1981 SCM by Russ Morris

THESANTA CLARAMAGAZ'NE contents

September 1981 - Volume XXIV- Number One

3 Media and Mass Psychology A not too gentle probe of the news media today.

9 Saints, Diamonds and Bears A thoughtful comparison of

education. today and 40 years ago.

12 Santa Clara Potpourri A chance to test your memory of campus features.

T hree for All Seasons Examining the interrelationship of three great Christian humanists.

This magazine replaces The Best of Santa Clara Today, an annual review of the academic year that has been published annually since 1 973. We hope that in future years we will be able to gradually increase the number of issues of this magazine. Your suggestions and comments are welcome. Send them to EDITOR, SANTA Cďż˝A RA TODA Y, U N IVERSIT Y of SANTA CLA RA , CA LIFORNIA, 95053.

18 Where Is Love? Defining love in the new Catholic marriage law.

23 Tracking the High Tech Boom

A MAGAZINE SUPPLEMENT TO

The Silicon Valley is poised for greatness.

Editor ......................................... Peggy Major

Art Director ................................... Paul Murp hy Santa Clara Today i s published ten times a year in Septem ber, October, November, December, February, March, April, May, J une and July by t he U ni versity of Santa Clara. Second class post age paid at Santa Clara, California, 95050. Address change to: Editor, Santa Clara Tod ay, U ni versity of Santa Clara,

Santa Clara, California, 95053.

News of Santa Clara Catching up on some of the news this summer.

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M ost Americans already have forgotten

Alexander S olzheneitsyn's Harvard commencement address where, quite to the surprise of his hosts, he bruised the sensibilities of the news media by charging them with distortion, deletion and a complete abandonment of their hard-earned freedom of speech. In place of a search for the truth, he said, they had turned the news of the world into a kind of vaudeville show, filled to the brim with quick-paced, spell-binding, catastrophic, visual thrillers where Walter Cronkite serves less as the clear and dispassionately objective reporter and more like a master-of-ceremonies, leading us through a circus-like chamber of horrors, grotesqueries and titillations. Many were shocked by Solzheneitsyn's display of rhetoric and ingratitude. But by the time a black woman j ournalist had been fired by the Washington Post for concocting a story of an 8-year-old heroin addict (a story which almost allowed her to walk off with this year's Pulitzer), most were unable to recall Solzheneitsyn's earlier indictment. Instead the j ournalistic community was buzzing with the need to clean up its act, be more responsible and police its sources and reporters more actively. There was little talk that this black woman might herself be a casualty or yictim of a medium which p iaces inordinate p ressures on j ournalists to search ,

out, uncover, photograph and package the most shocking, compelling,.enticing tales, regardless of how kinky or sleazy, in order to win that unspoken but avid competition for a chunk of the six o'clock news or a precious by-line at the Post. A recent Newsweek poll revealed that a maj ority of Americans (71 percent) assiduously adhere to the idea that electronic j ournalism is fair, unbiased and probably the best in the world, particularly with its consummate affinity for state-of-the-art computer and satellite technology. Few, it seems, recognize that networks produce, direct, engineer, edit and tailor the evening news to fit viewer attention-spans and conform to mass likes, dislikes and predilections; time slots are chosen with care, anchor men and women mixed and matched ethnically to provide the widest possible viewer identification potential, and from the azure sports jackets of the Washington correspondents to the sophisticated whirr of wire service p rinters, the networks try unceasingly to create the m ost alluring ambiance to attract and keep their hard-to-please, capricious, channel-changing newswatchers. While newsmen make much noise about their independence from sponsors and advertisers (and occasionally attack or expose one to prove their point), no news program is immune from ratings . . And that insatiable thirst for bigger arid bigger Nielsen shares keeps the news closely married t o viewer psychology. To pander or play to this mass

�----------- ------

psychological configuration of viewer fads,

fantasies and fetishes, to keep 80 million

newswatchers appeased, entertained and, above all,

Such glaring reminders of America's progressive

A window had been opened

regressive, self-indulgent, narcissistic or provincial

outrage, anger and moral

affixed to their sets, has the effect, to Solzheneitsyn,

which increasingly address themselves to the more

development of a chauvinistic and national myopia.

elements in news-consumer psychology. Quite the opposite, Americans, if anything, perceive the

of prostituting free speech, imbalancing America's perception of the world, and facilitating the Sometime ago the Educational Testing Service

reported that on a test of world affairs, the average

college freshman earned a failing grade; ditto for

seniors. Widespread ignorance in the most literate segments of society was noted on nuclear power,

world religions, East-West detente, OPEC and

international affairs in general. Another study reveals 40 percent of American high school seniors unable to locate Egypt on a map; 20 percent

couldn't find France or China. Such an intellectual retreat from the world is observed most everyplace

media as somehow mysteriously'. counterbalancing unpleasant realities of the external world directly

into the living rooms of a mass of otherwise reluctant viewers.

Yet, if the media claim they are socially conscious

and committed to providing balanced, objective,

accurate and historically significant information,

regardless of how much pain or pleasure these stories bring to their viewers, large amounts of data simply do not support that contention. There are,

for example, almost three times more biographical

leaders of Zimbabwe or South Africa, and the embarrassing disinterest in foreign language

Armstrong. While neither person possesses a high degree of charisma or inner magnetism, Ms. Hearst

learning. In 1 9 6 1 , for example, one in three universities required a foreign language. Today

fewer than one in 10 require it with the result that only two percent of the American people are now conversant in a foreign tongue compared to 20

percent of the Japanese. Not a single American correspondent covering the Iranian crisis could

speak Farsi. Also, there are fewer students of

Russian in the U.S. than teachers of English in the USSR. This litany of embarrassing facts is apparently endless.

allowing the ventilation of collective righteousness for the American news consumer

this tendency by oftentimes "foisting" the

else one turns, including the appointment of a

deputy Secretary of State who couldn't name the

Persian Gulf. No other theory of this invasion

loss of contact with the reality of the outside world are rarely dropped at the feet of the news media,

articles written about Patty Hearst than Neil

is fortunate enough to belong to a kind of mass

psychological epic laced with numerous "hooks"

and fully ornamented in dialectical, sexual and symbolic plots (rich vs. poor, black vs. white, men

vs. women, old vs. young, police vs. people,

conservative vs. radical). Mr. Armstrong, on the

other hand, is an historical figure with no apparent

media staying-power who is left to evaporate in the consciousness of the American people. This kind of imbalance in ordering events in any way

resembling their proper historical weighting is the

received anything close to the air time given this

particular interpretation. The Soviets, however, see their involvement with Afghanistan as an expression of their "benevolence" and "concern" in helping the

Afghans overthrow the burden of imperialist

exploitation-despite American accusations that

their invasion was nothing short of insidious. In a

cause of this national and historical astigmatism. Countless stories have appeared on the 50,000

American soldiers who died in Vietnam, the

POWs, MIAs, their relatives, the concerns of

veterans, their psychological adjustment problems,

new counseling centers opened to treat them, even

their jealousy over the heroic welcome given to the

freed hostages. However accurate or

representational these stories may be, they obscure the fact that America slaughtered close to a million

persons in Vietnam, but the plight of these victims, their survivors, their still unlocated relatives, their

disability or deafness caused by concussion bombs,

napalm or Agent Orange all remain underplayed and generally unreported. As a result, the

parallel way, the U.S. in supporting Polish

workers, sees itself as "benevolent" and

"concerned" in helping these people throw off the yoke of communist oppression-despite Soviet assertions that American interest in Poland is

entirely predatory. The other side of the coin, as it were, i.e., the Soviet explanation of its actions, particularly in Afghanistan, is rarely aired, and

even if their position does penetrate the American

media, it is simply stated with none of the

supporting data or documentation which they

might bring to support or justify their actions ever

presented. Instead of exploring Soviet viewpoints, as if trying to present both sides in a balanced or

objective manner, the media fears that such a

American perception of the world is in a

continuous state of involution, feeding more and more upon itself, its own stories, its own issues. Systematic distortion, deletion, underplay and

overplay are again found in the Afghanistan

drama. The Soviet invasion was unprovoked,

uninvited and, most importantly, America

unimplicated. The result was that a window had

been opened allowing the ventilation of collective

outrage, anger, indignation and moral

righteousness for the American news consumer.

The sweet sense of moral superiority was intensified

as Americans were treated to countless stories on

legitimacy to the Soviet invasion. Further, if the

than-thou loftiness that the Soviets had themselves

ability of the media to exploit the solidarity and

American blundering in Vietnam. It was now

consumers would be diminished.

righteous indignation, and the intensity of all these

Afghanistan was motivated by their desire to help

an Olympic boycott and a series of stories on

involvement with the West, an alliance which left

opportunity to wallow in the same kind of holier served to their own people as they watched

clearly America's turn at the helm of mass

feelings was sufficient to support a grain embargo, Afghan resistance, insurgency and, of course,

Soviet mistakes, atrocities, chemical warfare, etc.

The "theory" to explain the Afghanistan affair

(perhaps accurate, but also curiously paranoid and

self-centered) was that the Soviets had waited until

American eyes were closed before stepping

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presentation might only add a measure of

the Soviet invasions. American viewers now had an

roughshod on Afghanistfln in their long term and : deliberate drive toward ' our" oil supplies in the

Soviet theory is even remotely believable, the

galvanized emotions of the American news

To the Soviets, however, the so-called invasion of

the Afghans resist any more devastating

these 1 5 million persons close to death sprawled across one of the poorest nations on earth. The

average worker earns about $2.50 per week; one in

1 0 babies is dead on delivery, compared to one in 1 00 in the USSR; whate�er freedom of speech thes"e

citizens might have enjoyed before Soviet

intervention, only 1 0 percent of the popUlation

could have ever profited much from it in the first

St.o

place since nine in 10 adults can neither read nor write. There is one telephone for every 500 people to share, one radio for every 160, and the average

adult cannot expect to live beyond the age of 35. In neighboring Soviet republics like Tadzhikistan,

Uzbekistan or KazaRstan, the standard of living,

literacy and life expectancy is many times higher. despite a reasonable similarity in language, religion and customs between these Soviet Central Asian

republics and Afghanistan. Under Soviet power,

the average Afghan, perhaps within a decade, will have a full 20 years more of life to worry about his denial of free speech and emigration than he ever

had to enjoy it when allied with the West. To

pursue this set of data, to accent Afghan poverty,

to do a story on life in Uzbekistan (rather than Afghan freedom fighters in Pakistan), however, is to play into the hands of the enemy, defuse the

American catharsis, cool the fever, subdue the

ratings and spoil the media potential of the conflict

in general.

