume subtract the available volume from the lost volume.

4

5

6

7

Define available volume which can hybridize.

Combine the deficit volume and existing volume.

The new hybridized volume which can satisfy multiple purpose.

The necessary volume can satisfy the condition in Longyearbyen with high avalanche risk.

Img4.The map which indicate buildings which overlapped with avalanche risk

The project proposes to hybridize existing buildings to cover the deficit volume due to the risk. It combines with an existing building to share spaces based on buildings working time with the population.

Img5.Diagram of the hybridization approach

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Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 5 Study Of Typology, Hybridization Approach

Facility working time study

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The working time diagram shows the names of each function that are going to be decommissioned with number of area. According to an analysis of raw information about working time, the conclusion provides the suitable combination between different function. For instance, church and restaurant have 23% of suitability. Outer circle indicates specific function for the combined architecture, which is a basis for further design.

CHURCH + CLINIC + RESTAURANT -HIGH CEILING -FLOOR LOAD -OUTDOOR SPACE -SUNLIGHT -VENTILATION -PRIVACY

Img1.Working time diagram in Longyearbyen

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Architectural space typology

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img2 Img2.Spatial quality analysis diagram

The project tries to analyse architectural spatial quality. Based on the facilities in Longyearbyen, we define ten buildings types as an analysis target, which can be typical typology all over the world. What the tricky point is that spatial quality is

abstract. Although there are some contradiction and ambiguity, we choose seven categories with three broad categories: Space, Lighting and colour based on experience when people enter some architectural space.

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Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Norwegian Floor Plan

Norwegian floor plan typology

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As one of the Norwegian lifestyle survey, the project collects and analyse Norwegian floor plan ordering through the Norwegian property website. The floor plan is classified based on seven room types and coloured to see their tendency.

As a result of research, we found that most of the house put a balcony adjacent to the most massive bedroom and living room. Also, most of them have an entrance hole so that guest cannot enter the living room directly. Another reason of this layout would the cold environment in Norway to prevent cold wind from living room. Kitchen and bathroom, kitchen and living room tend to join each other. Furthermore, many houses have a bathroom just next to the entrance hole.

63sqm

32sqm

63sqm

38sqm

26sqm

44sqm

51sqm

48sqm

170sqm 1:300

84sqm 1:300

47.5sqm

21sqm

76sqm

45sqm

33sqm

36sqm

70sqm

115sqm 1:300

58sqm

48.5sqm

82sqm 1:300

34sqm

47sqm

89sqm 1:300

74sqm 1:300

26sqm

40sqm

77sqm 1:300

93.96sqm 1:300

34sqm

69sqm

56sqm

Stue=Living room

Terrasse=Terrace

Soverom=Bedroom

Kjokken=Kitchen

Bad=Bath room

Img1. Norwegian floor plan analysis(1:200). Source: Bygg hus med utleiedel. (2020, June 17). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://fiskarhedenvillan.no/inspirasjon/bygg-hus-med-utleiedel/ and etc.

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Entre/V.F=Entrance

Bot=Garage

Floor plan optimization

Connectivity

Decommissioning Svalbard

Footprints and orientation

Program

Img2. Hundred of Norwegian floor plan as input of GH test

Img3. GH algorithmic generative test based on floor plan, program and facility connectivity

Img4. Sample generated floor plan

The project tests algorithmic floor plan optimization by using the floor plans we have collected. First of all, the floor plans

are digitized and to be input as connectivity, footprints and orientation and program. Then by optimizing this data, the program suggests

“typical Norwegian floor plan�. The project uses this result for the final building design.

However, they still need further research.

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Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Nostalgia In Architecture

Nostalgia typology on the Internet

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Dark side of the moon/ dark side of the building

Img1. Image of nostalgia typology research through SNS “Dark side of the moon/ dark side of the building”

Nostalgia factor is one of the significant part of the project because it aims to seek how architectural design can contribute to optimize the trace of the life as well as place identity. However, defining place identity and nostalgia are complicated and difficult because of its abstract nature . Furthermore trying to understand and express in a physical way of them are also risky as these are basically untouchable factor. What the project employs as a test are research of Social Networking Service (SNS) as we

thought it can somehow show objective result of what people value towards a target, although it is sure that this result involve other factor and reason. In this test, the project choose three SNS and research the keyword “Svalbard church”, and we correct them and defined most of user see this side(Img1) as a light side of the building and rest is kind of dark side of the building. By using this dark side of the moon analogy, the project choose to keep this shape in an abstract way to start designing process.

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Decommissioning Svalbard

Img2. The result of the search with “Svalbard Church” on SNS

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Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Multiple Objective Solution

Center of Gravity Optimization Study

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Genetic Algorithm Design

Img1.Galapagos Solvers:Different Configurations based on different start parameters and factors.

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Sunlight Optimization Study Genetic Algorithm Design

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img2.Galapagos Solvers:Different Configurations based on different start parameters and factors.

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Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Initial Design Approach

Initial design approach Site Analysis

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Typological Architecture Study Building typology refers to the study and documentation of a set of buildings which have similarities in their type of function or form. There are two sides to the term “building typology”. The first is a functional typology that categorizes buildings by the similarity of their use into groups such as hospitals, schools, and shopping centres (see more examples in the list of building types by service).

The second is a typology that groups buildings according to their forms, which is explained in this article. Formal building typology may be based on configuration, format, or relationships of building to streets and each other.

Parametric Design Logic The first method for developing the shape of this mega structure is parametric design. With the definition of several essential factors, we tried to establish a relation between these factors and figures.

Figures could control several components in Houdini, which helps generate a unique shape.

There are two sides to the term “building typology”.

The first is a functional typology that categorizes buildings by the similarity of their use into groups such as hospitals, schools, and shopping centres.

The second is a typology that groups buildings according to their forms, which is explained in this article. Formal building typology may be based on configuration, format, or relationships of building to streets and each other.

Character

Pattern

Architecture

Classification

Decomission

Assembling

Img1.Diagram of Typological Architecture Study

Size: Space needed for functional area

Sphere

Transform

Coordinate: Base on analyzing & planning

Voxelize

Scatter

Density: Estimated population in specific area

Volume_trail

Img2.Diagram of Parametric Design Logic

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Length: Estimated construction period

Shape Generation

Research, deconstruct, design rooms/components manually. Use computation to calculate the best structure/sunlight with some limitation .Place rooms/components manually base on planning, then use computation adjust them.

Img4.Scatter

Img5.Volume Radiation

Img6.Volume Trail

Img7.Voxelize

Img8. Mesh

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Decommissioning Svalbard

Img3.Basic Geometry

Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Initial Design Approach

Model 1 Church, Warehouse, Research lab domized, then reaped it to match the weight we set for different parts in the city. (The Triangulate2D works for this case because we have points in essentially a 2D plane.)

After creating the curves, we set several simple rules to apple the pre-modeled parts to specific position and adjust the scale, so the output can meet the basic functional needs.

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One initial method the project used is generate a “abstract” shape according to the functional need and then try to “apply” physical module on it. We used Houdini to generate the shape by creating point trails from normal. A normal is an invisible vector line which points straight out from the center of a polygon face, surface normals are used to help determine which side of the surface is the front and which side is the back. To tell the points which direction to grow, the project abused the normal attribute to be ran-

Img1.Result of shape manipulation by Houdini to architectural transformation

Img2.The initial design model1

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The first scheme is inspired by using the concept of vertical function. The construction under vertical design concept is happened from the environmental issue which is losing the area from avalanche. Decommissioning the building and moving people from the dangerous area into safe area is a first idea, but the safe areas are not enough for everyone. Therefore, the

appropriate way to facilitate those people in limited area is vertical living. The basic rule of vertical design is core and the way to connect the new construction with old construction. Thus, the criteria to design is determination the connectible structure and the position of each function.

Bedroom type 1

Bedroom Type 2

Bedroom type 4

Img4. The idea of architectural manipulation from small material component

Img3.Rendered image of the initial building

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Decommissioning Svalbard

Bedroom type 3

Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Initial Design Approach

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Living Area

The living area is the representative of small hotel which consists of bedroom, kitchen and public space. And it is designed by using the concept of public building which has a service way to facilitate staffs.

The facade is also designed by taking the response to the context as a priority.

Img1.Living area of the initial design

1st Floor

Public space

Public Space

2nd floor

3rd floor

4th floor

Img.2.Living area of each floor for the initial design.

