Peanut Grower April 2020

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

APRIL 2020

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Should You Bump Up The Seeding Rate?

Setting Planter Downforce

Start Clean, Stay Clean Reduce Weed Competition

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The

APRIL 2020

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

APRIL 2020

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Should You Bump Up The Seeding Rate?

Volume 32 • Number 4

Setting Planter Downforce

Start Clean, Stay Clean Reduce Weed Competition

Departments 4

Editor’s Note The silver lining is there but you have to look for it

5

News Briefs Seed update from Georgia Crop Improvement Assoc.

8

Market Watch Domestic usage takes big jump in first quarter

20 Peanut Pointers A warm winter will likely mean early thrips pressure

Stay Connected

12 Features

10 Branch Named To Seed Development Professorship

The position enhances the field of peanut breeding, genetics and genomics.

12 Start Clean, Stay Clean

Planting into a weed-free field is a start to reducing competition and yield loss.

14 Making A Stand

Does a higher seeding rate pay dividends?

16 Planting With Precision

Know the critical factors for setting the correct downforce.

18 Picture Perfect Sign up for the monthly e-newsletter at peanutgrower.com to have exclusive industry news and content delivered directly to your inbox.

www.peanutgrower.com Follow The Peanut Grower on Twitter @PeanutGrower TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

An early season pest management investment you can bank on.

19 New Input Review

These products are available for the 2020 growing season.

Cover photo by Amanda Huber APRIL 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

3

EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Vicky Boyd vboyd@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas (847) 559-7514 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com For circulation changes, call (847) 559-7578 or email peanutgrower@omeda.com

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Scott Monfort Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Dan Anco Extension Peanut Specialist Clemson University

Emi Kimura Extension Agronomist Texas A&M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/ Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2020 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 600651388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim.

The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.

Editor’sNote Editor’s Note Good News Can Be Found

A

s best I can, I’m an optimist.

I look for the silver lining in clouds, make lemonade from lemons when possible and always count my blessings one by one. But the truth is, this situation of sheltering in place doesn’t change what I do nearly as much as it does many people.

I have been working from home since becoming editor of Peanut Grower.

That’s more than 20 years. The way I look at it, I’ve been self-quarantining for 7,000-plus days. Yes, it’s a little difAmanda Huber ferent, but others are far more affected Editor, The Peanut Grower by the situation than I am. Thankfully, I can continue to work writing about peanuts and cotton for Cotton Farming, editing Peanut Grower and its sister publication, Rice Farming, plus putting out digital enewsletters for Peanut Grower and Corn South.

I can also be thankful as to the timing of this call to avoid public gatherings. Most winter and spring meetings were completed, and I have plenty of notes to carry me through the next several editions. Hopefully, you attended one of those meetings as well and have begun preparing to plant as normal.

Here’s a silver lining for the peanut industry. With much of the country staying at home eating in, more peanuts and peanut butter will be consumed. This will help take up any surplus from the last big crop and move a lot of product. Consumption numbers will increase from this event.

Here are a few other silver linings to the current stay-at-home situation:  Gas prices have declined.  My daughter is home to greet the dogs every morning.  There’s a newfound respect for teachers as parents learn the travails of homeschooling.  I don’t have to make excuses for not attending big gatherings.  Drive-in church is cool!

I know things are likely to get tougher before they get better, but I will continue to look for the blessings. I hope you find some as well. So, go ahead life, bring on the lemons. I’ve got my juicer ready!

One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

One Grower Publishing, LLC

875 W. Poplar Ave., Suite 23, Box 305, Collierville, TN 38017 Phone: 901-767-4020

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

PEANUTGROWER.COM

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es utsted Stat e n d i a i e Un tic ec t in p astern s e n o th I 0G af sp the Sou 2 e f l from et® im risk o k Index h T e e Ris s tht Diseas e c u anu red the Pe

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NewsBriefs News Briefs Farm Recovery Grant Approved

In 2018, Georgia agriculture suffered a $2.5-billion economic loss from Hurricane Michael. Since then, the Georgia Department of Agriculture and commodity commissions have worked with the U.S. Department of Agriculture to reach an agreement on a disaster relief package. In November 2019, USDA allocated $347 million for Georgia farmers and landowners.

The GDA is now accepting applications for the block grant funds.