The U.S. news media is engaged, probably without conscious, deliberate or conspiratorial motives, in a kind of systemic deletion and distortion of world news events in order to

maintain, intensify and maximize the cathartic value of a particular story or sequence of stories. No attempt here is made to justify Soviet

propaganda. Indeed Soviet news coverage for two generations has distorted the Soviet citizen's

perception of the world and contemporary history

immeasurably. Most Soviet citizens never heard of the famine in Biafra, for example, or the starvation

currently at the Thai-Cambodia border. Most never

heard of Nassar's positioning 90,000 troops on

Israel's border and his forcible closing of the Gulf

of Aqaba only days before Israel's so-called unprovoked aggression of 1967. Most do not know the Afghan leader who invited the Red Army into

his country was not himself present there until five

days after Soviet troops had arrived. Most do not

know the Soviet invasion of Finland was

unprovoked and, in fact, clearly a Soviet-inspired action agreed to in secret between Stalin and

Hitler, and many continue to believe that the Soviet declaration of war on Japan was the genuine cause of the Japanese surrender, not the atomic

bombs that hit Hiroshima and Nagasaki only days before.

Chorus after chorus of Americans would

immediately agree that the Soviet press lies, distorts, manipulates and taints world news

coverage to the exclusion of little else, but few ever draw parallels with their own media. The parallels,

however, are all too clear and unmistakable. As an example, on April 27, 1981, a relatively nondescript

news day featuring stories on a hunger striker in

Ireland who had not yet died, reminiscences about the space shuttle, and talk of the upcoming French

elections, Pravda made a total of nine references to the United States. America was l;lccused of plotting

with Pakistan and China against! India, of

suppressing minorities in Miami: of training Cuban and Nicarauguan "rightist terrorists" in Florida, of

Pol Pot, alive and well in the jungles of Cambodia, is unknown to most Americans holding a black "prisoner of conscience" in an Alabama jail for over II years, etc. All nine

references were entirely, unambiguously negative, critical and anti-American in tone and content, but the American response to this news is not one of

and life expectancies ever achieved, and had

invented, manufactured and grown almost 40

percent of everything made on earth. The other society, as well, despite its oft-publicized difficulties

in providing milk, meat and soap to its consumers, nonetheless had an equivalent life expectancy, a higher literacy rate despite the 160 different spoken tongues among its peoples, published more books than any other nation on earth, enjoyed the fifth

highest standard of living, and, after losing 20 million of its citizens and hundreds of cities in

World War II, managed to inaugurate the space age a mere 12 years after such a devastating holocaust. Both sides, instead, choose to see the other as rife

with corruption, oppression, repression, anarchy, dissent, intrigue, barbarism, injustice and

representative claim it instead. Nonetheless, Pol

Pot already ranks as probably the third or fourth greatest mass murderer human history has ever produced (well ahead of Attila the Hun, Genghis Khan, Nero or Idi Amin, but still lagging behind Hitler and Stalin). A team of UN demographers

estimated that up to 3. 9 million people, over a third

of the population of Cambodia, died of starvation,

murder and political torture in the space of seven years. Half the popUlation either died or left the

country. A newscaster would have to report the

death of 1500 Cambodians each day for seven

years to properly capture the extent of this atrocity.

The famine in China, before Vietnam, and the murder in Cambodia after it, involve 23 times more death than all of the obsessive body counts the

widespread militarism. Both sides believe only one of the two news media is lying and distorting

American media flashed to their vicarious

and personal aims.

by more than a handful of Americans. To underline

events, using world events for its own chauvinistic As this psychological media war continues with

consumers during the entire war, yet neither event is seen in similar historical proportion to Vietnam the magnitude of the media underplay of these

mass projections running rampant, much of the

stories, the three-year famine in China and the

propaganda factories of Pravda, Tass and Izvestia.

ignorance, unable to serve, titillate or sate the

times more human sacrifice than all American

Time and U. S. News and Wo rld Report, two large

super power.

surprise. Most would consider this standard fare, typical, and only to be expected from the Unnoticed, however, is that on this same date,

circulation newsmagazines, also came out with their weekly editions. In toto, 16 articles or

real news remains buried in darkness and

psychological needs of news consumers of either When America was busily recording the Vietnam

war and engaged in thinking this event was clearly

references to the USSR were made, and, like the stories of Pravda, all were entirely critical, antiÂ

the major historical incident of the decade, the

artists had defected from "artistic repression";

Americans watched this mass hysteria with a

Soviet, exclusively, monotonously negative. Two

Soviet fishermen were accused of "systematic

mixture of shock and amusement. These few stories

of the Cultural Revolution were, at best, "filler" in

Afghanistan, like their American counterparts in Vietnam, were already hooked on drugs, and the

Red Guards had uprooted private farming in China

black market bribery. The American descriptions

of the USSR were as thoroughly, consistently and completely negative as were Pravda's references to

the United States. On an otherwise uneventful news day, a Martian who had the misfortune of speaking both English

and Russian and who had, by some quirk of space

injustice, landed on earth would have observed that 25 articles had been published and consumed by these two populations representing half a billion

people. Not one reference in either media was

the Vietnam war. Deleted, underplayed, distorted

and uninvestigated, however, was the fact that the

to such an extent that one of the worst famines

ever witnessed on the planet earth occurred,

doubling China's death rate with the loss of 20

million persons in the space of three years. If this event were properly reported in relation to its

magnitude and historical significance, it would

have required the newscaster to report the death of

18,000 people each and every day for three

entire years.

Pol Pot, alive and well in the jungles of

Cambodia (and quietly seeking American aid)

remains relatively unknown to most Americans.

positive, reasonably objective or courageous

Perhaps his lack of notoriety permitted the U.S.

other society. Yet, one people had landed a man on the moon, had one of the highest living standards

Soviet-Vietnamese supported Cambodian

enough ďż˝o recognize anything redeeming in the

all the deaths recorded when the bubonic plague

ravaged Europe in the fourteenth century.

brigade of Red Guards into the countryside.

between the far more frequent documentation of

only way to buy soap in the Ukraine was through

military and civilian casualties since the

Revolutionary War and equal, in half the time, to

Chinese Cultural Revolution sent brigade after

pillaging" off the coast of Africa; Soviet relations with the Third World were described as governed

exclusively by "brute force." Red Army soldiers in

seven-year Cambodian bloodbath represent 10

government to support his claim to retain the

Cambodian seat at the .UN rather than letting the

If the news were presented as it is, unexpurgated,

unedited, uneroticized, and unrelated to

chauvinistic or nationalistic psychological needs, it

would not be fresh, novel, exciting or entertaining,

short-wave, long-wave and microwave

communications 21,000 miles above the earth to stationary synchronous-orbit satellites which, in

turn, bounce them right back to dazzle, amaze and

nor could the most ingenious producer or editor

hypnotize news consumers and keep them busily

historical significance, the news would be tragic,

the more terrifying truths of their, planet.

make it so. If present�d in proportion to its

repulsive, repetitive, monotonous and interminably

deathly. Today, as yesterday and tomorrow, 29,000

people will die in India. Two billion people on earth

will be trying to stay alive on a wage equivalent to

So/zheneitsyn's indictment of American media must be seen less as an attack and more as a plea $5.00 per week. A billion people living in over 31

different countries cannot expect to live beyond the

age of 43, the life expectancy of the average

American more than 100 years ago. Half of the population of the earth cannot read or write or

profit in any way from the 15th century invention

of the printing press. Despite American stories on inflation and the need to curb government

spending, if all the current American foreign aid

were redirected as cash payments to the two billion poor, it would increase their annual per capita

income by one tenth of one percent or $1.95 per

year.

A coal mine disaster, however, has more media

potential in that there is a novelty factor, an inner drama, a vigil, intrigue, anticipation, tension and

the prospect for a short-term resolution. Such a

formula permits a six o'clock report, an update, a late bulletin and a conclusion (tension-relief) at eleven, as well as a clear calendar for more and

more varied programming for·the next d ay.

The overdone but continuously popular exposes of child sex star Brooke Shields has far more

attention-getting power than any of the 7,900

babies under the age of one who died in India on

that same day and every day. Barbara Walters'

interest in Fid el Castro's sex life, Billy Jean King's

homosexual trysts, Elvis Presley's drug addiction,

gay liberation, inflation, fluctuations in the prime,

Jimmy Carter's hemorrhoids, Billy Carter's

alcoholism or Betty Ford's face lift would all have

to move over to make way for the news of the

world. And there is no sign currently or in the

foreseeable future·that the news of the planet earth will be able to penetrate this immense psychological curtain which covers the globe like an octopus,

occupies most of its frequencies, and bounces its

preoccupied and simultaneously immunized against Solzheneitsyn's courage in speaking the truth in

Russia and the consequent exile he had to endure is mirrored by the courage required of him to stand before the American media with his scathing and

incisive indictment. He is now silenced and in exile here as well, as his appearances become nonexistent

and his words dissipate in the ,media-conditioned,

short-term memories of 80 million newswatchers.

When he pointed his finger at these young Harvard

graduates and accused them of indifference to the genocide of 30 million people, most incorrectly

heard it as a call for another Vietnam, and they hissed at their invited Nobel Laureate. Few obviously were aware that 23 million of these

people had already died as Solzheneitsyn spoke.

His indictment of the American media and the

neurasthenic, narcissistic national malaise it has

given birth to, however, must be seen less as an attack and more as a plea. It is a plea to six percent of the world's popUlation to develop a new

consciousness, to recognize that they are driving half the automobiles currently running on earth, to

see that they are spending eight times more on

alcohol each year than on poverty, to understand

that their dogs and cats are better nourished than a

billion homo sapiens, to admit that few could find Uzbekistan on a map if they had to. It is a plea to

the American people to see that their need to

insulate themsleves from the languages, facts, customs, religions, perceptions and realities of the outside world has grown to such an enormous

degree that the screams and cries of half of the

people on earth who already have a taste of death in their mouths are muffled and silenced by this national self-indulgence. If the American news

screen were taken down, Americans would see

millions of persons reaching toward them in a last,

desperate yearning to survive and live, and no Fred

Silverman, media programmer, producer, ad-man or video-tape splicer could then subdue that long overdue catharsis of compassion, pity, humanity,

charity and decency that such a consciousness would bring forth.