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Model 2 Church, Warehouse, Research lab

Decommissioning Svalbard

Another prototype we made for the collective building was trying to evolve it with urban planning methodology. By analysis and divide different zones like living zone, commercial zone, industrial zone and research zone, we convert this relationship from horizontal to vertical. Gas station, warehouse and electricity supply are allocated at the bottom to ensure heavy cargo or large volume of transportation; Church, restaurant and any other facilities which has strong connection with citizens are allocated at the middle, while UNIS and satellite station are set on the top, enhance their relevant research.

Resident houses are attached to the middle parts near main structure at this stage. There were less organizing or design so we considered some further study of floor plan typology for next stage.

Img3. Sample component (Satellite)

Img4. Sample component (Church) Img5. The initial design model2

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Chapter 5 Study Of Typology - Initial Design Approach

Img1. The view in Longyearbyen with the initial building

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Decommissioning Svalbard

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Chapter 6 Voxelization

Chapter 6 Voxelization -The Binary Classification Method Design And The Logic Of Manipulation

Chapter 6 VOXELIZATION

Profit driven society

Resources race

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

Resources Shortage

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Climate change

Img2. Initial test of voxelization and application of the binary code

Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Flood

Avalanche Risk

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Lost of place identity

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project

Hyper Typology

Technical approach

Decommissioning Catalogue

Decommissioning Svalbard

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

The binary code

Climigration case studies Mitigation target Causal correlation

Img1.

Img3. The binary code property of a targeted building

Aging of material

Wave function Collapse

Anti-consumerism

Internet of building Things

The scenario of the project

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Chapter 6 introduces the voxel manipulation process by using a binary code which we propose. The aim of the process is considering how architecture can keep nostalgia not a direct way but abstract way. Also, how hybrid building can be hybridised precisely in an exciting way. The chapter employs one of an algorithm to manipulate a shape or image by combining with some constrain which called Wave Function Collapse. The process starts by voxalize the targeted building to hybridise and apply the binary code to each voxel. Then, based on the binary code, these voxel is exploded and re-manipulate as a voxel-bashing to be applied material in the next chapter. Two and three building hybridisation tests are executed and analysed the result.

Design process theoretical and technological inspirations

Wave Function Collapse

Cloudfill

Rotor DC: reuse made easy

Img.1 The opening image Townscaper

Img.3 Variations of the combination for the component

Img.5 A mock-up of the project

Img.7 The scene of correcting and decommissioning material

Img.2 The example of component combination

Img.4 Variations sample by using the algorithm

Img.6　Designing process　

Img.8 The stock of material from decommissioning building

Townscaper is a video game which employs Wave Function Collapse, the algorithm which initializes output bitmap in a completely unobserved state, where each pixel value is in a superposition of colours of the input bitmap. The game uses it for generating island dioramas from handcrafted tile sets.

The combination is almost infinite, so the user can enjoy manipulating their island as well as the town.

The project employs the logic of manipulation, which can create an unexpected result.

This algorithm is often used in game design.

It is a program that creates bitmaps that are locally closer to the input bitmap(Img4).

According to Maxim, the process is starting from reading the bitmap as input and count NxN patterns. Then, produce an array with the dimensions of the output, which is called a wave. Each part of this array represents a state of an NxN region in the output. These process of repetition create a result.

The project gets inspiration from its logic and process, although the execution test has not done yet.

Cloud fill is an architectural project done

by Certain Measures. The project employs a generative approach and automatically design to contribute to the circular economy.

They optimize material from scrap building by detecting it, and then they use them as a material for new output. The shape and condition of the material define the form of production. The idea tries to tackle with mass consumption and producing of waste.

The project gets inspiration for the combination of digital technology with the theoretical framework they have conducted.

Rotor DC is a company of the spin-off of Rotor, which is a collaborative design practice researching the organisation of the material environment. The aim of this company is salvaging and de-construct building components. After the salvaging, they study and check the condition of the material to sell them. They contribute to radically change the current material distribution, which mainly uses a new material, not re-uses.

The project is influenced their position towards material re-distribution and methodology of material condition research.

Oskar, D. (2020) Townscaper (PC version) [Video game].

Oskar, D. Retrieved from https://store.steampowered.com/ app/1291340/Townscaper/

Maxim, G, (2018) Wave Function Collapse. Github,. https:// github.com/mxgmn/WaveFunctionCollapse

Tobias, N. (2019) Cloudfill (PC version) Retrieved from https://certainmeasures.com/cloud_fill.html

Rotor Architects. (2016) Rotor DC: reuse made easy [Web article]. Retrieved from https://rotordb.org/en/projects/ rotor-dc-reuse-made-easy

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Townscaper

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Chapter 6 Voxelization - Hybridization Case Study: Church, Restaurant And Clinic, And Binary Classification

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Hybridization case study: Church, restaurant and clinic

A restaurant in Longyearbyen

A restaurant in Longyearbyen

A clinic in Longyearbyen

Construction area: 477m² Volume: 4306 m³

Construction area: 647m² Volume: 5084m³

Construction area: 658m² Volume:9252.1m³

Img1. Hybridization case study voxelized target: church, restaurant and clinic

Img2. Picture of Svalbard church

As a case study of the hybrid design process, the project employs a church, a restaurant and a clinic to test. The way to choose is based on the working time research (chapter5) and

Img3. Picture of Huset

Img.4. Anonymous(2019). Longyearbyen hospital [picture]. https://unn.no/om-oss/ university-hospital-of-north-norway#our-hospital-in-longyearbyen-svalbard

population. Thus through the voxelization of the three-building, the project introduces our idea of the design process supported by several references.

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Voxelization process is started from creating a detailed model and then begin the voxelization.

Process of the binary classification and design

(1,0,0,0,0,0) (0,1,1,0,1,0)

(1,1,0,0,0,0)

(0,0,0,0,0,1)

(0,0,1,1,1,0) A voxelized architectural Component

A voxelized building component with the binary language

Img3. Diagram of the three pattern of voxel transformation

This diagram shows the transformation of the voxel that we treat.

The target building is voxelized to 1x1x1m voxel, and each voxel is feed spatial or structural information based on the original condition of the targeted building. Then, it separates to be 3x3x3m voxel

which is a unit for the hybridization process. This 3x3x3 voxel is re-combined based on the binary language. After the hybridization process, the voxel applies material from the decommissioning catalogue (chapter4).

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An architectural Component

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Chapter 6 Voxelization - Binary System Classification And Six Digit Language

Church Construction area: 477m² Volume: 4306 m³ Img5. Voxel- analyzation mode with binary code

011110 011111 011010 011011

000100 000101 000110 000111

000000 000001 000010 000011

110000 100000

010110 010010 010111 010011

110 group

010 group

011 group

000 group

001 group

Structure

Natural light + Dark space

Artificial light + Dark space

Natural light + Bright space

Artificial light + Bright space

Img6. Colour code for the binary classification

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001100 001101 001110 001111

001000 001001 001010 001100

The main organization of a voxel?

Structure(1)

Space(0)

Brightness? (lx)

High(0) (200>)

Opaque or transparent?

Low(1) (200<0)

Opaque(1)

Transparent(0)

The way of lighting?

Img1. Mesh-mode church

Natural(0)

0

Artificial(1)

1

Balance?

Asymmetry(1)

Open or close?

Open(0)

Close(1)

Direction?

Img2. Voxel-mode church

Horizontal X/Y(0)

Vertical Z(1)

This is the logic of how the binary code is defined.

The chart is made based on the spatial classification research (chapter5), and it describes condition of architectural space.

Img4. The classification logic for the binary code

1000mm

3000mm

1000mm 1000mm 3000mm Img3. Voxel-mode with binary code church

3000mm

Img7. Scale of the voxel

The voxelization is started from transform 3D model to 1x1x1m scale voxel. The reason why we choose the 1x1x1m is it was a appropriate scale to capture architectural space and strcuture.

Then, the voxelized building is applied the six-digit binary code to each 1x1x1m based on the voxelized buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original spatial and structural condition. The six-digit binary code is defined by the result of spatial classification (chapter5). Img4 and Img6 introduces it detailed structure.