Georgia farmers and forest landowners in 95 eligible counties who suffered losses to beef, dairy, fruit and vegetables, pecans, poultry, timber and uninsured infrastructure can enroll in the program at farmrecovery.com.

National Peanut Buying Points Association Executive Director Tyron Spearman says many buying points had infrastructure damage and should apply for assistance.

Applications must be submitted by April 8, 2020. For information and a guide to enrollment, visit www.farm recovery.com.

Crop Insurance Increases Coverage

The peanut crop insurance program was recently changed to increase the maximum allowable contract price. If a grower has a contract, the crop can be insured at the contract-specified price up to 1.45 times the peanut type and location-specific projected price for conventional production or 2.5 to 3.5 times the projected price for certain organic types.

The final insurable value would be based on the percent of the grower’s approved yield that has been contracted. This option is available on all three individual insurance plans: yield protection, revenue protection and revenue protection with harvest price exclusion.

For producers who signed up for insurance using the contract-pricing option, you will need to submit a copy 6/

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

of your contract to your insurance agent by the acreage reporting date of July 15, 2020.

Toews To Head UGA Experiment Station

University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Entomology Professor Michael Toews has been named assistant dean and will oversee the Tifton Campus.

Toews succeeds Joe West, who retired Feb. 28 after a 34-year career with the college. The UGA Tifton Campus has 60 faculty and more than 400 staff supporting the college’s teaching, research and Extension programs.

The Coastal Plain Experiment Station, the National Environmentally Sound Production Agriculture Laboratory and the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health are included as part of the campus.

Toews says, “I look forward to building on the tremendous balance, breadth and professional reputation that our faculty enjoys. One of my chief goals as the assistant dean will be to secure funding and resources that enable our campus to thrive for the next 100 years.”

Mark Your Calendar For APRES

The American Peanut Research and Education Society will meet at the Omni Mandalay Hotel at Las Colinas, in Dallas, Texas, on July 14-16, 2020, for the 52nd annual meeting.

Production, challenges and strategies is the meeting’s theme, and peanut research, observations, recommendations and the graduate student competition will be part of the program.

Members can register online for the discounted rate of $250 until June 15, 2020. Registration includes access to all general sessions, technical sessions, committee meetings and planned activities, such as the ice cream social and banquet.

For more information, visit https:// apresinc.com.

In Brief • The deadline to apply for disaster relief funds in Georgia is April 8.

• Maximum allowable contract price for peanut crop insurance increased.

• Georgia-06G average germination rate is 84.2% according to the Georgia Crop Improvement Association.

• The American Peanut Research and Education Society Annual Meeting will be held July 14-16 in Dallas, Texas.

Seed Update

Billy Skaggs of the Georgia Crop Improvement Association reported that certified peanut seed acreage declined in 2019 from 121,082 acres to 112,178 acres. A total of 53 certified buying points were inspected along with additional warehouse facilities. About 89% of the seed acreage is the variety Georgia-06G, followed by Georgia-09B, TUFRunner™ ‘297’, Georgia-16HO, Tifguard and TifNV-High O/L. At the Tifton, Georgia, seed lab, 15 staff members are busy testing germination samples. Samples submitted in January were up 77% from last year. The average germination rate for Georgia-06G is 84.2%.

NPB Allocates $1.8M To Research

The National Peanut Board approved 64 state production research projects for a total of $1,825,758 in funding at a recent meeting.

“Today’s peanut farmers are more efficient, see higher yields and have a smaller footprint thanks to decades of high-quality production research,” says Dan Ward, research chairman and North Carolina member. “Our research dollars continue to give farmPEANUTGROWER.COM

NewsBriefs News Briefs ers the critical information that ensures peanuts remain competitive, now and into the future.”

In its 20-year history, the community of peanut farmers through NPB has invested $37 million in production research. This total includes NPB’s leverage of $871,500 with other industry partners and matching funds from USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture to yield over $2.5 million for production research.

Funding production research to increase efficiencies for America’s peanut farmers and their families is a core part of the board’s mission.

During the quarterly board meeting, NPB staff gave an update on the 2020 diversity plan. P.J. Haynie, chairman of the National Black Growers Council and a Virginia farmer, presented to the board, focusing on strategies to involve minority peanut farmers. Ebony Webber, executive director of Minorities in Agriculture, Natural Resources and Related Sciences, provided an overview of the organization’s program for minority students.