Jerome A. Kroth is an assistant professor i n th e Graduate

Division of Counse l i ng Psyc hology and E d ucation at t h e U ni versit y of Santa Cl ara. H is P h . D. is from Florid a S tate U ni versit y.

William J. Rewak, S.J.

A common complaint in academia goes

something like this: "If the essential work of

education is that which occurs between student and

faculty member, between students themselves, or between a student and a book, then why are so

To be a bit more cOJ1crete. Teresa of Avila was

one of the great women in a remarkable epoch of Spanish history. She was on fire with the love of

God and tried as best she could to consolidate all

the minutes of her days, all the myriad activities of

much money and so much energy spent in the non

her work as a religious superior, into one glowing act of adoration.

alumni offices, day-care centers, social activities

filled with administrative duties: founding new

essentials: athletics, dormitories, development and indeed, all the 'support services' of a university?

Wouldn't life on a campus be simpler and wouldn't

our work be more effective if we were to

concentrate our efforts on the essentials?" All of us, whether we're administrators or faculty or board members, have to face this problem which may be more one of perception than of

objective fact, but that does not make it any less

It is a struggle-even for a saint. Her days are

convents, having the roof fixed on an old one, begging for money, getting caught in a storm and

having to wade through mud and rain to make her annual visitation of another convent where the

nuns complain that the food this past year has been

particularly unsatisfactory. The hours for prayer become harder and harder to find.

The tension is obvious: as a contemplative, she

real or any easier to solve.

seeks to unify, to telescope her life into one human

the Many-or, Unity and MUltiplicity. The Greek

of time, all the separate, individual decisions and

metaphysical coordinates of a tension we experience at almost every level of our lives. They

urge for simplicity, for stepping back from that

It is, I think, the ancient problem of the One and

philosophers adopted these terms as the

tried to reconcile the disparateness of human

experience, on the one hand, with the clear human urge toward unity, on the other; and they did this, I'm sure, not just because it was an interesting

philosophical puzzle for the brain, but also because such tension troubled the heart.

act of love-to crush together all the discrete units

distractions into one clear diamond. She has an

grubby world with its multiple demands; she wants to live quietly, to move steadily down a straight path toward her goal. No detour. No sudden

chasms where she has to hitch up her habit and jump as best she can.

Teresa's life demonstrates well this human

tension between unity and multiplicity because she

handled it so well, because sh e was able to harmonize h er single-minded goal with all the activities her vocation demanded of her. She discovered that all those activities were really multiple facets of one reality: her love for God. I s a twentieth-century campus any different from the plains of sixteenth-century Castille? All of us share Teresa's frustrations; for us, they are frustrati ons that arise out of an increasingly complex, computerized society where, we've been reminded, it is not so much the problems that command our attention but the rapid pace by which they arrive-and change. I have a little daydream I enj oy at finance meetings: I 'm sitting in a seminar roo m, presiding over a small group of intensely concerned students

endowment or an alcohol policy. To tell our lawyer, "Sorry, we have no business for you." To tell the government, "Take a walk." To tell the students, "Show up for class, but what you do on this campus the other twenty-two hours is n ot our concern." But we cannot do that, for we:re operating today under new constraints. And new(opportunities. For example: * In the I 950s, California-following New York's lead-began state scholarship programs. The Federal Government initiated 'massive aid programs in the '60s. Today Financial Aid Offices around the country furnish tqi; l.egwork and ' paperwork, and institutional funds, that make a college education possible for millions. If we didn't have those services, we wouldn't have students and our society would be poorer. Even a small university, that may disburse annually over $10 million in grants and l oans, needs a full and competent staff.

Placement Offices today provide a needed service for students who have to compete in the job market. In the '40s, only the largest universities could boast such an office; most students were on their own. Last spring alone, our own office planned 2,494 student interviews-and that is only one function of a Placement Office. *

Most will agree that on-campus living is a beneficial experience for freshmen and sophomores. Therefore, if we're going to have dormitories, we have to provide-besides the obvious needs of a kitchen, janitorial services, and intramural athletic fields-a whole range of student development services, growth programs, counseling staffs and offices. This area is the most crucial of all the non-academic services we provide: students can either be destroyed by the life they find on campus, or they can mature. *

(it is a daydream). We're discussing the loss of innocence in William Faulkner's "The Bear." It's springtime, probably in the late '40s, a small campus surrounded by pink and white orchards. No smog, no rock music, no jackhammers. And, significantly, about eighty-five percent of the faciliti es space on campus is d evoted to classrooms, teachers' offices, and the library. Ten percent to dormitories. Five percent to athletics. It's a tempting daydream, for it suggests that what we call education today can be reduced, simply, to a space where students and teachers meet to allow for that one human interchange in which a student's heart and mind are fused, where wisdom is born, where the world begins to burn a bit brighter. That's the goal. That certainly is the one purpose. That l11ay not be why everyone on a campus is there; b.ut that is why the university exists. H o w simple and refreshing it would be to forget the other spaces. To forget renovation plans or

* Because the health of a university demands that the percentage of the budget dependent upon tuition be lowered as much as p ossible; because its effectiveness d epends upon research and new programs and constantly refurbished academic resources, Development Offices have grown tremendously in all instituti ons. And the sophistication needed to deal with government grants and loans, with foundations and corporations, and with private individual s has become much more refined than before. Thus, increased staff, more expensive expertise, and larger spaces are needed.

We are here for that human interchange where wisdom is born, to serve intellect and to touch the human heart Our own Business Office this year will have processed a bout $40 million in cash receipts alone; in turn-over of cash flow, investing and re investing, it will have processed around $100 million. In 1948, in contrast, the budget hit $1 million, and there was som e consternation about how such a sum could be managed. *

* Government regulations have forced us to use work time, computer time, staff and space for studying reports, preparing our own reports, composing an egregious amount of correspondence. S uch regulations and laws-and our litigious society-have established legal services as an indispensable part of administrative opera tions.

I could go on, but one last example: Our Faculty Handbook for 1948 was a bout ten pages long and was written in the form of an instruction. I nterestingly enough, it forbade the faculty to teach evolution a nd said, furthermore: "Members of the faculty are expected to maintain a conservative viewpoint, not only within the university, but also in social, political, civil and religious fields." Today the Handbook is 100 pages long and has grown in considerable complexity. I t also attempts to be a bit more sympathetic to the claims of academic freedom. U niversity life has, indeed, changed. I t's easy, of course, to get dreamy-eyed about the past, to get frustrated b ecause the proliferation of our activities-all necessary-can make it hard at times. to discover the bond that ties them all together. We are constantly tempted toward fragmentation. 1t does seem m ore difficult today to maintain perspective than it d id in the late '40s. H owever, what university administrators must do, in season and out of season-and this is surely one of their principal functions-is to assure the various campus constituencies that priorities have not changed . We are here for the work of education; we are here for that human interchange where wisd o m is b o rn; we are here to serve intellect and to touch the human h eart. And all our energies and all our services are �jjrected to that. All decisions-financial de�isions and staff d ecisions

and facilities decisions-must be made with that priority in mind. In William Faulkner's "The Bear," the young protagonist, Ike McCaslin, loses his innocence symbolically-by stepping into the woods and divesting himself of the trappings of civilization: a gun, a compass, a watch. There h e meets the bear, alone, with nothing to guide him or save him. Mythologically, he comes to terms with the spirit of nature and emerges from the forest a man. The lesson is valid . At times we must divest ourselves of all the crutches of civilization in order to meet-purely and cleanly-the challenges of our world . But for m ost of us, that myth speaks m ore to a spiritual reality than to a physical reality. And it tends to be romantic. In real life, we probably lose our innocence-or grow up-when we recognize, and accept, the multiplicity of experience. When we recognize that life is not, in daily routine, a simple task. When we become reconciled to the fact that bearing the burdens of civilization is our way of saving civilization. When the hurly-burly of life is not disdained but transformed . For the loss of innocence can lead either to sterility or to growth. We can either fall back, stunted , afraid of our'own shadow, locked in our own vacuum, cringing from the frenetic world in which we live; or we can pull through it and turn all these thousand operations we're involved in into opportunities. Creativity, I am convinced, comes from the tension between goal and opportunities, between the struggle for some kind of unity and the realization that to arrive there we have to walk a thousand steps through a thousand paths. But it's worth it. The m ore facets a diam ond has, the brighter it will shine. And Teresa of Avila d id become a saint. No one is going to promise us canonization even granted that we were looking for it-but we ought always to beware of Parmenid es' solution: he was tricked and disturbed by the multiplicity of experience and judged it illusion. It is not. All the aspects of our work are real and our labor is to make them all effective. They are simply ways a university h as to perform that one, essential, and rather sacred duty: to excite a person's mind and heart with the beauty and the tragedy and the hope of human life.

William J. Rewak, S.J., beca m e t h e 26t h president of the U n iversity of Santa Clara i n Decem b er 1976. A n A m eri can l i t erature scholar and poet, he received his Ph . D . d egree from t h e Un iversity of M i nn esot a .