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After all the 1x1x1m voxel is applied the binary code, it is separated into 3x3x3m combination voxel. 3x3x3m voxel is aggregation of nine 1x1x1m voxel, that is to say one 3x3x3 voxel involve nine spatial or structural information. These 3x3x3m voxel is used for a re-manipulation process to hybridize multiple target. Even the targeted building are decommissioned its original character remain the new design with 3x3x3 scale.

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Symmetry(0)

Chapter 6 Voxelization -Voxelization Analysis

1000mm 1000mm

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1000mm

Restaurant Construction area: 647m² Volume: 5084m³ Img1. Voxel analyzation-mode restaurant

Img2. Mesh-mode restaurant

Img3. Voxel-mode restaurant

Img4. Voxel-mode with the binary code

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3000mm

1000mm

3000mm

1000mm 1000mm

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Clinic Construction area: 658m² Volume: 9252.1m³ Img1. Voxel analyzation-mode restaurant

Img2. Mesh-mode restaurant

Img3. Voxel-mode restaurant

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Img4. Voxel-mode with the binary code

Chapter 6 Voxelization -3x3x3 Neighborhood Combination

Clinic

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Church

Img1. 3x3 voxel property and voxel-mode of targeted church

Img7. 3x3 neighborhood voxel which involve nine types of voxel

Img3. 3x3 voxel property and voxel-mode of targeted clinic

Img8. Exploded version of the 3x3 voxel which indicate vertical and horizontal logic

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Img11. 3x3 voxelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s adjacent voxel decision logic

Img9. Horizo

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ontal neighbourhood combination availability

Restaurant

Img3. 3x3 voxel property and voxel-mode of targeted restaurant

3x3x3 voxel (Img1-3) is a unit for the voxel remanipulation. It consists of nine voxels that each one has binary architectural information. Some units are an incomplete unit which does not has nine voxel, and these units are appeared due to original architectural shape. This incomplete unit works to inherit the physical characteristics of the hybridizing targeted building.

An adjacent voxel is defined by spatial classification (chapter five), and it differs from if vertical or horizontal adjacent. This neighbourhood relationship is also used for the re-manipulation to the hybrid building. This logic would bring, the hybrid building can keep some atmosphere of the hybridized original building in a very abstract way with at least 3x3x3 scale.

Thus people may feel their past lifestyle from the new hybrid building.

Img10. Vertical neighborhood combination availability

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Chapter 6 Voxelization -Voxel-bashing

Voxelization case study -Voxel re-manipulation

Restaurant

Clinic

Img1. Voxel-mode church

Img2. Voxel-mode restaurant

Img3. Voxel-mode clinic

Nostalgia factor

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Church

Img4. Two combination voxel bashing

Img5. Three combination voxel bashing

As a case study of voxel re-manipulation, we engaged two types: two combinations In this research, the result of manipulation which will be architectural output is and three combinations. The way to choose the variety is based on hybridization called as voxel-bashing. As an initial test, the manipulation was done by manual availability based on the working time of the facilities ( Chapter5). The manipulation process. uses 3x3x3 voxel as a unit and a nostalgic factor as a starting point of the process.

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The units which removed from the manipulation Defined by hybridization availability based on the working time of the facilities (Chapter5)

Manipulation units (3x3x3 voxel)

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The unit is choose randomly based on the binary code

Nostalgic factor (Starting point of the process)

Hight constrain Defined by the average hight of the existing building in Longyearbyen

Area constrain

Area constrain Defined by construction area based on the avalanche risk

Img6. Process of the voxel re-manipulation (voxel-bashing)

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Chapter 6 Voxelization -Voxel-bashing

Voxelization case study - Church and restaurant Cooking area Cooking area

Church

Restaurant

Waiting area Paperwork area Paperwork area Storage area

Clinic

Eating area Seating area Workshop area Workshop area

Praying area Seating area

Community area Reception area

Jesus area

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Two combination voxel bashing

Three combination voxel bashing

1000mm

3000mm

1000mm 1000mm Church Restaurant Clinic Img1. Two combination of the voxel-bashing SE view with the room organization

Img2.The voxel-bashing NE view

Img3.The voxel-bashing NW view

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Img5.The voxel-bashi

Img4.The voxel-bash

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ing separated into the voxel unit

Two voxel bashing has about 15 types of spaces.

Some area of the voxel and location have errors like the voxel which suppose to inside appear outside.

Although there are several overlapped area, each space has the same function but different utilization. For instance, while the restaurant uses the cooking area for commercial usage, the church uses for communicating on a special occasion. Furthermore, some part has a different binary character from an original voxel in the voxel bashing.

hing SW view

Img6. The voxel-bashing cross-section

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Chapter 6 Voxelization -Voxel-bashing

Voxelization case study - Church and restaurant

Church

Restaurant

Cooking area Cooking area Cooking area

Community area Seating area Medical care area Emergency area

Clinic

Medical care area Storage area

Workshop area Workshop area Resting area

Praying area Seating area Waiting area

Eating area Seating area Eating area

Waiting area Paperwork area Paperwork area Storage area Community area

Community area Reception area Reception area

Jesus area

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Two combination voxel bashing

Three combination voxel bashing

1000mm

3000mm

1000mm 1000mm Church Restaurant Clinic

Img1. The three combination voxel-bashing SE view with the room distribution

Img2.The voxel-bashing NE view

Img3.The voxel-bashing NW view

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Im

Im

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mg5.The voxel-bashing separated into the voxel unit

Three voxel bashing is more complicated than the two voxels. There are many areas which supposed to be inside the unit of the voxelbashing (Img1). In this case, it needs more manual fixing to pass the material application process.

Fragmented space, which only has tiny space, is also increased (Img6). Due to the architectural character of the clinic, some specific purpose space is needed. Architectural spaces got more small human scale so that people can feel intimacy to this scale.

Img6. The voxel-bashing cross-section

mg4.The voxel-bashing SW view

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Chapter 6 Voxelization -Typology Combination Study

Case study analysis

1. Shape

2. Hybridization level

3. Area and volume

Cooking area Cooking area

Waiting area Paperwork area Paperwork area Storage area

Eating area Seating area Workshop area Workshop area

Praying area Seating area

Community area Reception area

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Jesus area

Compared the complexity of constitute shape of each voxel bashing to see how much the shape become complicated when the combination increase

Compared the amount of architectural space which has hybridize and how has it changed from the two to the three.

4. Shape organization

4. Voxel distribution

Compared the voxel organization to see how the increasing of the combination for voxel re-manipulation become complex.

Compared the voxel organization to see how the increasing of the combination for voxel re-manipulation become complex.

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Compared the decrease amount and increase amount of the three and two voxel-bashing and hybridized target

Chapter 6 Voxelization -Typology Combination Study

1. Shape

2. Hybridization level

Cooking area Cooking area

Waiting area Paperwork area Paperwork area Storage area

Eating area Seating area Workshop area Workshop area

Community area Reception area

Praying area Seating area

Jesus area

Img1. Separated component of the two combination voxel-bashing

Img3. The two combination voxel-bashing SE view with the room distribution

Medical care area Storage area

Waiting area Paperwork area Paperwork area Storage area Community area

Workshop area Workshop area Resting area

Praying area Seating area Waiting area

Eating area Seating area Eating area

Community area Reception area Reception area

Jesus area

Church Restaurant Clinic Img2. Separated component of the three combination voxel-bashing

Img4. The three combination voxel-bashing SE view with the room distribution

The shape of the three combination voxel-bashing became more abstract than the two combination voxelbashing. While the two combinations keep general architectural form, the three combination looks less massive. By separating into a small component that has a 3x3x3 area, the result of the two and three combination shows the clear difference of amount. It offers three combinations involve more variety of heights and shape of buildings than the two one.

As the combination amount increased, the sharing area is increased. Although the total area and volume of the three combinations are larger than the two, the percentage of the shared area is increased. Also, the total size of the three voxel-bashingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s area and volume is lower than the total of the area and volume of the targeted hybridized building. Thus it can be said the shared idea is worked.

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Cooking area Cooking area Cooking area

Community area Seating area Medical care area Emergency area

Chapter 6 Voxelization -Typology Combination Study

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3. Area and volume

Area +135% Area:1310m²

Area:1772m²

Volume: 9252.1m³

Area +116%

Volume: 15219m³

Volume +164%

Volume -98%

Area -99%

Targeted church and restaurant

Targeted church, restaurant and clinic

Img1. The two combination voxel-bashing total area analysis

As a result of the hybridization, the area of the two combination voxel-bashing increased although the volume decreased. This result shows some error for the re-manipulation process. However, the three

Volume -81%

Img2. The three combination voxel-bashing total area analysis

combination voxel-bashing succeed to reduce both total area and volume. Thus it would be possible to assume that the hybridization idea works better if the amount of combination increase.