PB& J Day At Georgia Capitol

“This is my favorite day of the year at the Capitol,” is a sentiment often heard on PB&J Day. To celebrate March is National Peanut Month, the Georgia Peanut Commission and Peanut Proud donated 14,400 jars of peanut butter to the Atlanta Community Food Bank.

Peanuts and peanut butter were promoted by industry partners who served more than 1,200 grilled and regular PB&Js, with country-fried peanuts, peanut candy and more. Gov. Brian Kemp presented a proclamation recognizing March as National Peanut Month, while Sen. John Wilkinson, chairman of the Senate Agriculture and Consumer Affairs Committee, and Rep. Tom McCall, chairman of the House Agriculture and Consumer Affairs Committee, presented resolutions recognizing the peanut industry.

Sponsors and exhibitors included the Georgia Peanut Commission, National Peanut Buying Points Association, Atlanta Community Food Bank, Georgia Agribusiness Council, Georgia Farm Bureau, Georgia Federal State

Calendar • June 13-17 – USA Peanut Congress, Ritz-Carlton, Amelia Island, Florida • July 14-16 – American Peanut Research & Education Society Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas • July 16-18 – Southern Peanut Growers Conference, Edgewater Beach Resort, Panama City Beach, Florida • July 23 – Sunbelt Ag Expo Field Day, Moultrie, Georgia • Oct. 20-22 – Sunbelt Ag Expo, Moultrie, Georgia • For more information on these events, visit The Peanut Grower online at https://peanutgrower. com/calendar-2.

Inspection Service, Peanut Butter & Co., Peanut Proud, Premium Peanut, The Hershey Company and the University of Georgia peanut team.

On-Farm Conservation Proposals Sought

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service is accepting proposals through May 11, 2020, for On-Farm Conservation Innovation Trials, now in its second year. As part of the agency’s Conservation Innovation Grant program, the trials help support the adoption and evaluation of innovative conservation approaches on agricultural land.

“NRCS has achieved tremendous success seeking innovative technologies and approaches to enhance conservation for agricultural producers and forest landowners for nearly 20 years,” NRCS Chief Matthew Lohr says. “The 2018 Farm Bill enhanced the grant program to strengthen its demonstration component, allowing the agency to work with producers and partners to discover new conservation approaches and tools or enhance existing ones.”

NRCS will invest up to $25 million in the program in 2020. This total includes up to $10 million for the Soil Health Demonstration Trials priority.

The trial funding is designed to offer, through partners, technical and financial assistance to producers to help compensate for any risks associated with imple-

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

mentation of new conservation practices, systems and approaches. Proposals should address at least one of the following four priorities: irrigation management technologies; precision agriculture technologies and strategies; management technologies and strategies; and soil health demonstration trials.

For more information, visit the grants.gov funding opportunity for 2020 or visit NRCS’s OFT webpage.

APRIL 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

7

Watch Domestic Usage Takes Big Jump In First Quarter

N

ever before has the U.S. peanut market been in such disarray with so many unusual circumstances as it is in 2020. The peanut market continues to rise with very thin trading volume. Prices for peanuts testing negative for aflatoxin are about 68 cents per pound for whole peanuts. Blanched material is priced in the mid-70s to low 80 cents per pound for medium and jumbo runners. Most of the U.S. peanut crop was contracted by manufacturers for 45 to 46 cents per pound.

Shellers continue to experience delays in shipments in 2019 crop because of quality and movement of product through the blanching system. Buyers and sellers have to work together to keep product moving, but more delays in product availability are expected.

Aflatoxin levels in the 2019 Southeast peanut crop are worse than expected.

Late-season drought and increased temperatures in late summer and fall were the perfect conditions for the Aspergillus flavus fungus to thrive, devastating the crop. More than 40% of the crop is not meeting minimum U.S. standards and is having to be recleaned, some as much as three times to meet grade. Blanching, which usually cleans up the peanuts, is not always the answer on this crop.

Losses will continue to mount.

Seed Issues Last season was extremely hot and dry, thus the reason for the elevated level of A. flavus in peanut seed than we usually see. A. flavus produces aflatoxin and also seems to be linked to lower germination rates in seed.