Test your memory with t h is eclectic assortment of campus features t h at should be recognizable to any San t a Clara stu dent wit h i n t h e last 50 years. H ow many can you identi fy? (Without peeki n g at t h e answers b elow, of course!) We classify experts as t h ose wi t h 10 or more correct responses. A. This handsome trio hangs out in Orradre Library, under the stairwell in the main lobby: Marble busts of V irgil. Cicero and Homer were gifts to the university from Francis Sullivan in 1902. They are the work of sculptor E. Gazzeri of Rome. B. On a clear day-you still will be looking through the beige tones of this stained glass window in St. Joseph's Hall. on the landing between the first and second noors. It dates to 1911. when the building was erected. C. Granite obelisk marks the spot where physics professor and airplane pioneer John J. Montgomery sent aloft the first heavier-than-air glider in controlled night and maintained equilibrium. April 29. 1905. a feat that won him the title "Father of Aviation." D. Cornerstone in St. Joseph's northeast wall is this bronze seal of the university. In 1964. SCU president Pat Donohoe. S.J .. had a wax impression taken and a new casting made as this was the only official seal of the university believed to be in existence. save the registrar's embossing seal. All seals today were reproduced from this cornerstone. E. St. John the Baptist is in the niche on the left side of the face of the Mission Church. Handcarved of pear wood by Guido Mayr of Oberammergau, Germany. this statue and the two others on the Mission exterior. 51. Francis and 51. Clare. were a gift to the university from Alaskan novelist Barrat Willoughby in 1932 in appreciation of Father Bernard Hubbard's Alaskan explorations. F. Cupola atop the bell tower in the Mission Church is of solid bronze and dates to the building of this fifth 1928 Mission. G. Stone angels grace the ceiling in the Jesuit dining room in Nobili Hall. now the Jesuit residence. Two decades ago. this was part of the student dining room and Nobili Hall was a student dormitory. H. This dove of peace stone decoration and a similar sized one of a lamb nank the entrance to the Jesuit residence. Nobili Hall. built in 1930. I. This stone Christian symbol is above the main entrance to Kenna Hall. which was built in 1924. J. T his curved bronzed plate was a gift to the university in 1922 from the "People of Santa Clara" in honor of the 60th anniversary of Father Aloysius Raggio's entrance. into the Society of Jesus. It appears on the left side of the main gales to the university. K. The hitching post outside of the Mission Church is next to the SCC stone (For Santa Clara College). The horseback rider used the stone to mount the mount. L. This bronze casting modeled after the Tau Beta Pi Key

is in the courtyard of Sullivan Engineering Center. The fraternity is a national honor society and it makes these castings available to campus chapters-for a fee. SCU's costs for this were picked up by alumnus Bill Adams '37. an engineer with FMC. M. Bronze lamps like this one once were common on campus. and were outside of Kenna. Nobili, St. Joseph. O'Connor. Donohoe and Alumni Science halls. In the 1960s. they were replaced with modern globes atop aluminum poles. Now a pair of the old lamps has been reinstalled outside Varsi Hall. N. The escutcheon plate and door handles of solid bronze are found on the doors to the Mission Church, and date to its construction in 1928.

1 11

Three For All Seasons Christiaan T. Lievestro

o n the long trail that led to the special

character of education at the University of Santa Clara, three great Christian humanists were men "for all seasons. " Ignatius Loyola, Erasmus of Rotterdam, and Thomas More were contempo raries in the sixteenth century. Their works and ideas complemented each other to contribute to the humanist education we practice today. Our university is a place of rational discourse and exchange of ideas, concepts and knowledge. It is a place of reason built upon Judeo-Christian values, ethical integrity and abiding-if skeptical commitment to the search for truth. It is a place of inquiry. That is important. Three humanists reinforced this commitment from their study of the Greeks and Romans, the Old and New Testaments, the chu'rch fathers and doctors of the Middle Ages. Each in his own way added to the ideal of the "modern" but classic humanist education. Of the many and deep influences in the educational thought of Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), one prominent inspiration came from the "Modern Devotion" of the Brethren of the Common Life in The Netherlands. The Brethren sought to imitate the apostolic life and, starting in the diocese of U trecht, rapidly established h ouses and schools in the chief cities of the Low Countries and north and central Germany. They instructed the people, copied manuscripts and worked at various handicrafts and agriculture. The idea of a religious community n ot in isolation from everyday life-to live and work in the world-was strikingly new. The Brethren and their schools had a deep

influence on the revival of religion in the fifteenth century. Perhaps the greatest achievement of the community of the Brethren was the Imitation of Ch rist (1427) by Thomas a Kempis, the best l oved and most widely read religi ous book in the world with the exception only of the Bible. The Imitation was a profound influence on Ignatius. U nder the rule of Jan Standonck of the Brethren, the College de Montaigu at the University of Paris presented certain elements of the Modern Devotion. From 1528 and for the next seven years Ignatius attended Montaigu and later the college of Sainte-Barbe, which most fully realized the new humanism, a genuine classical teaching enlightened by Christian inspiration. Ignatius' Sp riritua/ Exercises and Constitutions in part reflect the influence of the Modern Devotion, a practical Christocentric piety. The Jesuit system of education as set forth in the Ratio Studio rum was the work of a number of minds but also showed the strong effects of the U niversity of Paris experience of Ignatius. The highly significant result of all this was the establishment in 1546 in Gandia-and soon after in Messina-of the first Jesuit college for secular youth. Among the books used in a number of the succeeding Jesuit colleges was the Copia of Erasmus, whose Handbook of the Ch ristian Knight (1503) had earlier been recommended to Ignatius. Erasmus (1466-1536) did not in his lifetime suffer severe complaints from the Inquisition, as did Ignatius. But his great fame as the foremost scholar

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of Europe in the Renaissance has been troubled by the criticism of detractors for four hundred years. He sought in his Latin and Greek texts of the church fathers and of the New Testament to recover the values and purity of the primitive church. He too was profoundly influenced by the teachings of the Brethren of the Common Life when he studied under the learned and pious Alexander Hegius at Deventer in The Netherlands. Erasmus was born in Rotterdam and in time became an Augustinian Canon in the m onastery of St. Gregory's at Steyn. He was ordained a priest in 1492 but later left the monastery to study at the College de Montaigu at the University of Paris. His Adages and De Copia became standard texts for the study of Latin for generations of students in Europe and even in America-at the early Harvard College. He lectured at Cambridge and Oxford and was the first "best seller" to result from the newly invented printing press. He was the greatest Christian humanist scholar of the age, truly a "man for all seasons. " His most famous but m ost controversial work was The Praise of Folly written in the home of Thomas More in England in 1509 and dedicated to his beloved friend whose name suggested the pun of the Greek title Moira (folly) Encomium . It was a brilliant and witty satire of the foibles of the human comedy; it ranks as one of the great masterpieces of world literature. The Folly is an extre!lle ly subtle and complex piece. It begins as a cla ssic encomium, playful and

full of high spirits. It gradually turns into a very earnest and serious praise of the "Christian fool" as set forth in St. Paul 's first letter to the Corinthians. It was basic to Erasm �s' thought that grace builds on nature. As John Olin put, in this discourse on the nature of man and his behavior, "Erasmus has simply extended and elaborated this Pauline paradox." Erasmus, in his early years, lived precariously from his teaching and writing but in time included among his powerful friends Henry V III, Francis I, Charles V, and Popes Adrian VI, Clement VII and Paul Ill. He became a counselor to the Emperor Charles V in 1516, to whom he dedicated his Education of a Ch ristian Prince. In short, Erasmus was "in the world . " Together with Thomas More and John Colet, he is ranked as one of the great contributors to the English Renaissance. H is Latin is elegant and graceful which makes it still today highly readable. While not pure, his Latin has a charming vitality in sharp contrast to the anachronistic dead language of many Renaissance imitators. There was a spontaneity and naturalness which helped to make him the first great "man of letters" since the Romans. The Greek New Testament text of Erasmus became the starting point for m odern exegetical science (the critical analysis and interpretation of a scriptural passage). While the text is flawed and did not solve the problem of exegesis, it showed the way. The shock of this project to the credibility of religious texts was comparable to the astonishment

At the heart is the Judeo-Christian humanist dialogue, ongoing and unceasing in a vital university environment. ' of science from the work of Copernicus and Newton. It revealed that the Vulgate Bible was, in places, an erroneous volume. It was characteristic of the consistency and freedo m of Erasmus' intellectual integrity that he uttered unwelcome truths to the educated class (he did not reach to the simple p ublic through t h e vernacular as d id Luther). H e w a s n o t content to shrug off the terrible truths of the "natural" world, all the while d edicating his talent to the greater glory of God. He wrote with courage and fid elity according to the spirit of truthful inquiry. In this h e set t h e tone for t h e m odern humanist university ideal which was ultimately shared by the great Jesuit universities. As William Woodward expressed it in a maj or study of Erasmus' educational thought: "Perhaps it was in the Jesuit schools that the curriculum of Erasmus was m ost adequately presented." Ironically, it is fro m the Jesuits after the 15 40's and 1550's that some of the m ost virulent abuse, at times malicio us and intemperate, was raised against Erasmus. But this came during the "cold war" between Spain under Philip II against England, at a time when the Jesuits themselves were on the defensive against the Inquisition under the reactionary papacy of Paul IV, and when Jesuits were b eginning to receive that long and deeply regrettable history of abuse which was equally immoderate a nd vicious. It is one of the sad ironies in the painful search for truth to which both Erasmus and Ignatius were p rofoundly committed. But t h ere was a difference-d eeply significant in understanding the delicate and precarious balance which is characteristic of the intellectual and spiritual harmony attained by a truly successful Jesuit university. At the heart is the Judeo Christian humanist dialogue which is ongoing and unceasing in a vital university environment. In the intense and violent storms of partisans in the Reformat i on and Counter-Reformation which did not attain to their true horror until the Thirty Years War, Erasmus refused to side with dogmatists of any position. His intellect revolted against the clamorous excesses of the partisans. H e was dismayed by the violence of the new evangelical preachers, yet recognized and asserted , as had

critics throughout the Middle Ages, the abuses of religious practice which pandered to the weak, the ignorant and the superstitious. He was a reasonable man in an age of fanaticism. But he refused to remain silent. His d eep compassion for the inj ured in the power struggle of the mighty, be t hey king, pope, or reformer, led his enemies to condemn him as a trimmer. For his moderation and his despair of the harmful, o ften vulgar, narrowness of parties, he earned the abiding enmity and indictment of theological historians. It is not an unfamiliar position for scholars dismayed, by fundamentalist and doctrinaire "Christians" who do not appreciate, nor understand, nor tolerate the spirit of free inquiry and dialogue which I1j�s-t accompany intellectual and spiritual integrity. He was by no means an eighteenth-century rationalist as Voltaire. His great hope was for a new Augustan Age of literature and learning. In this he was essentially conservative; he always remained a fai thful Catholic. But he saw the promise of Christian humanist enlightenment disasterously blighted by the revolutionary d ogmatists of both sides of the Reformation. U ltimately, Ignatius and, even m ore, later Jesuit commentators were troubled by Erasmus' clever satire especially in the Colloquies (1524), The Praise of Folly , and The Complaint of Peace (1517).