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4. Shape organization

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Img3. The two combination voxel-bashing without structural voxels

Img4. The three combination voxel-bashing without structural voxels

The empty area between colored voxel shows the area which filled by structural voxel which involve 110 group binary information. These images shows three combination has much more complicated

organization. Furthermore, some area of the three combination one has got small area which need to adjust to be human scale manually.

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Chapter 6 Voxelization -Typology Combination Study

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5. Voxel distribution

Img1. The two combination voxel-bashing without structural voxels

Img3. Color distribution of the two combination

Img2. The three combination voxel-bashing without structural voxels

Img4. Color distribution of the three combination

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Img5. The percentage and comparison of the two and three color distribution

Img6. The distribution of the binary code for the two combination

This analysis is to seek the binary coded voxel distribution showing how the spatial character changed from two to three combination. The graph shows (Img8), while the two combinations have more natural light with bright space than the three, the three has more artificial light with a

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Img7. The distribution of the binary code for the three combination

bright room. Like this analysation, this voxel strategy works to analyse spatial character. Thus, we can say that the hybridised result strongly effects from a hybridised target building.

Chapter 7

Materialization and architectural optimization

Chapter 7 Materialization And Architectural Optimization - Voxel To Architecture

Chapter 7 MATERIALIZATION AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION

Profit driven society

Resources race

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

Resources Shortage

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Climate change

Img2. The initial design of voxel to architectural scale

The environmental Law

Sovereignty Importance

Flood

Avalanche Risk

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Lost of place identity Technical approach

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Img3. Study of structure through the original building

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project Climigration case studies

Hyper Typology

Decommissioning Catalogue

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

The binary code

Mitigation target Causal correlation

Img1.

Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

The scenario of the project

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Anti-consumerism

Internet of building Things

Transformation of voxel-bashing to architectural scale and material application is the central part of chapter 7. As a first process, the project introduces the methodology of architectural transformation based on the combination of 3x3x3 voxel (chapter 6). Additionally, the logic of understanding the binary code in the material application based on property and shape. At the end of the chapter, the result of material application towards two and three combination voxel-bashing are introduced to explore how voxel-bashing and the result changes.

Decommissioning of building Decommissiong process is the first process before the catalog creation. It is the way to increase material into the catalog in terms of physical propety and chemical property.

There are 5 types of voxel, which each voxel has a specific meaning and connection to each other.

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Img4. The process from decommissioning to catalogging

Voxel mode between 2 combinations

Img5. The two combination voxel-bashing

After collecting the data from decommissioning process, several materials are contained into catalog in order to operate with voxelized process. The voxelized process start with picking up the main voxel to be prepared for material aggregation process. The main voxel is surrounded by 26 voxels that have a different property ( Ground voxel,

Img6. The two combination voxel-bashing 3x3x3 units mode

Envelope voxel, Space voxel and Empty voxel). Surrounded voxel inform the property of main voxel, for example if the main voxel is surrounded by empty voxel in one side and space voxel in another side. The main voxel could be considered that it is a wall. Voxel combination create the shape of whole building underneath the consideration of particular atmosphere.

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Img7. Voxel combination process

Chapter 7 Materialization And Architectural Optimization - Voxel To Architecture

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Available variation of voxel-architectecture transformation

Img1. The possibility of voxel type

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Types of surrounded voxel indicate the type and function of main voxel. The picture illustrate 3 types of voxel mode, which are surrounded-voxel mode, functional mode and the real mode. The variety of voxel function comprehend all of the function in one building, for instance exterior wall, interior wall, first floor and second floor.

The way to define component of building is delicated. Voxel of ground floor is different with voxel of second floor, because the voxel of ground floor need to consider about the consequences to the ground including with infrastructure.

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Chapter 7 Materialization And Architectural Optimization - Materialization Process

Materials application

Voxel combination

The logic of materials application is related to voxel condition, which has a several way to construct depends on materials in catalog and the binary classification in space voxel.

The combination of 2 types of a

Img2. Material application process 1

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Materials from catalog are used to create structure and envelope in the main voxel.

Img3. Material application process 2

Structure in the main voxel serve surrounded voxel that has specific condition.

Img1. The logic of material application

This process combination between catalog and voxelized analysis. Each main voxel has different surrounded voxel. Materials application process is the process that apply proper materials into main voxel

in order to create structure to serve the specific condition of surrounded voxel. This process make the different of structure and facade in terms of physical component and characteristic.

Img4. Material application process 3

Main voxels are constructed to each other to be a wall that serve condition of space voxel inside.

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Img5. Two combination voxel-bashing w

Each space voxel contains (envelope voxel) has a duty to are used to constructed. For asymmetry feeling and horizon

architectural function, which is church and restaurant. And several type of space voxel inside.

Img6. Combination of 2 types of space voxel.

Img8. Combination of 5 types of space voxel.

with transparent structure voxel version

information of specific atmosphere, so the structure o create atmosphere inside. Thus, materials from catalog example, space voxel (Pink) needs transparent space, ntal led feeling. So, structure outside (envelope voxel) has

to be constructed by using most of material as a horizontal component. In order to avoid the ordered construction of facade inside and outside, architects have to use a lot of size of material from catalog to create ambiguous pattern for asymmetry feeling.

Img9. Combination of 7 types of space voxel

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Img7. Combination of 4 types of space voxel.

Chapter 7 Materialization And Architectural Optimization - Hybridized Building

The two combination of architectural function.

Exploded version of 2 combination between church and restaurant. Interior spaces and structures are revealed from raw materials that have been used from catalog to constructed version in envelope voxel.

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Community hall

Ch

Pastorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room

Seating area

First floor

Mezzanine

Img1. The combination between church and restaurant

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Church area of two combination.

The characteristic of exterior and interior space of church area, which is the combination from previous church and restaurant.

hurch One of the priority to design the church is nostalgic sense of church. The way to define exact nostalgic sense of architecture in Svalbard is â&#x20AC;&#x153;social mediaâ&#x20AC;?. Most of architectural component that has been taken and post onto the internet. In this case, the characteristic of exterior church provides nostalgic sense to people, which is high gable roof and old materials.

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Img2. Exterior of the church area

Interior space is divided mainly into 2 sections, which is church and restaurant area. Moreover, there is sub-space which connect 2 area together. For example, the entrance of church and restaurant can be combined together because there is a overlapped function. But some space cannot be combined, particularly unique space like crossing and transept of church.

Img3. Interior of the church area

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Chapter 7 Materialization And Architectural Optimization - Hybridized Building

The result of three combination

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The three combination consists of church, restaurant1 and clinic, which has been analysed that is the most suitable to merge together.

Three combination is developed from two combination in terms of function, structure and infrastructure. The building is arranged to create a space in the middle to place infrastructure and various system. The reason for the need to place the system in the center of the building is because it is easy to extend the building in the next phase.

Img1. The result of the three combination

Img2. Perspective of mixing area between church and restaurant (Entrance and seating area)

Img3. Perspective from outside shows nostalgic ornament of church

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Comparison between two combination and three combination.

Development of two combination to three combination

Img4. Two combination

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Img5. Three combination

Img6. part of the three combination building 1

Img7. Part of the three combination building 2

Img8. Part of the three combination building 3

There is a sanitary system install throughout the building with supporting structures. Systems are raised above the ground to cause minimal interference with permafrost.

The ventilation system is installed on the roof that is the main function. In order to use the same structure with building to support.

The water tank is located almost in the middle of the building. Additionally, it is being raised up in case of easy delivery water to various parts of the building.

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Chapter 8

Generative architectural exquisite cadavre

Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre -Multiple Generative Process

Chapter 8 GENERATIVE ARCHITECTURAL EXQUISITE CADAVRE

Profit driven society

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Resources race

Resources Shortage

Climate change

Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Img2. Initial test of the final building

Flood

Avalanche Risk

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Img3

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img3. The final building

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project

The binary code

Hyper Typology

Decommissioning Catalogue

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

Climigration case studies Mitigation target Causal correlation

Img1.

Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

Anti-consumerism

The scenario of the project

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Internet of building Things

Chapter 8 simulates the final building manipulation in Longyearbyen.

Different from hybridization voxel manipulation, the final voxelization needs multiple constraints (p.123). The binary code is still the primary mediation, and the logic is expanded as a joint for one hybridized building to another hybridized building. The constrain are an aggregation of the test that we have done through this project. The final building shows how life in the building as well as construction detail in this unique environment.

The final voxel-bashing manipulation for Longyearbyen

1.Hybridized voxel-bashing (Chapter 6)

2.The binary code (Chapter 6)

3. Nostalgic factor (Chapter 5)

Defined by the average hight of the existing building in Longyearbyen

5. Area constrain Defined by construction area based on the avalanche risk

Img1. The seven constrain for the manipulation

7. City organization (Chapter 3)

6. 3x3x3 voxel unit (Chapter 6)

The final voxel manipulation is different from the hybrid building voxel-bashing manipulation. While the hybrid voxel-bashing need to use each spatial and structural information through the binary code, the final-voxel bashing need multi constrain. Same as the hybrid one, it also uses the binary code, and nostalgic factor as a main constrain to create a shape. Additionally, it also uses the original city

organization of the construction site make residence somehow feel their trace of the past life. When it comes to the scale, area and height constrain are defined by avalanche risk and the surrounding environment. The mixing of the factor in the target city can be the final voxel-bashing.

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4.Hight constrain (30m)

Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre -Multiple Generative Process

HYBRIDIZE TARGET(T1)

Distribution based on business hour and user population

T2

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

1. These two-component are hybridized target (T1, T2).

4. After the voxelization and the binary classification of targeted building, the hybrid building (HB1) is manipulated.

7. To do so, T3 and T4â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nostalgic factor (N2) and joint point (J1) become a starting point of the next manipulation.

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

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NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

2. As a starting point of the manipulation, nostalgic factor(N1) is defined based on SNS research.

5. HB1 is an aggregation of T1 and T2 based on the binary code.

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

3. Also, the combination of the hybrid building is defined by the working time research(chapter5).

8. J1 is defined by original city organization in Longyearbyen.

The binary code determines the new hybrid building(HB2).

6. T3 and T2 is also the hybridization target, and it needs to combine with HB1 to be the final model.

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Distribution based on business hour and user population

9. The same process continues for another hybrid target(T5 and T6).

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

City organization Population distribution

10. Nostalgic factor(N3) and the new joint(J2) become a starting point of anther manipulation.

13. Combination of R1 and R2 is defined by city organization, and only the new joint(J3) is a constraint for the residential block (RB1)

14. The same process continue for new residential voxel(R3 and R4). Then, after it becomes a maximum area, the process is ended, and it becomes the final voxel-bashing.

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

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NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

11. Then it become a new hybrid building(HB3).

Distribution based on business hour and user population

NOSTALGIC

Distribution based on business hour and user population

Distribution based on business hour and user population

12. The method will change if the building needs to combine with residential voxel (R1 and R2).

The process of the final voxel-bashing manipulation 119

Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre -The Final Model

The final voxel-bashing

Commercial facility + School

Ware house + Oil station Residential joint

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Residential voxel

The maximum building heights: 24m The number of facility: 8 Total approx construction area: 3644m²

Nostalgic factor voxel (Starting point /Joint)

Img1. Final voxei-bashing SE view

Commercial and community voxel Church + Restaurant + Clinic

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The final voxel-bashing is designed based on the logic we introduce on the previous page. It has three hybridized block as well as two residential blocks. The heights are limited to distribute valuable sunlight in the town due to its location.

The nostalgic factor block not only reminds residents to their past life, also it is joint to connect one hybrid building to another building. Although the residential block is separated to keep a private life, it has a multi-connection with the commercial voxel. Also, the small empty area middle of the building control snow and cold window.

Section and details of final design

Img3. Section details of highest part of the building 2

The section shows the complexity of space and different floor level. The clear classification of the floorlevel is also the division of functions, which makes it less confusing to people inside in order to use the spaces.

The highest part of the building is community area, which is blended with supermarket and hotel. There is outdoor space for resting and facilitating infrastructures. Facade is constructed from several demolished building. This method brings variety to facade in terms of texture and color.

Img4. Section details of highest part of the accommodation area 1

Img5. Section details of highest part of the accommodation area 2

The area of the â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039; accommodation is clearly designed to be in the outer zone. The reason to separate accommodation area from the central function is to create privacy and easy for extension in the future phase.

The section of accommodation area is not complicated compared to another function. Accommodation is not proper to be complex area, because it is hard to people who live inside to distinguish between mixing area and living area.

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Img2. Section details of highest part of the building 1

Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre - Identity In Architecture

The final design

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The final design consists of several functions. It is more than one building that connect together

Img1. The final building

The concept of final design is gathering materials from demolished building in catalog to create new architectural typology. The strategy to layout zoning is a obvious distinction the zones between private and public. Facilities and main circulation start from the center and expand as a axis through another function.

Accommodation area is located on the outskirts of the building, because it is easy for extension and renovation

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The final voxel-bashing

Img2. The final voxel-bashing SE view

The final design is totally based on voxel design, which each voxel contain the information from old buildings.

Voxel mode of public area shows clear division of each function. It is placed in the middle section of whole area with most of infrastructure.

in the future. Moreover, separation between facility area and accommodation area provides privacy to people who live in the building. The church area is mainly designed underneath the consideration about nostalgic sense.

So, there is a high gable roof as a character not only for nostalgic sense outside, but also for the atmosphere inside. Accommodation is designed with a courtyard in the middle area. It will be comfortable for people

who live in the building, because there is a connection from courtyard to the main circulation for traveling to another area. Infrastructures are raised up above the ground in order to prevent the penetration of permafrost underground. Therefore, there must be a structure that supports it.

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Img1. The accommodation area of the final voxel-bashing.

Accommodation area is in the edge of whole building. It is planned to be clearly separated from the public area.

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Img3. The commercial area of the final voxel-bashing

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Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre - Identity In Architecture

Img1. The inside of the under construction final building

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Img2. The outside corridor of the final building

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Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre - Identity In Architecture

Img1. The exterior of the final building with Svalbard landscape 2

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Chapter 8 Generative Architectural Exquisite Cadavre - Identity In Architecture

Img1. The exterior of the final building with Svalbard landscape

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Chapter 9

B-pro show: 78° 13’N 15° 39’E Svalbard

Chapter 9 B-Pro Show: 78°13’N 15°39’E Svalbard - Concept

Chapter 9 B-PRO SHOW: 78°13’N 15°39’E SVALBARD

Profit driven society

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

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Resources race

Resources Shortage

Climate change

Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Img2. Initial stage of the video still picture

Flood

Avalanche Risk

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Img3. Initial stage of the video still picture

Decommissioning Svalbard

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project

The binary code

Hyper Typology

Decommissioning Catalogue

Theoretical approach

Multi scale material Detection

Climigration case studies Mitigation target Causal correlation

Img1.

Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

Anti-consumerism

The scenario of the project

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Internet of building Things

Chapter 9 introduce the trace of the video creation towards the B-pro show and the film festival. The video is not only a summary of the project but also the speculative movie which we propose for the near future. The chapter shows the concept of the video with several references. Also, it explains the digital technology that the project employs to visualise both artificial and natural phenomena. The narrative is represented as a storyboard with still images. The video expresses what we are assuming to execute digital technologies to conduct the whole process from decommissioning to construction.

Concept of the video

Svalbard Hut

Plank

A common deweling found in Svalbard. The major parts of structure and finish are made of wood due to the extrem weather.

One basic element from a common wood hut in Svalbard.

Further scanning, archiving and manage distribution of materials to matching ports.

Warehouse

Voxel

Hybridized mega building, the final out put from computation.

Basic unit for computation.

Img4. The concept of the video

Visual & Narrative reference Lord of War

The Last Forest

City Everywhere

Forensic Architecture

Img.5 Niccol, A.N., & Cage, N.C. (2005). Lord of War [Motion picture]. United States: Arclight Films.

Img6. Heng, M. A. H. (2019). The Last Forest: Rothiemurchus 2098 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Marie Walker-Smith. Marie Walker-Smith. https://marie. ws/The-Last-Forest-Rothiemurchus-2098

Img7. YOUNG, L. Y. (2018, April 18). City Everywhere.

Tomorrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Thoughts Today. http://www. tomorrowsthoughtstoday.com/

Img8. Nolte, T.N., & Witt, A.W. (2017). CloudFill. CERTAIN MEASURES. https://certainmeasures.com/cloud_fill.html

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Warehouse

Chapter 9 B-Pro Show: 78°13’N 15°39’E Svalbard - Digital optimization and Narrative

Concept of the video Snow particle visualization study The avalanche simulation study is based on a Cinema 4D plug-in, X-Particles. It uses a fully-featured advanced particle and enable a unique rule system of Questions and Actions in order to complete control over particle simulations.

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The study aimed to simulate avalanche situation on Longyearbyen nearby mountains in the next century, thus estimate the hazard zone and decommission zone.

This study also helps visualize the ecologypolitics paradox in Svalbard for narrative.

Img1. Screen shots of snow particle visualization study by Cinema4D

Cross section visualization study The cross-section study is aimed to find a way visualizing the hybirdized architecture.

By adding masks to generate the final out come model layers by layers, this would help explain part of the computation process.

The cross-section visualization is achieved in Cinema 4D by mixing mutiple materials.

This eventually become part of the hologram generated in the control room while machines doing the scanning and decommissioning.

Img2. Screen shots of cross section visualization study

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Video Storyboard

Script: Since my blurred childhood memory, people and machines were cohabiting the city. In that sense, it isn’t too different from today.

Script: Everything was already in the process of being deconstructed.

Script: Today, only a small part of the old city remains. This is one of the few houses left in Avalanche Zone “B”.

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Script: I’ve heard a lot about how it used to be, but I never saw it. I was born during the decommissioning.

Chapter 9 B-Pro Show: 78°13’N 15°39’E Svalbard - Narrative

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Video Storyboard

Script: Machine: Decommissioned content from “Plot# B2” Truck docked at Station #2...Unloading...

Script: We are all told of the Ship of Theseus, a wooden ship where rotting parts are eventually replaced by new ones.

Script: After some time, every part gets replaced. The question is whether or not the restored ship is the same object as the original.

Script: We believe identity resides in some other place; And that’s what we are currently discovering throughout this process.

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Script: Scanning…building up point cloud...Meshing…Voxelizing…

Script: We are preserving our collective memory, working towards creating a sense of place, working for our new home

Script: We are preserving our collective memory, working towards creating a sense of place, working for our new home

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Script: SYSTEM background voice: …Matching…Type [Oka-plank-R28] allocated…

Chapter 10

The system in the post Anthropocene

Chapter 10 The System In The Post Anthropocene - Climigration And Paradoxical Situation

Chapter 10 THE SYSTEM IN THE POST ANTHROPOCENE

Profit driven society

Rich resources

Rapid development

Territorialization

Logistic activity

Environmental Destruction

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Resources race

Resources Shortage

Climate change

Sovereignty Importance

The environmental Law

Img2. A market which is tested as hybridized target in Indonesia

Flood

Avalanche Risk

Soil erosion

The paradox

Climigration

Lost of place identity

Technical approach

Img3. An oil station which is tested as hybridized target in Indonesia

Decommissioning Svalbard

Specific topic in side of the Arctic circle Specific topic in Svalbard Proposal of the project

The binary code

Climigration case studies Mitigation target Causal correlation

Img1.

Hyper Typology

Multi scale material Detection

Theoretical approach

Decommissioning Catalogue Wave function Collapse

Aging of material

The scenario of the project

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Anti-consumerism

Internet of building Things

Since climigration is not a specific issue but global issue, the project believes that the methodology would contribute worldwide. Thus, the project is still ongoing to researches and test its utility to move forward. That is why, as the last chapter of the project we introduce global research of the climigration in Italy, Kenya and Indonesia.

Through this research, the project tries to see what can be an applicable methodology and what is site specific by understanding how the climigration happen worldwide. Additionally, the project proposes ongoing decommissioning catalogue and decommissioned result.

Global case study

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Img4. Global case study in Italy, Indonesia and Kenya

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Chapter 10 The System In The Post Anthropocene - Case Studies

Case study in Italy, Kenya and Indonesia Due to climate change, avalanche impacts in the Arctic region, Indonesia, Italy and Kenya and other regions are also experiencing natural disasters

Material catalog of varying degrees, such as floods and volcanic eruptions

Randozzo, Italy

Img1. Satellite image of Randazzo, Italy. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.jp/maps/@37.87 5244,14.9460014,15z?hl=ja

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Randazzo (Sicilian: Rannazzu) is a town and commune in the Metropolitan City of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy. It is situated at the northern foot of Mount Etna, c. 70 kilometres (43 mi) Northwest of Catalonia. It is the nearest town to the summit of Etna and is one of the points from which the ascent may be made. As a result, volcanic eruptions often occur in this area.

Img4. Local landscape and buildings in Randazzo, Italy.

Kendu bay, Kenya

Img2. Satellite image of Kendu bay, Kenya. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.jp/maps/@37 .875244,14.9460014,15z?hl=ja

Kendu Bay is a bay and town in Kenya. This area is often affected by floods. The area is the part of Rachuonyo North District in Homa Bay County. It is located on the shore of Lake Victoria along Katito-HomaBay road. It is the headquarters of the district. Kisumu, the largest urban centre in Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s western region, is located 40 kilometres north of Kendu Bay, but the route to Kisumuk.

Img5. Local landscape and buildings in Kendu bay, Kenya

Java central, Indonesia

Img3. Satellite image of Java central, Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.jp/maps/ @37.875244,14.9460014,15z?hl=ja

Central Java is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered

by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south, East Java in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. It has a total area of 32,548 km², with a population of 34,552,500 in mid 2019,and East Java.

Img6. Local landscape and buildings in Java central, Indonesia

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(Reference list is on p.138)

After finishing the detection, the data is sent to a clo This platform links the detection result with all prope

oud, and it creates a decoded material catalogue. erty for construction.

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Chapter 10 The System In The Post Anthropocene - Hybridization Case Study In Java Central, Indonesia: A Market And An Oil Station

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Hybridization case study in Java central, Indonesia: A market and an oil station

A market in Java central

An oil station in java central

Construction area: 24m² Volume: 120 m³

Construction area: 72m² Volume: 365m³

Img1. Hybridization case study voxelized target: market and oil station

Img2. Picture of the market. Retrieved from: https://earth.google.com/web/search/ Central+Java,+%e5%8d%b0%e5%ba%a6%e5%b0%bc%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a/@-6.95 073166,107.6071812,679.49807984a,6935.48312004d,35y,359.999944h,0t,0r/data=CigiJgokCSvzIlk_VxzAEYYH_XhK_RzAGcXJJuzGj1tAIXRE2o-kfVtA

Img3. Picture of the oil station. Retrieved from: https://earth.google.com/web/ search/Central+Java,+%e5%8d%b0%e5%ba%a6%e5%b0%bc%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a/ @-6.95073166,107.6071812,679.49807984a,6935.48312004d,35y,359.999944h,0t,0r/ data=CigiJgokCSvzIlk_VxzAEYYH_XhK_RzAGcXJJuzGj1tAIXRE2o-kfVtA

To study how the architectural shape and its appearance are changed by different project site, the project choose Java central as the site from three targeted area as a global scale case study. The hybridization targets are a market and an oil station. What the measure difference are the size of the

building. While the most area of the buildings in the Svalbard exceed over 200m², the one in Java Central were lower than 100m². It might relate to the climate condition in each sites, as well as the local materials.

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Img4. Voxelisation process of the market

Img5. Voxelisation process of the oil station

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Chapter 10 The System In The Post Anthropocene - Hybridization Case Study In Java Central, Indonesia: A Market And An Oil Station

Img1. The hybrid voxel-bashing SE view

Img5. The final hybrid building SE view

Img2. The hybrid voxel-bashing NE view

Img6. The final hybrid building SE view

Img3. The hybrid voxel-bashing SW view

Img7. The final hybrid building SW view

Img4. The hybrid voxel-bashing NW view

Img8. The final hybrid building NW view

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Img7. The final hybrid building in Java Central

The final hybrid building seems to inherit the targeted buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere. Significantly corrugated metal differentiate the building from The Svalbard one. Also, several voids inside of the building are distinguishing. Thus, through this case study, we learnt that the design methodology would work to keep some particularity as well as place identity of some area.