Culturing the pathogens from seed also seems to show a big difference in seed treatments. While this is still being studied, initial observations appear to

8/

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

J. Tyron Spearman Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

LEADING MARKETING INDICATORS (March 11, 2020) 2019 Est. Acreage (+ 1%) ................................................. 1,391,700 acres 2019 Est. Production .......................................................... 2,748,043 tons 2019 Market Loan ............................................................. 2,348,043 tons 2019 Loan Redemptions ...................................................... 563,274 tons 2019-20 Domestic Usage (6 Mo.) ........................................... UP + 4.1 % 2019-20 Exports (6 Mo.) ............................................................UP + 24.2% NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners -$424.13; Spanish - $416.70; Valencia and Virginias –$430.94

show a difference in the efficacy of seed treatments on seedborne A. flavus. The difference may be one explanation why seed treated with Rancona PD is producing a higher germination rate.

Seed prices are expected to be about the same as last year at 86 cents per pound for runners with 3 cents per pound savings if paid by June 15.

Coronavirus Thus far, the coronavirus pandemic has affected U.S. companies through travel restrictions and meetings being canceled or delayed. The travel bans will prevent in-person visits with customers. The International Peanut Forum, which would have been in Hungary this month, will be rescheduled.

The dynamics of the peanut market may also change. With families remaining at home, peanut butter consumption is already increasing, and shortages are likely.

Farmer Peanut Market With cotton priced in the mid-60s, peanuts have no competition and therefore no aggressive contracting of 2020 crop peanuts. The Round 1 trade agree-

ment with China did not cut tariffs.

Some are optimistic that Round 2 will lower tariffs, and China could help the cotton and peanut markets improve.

Now, the virus has slowed any trade negotiations.

It appears that peanut carryforward is no longer a marketing issue. It could become one again if minimum tonnage is eliminated and a price war starts for early deliveries or clean lots. An increased shelled market is often of little value to the farmer in contracting.

Some buying points in the Southeast report $400 per ton for 2020 runners, $425 per ton for high-oleic varieties and $450 per ton for Virginias in the Virginia-Carolina region with limits.

Unsold loan peanuts from 2019 are still at $400 per ton with some at $425 per ton. Farmer-stock peanut contracts are higher in the Southwest and V-C region.

Domestic Markets Peanut usage in January was record setting and awesome. Peanut butter posted a 14.1% increase, up 6.5% for the first six months. Peanut usage in candy, up 14% for the month, is back even for PEANUTGROWER.COM

Watch

‘‘

Peanut usage in January was record setting and awesome. Peanut butter posted a 14.1% increase, up 6.5% for the first six months. Peanut usage in candy, up 14% for the month, is back even for the year. Overall, it is outstanding that usage of peanuts and peanut butter in primary products has increased 4.1% after six months.

the year. Overall, it is outstanding that usage of peanuts and peanut butter in primary products has increased 4.1% after six months.

Export Markets U.S. peanut exports are booming, too, up 24% over the six-month period and up 62% from December 2019 to December 2020. In-shell peanuts are moving to China with 12,867 metric tons in December and 33,710 metric tons for the marketing year. China is also buying raw-shelled peanuts, ranking TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

third behind Canada and Mexico. Rawshelled exports are up 10.1%.

China Update Although the COVID-19 virus is spreading all over the world, the situation in China seems to get better every day. The good news is that most factories started operating again, and China is slowly returning to normal. The market is now hampered by isolation policies. As preventive measures are increased, logistics, as in shipping containers, ports and means of transportation, are affected.

Government Assistance Government programs continue to help peanut producers. The Market Facilitation Program was in response to retaliatory tariffs during 2019, and farmers have received three payments from $35 to $150 per farm acre depending on tariff impact.

The peanut program includes a Price Loss Coverage reference price of $535 per ton. Prices during the 2019-2020 marketing year are expected to be low again, and the October 2020 payment is estimated at $123 per ton for 2019-20 crop.

The American Peanut Council received $3.4 million from the Agricultural Trade Promotion Program to help farmers increase access to new export markets, and Ag Marketing Service purchased peanuts and peanut butter for the domestic food distribution program.

Peanuts 2020 Stay healthy, avoid the virus, if possible. Plant early. The bank may require a minimum of contract coverage, but save some tonnage to take advantage of possible top quality early deliveries in the fall. Remember, people are demanding your product, which could merit a 10% acreage increase. PG APRIL 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

9

“This is exactly what I wanted to do.