Sometimes it is only a sense of humor that makes this profound tension bearable and ultimately creative. Ignatius was a man of a very different temperament and style from Erasmus. H e was above all conciliatory, strong but gentle in admonitions, a peace-maker and a mystic. H e was solemn, positive and serious, the preserver of profound spiritual values-qualities which justly led to sainthood. Erasmus, by contrast, was-as are so many academics-argumentative, cleverly verbal, detached, brilliantly witty, full of amusement at the foibles of the human experience, wise to the paradoxes of life, bemused by the ironies of men. Many called him the Socrates of his day. But, like Socrates, he was suspected of being frivolous by those with no sense of humor. Still, Erasmus was not burned at the stake, as he might so easily have been-as had countless others for their dissent and protest in an age of considerable o utrage and cruelty.

COAT-OF-ARMS O F THE FAMILY O F LOYOLA

One o(the oldest Basque armorial bearingsfrolll the beginning o(the fOllrr�enlh cemury. 111 silver a black ('ouldron, hanging hy a chain. To right and lelt /\\'0 black H'o/ves rampant.

All this endeared Erasmus to Thomas More (1478- 1 535), the "man for all seasons" of Robert Bolt's powerful drama. In that play, More's loyal daughter Margaret says, "Oh, Father, don't be witty ! " to which More replies, "Why not? Wit's what's in question." And well he knew, for the label of "Socrates" had also been bestowed upon More. Again in Bolt 's play, Chapuys says to More that he has "come simply t o pay my respects to the English Socrates-as I see your angelic friend Erasmus calls you." As for his fate, the label was more accurate since, in 1535 , Thomas More was beheaded by H enry V III. He was canonized in 1 935 by Pope Pius XI. It was as if the Christian humanist More, the Lord Chancellor of England , the superb scholar, tutor, d iplomat and lawyer, professional man of the world and meditative man of God, anticipated all this in his fam ous Utopia ( 1 516). Erasmus met More for the first time in 1499 and made two other trips to England t o see him. Together they perfected the highly suspect study of Greek which traditional religious scholars frowned upon as alien and dangerous. Later, Erasmus wrote that "In More's house you would see that Plato's Academy was revived again, only . . . the h ouse at Chelsea is a veritable school of Christian religion. " More's Utopia did, indeed , l ook back to Plato's Republic to a view of the ideal state and society. But it, too, is rich with irony since it is a Socratic dialogue and verges on paradox. Like Erasmus, More denounced t h e abuses and vices of power and, well in advance of his t ime, .a ppealed for the education of women (as did Eras�us), for toleration, and for

a broad philosophical common sense to the fatal subtleties of theological differences. More, like Erasmus, was full of humor and together they translated the Greek satirist, Lucian. "Indeed," Erasmus wrote, "it was he (More) that suggested my writing the Moira , o r Praise of Folly, which was much the same as setting a camel to dance. " It is this playful spirit of the dial ogue which inspires the Utopia. And h ere we come again to the heart of the search for truth in a university: the intellectual inquiry which explores all views, presents thoughtful arguments in a responsible discourse, and prevails in an atmosphere of openness to hear other views and together to discover the still-unrevealed truth. It is an on-going process enlightened by the vision, the h ope, and the trust that with charity for other views, a pluralism can be tolerated and common values preserved. Utopia, like so much of the writing of Erasmus, especially the great Enchiridion ( The Handbook Of The Christian Knight ) , d em onstrates the creative tension between fixed values-spiritual and ethical-and the unending search for truth in a spirit of open inquiry: in short, t h e id ea of a value oriented university. It is the creative tension between service in the world , and withdrawal from the harsh, perhaps corrupting, realities in the world. Sometimes it is only a sense of humor which makes this profound tension bearable and ultimately creative. These three men for all seasons complemented each other and illustrated the natural means to realize spirituality. Theologically, theirs was an incarnational spirituality of God in nature and in the world (in contrast to an Augustinian apocalyptic flight from the world). Each in his own way shared Ignatius' very positive attitude toward the physical world . The Christian humanist Ignatius' concern for "contemplatives in action" applied to Erasmus and More. Together they demonstrate the unique character of a successful Jesuit university: pluralism of belief, action and service in the world, openness to disagree-for a university is by nature a place wh ere all struggle for the truth, yet not a place of conflict but rather of a shared search. Through knowledge and love, youth is shown the way to transcend itself. Excellence, quality, and values inspired these three a nd inspire humanist education for "to be fully Christian is to be fully human."

Christiaan T. Lievestro i s an associate professor of E nglish at the U n iversity of Santa Clara. He received his Ph . D . from H a rvard University.

C;�re <iJs�ove in the New Catholic Marriage Law?

Theodore Mackin, S.J.

The revision of the Catholic marriage law which Fr. Mackin writes about has been completed since the Spring of 1978, but has not yet been promulgated.

uring the week of May 22-28, 1977, a group of a bout thirty-five cardinals of the Catholic Church met i n Rome for a consultation that at the time, was noticed by few, but it was a consultation whose decisions were to affect millions. These men made up the plenarium of cardinals, under Pope Paul V I supervising the revision of the Catholic Code of Canon Law. They had met to do a final, critical review of the proposed revision of that portion of the law that regulates marriage. The cardinals spent much of the tim e discussing and d ebating two paragraphs in the law: one that d efines the nature of marriage, and the oth er the nature of the c onsent that creates a marriage. And at times the d ebate was intense because of a serious disagreement among the cardinals about a crucial p oint in the d efinitions. ' To understand its seriousness one must backtrack about a half-century in the history of Catholic marriage law. The Code of Canon Law promul gated o n Pentecost Sunday, 1917, which is th e object of the revision noted above, contains a piecemeal definition of marriage and of marital consent scattered through five of its canons-1012, 1O l3, 1081, 1 082 and 1086. The first two are about the nature of marrjage, the others about the consent needed to create a marriage. All of them bear the stam p of Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the premier canonist of his time and supervisor of that

first codification, i n 1917, of the Church's ancient law. P iecing the elements of the definitions together from those canons the following unfolds: Any and every marriage is a contract. The necessary, and the only possible, contracting parties are one man and one woman (in effect, polygamous and homosexual marriage are not only forbidden but are impossible). The essential features of the contract are I) that its principal goal is procreation and nurture; 2) that it is permanent and non-voidable (once created it can be ended only by the d eath of one of the contractants); and 3) that it d emands the exclusion of any sexual partners other than the contractants. (Positive exclusion by either of the contractants of any of these features makes the attempt at marriage null and void.) The act needed to create a marriage is the contractants' free, i nformed and mutual consent of will. The object of this contractual consent and the good that the contractants exchange by it, is each one's right to his or her own sexual acts which, of their nature, could effect procreation. And this is an exclusive and irrevocable exchange. It is this latter element that ulti mately differentiates a marria'ge from any other human relationship, even from its closest facsimilies.

"' �

T�

e Need for Chang e

On January 25, 1959, P ope John X X I I I announced that the Church would revise her entire code of law. Given the m ountain of work that must go into such a revision, a pope's d ecision to undertake it implies that there is serious dissatisfaction with a considerable part of the incumbent code. To say that there was dissatisfaction in 1959 with the code's d efinition of marriage outlined just above is an understatement. The reasons for and the seriousness of the discontent could be explained fully only if there were space here to trace the history of the debate on marriage before and during the Second Vatican C ouncil. Great prelates spoke at length and, at times, bitterly against the excessive legalism of that understanding of marriage-Cardi nals Leo S uenens of Malines-Bruges, Julius Doepfner of Munich, Emile Leger of M ontreal, Bernhard Alfrink of U trecht (Cardinals Alfredo Ottaviani and Michael Browne were its m ost earnest defenders). In the end (in the final vote of the Council's final

They said, first a man and woman create their marriage by a marital covenant of irrevocable personal consent. This notion of covenanting is the biblical one; it is decidedly not the juridical notion of contracting. The bishops said that by this covenanting the man and woman mutually give over and accept one another. They returned to this n dtion of self-giving. Referring again to marriage as an intimate union, they called it a mutual gifting of the two persons. And this must be a crossroad in the history of Catholic teaching about marriage. For centuries the authorities had said that the object of marital consent, what the man and wďż˝man exchange in creating their marriage, was den one's right to his or her sexual acts. But now they are said to exchange-not by a contracting but by a giving of gifts-their entire persons. The bishops insisted that marital love has its function in this mutual gift i ng of persons. They say it is love that leads men and women to make the gift, and that in marriage they are meant to grow in this love-which is a love expressing itself in intimate union and h elpful service. They added that both the love and the union it produces are oriented naturally to procreation and nurture.

session, on December 2 and 3, 1965), the northern European cardinals won. And their understanding of marriage was set forth in the Council's Pastoral Constitution o n the Church i n the Modern World, Gaudium et spes.

ďż˝ o

arriage According to Vatican II

This revised understanding, in its parts, is that a marriage is a c ommunity of love, an unbreakable covenant, an intimate union of life and marital love, a man's a nd a woman's sharing in the whole of life that is i r,dissoluble. Even more revealing than these substantive words and phrases by Vatican I I 's bishops are t heir statements about the kind of act by which a man and woman create- their marriage. H ere the bishops continued and expanded their notion of marriage as a covenant, and, in doing so, disclosed what they thought was the object of marital consent.