However, it still relies on a manual process to adjust local climate and architectural design. That is why we still need

to be careful about how we could apply the material through the computational process by understanding place identity.

Additionaly, what we have not sorted out how the project treat liquid material such as concrete and other exterior material.

Therefore the project results could not optimize these material although it was used a lot. The project will continue to seek further possibility.

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APPENDIX

Appendix

Environmental problem in different area

Black snow m

Russia, Bering sea Ocean acidification Shipping Canada, Alaska Thaw ponds Pipeline construction

There’s black snow in Greenland, invasive species in Norway, and ocean acidification in the Bering Strait in Russia, mostly because you’re coming from human activity, like ships and logistic .

Other parts of the world are experiencing a troubling phenomenon.

The black material found in the snow is comprised of dust and soot. It’s called cryoconite, and it’s largely the product of forest fires and man-made global warming. In terms of both climate and pollution, it’s a sign that things are getting worse.

Greenland Black snow Shipping/other logistic activity

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Canada, Alaska thaw ponds: Permafrost deep in the Canadian Arctic is undergoing a colossal thaw out – over 70 years ahead of schedule.

Elsewhere in the Canadian Arctic, they found thawing levels between 150 and 240 percent higher than historic norms.

Norway, Norwegian sea Invasive spaces Shipping(ballast water)

Black snow is one of the most pollution issues that caused by shipping activities and infrastructure, it will cover on the white snow surface,.

And when the Albedo number closed to 0, which means it will absorb more sunlight heat to increase the speed of sea ice melting.

Img5. Greenland has International Council o

Img1. Major problems in different area of the Arctic

Environmental issues such as house collapse and melting of frozen soil due to climate change and human activities

Engineers som the ground un put the building the ground, so cold air stops t to stop damag ground first. Th to build on. The the new structu the ground from

Img2. Damaged building foundation

Warming may affect about a fifth of structures and infrastructure across the permafrost area, costing some $84 billion.

Img3. The pond disappeared due to climate change

Permafrost thaw ponds on Peat land in Hudson Bay, in Canada in 2008.

Constructing difficult. Huge and thicken o it expands. Th frost heave. Fr everything on t is also challen inside give off underneath the sinks, damagin Img4. Thawing permafrost in Herschel island. Radosavljevic, B. (2013, July 23). English: Thawing permafrost in Herschel Island, 2013. Wikimedia Commons. Retrived from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_009.jpg

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mitigation

Img6.Greenland has a serious problem with black snow. Comer, B., & Olmer, N. (2016, September 21). Black carbon: Bringing the heat to the Arctic | International Council on Clean Transportation. Theicct.Org. https://theicct.org/blogs/staff/black-carbon-bringing-heat-arctic

What is Albedo effect?

metimes solve this problem by preventing nder the building from getting warm. They g on top of a steel frame, a few feet above o cold air can flow under the house. The the permafrost from thawing. Another way ge from thawing permafrost is to thaw the his method makes the ground more stable en there is no danger of the ground beneath ure refreezing, because the structure keeps m freezing.

Img8. Albedo effect

Albedo effect is a measure of the reflectivity of the Earth's surface which has a number from 0-1, if the number is closed to 1 it means the surface can reflect more heat, on the other hand, if the number is closed to 0 means the surface will absorb more heat.

lasting buildings on frozen ground is e layers of ice can grow underground over time. When ice forms underground, his can make the ground move, causing rost heave lifts up the ground, as well as top of it. Therefore, building on permafrost nging. Buildings that are heated from the f heat. The heat can thaw the permafrost e building. Once the permafrost thaws, it ng the building it supports.

Black snow issue that caused by shipping activities and infrastructure, it will cover on the white snow surface,.And when the Albedo number closed to 0,which means it will absorb more sun light heat to increase speed of sea ice melting.

Img7. The problem of black snow is caused by human activities

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Decommissioning Svalbard

a serious problem with black snowComer, B., & Olmer, N. (2016, September 21). Black carbon: Bringing the heat to the Arctic | on Clean Transportation. Theicct.Org. https://theicct.org/blogs/staff/black-carbon-bringing-heat-arctic

Appendix

Test idea proposal

Test 1 -Result of Spray tes

Firstly we scoop the snow surface and then gather snow in a particular area and at the same time we create pattern and spray powder on it to mitigation the darksnow.

Next step the project define the pressure and and 20 times pumping, respectively and numb MATERIALS

Spring test

we decide to spray by using 2 materials which is water and powder to see the character of dispersion and the limitation of disperse material

Material test

Powder

Movement design

Water

The purpose of the experiment- The extent and the density of disperse material through a different type of condition. In the pre test, we spread white powder with lots of variables to Study the extent and density by recording the result we set up

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Spatical design(snow)

Img5. Comparison of test results

Wide nozzle 0 10 pumping

Tool design

Wide nozzle dow 10 pum

Img1. Test process

Test idea proposal Test 1 -Spray test Firstly we scoop the snow surface and then gather snow in a particular area and at the same time we create pattern and spray powder on it to mitigation the dark snow.

Img4. The experiment tools

The purpose of the experiment- The extent and the density of disperse material through a different type of condition.

Img6. Comparison of test results 2 Img2. The effect of different height of nozzle

Firstly, we start with defining the type of nozzle and the angle .

Img3. Test the effects of different heights under upwind conditions

Depending on the direction of the wind, for example, this is an upwind spray test.

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Wide nozzle Narrow no 90*(point down) 10 pum 20 pumpings

st

use the pressure equal 10 times pumping ber of spraying and see how itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s look.

ozzle 0* mpings

Wide nozzle 0 20 pumping

Narrow nozzle 0* 20 pumpings

Wide nozzle 90*(point up) 10 pumping

Narrow nozzle 45*(point down) 20 pumpings

Wide nozzle 90*(point up) 20 pumpings

Narrow nozzle 45*(point down) 10 pumpings

Wide nozzle 90*(point down) 10 pumpings

Wide nozzle 45* (point down) 20 pumping

Wide nozzle 45* 10 pumping

Wide nozzle 45* (point up) 20 pumping

Narrow nozzle 45*(point up) 10 pumpings

Narrow nozzle 45*(point up) 20 pumpings

Narrow nozzle 90*(point up) 20 pumpings

Narrow nozzle 90*(point up) 10 pumpings

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e 45* (point wn) mping

Appendix

Test 2 -Machine test

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Test shape of trials, snow pile with different angle and types of shovel.

Measure amount of spread and test the optimal type of shovel.

Img1. Test

Movement and tools design(in terms of creating a pattern on snow surface) Position (Shovel)

-Effectiveness to clear black snow -Proper shape of snow test -The possibility of creating pattern on snow surface

Trail (Driving)

We built a system and tried to achieve the function of the hypothetical machine. Test shape of trials & snow pile with different types of shovels.

The speed of the shovel is controlled by controlling the cart, which makes it easy to observe other variables such as the Angle shape and size of the shovel.

About the type of shovel First of all, by controlling the parameters of the shovel, more specifically, the weight of the snow, including the depth and shape, should be taken into account during the design process.

After testing different variables, we observed which type and shape of the shovel could shovel the snow together more effectively, so as to facilitate the next spraying of white powder or water.

Style

Img2. Use the cart to push the shovel to contrast the effect

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Shapes of shovel

Shovel design

Section selection

Loft

By using different angles and shapes of shovels, and by testing which shovels are more conducive to snow scrape choose the more effective way.

Smart shovel is mainly consisted of 2 part ,this result lead to definition the basic pattern shape in the third test.

Working process of black snow mitigation (shovel)

We want to increase Albedo in the dark snow area, so firstly we scoop the snow surface and then gather snow in a particular area and at the same time we create pattern and spray powder on it to mitigation the dark snow.

Img4. Process of shovelling snow

Shovel dark snow(using different type of shovel)

Arduino - Components

Distance sensor

Servo

Shovel dark snow (using different type of shovel) Scrape the snow together and spraying the powder

Function

Dust sensor

Color sensor

Img18. Dust density detection

Img19. A shovel that automatically adjusts the Angle

Using dust sensor and LCD screen to sense the dust density in the air, the PM value will be displayed on the screen to reflect the pollution degree of a certain area. In our scheme, it refers to different degrees of black snow.