Individuals need to view peanut breeding as a long-term career and have patience when developing the next variety.”

Branch Named To Seed Development Professorship

W

illiam “Bill” Branch, a professor in the University of Georgia Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and a peanut breeder, has been named to the Georgia Seed Development Professorship in Peanut Breeding and Genetics.

Since joining the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences in 1978, Branch has worked to develop new peanut varieties to help with the battle against tomato spotted wilt virus, a disease that ravaged peanut fields across the Southeast in the late ’80s and early ’90s.

Supporting Breeding Efforts The Georgia Seed Development Professorship in Peanut Breeding and Genetics was established with support from GSD to enhance the field of plant breeding, genetics and genomics programs through professorships and research programs at UGA. Created in 1959 by the Georgia General Assembly, GSD provides economic support for the development of new varieties, which in turn provide new business opportunities to help keep agriculture as Georgia’s number one industry. In 2008, it was designated as a public, nonprofit corporation by the Georgia legislature.

Over the past four decades, Branch has developed more than 20 peanut varieties with the consistent goal of increased yield and grade as well as disease resistance to improve the farmer’s profitability. Better shelling characteristics, enhanced flavor and 10 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

greater nutritional aspects are improvements for both the producer and consumer.

Industry-Changing Varieties Early in the fight against TSWV, Branch developed the Georgia Green variety, a cross between Southern Runner and Sunbelt Runner that helped get the peanut industry back on track. To improve upon Georgia Green, Branch released Georgia06G, which is the predominant runner variety grown today.

“Peanut breeding is a long-term program that takes a lot of patience,” Branch says. “Today, we have genetic markers available to assist with peanut breeding and help speed up the process. These tools help breeders make selections based on disease resistance for new varieties.”

Branch encourages the next generation to look for career opportunities in peanut breeding.

“This is exactly what I wanted to do,” he says. “Individuals need to view peanut breeding as a long-term career and have patience when developing the next variety.”

Branch can often be found in his greenhouse crossing a future line or out in the field tracking each variety’s growth while watching for potential issues. The goal of helping peanut farmers make a profit by providing a variety with increased yield and grade while satisfying industry and consumer demands is ever-present in his mind. PG Article by Maria M. Lameiras for the UGA CAES. PEANUTGROWER.COM

When it comes to spreading good, every peanut counts.

With acts that trigger donations up to 17,000 pounds of peanuts, our campaign is giving back to those who need it most.

Pitch in to help with Spreading Good by visiting PeanutResources.com

Start Clean, Stay Clean Planting into a weed-free field, applying residual herbicides and knocking back that first weed flush reduces competition and yield loss.

By Amanda Huber Reduce Weed Competition: • Plant into a clean field and use preemergence herbicides quickly.

• Preemergence herbicides work on germinating weed seed, not growing plants.

• Be proactive with the use of residual herbicides.

• Weeds must be actively growing to absorb postemergence herbicides.

• Herbicide efficacy is reduced when applied to weeds under stress, such as drought.

• Use enough spray volume to achieve good coverage.

• Do not delay herbicide application to wait for more weeds to emerge.

• Scout frequently, and read pesticide labels.

A

big part of getting the crop off to a good start is managing weeds.

The key is planting into a clean field and then applying preemergence herbicides as quickly as possible behind the planter. Timely irrigation and/ or rain will be needed to activate the herbicide and prevent weeds from emerging.

As with most farming activities, this is easier said than done, especially where Palmer amaranth is concerned.

University of Georgia Extension Weed Specialist Eric Prostko says, “You can’t plant into a field where pigweed is already up. You need herbicides or tillage or both.”

Still Learning About Pigweed Learning to manage Palmer amaranth has taken years for any grower who has encountered it. Even now, lessons are still being learned, sometimes painfully.

“I had a call from a grower who let pigweed get 4 to 5 feet tall in a field,” Prostko says. “Before planting, he mowed the whole field and then rototilled it twice.

All the weeds were pretty well chopped up, and he thought he had done a good job.

He planted and put out a preemergence herbicide.

“A week later he called to say the preemergence herbicide didn’t work. In the field, the chopped-up plants had rooted back and were growing again.