Anyone even mod estly familiar with the history of annulments in the American Catholic marriage courts during the least decade knows the effect that t his changed understanding has had in these courts. A decade ago, fewer than 500 decrees of nullity were handed down. During 1979-1980, there were more than 25,000. U ndeniably one reason for the amazing increase is the Church's changed understanding of marriage_ For an inquiry into alleged nullity is fundamentally an examinati o n of one or both parties' ability, at the time of the wedding vows, to form the kind of relati onship that a marriage is. Before Vatican I I , and for a few years after it until the Council's revised understanding took hold i n the marriage courts, this ability was to complete an act of contracting and afterward to fulfill the essential requirements of the contra ct that a marriage was said to be. But in the last decade, the American courts have come to understand the ability to create a marriage as a man's and a woman's ability to make a gift of thei r persons to one another; to form and sustain an intimate union; to begin and to persevere in an i ntimate sharing of their entire lives. And as a refined understanding of the ability to marry in real life, this ability is this man 's and this woman 's a bility to do with one another the things named

just above-regardless of their ability to do them with other potential partners. Consistently with this, the ground for nullity now alleged most frequently in the courts is, in the language of the marriage law, "psychic incapacity for forming the marital relationship"-in its alternative formulation "lack of discretion needed for forming the relat i onship." When nullity is found on this ground, it is the court's judgment that at the time the wedding vows were exchanged, one or both partners were incapable of making a gift to the other of his or her self, were incapable of forming and sustaining a community of marital life and love. Many court s acknowledge a kind of subset of this annulling inability. I t s legal name is "essential incompatibility." W h en a decree of nullity is made on this ground it is a judgment not that one or both parties were incapable of marrying at all. N o judgment i s passed on anyone's character. Rather, the judgment is that the partners were incapable of forming the community of life and love with one another -that because of serious personality differences they were a poor marital fit.

A o

he R evision of the Marriage Law

The work of revising the Church's marriage law was begun early in J anuary of 1966 by a subcommission of experts working under the supervision of the papal c ommission for the revision of t h e Code, with Cardinal Pericle Felici at its head, and eventually under the p/enarium of cardinals mentioned earlier. Because Vatican I I 's restatement of the nature of marriage came from the Church's teachers, it was impossible that this restatement not become i n substance the revised law's definition of marriage. Thus, by the Spring of 1975, the subcommission had drafted these revised, but tentative, formulations of the two m ost critical canons-new canons 243 and 244: Canon 243.1

A marriage . . . is a man's and a woman's (intimate) j oining in all of life, which of its nature is oriented to the procreation and nurture of children.

Canon 244.2

(Marital consent) is an act of the will by which a man and a woman by a mutual act of covenanting establish a perpetual and exclusive consortium of married love oriented of its nature to the procreation and nurture of children. One need not read the first of these formulations

all that carefully to notice that, although borrowing from the Vatican I I bishops' statement in Gaudium et spes, it makes one crucial omission from that statement. Gone from the canon is the bishops' assertion that a marriage is a sharing in marital love as well as of life_ Gone, too, is the statement that the orientation to procreation is found in marital love, as well as in the man's and woman's marital sharing. And, as we shall see, a subtle but significant change: where the Latin of Gaudium et spes had called a marriage a communitas, this canon calls it a conjunctio . Why these changes? Why especially was love omitted from the new canons' und erstanding of marriage? Almost certainly the reason was the foreboding with which marital love was d i scussed, virtually from the moment in 1966 when the revising subcommission began its work. In one of its meetings in 1971, Cardinal Felici voiced his opinion that if love were i ncluded in the revised Code's und erstanding of marriage, hardly a marriage in existence could not be suspected of nUllity. Six years later, in the May 1977 meeting of the p/enarium of cardinals, Cardinal Pietro Palazzini seriously urged that the noun "love" not appear in the revision-and most especially not as modified by the adj ect tve "intimate." He warned of the serious consequences that would come of i ncluding these terms in the Church's marriage law. Both Cardinal Felici and Cardinal Palazzini are veteran jurists. They know the difficulty a court experiences in verifying the validity of marriage vows. If love-marital love, and intimate marital love-were in the defi nition of marriage, how could ecclesiastical judges determine if it were there in that real-life marriage? I n sufficient degree? With sufficient intimacy? B esides, who is sure what marital love is? Is it the same in Jakarta as in Milwaukee? The same in 1981 as it was in 1381 or will be in 2181? H ow could the Church's courts control marriages in their proceedings if an element essential to marriage eluded the empirical verification native to these proceedings as love eludes it? As for the formulation's replacing the

communitas of Gaudium et spes with conjunctio , the motive for this emerged in the plenarium 's

week-long discussions in May of 1977. Both the revising subcommission and the p/enarium wanted to declare the nature of the consent that creates a marriage (the conjunctio), not the nature of marriage as an abiding relationship (the communitas). Why this? Apparently, again, to make the evidence in nullity proceedings i n the

contractual j u stice; it need not be an act of love. Again, strangers meeting for the first time after a marriage by proxy c ould fulfill this contractual obligation. The revisi'on of this definition of marital consent, formulated by the cardinals of the plenarium in 1977, and as it appears in new Canon 244, is t his: .,

Marital consent is an act of the: will by which a man and a woman give themselves to one another in an irrevocable covenant in order to create a marriage.

Church's courts less elusive. It would b e less difficult to judge if a person had been able to make the act of consent creating a marriage than to j udge if he or she had been able to form and sustain the communitas, the abiding relationship itself. And above all else, the cardinals wanted nothing in the new marriage law vulnerable t o what t h e marriage court in Utrecht, H o lland, had said in adjudicating a petition for nullity in 1 971. The Dutch judges had not found nullity. They had declared that since a marriage is a community, a sharing in life and love, according to Gaudium et spes, the marriage in question had simply come to an end , had died, vanished-because the community, t h e sharing of life and love had ended, and had ended irretrieva bly. What of the new Canon 244 that was to specify the act of consent that creates a marriage? W hat the bishops of Vatican II and what new Canon 243 already say abo ut marriage's nature d emands a change from this specification as it reads in old Canon 1 081 . 2 of the 1917 Code. Marital consent is an act of the will by which each party gives over, and accepts, exclusive and perpetual right to the body, a right ord ered to those acts which are in themselves suitable for the generation of children. Here the marital consent is a contractual exchange. W hat it exchanges is a right-in effect, the right to sexual intercourse. Certainly no love is needed to make this exchange, nor, for that matter, i s the barest acquaintance. Strangers could be married by proxy. Intercourse after this contractual exchange is the fulfilling of an obligation in

To say the least, there are d ifferences here-and implications within the differences-that strike the eye. The act that creates man)age is now a covenanting instead of a contractual exchange. Surely the covenanting in mind is the biblical kind, of God with his people, of Christ with his Church. In view of this, did the cardinals still want to keep love out of their und erstanding of marriage? Furthermore, what the man and woman exchange in their covenanting is not a right but their persons. (This involves no love?) And the Latin verb designating this covenantal giving of the selves is rich in biblical meaning. It is not donant but tradunt. In the Latin versions of the New Testament it is what St. Paul said , in his Letter to the Galatians (2:20) that Christ did for him: Ti-adidit semetipsu111 pro me -" H e handed himself over for me. " (Still no love in the d efinition of marriage?) Did the cardinals recall how that entire verse reads: "I live n ow, not I, but it is Christ who lives in me. The life I now live in this body I live in faith; faith in the son of God who loved me and handed himself over for me?" I s it too much to expect from the designers of the Church's new marriage law that the two crucial canons-243 stating the nature of marriage in such a way as to exclude love, and 244 stating the nature of marital consent in a way that d emands love not contradict one another? And is it too much to expect from them something more radical? That is, that they keep love in their understanding of marriage or rej ect it, n ot because ecclesiastical j urists think its presence in a marriage can or cannot be verified judicially; but that they ask the married in the Church, the experts on the subj ect, whether they think from their exp erience that love belongs in or out of the definition of marriage?

Theodore J. Mackin, S.J., is t h e

J ohn Nobili University Professor i n the Religious S t ud ies Depart m e n t a t the University of S a nt a Clara a n d t h e a u t h o r of a new book

Marriage In The Catholic Church: The Defining of Mar� riage. ( Paulist Press, N Y ) .

Tracking the High Tech Boom in the Sit icon Val ley

Michael Malone

T he electronics industry of Santa Clara

County's "Silicon Valley" enj oys a reputation as being a bettor's paradise-a place where a budding entrepreneur can't help but get rich. Professor Albert Bruno, head of Santa Clara's marketing d epartment, has compiled 20 years of research to d etermine whether the "sure thing" of starting an electronics company is more than just a myth. H is findings? Not only is there a lot of truth to the legend, but the situation is going to get better. Says Bruno, "The S ilicon Valley electronic industry will grow m ore in the 1980s than it did in the 1960s and 1970s. We're p oised for greatness," he says, "and it's going to be pretty damn exciting around here. " Bruno's study was begun in the early 1960s by Arnold Cooper, now a professor at Purdue U niversity:s Krannert School of Business, while Bruno was one of C ooper's students. For the last decade, Professor Bruno has kept the study up-to-date, publishing follow-up reports in 1973, 1976 and one that has j ust been completed. This dedication on Bruno's part has resulted in one of the best-d ocumented studies ever made of firms that are part of the high technology boom, now considered such a critical part of America's industry. As part of this study, 250 firms founded on the San Francisco Peninsula during the 1960s have been tracked with care. Among them are manufacturers of semiconductors, instruments, lasers and computers. �ome of the firms have become multinational giants, others have grown

slowly. Still others have disappeared altogether in mergers, bankruptcies and acquisitions. Bruno's landmark findings prove a fact long suspected but not backed before by hard data: H igh technology companies really are different from their traditional business counterparts. Bruno has found th'at, unlike a grocery store, for example, high technology companies have an extraordinarily low failure rate. Instead of "going under," high tech firms tend to be acquired for their technology, equipment and staff. The bottom line is fewer bankruptcies. By 1969, only 4.8 percent of the firms founded since 1960 and tracked by the study had gone out of business-compared to a 25 percent failure rate of all manufacturing firms founded in the U nited States during that decade. Furthermore, according to Bruno's findings, of those high tech firms which did go out of business during that period , as many as one-fourth did so because the firm could not handle rapid growth , not because of declining sales. Ironically, Bruno's study also discovered that the availa bility of investment m oney seems to have an inverse relation to the ultimate success of firms founded during a given period. For example, firms founded in 1969, when investors couldn't give away venture money fast enough, have had the worst survival rate of any companies tracked in the study to date. Based upon his survey data, Bruno has computed that the average elapsed time from start up to acquisition of high tech firms is four to six years. It is no coincidence, he notes, that t his is

roughly the a mount of time it takes a firm to develop a product, market it and gain enough of a reputation to attract a corporate buyer. Cash in and cash out, s o to speak. Beyond its c ontribu\ion to the study of new high technology business ventures, Professor Bruno's study should be of particular interest to Santa Clara Alumni. After all, SCU engineering and business graduates make up a sizable percentage of "Silicon Valley's" management and research staffs. In keeping with the industry's much-vaunted entrepreneurial spirit, no doubt many alumni have considered breaking off and starting their own electronics firms and, perhaps, j oining the ra nks of the industry's welle known tycoons. For t hese individuals, Bruno's study offers a profile of the s uccessful high technology firm: It has mUltiple founders. U sually at least one 01 these founders has specialized in each of the key operations of any company, e.g., research and development, marketing, finance and manufacturing. •

At least one founder remains active with the firm over the ensuing years. •

So why isn't everybody playing the entrepreneurship game? With those odds, why indeed? Accordng to Bruno, this is a perfect time for would-be tycoons to start beating the brush for investors. Says Bruno, "There is approximately $1 billion in venture capital floating around the country right now-a lot m ore than there are good firms to buy int o . "

N EWS OF New trustees wi l l join board i n fal l N ational board picks Pedersen

How should one go after t hat money? Bruno's research also offers some suggestions:

• Write your own business plan. The venture " capitalist is really evaluating YQ u,. not just your business plan. He wants to see how you think.