Consider the main areas handled for us.

The intelligent shovel mainly uses servo and distance sensor. The purpose is to avoid the instability of the height of the human hand. When the distance sensor senses that the hand is too low, the servo on the shovel will change the angle to ensure that the person holding the shovel maintains a stable angle Shovelling snow.

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Img3. Design the shape of the shovel according to the space and Angle

Appendix

Test 3 Pattern test

Remove black snow + Create a

Test basic pattern, calculate average albedo. Measure removed mass from different pattern to analyze efficiency.

This result lead to define the basic pattern shape in the th

Shovel shape

Circle_basic

Circle_Intersect

46.83%

Circle_Boundry

53.77%

48.17%

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1 trail

28g_mixed

36g_mixed

39g_mixed

Img2.Three types of shovel shapes

Multiple trails

3 pumps

6 pumps 16g_darksnow

12g_darksnow

16g_darksnow

Speculative system 9 pumps

The purpose is find a place where the snow is black.

Firstly, we using satellite image to choose candidate a site based on black snow amount and choosing location randomly and telling machine to specific location finally, move to specific component.

In this working system, dividing area to be grid system,and setting in target point, analysis data to create pattern and create snow pile, spraying white powder, finally ,create pattern on surface.

Img1. Design process

12 pumps

15 pumps

18 pumps

Img3.The result of the spraying

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pile + Create a landscape - test

hird test

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Appendix

Material test

Photo

Cube

Measure weight

Attach test material

Measure project area

Freeze

3d scan

Measure surface area

About material testing First of all, we need to choose different materials such as rope, plastic, paper, wire, etc.,which is mainly used or find in longyearbyen, through repeated freezing, and then choose the materials that can be used.Finally, a 3D scan was performed to measure the amount of condensation that different materials could withstand.In this process, it is necessary to pay attention to the same structure shape and freezing time.

Img1.Freezing test process

Frozen structure

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The project test materials,and the project freeze material five times each. Then, take picture and measure their weight and measure project area and surface area.

First Frozen

Second Frozen

Third Frozen

There was some water on the surface of the wire, but it melted quickly

Img2.The box with wire

The rope froze, but it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t change significantly

Img3.The box with hemp

The froth is the most effective in freezing, and a significant change in freezing can be seen

Img4.The box with cotton powder

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Fourth Frozen

First Frozen

Second Frozen

Third Frozen

Fourth Frozen

The surface is not frozen on plastic rope

Img5.The box with plastic

The surface is not frozen on paper rope

Decommissioning Svalbard

Img6.The box with paper

Grass showed the most significant changes

Img6.The box with algae

Plant fibers showed the most significant changes

Img6.The box with plant fibers

Through the last freeze, it was decided not to choose the wire

Img6.The box with wire test2

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Appendix

City community Site Analysis In Longyearbyen, Svalbard, people dwell and active in a specific zone, which local people call it “downtown”. Due to the extreme climate, human activities are restricted to this zone, ensuring safety and connect between them. In such a condition, Longyearbyen has developed a unique community and culture. Citizens are highly connected to the community as it provides them everything from basic daily supply to entertainment and education.

To preserve the essence of Longyearbyen, Svalbard, we have to understand what makes this community unreplaceable. Initial study of the city typology shows similar conclusion: community center consists of shopping center and nearby buildings and has convenient transport to several nodes: church. Restaurant, gas station and UNIS, while residents’ houses are scattered nearby the nodes.

House

Pylon

Office

Commercial House

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House

Greenhouse Downtown

Water supply

Img1.The diagram of the proposal regarding a sharing economy

Chruch Warehouse House

Img2.City organization in Longyearbyen, Svalbard

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Inspiration From planning to fiction

The Dead Website Archive proposed by David Garcia Studio, will convert what was once virtual and plural while in use, to a physical and single reality when it has been removed from the Web. The archive will be located over Europe’s largest cave in Croatia and it’s task is to select the relevant shut-down-websites, and proceed to laser cut the contents of the full site into thin polycarbonate A4 sheets.

a pair of intelligent data centers for socio-cultural hybrid communities in Mumbai, India. Proposed

by Interdisciplinary design research collective Flux Real Design Collective. The proposed selfsufficient hybrid community is an amalgamation of different cultures living in harmony, with communal interactions, co-ordination, cooperation with the machines.

Img3.Aaron Berman Architecture. (2012, March 1). SUBURBIA TOWER - Aaron Berman Architecture. https://www.aaron-berman.com/ SUBURBIA-TOWER

Img4.David Garcia Studi. (2010, October 26). Where do Websites go to Die? Dpr-Barcelona. https://dprbcn.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/ where-do-websites-go-to-die/

Img5.Contents, W. A. (2018, August 16). Flux Real Design Collective releases Intelligent Data Centers for hybrid communities in Mumbai.

World Architecture Community. https://worldarchitecture.org/articlelinks/ehnnm/flux_real_design_collective_releases_intelligent_data_ centers_for_hybrid_communities_in_mumbai.html

These platforms are produced from recycled e-waste – myco blocks (mycelium bio - composites), serving as a ground to house this multicultural diverse set of people. The spatial framework is constantly in dynamics, growing and decomposing in sizes and shapes, and different stacking organizations, based on the different parameters driven and operated by the AI Host.

An imaginative drawing named "Future Systems" from the 1970s to the 1990s. made by Jan Kaplický, who was a world-renowned Neofuturistic Czech architect who spent a significant part of his life in the United Kingdom.

An experiment from project Entitled Synth[e] tech[e]cology, lead by Chang-Yeob Lee from Royal College of Art. The project predicts the eventual redundancy of the 189-metre tower - currently used for telecommunications - and suggests repurposing it as an eco-skyscraper that collects airborne dirt particles and helps to reduce the level of respiratory illness in London.

Img3.Anknnown.David Garcia Studi. (2010, October 26). Where do Websites go to Die? Dpr-Barcelona. https://dprbcn.wordpress. com/2010/10/26/where-do-websites-go-to-die/

Img4.kaplicky, J. A. N. (1970–1990). ..:: F U T U R E S Y S T E M S ::..

Http://Kaplickycentre.Org/Jan-Kaplicky/. http://kaplickycentre.org/ jan-kaplicky/

Img5.Frearson, A. (2015, July 6). Synth[e]tech[e]cology by Chang-Yeob Lee. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2013/06/24/ synthetechecology-by-chang-yeob-lee/

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Suburbia Tower, New York, NY by ADV. STUDIO VI | Manaugh / Twilley. In between private rental periods, the detachable units of Mobile Suburbia are housed in a large vertical docking station in Tribeca - one of the most upscale residential neighborhoods in Manhattan. Upon arrival back to the docking station, the backyard unit is separated into two components which are housed separately within the docking station.

Appendix

Why goes vertically?

Struc

Planning

Comp Satellite station

Resident

Lab

Apartment, Storage

Office

Resident

RC 1 Monumental Wastelands

Resident

Water supply, Church

Electricity facility

Market

Gas storage, Supply

Office, Facility Electricity

Electricity generator Light industry

Transport system Warehouse Img1.The vertical building organization of the initial design approach

Img2.The

Stability test Firstly, the project use wood and iron as objects to press on the object to see this deformation and weighing capacity of different structures.

During the test, we put 30,40,50,60 matches stick and blades on different models in order, then calculated the deformation of the structure under different weights.

Therefore, the second and third began to tilt.

Img2.The process of the stability test

162

cture Strategy

ponents Test

different phenomenon,then calculate the weight to see general information of their weighing capacity. Just for test of this stage,we get a result that some shape is suitable and also some structure we should aviod.

Although triangles have stability, it does not mean that the more triangles in the structure, the more stable they are. It still depends on the shape and method of construction.strings of 0s and 1s, but other encodings are also possible.

e sturctural patterns for the stability test

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Decommissioning Svalbard

For the stability test of the structure, the purpose is to test the same material under different structures, shapes and pressures, and test their weighing capacity and stability .For test material, we mainly use wood and steel because of svalbard mainly use wood as their buildings material.

The basic shape of the structure is derived from the deconstruction buildings,we have changed the shape a little bit.

During the construction process, we found that the second one is the most unstable and difficult to build .There are some basic frame.To using wood and iron as objects to press on this shape to see

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