“Preemergence herbicides do not work on growing plant material. Preemergence herbicides work on seeds that are germinating,” he says.

“What the grower spent going through the 100-acre field, rototilling twice, herbicide, all that was money lost. The pigweed was not controlled, and now it was growing in the field and interfering with the growth of his peanut crop.”

12 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

PEANUTGROWER.COM

Stay Clean In the article, “Early Season Weed Control Options For Peanut,” Texas A&M AgriLife Extension researchers Emi Kimura, Josh McGinty, James Grichar and Pete Dotray note that early season weed control is essential for reducing competition for water, nutrients and light between peanut plants and weeds.

“In addition, the soil seed bank will be drastically reduced by controlling weeds before they make seed. As growers start seeing some weeds escape residual herbicides applied prior to or at planting, they should be timely with applications of postemergence herbicides.”

According to the article, when applying early postemergence and postemergence herbicides, the following factors must be considered.

“Always apply early post and postemergence herbicides when soil moisture conditions are good. Weeds must be actively growing to absorb and translocate the herbicide for maximum

Waterhemp

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

A Calculation Of Losses In studies, Prostko has determined the estimated yield loss in peanuts from not removing weeds.

“At three weeks, you have lost 5% of yield. At five weeks, you can expect a 20% reduction in yield, and at seven weeks 35% of yield is lost. Letting weeds escape is hurting your pocket.

“Thinking you can wait until all the weeds come up is also a mistake. The ones you do not get while waiting on others to come up will get too big to control. Don’t wait.”

Prostko is also concerned that too many herbicides are applied without reading the label.

“When was the last time you really read the label? It took 10 to 11 years to come up with that label. I know they’re difficult to read sometimes, but most of the problems I see could have been prevented by reading and following the label.”

Palmer amaranth

This photo shows the growth of waterhemp, a member of the pigweed family, and Palmer amaranth 10 days after emergence.

efficacy. When herbicides are applied to weeds growing under stressed conditions, such as drought, high temperatures, disease or insect damage, reduced efficacy is often observed.”

Aim For Good Coverage The authors also suggest producers use enough spray volume to achieve good coverage for improved weed control.

“Often, weed control failures after the application of postemergence herbicides are due to low spray volumes and insufficient coverage.”

The use of herbicides with different modes of action is key to delay/prevent the development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. Activity from herbicides will quickly decrease as weed size increases beyond 4 inches. Waterhemp, a member of the pigweed family, and Palmer amaranth can reach this height as quickly as eight to 10 days after emergence. Frequent scouting is important to make prompt weed management decisions regarding herbicide applications. PG

Stay Clean To Reduce Resistance

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

The yellow nutsedge population at right was found to be resistant to various rates of the ALS herbicide, Cadre.

UGA WEED SCIENCE

North Carolina State University Extension Peanut Specialist David Jordan says, “Across the peanut belt, we deal with Palmer amaranth as one of our resistant weeds. If you do a good job on Palmer, you probably do a good job on most of the other weeds.”

But in the Virginia-Carolina production area, Jordan says, they have herbicide-resistant common ragweed as well.

“We have common ragweed in the northeast corner of North Carolina and in Virginia with resistance to ALS chemistry.

There is also some resistance to the PPO herbicides in both common ragweed and possibly Palmer, too, while still in a limited area.”

Jordan says one thing that concerns him is the possible resistance to one of the grass herbicide programs.

“In the past, somebody would call and say they have a grass problem that was pretty big. I would advise them that using the highest possible rate would likely kill it.

But I’m getting more follow-up questions now about the grass not dying.”

In 2018, a population of yellow nutsedge resistant to the ALS herbicide, Cadre, was identified by University of Georgia Weed Scientist Eric Prostko. The yellow nutsedge tubers were collected from a peanut field after Cadre resistance was suspected, and the resistance was confirmed in greenhouse testing. The field in question was continuous peanut under dryland conditions with the use of Cadre

each year. This underscores the need for rotation of crops and the application of herbicides with different modes of action.

“We need to spend more money up front on residual herbicides,” Jordan says.

“Make sure Gramoxone in the mix. Anything we can do to take the selection pressure off or not let grass escape and get thicker will help with resistance.”

Jordan says herbicide-resistant grasses would lead to significant yield loss in peanuts. “We need to be proactive.”