• Have your business plan reviewed by someone not directly involved , such as a management consultant, in order to receive an objective critique.

Scout out lawyers, consultants, accountants, professors, banks, etc . , who can get you through a venture capitalist's fro nt door. Cold contacts meet limited success. •

Dr. Jimenez A J esuit e d ucat o r , a young

The new firm has obtained financing fro m a venture capital firm. •

•

The firm eventually goes pUblic.

The new c ompany's product is n ot a brand new idea, but an improvement upon an existing design ( often from a founder's former employer).

Question the venture capitalist if you are turned down. If they tactfully tell you it had to do with the product, read between the lines to identify how your management skills were viewed . •

• Look upon every denial as a learning experience, a way to improve your business plan.

Mr. Marino

Berkeley. H e received a Bh . D . from

accountant and a university professo r

the U niversity of California at Santa

have been elected to t h e university's

Barbara.

board of trustees. The Rev. Wilkie W. K . Au, S . J . ,

M r . M a r i n o , who was president of the Associated S t udents a t t h e

assistant professor o f theology a t

university i n h i s sen i o r yea r , makes

Loyola M a r y m o un t U n iversi ty;

his home in San Mateo. He will serve

Raymond V. M a r i n o I I , aud i t staff

on the board as t h e represe n ta t ive of

accountant w i t h Coopers a nd

the young alumni of the university.

Lybra n d , S a n Fra ncisco and a 1 980

The founders generally come from companies employing more than 500 employees. •

Fr. A u

graduate of S C U; and Dr. Fra ncisco J imenez, professor of modern

Dr. J i menez received his Ph . D . i n Latin American H istory from

' Columbia Universi t y and j oined t h e

languages a t S C U , will serve t h ree

S C U facul t y in 1 973. He was

year terms on t he governing board .

appointed to the Commissi on for

Fat h e r Au h a s a baccalaureate

Teacher Prepa ra t i o n and Licensi ng by

degree from G o nzaga University, an

Governor Brown i n 1976 and was

M . S . in e d uca tion fro m the

elected chairman of the c o m m i ssion

University of Sout h e r n California a n d

the fol lowing year. H e will serve on

a master of sacred t h e ology from t h e

S C U's board as one of two t rustees

Jesuit School of Theology a t

represe n t i n g the faculty.

•

If that template fits your dream firm, Professor Bruno then suggests that you employ a professional finance officer, set up a top marketing position that is not merely sales oriented, invest heavily in research development, and, interestingly, never pay dividends to stockholders. H owever, if t he firm you envision d oesn't quite match Bruno's profile, don't worry. After all, the study sh ows that if .you can j ust get the company up and running the chances are extraordinarily good you'll be able to sell it shortly for a fine profit.

And what about Professor Bruno? Is he ready to start up his own firm? Not yet, he says. Right now he's proving there is also a very good market for studies about high technology firms. He and his team, working under a sizable grant from the National Science Foundati on, are investigating the changing role of marketing at high technology firms and the importance of venture capital in the growth of new companies.

Michael Malone is a free-lance writer in the S a nta Clara Valley, specia lizing in t h e high technology field . A fo rmer busi ness reporter for t h e San Jose Mercury News, he received both baccalaureate and M B A d e grees from t h e U niversity of S a n t a Clara.

Pr(j{ Pedersen J e a n J Pedersen, a member of the mathema tics facul t y since 1965, h a s b e e n elected to t h e n a t i o n a l board o f governors of T h e M a t h em a t ical Associa t i o n of A m e rica, I n c . , for a t h ree yea r term, 1 9 8 1 to 1984. She is t h e co-aut h o r of four books, the most recent one, to be published later t h i s y e a r by Addison-Wesley, i s f o r a d ults w h o would classify t h e m selves as "math avoiders." M rs. Ped e rsen i s the t h i rd SCU m a t h e m a tics faculty member to serve o n t he M A A national board. Ot hers were emeritus professo r I rving Sussman of Los

Job wi l l l ook i nto housing R o bert E . Sum mers h a s been named to the new posi t i o n of busi ness manage r a t t h e university, as pa rt of a m aj or reorga n iza t i o n in the area of busi ness a nd fi nance. He is responsible

years in a variety of admi n i st rative a ssignme nts, most rece ntly a s m a nager of facul t y / staff h o using a n d fa rmland s. Facul t y and staff h o usi ng

Gat os, i n 1963, and Gerald L . Alexanderso n , professor a nd c h a irman of mathe matics, from 1975 to 1978.

is a new b usi ness funct i o n a t S C U , created i n response t o a need from t h e universi t y c o mm un i t y .

Bolton scholars all i n medici ne

for the d e pa rt me n t s of public safety,

M a r i o L . D o m i n guez, a j unior

campus facilities, cam pus store and

biology m aj o r fro m Daly Ci ty, has

bookstore, post office and central

been awarded the seve n t h a nnual

mai l i ng, property m a n a ge m e n t , a nd

$ 1 ,000 Lloyd Bolton M e m o rial

faculty a n d staff h ousi ng. M r .

Sch ola rshi p to c o n t i nue h i s studies at

Summers h a s bee n associjlted w i t h

the university.

Stanford University fo r t h e past 1 8

A d m i n istered by the Alum n i

continued

Assoc i a t i o n , t h e award is give n each

such educati onal i nstitutions as t h e

year t o the outstanding j u nior

U n i versity of S a n ta Clara, U nive rsity

maj or i ng i n biology.

of San Francisco, G o n zaga

The scholarship comes from a fund

U n iversity, Regis College in Denve r

established in 1974 i n me mory of the

a n d Wo odstock College, a the ologica l

late Dr. Lloyd Bolt o n , first chairman

center in M a ryla n d . H e expects to

of the u n iversi t y 's biol ogy

cond uct his research at the Jesuit

depart m e n t , w h o taught from 1932

provi ncial a rc h i ves i n Los Gatos,

until h i s ret irement i n 1965.

Spokane a n d S t . Louis a n d t h e

Professor B o l t o n d ied in 1970 at his

order's archives i n E u rope, especially

resid ence i n E d m o n d s , Was h .

i n Tu rin, Rome a n d N a ples, Italy:

T h e fund also provides m o n e y for needed e q u i p m e n t in the biol ogy

James E. Sweeters, Religious Studies,

d epart m e n t .

S p r i ng , 198 2 , plans t o visit religious

M a r i o , w h o w a s born a n d received

cults such a s H a re K r i s h n a ,

h is early educa t i o n i n A rge n t i n a , is

U n ification Ch urch , Scientology,

the son of M r. and M rs . Mario V.

Child re n of God and Tra nscendental

D o m i nguez o f Daly City.

M ed itation i n prepa ration for wri t i n g

Fo llowing In the steps of previous

a book.

win ners of the schorarship, M a r i o plans a career i n m e d i c i n e .

198 1-82, w i l l work o n a book titled,

Nixon, '76, w h o graduated in veteri nary m e d i c i ne from the U n iversity of California at Davis this year; M a ria Ponsillo, '77, who has completed her second yea r at the Loyola U nivers ity M ed ical School i n Chicag o ; Cathy A n n H u ber, '78, who is o n leave of a bsence from the UCLA M edical School; Mike Tobin, '79, who has fi nished h i s sec ond year a t the U n iversity of Cal ifornia Medical School in San Francisco; Brenda Bremer, '80, who has completed her first year at the U n iversi t y of California Medical

" Post M o rtem Ta x P l a n n i ng," which Seventh Bolton Scholar Mario Dominguez shares a bench outside of Alumni

will be p ub l i s hed by Shepa r d s /

Science Hall in June with Dr. Bolton's wife, Mary, and Dr. Geraldine Tomlinson,

M c Graw- H i l l .

associate professor of biology. Mrs. Bolton was making a rare visit to the campus.

Commun ication Conference i n

c o n nect i o n s between t he t h o ught and

Denver; will give a series o f lectures

form of t h e poet's great poem, " I n

in J a p a n and Ta iwa n on NAS A's

M e m oriam," a n d W hewel l 's t h i n k i ng.

i nterests in a rt i ficial i ntelligence; will

H e then hopes to fi nish his long,

present a paper a t the I n ternatio nal

detailed study of t h e imagery a n d

Conference on A rtificial I ntelligence

st ruct u re of t h e poem.

in Va n c ouver, B . C . ; a nd will visit the U niversity of California at Santa

Jerome Kroth, E d ucati o n , Full Yea r,

Barba ra .

198 1 -82, will perform research a n d

School in San Diego, a n d Robert F.

Diane Dreher, G e neral H u manities,

J o nes, Class of 198 1 valedicto r i a n ,

Spring, 1982, plans to d o primary

who i ntends t o e nter med ical school

research at the British M useum i n

in the fall of 1 98 2 .

L o n d o n o n Tud o r a n d St uart marriage m a n uals and h a ndbooks for women in p ursuit of her study of

Faculty tel l about the i r sab baticals

the a t t i t udes about the changing roles of women d u ri n g Sha kespeare's time. She then will c o m plete her book o n Sha kespeare's fathers a n d d a ughters.

Twelve members o f the fa culty have

She will examine S ha kespeare's

been granted sabbatical leaves for all

portrayal of fa t h e r-da ughter

o r part of the 1 98 1 -82 a cademic yea r :

relat i o n s h i p s in the light of

T imothy J . Healy, Elect rical

Engineering and Computer Scie nce,

Renaissance t heories about the roles of w o m e n .

write w i t h t h e purp ose of d eve l o p i ng new c o urse s , lectures a n d presen t a t i o n s i n t h e area of c h i l d abuse a n d neglect a s w e l l a s the application of modern psyc h o足 therapeutic c o ncepts to u n d ersta n d i ng contem porary American life. H e h opes to i nc o rporate these efforts i nt o h i s teach i n g b y i ntroduc i ng n e w gra d u a te c o u rses i n the D i vision of Counse l i ng Psychology a n d E d u c a t i o n o r by augme n t i ng present courses. Gerald L. McKevitt, S . J . , Full Yea r,

1 98 1 -82, will beg i n a study of Italian

Full Yea r, 1 98 1 -82, will be cond ucting

Edward D . Gross, E nglish , Winter

research at N A S A-Ames Research

Jesuits w h o m igrated to t h e American

a n d S p r i ng, 198 2 , will search the

West in t h e I "th ce ntury. Their s t o ry

Center o n a pro posed new digital

papers of t h e scholar William

has never been fully e xa m i ned by

radio broadcast system to return

Whewell, t u t o r of Alfred Te n nyson, i n

scientifi c data from space and will be

historians, alth ough they p i oneered i n

the library o f Tri n i t y College a t

t a k i ng classes a t Sta nford U niversity;

the establishment a n d staffing of

Ca mbridge U n iversi t y a n d elsewhere

will attend the I nternati onal

parish c h u rches t h roughout the

in Great B r i t a i n for possi ble

U ni ted States a n d t h e found i ng of

" if

Jerry A. Kasner, Law, Full Yea r,

Other reci pients w e r e M elissa

1 ,

Suits? Ties? Dresses? N o , this is not standard campus dress. T his group photo of the newly-elected ASUSC officers for 1981-82 was snapped as they were enroute to a special pre-graduation dinner on the campus last June. Smiling from left to

Kenneth Manaster, L a w, F a l l , 198 1 ,

right: John Michael Bailey of Salt Lake City, Utah, executive vice president; Julie

will b e a Visit i ng S c h olar a t the

Boitano ,of Santa Clara, secretary; Kendrick Kam of Honolulu, Hawaii, president;

H arvard La w School. H e also will be

J o s e p h M a n sf i e l d of P o r t l a n d , Oreg o n , s o ci a l vice p re s i d e n t ; and J a m e s

e ngaged in research on the i m pacts of

D eMartini of Fairfa x, treasurer. K e n , t h e s o n o f Mr. a n d Mrs. D e n i s K a m , was

U . S . e nergy p o licy on l ow a n d fixed

president of the Junior Class last year and a member of the debating team.

ll1come gro ups. Dinah Shelton, Law, Full Yea r, 198 1 -

82, will b e i nvo lved i n research i ng a n d writ i ng a book on "The Effective ness of I nternational Rights Proce d u res." For the first six m o n t h s , she w i l l be i n tervie w i ng a n d gathering d ocumentation at t h e U nited Nations, the Council of E u ro pe a nd the Orga nization of American States. She already has sent a "trial ru n " chapter o n t h e i m pact of i nternational action i n the Chile case t o the American lournal of International Lall'. Vladimir Drobot, M a t hemat ics, Fal l ,

1 98 1 , w i l l lect u re o n his research a n d participate i n scie n tific se m i na rs a t the Wroclaw Polytech nic I n stitute i n Wroclaw, Pola n d .

S he finds a way to cut her costs

Classics teacher gets S i b ley g rant

Jamie Meyer, a j u n i o r electrical

Barbara R. Pavlock, a n assistant

engineering maj or , h a s reduced her

professor of classics, has received the

educational costs by $2,400 for next

Mary Isabel Sibley Fe ll owship from

yea r by placing third i n both national

Phi Beta K a p pa for 198 1 . A $7,000

a n d statewide scholarship

gra n t , the award will be used by Dr.

c ompeti t i o n s . Jamie received a $900

Pavlock t o c o n t i n u e research she is

grant from the C o nsulting E n gi neers

d o i ng for a book on the epic

Associat i o n of California, for t h i rd

trad i t i o n . She will spend t h e fall a n d

place, which made h e r eligi ble for the

w i n t e r terms of 198 1 i n R o m e . D r .

national contest, w here she pla ced

Pavlock also received a $ 2 , 500 grant

t h i rd again a n d was awarded a $ 1 , 500

for a Natio nal E n d owment for the

gra nt from the American Consulting

H u m a n it ies S u m mer Se m i nar this

Engineers Council. At S C U , she is a

J u ne a n d J u ly at Columbia U n iversity i n New Yo r k .

William J . Stover, P o litical Science,

member of Tau Beta Pi, Alpha Sigma

Spring, 198 2 , plans t o i nterview

N u , a tutor i n t h e u n iversit y 'S d rop-in

officials at the U n ited Nations i n New

clinic; and participates in i nt ra m ural

York City a n d U N E S CO in Paris to

sports. S h e is a graduate of Bishop

com plete a book o n International

Kelley H igh School, and t h e d a ughter

Telecomm unication and the Ne ll' Global Order of Commu';icatiol1S.

of M r. a n d M rs . H . J . Meyer of Tu lsa , Okla.

Your gift to Santa Clara can provide you with an income for life

Project 50 turns on kids Fifty i ntermed iate sc hool graduates

The 50 students t h i s year were from

from low i ncome fa mi lies i n East San

Clyde Fischer, Lee M a t heson a n d

J ose "we nt t o college " at Santa Clara

J . W. Fa i r i ntermed iate h igh schools.

t h i s summer. The eighth gra d e stud ents act u a l l y a re

U n d e r t h e lea d e rsh i p of Project 50 d i rec t o r M a n ue l Perez, 1 0 counselors,

participa t i ng i n S C U 's h ighly

all SCU students, and six counselor

successful Project 50.

assist a n t s , w h o a re a l u m n i of the

The program a i m s to s h a rpen t h e i r l e a rn i n g sk i l l s a nd to spark them t o perform w e l l i n h igh s c h o o l so t h a t college w i l l be o n e of t h e i r options. A total of 532 s tudents have partici pated in the program in the 1 4 years s i nce i t began. J ust h o w successful Project 50 has been in a c h ieving its goals is shown by a su rvey of t h e 40 youngsters w h o took part i n t h e session d u ring t h e s u m m e r of 1 976.

progra m , guid ed t he participa n t s t h rough the s u m mer s e s s i o n , from June 22 t o Aug. 1 4 . T h e program i nclud ed a n orga n i zed potpo urri of classroo m work, cultural activities, c u l t u ral service projects, field trips and recrea t i o n . The ty p ical day began w i t h

i nd i v i d u a l ized i ns t ruct i o n i n m a t h a n d E nglish, fo l l o wed b y lect ures, fil m s and guest speakers o n weekly themes of c o m m un icati ons, health,

M r . Perez m a i n t a i n s t h a t t h e fo l l o w

caree rs.

up phase of t h e project i s "as

a rts a n d craft s , d rama a n d mime, d a nce, newsletter prod uct i o n a n d sports. After classwork o n Wed nesdays, the students d i d volunteer work at Agnews State H ospita l , the R A P Progra m for persons released from

progra m extend i ng t h rough the e n t i re The first part i s the eight-week summer sess i o n which i s d esigned to develop crea t i ve t h i n k i ng, effec t i ve e xpre ssi o n a n d positive att itud es t o wa rd lea rn i ng needed for success in h ig h sch oo l a n d col lege. And the sec ond fol lows up with t u toring, counse l i ng -a nd social events cond ucted by SCU students until the part icipants grad uate from high school.

a l s o by provid i ng support a n d assistance t o t h e m i n a n y way we c a n o u t s i d e of t h e classro o m , " h e says. H e e x p la i n s t.hat " P roject 50 is

afte r n o o n s .

school year.

students, not only in regard to t h e i r acad emic p rogress i n h i gh sch o o l , but

designed for students w h o have the

They a l s o visited nearby state parks

Project 50 actually is a two-phase

" We c o n t i n u e to work with the

Agnews in the past 10 years, the Skills

a n d Bay Area m useums on other

school and e n r o l led i n col lege.

i m p o rta n t , i f not m o re i m p o rta n t " t h a n t h e s u m m e r session.

Center a n d the A l u m Rock Com m u n ity Center.

s u bseque ntly graduated from h igh

on the ca m p us d u r i n g the t h ird a n d eight h weeks of t h e sessio n .

science, social issues, c o l lege a n d Afte rn o o n s usually were devoted to

Seve n t y-one percent of them

The partici p a n t s l i ved in d o r m i t o ries

potential t o succeed , but need some type of suppo rt to c o n t i n u e their ed uca t i o n . " We provide t h a t support . "

D u r i n g t h e fo urth w e e k of the session

A n d , M r. Perez contends, "there i s a

they e nj oyed ca m pi n g a t Ca m p

grea t e r need for Project 50 t h a n ever

W i nt h u r i n Soda S p ri ngs nea r Truckee.

before because of the sh ortcomi ngs of public educa t i o n t o d a y . "

T he poo led i nc o me fund at Santa Clara is a way of i nves t i ng in t h e .I. future of the U ni versity while obta i n i n g a n assured lifet i m e i ncome

for yourself o r your beneficiaries.

Your gift would subseque n t l y be used to e nr i c h u n i versity programs of teach i ng, schola rsh i p and researc h . T h e U n iversity h a s a full ra nge o f l ife i nc o me plans t ha t c a n b e tail ored to meet the needs of the i n d i v i d ua l d o n o r . These pla n s often provide savi ngs i n i ncome, estate o r capital gains taxes as well as the benefits of Santa Cla ra's professional i nves t m e n t ma nagem e n t . F o r m o re i nforma t i o n , please write D r . E d ward Cle ments D i rect o r of G i ft a n d Estate P l a n n i ng U n ivers i t y of Santa Clara Santa Clara, Ca l i fornia 95053 or call (408) 984-4476

UNIVERSI TY OF SAN TA CLARA . SAN TA CLARA . CALI FORNIA 95053