APRIL 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

13

Making A Stand Does a higher seeding rate pay dividends?

By Amanda Huber

I

f some is good, then more is better is not a mantra for peanut seeding rates.

Producers need to plant enough seed to provide at least four plants per foot of row. To do this, seeding rates of six seed per foot of row on singles and six to seven combined seed per foot on twins, or three seed per foot per twin row, are recommended.

University of Georgia Extension Peanut Agronomist Scott Monfort says, “You need to end up with four plants per foot of row on the final stand to not have skips or gaps.”

No Skips Or Gaps Early research on tomato spotted wilt virus found that the disease was more prevalent around skips or gaps in peanut coverage. The

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

PEANUTGROWER.COM

recommendation to plant enough seed to provide at least four plants per foot to reduce the impact of TSWV stands today.

However, researchers have found that some producers are pushing the seeding rate up significantly to ensure a good stand and to increase yield. But is it necessary? Does increasing the seeding rate increase yield and pay for the extra cost of seed?

“Although you want to plant good quality seed, you can’t bank on having perfect seed,” Monfort says.

Keep A Sample How do you know if you have good quality seed? “That’s not an easy question to answer,” says University of Georgia Cropping Systems Agronomist Scott Tubbs. “One thing producers should do is a visual inspection of the seed before planting.

“If you see a bunch of split seed, those are not going to germinate. You may need to bump up your seeding rate so you get the number of viable seed in the ground that you need.

“If you get your seed early enough, you can pull a sample out and send it to a seed lab for a more accurate germination rate. You can also conduct a rudimentary test at home.”

Tubbs also suggests producers keep all the seed bag tags and note the purchase and delivery dates. Additionally, keep a small sample of each bag in a cool, dry place so that if a stand problem does arise, the sample can be sent to the lab for germination tests.

“Keep your sample under proper conditions so that it can be tested and you can use it in the event of a seed arbitration issue. Seed is a significant investment so you want to take care of it and get it in the ground under optimum conditions.”

A Rate To Achieve Optimum Stand Monfort says this year there are some concerns about germination rates of peanut seed, and farmers will need to consider seeding rate carefully.

“Seeding rates need to be adjusted for percent germination of the seed being planted to ensure you have the desired plant population. However, we have found that if you are pushing the seeding rate above a rate that gets you four plants per foot of row, you may be TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

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spending money that you don’t need to spend,” he says.

In an on-farm trial in 2019, Monfort looked at seeding rates of six, seven, 10 and 11 seed per foot using a variety with 700 seed per pound on single rows.

He says at six seed per foot, they got 5.5 plants; seven seed per foot produced 5.7 plants per foot; 10 seed per foot produced 6.8 plants per foot of row; 11 seed per foot produced 7.4 plants.

“We had to think, ‘What’s going on with the last two? Why are we losing so many plants?’

“When you think about it, six seed per foot is a seed about every 2 inches.

Seed planted at seven to eight seed per foot is even closer and nearly touching.

For seed planted at 10 to 11 seed per foot, some of those seed are sitting on top of one another.”

“If you look at that data, an additional three seed per foot only gained 1.1 more plants per foot,” Tubbs says. “In that situation, it cost a lot of extra money to put seed in the ground that did not gain extra plants.”

Adding Extra Cost Not Yield As for what these seeding rates produced, six and seven seed per foot yielded 6,274 and 6,462 pounds per acre, respectively. The higher seeding rates of 10 and 11 seed per foot yielded 6,509 and 6,337 pounds per acre.

When costs were added in, the seeding rate of seven seed per foot made $19 per acre.

“At 10 seed per foot, we lost $42 per acre and at 11 seed per foot, the loss was $58 per acre,” Monfort says. “Although it was just one year of data, I think we found that the higher seeding rate did

not add more yield but did add more cost.”

“In all the cases, they were above four plants per foot and the needed population to maximize yield potential had already been reached. The extra plants weren’t doing anything to add more yield,” Tubbs says.

Many other factors go into achieving a uniform stand of vigorously growing peanuts, but a final stand of four plants per foot of row is best to reduce the risk of TSWV. PG

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Planting With Precision Know the factors important for setting the correct downforce.

G

eorgia farmers with reduced plant stands in 2019 may be able to correct those problems in 2020 by properly setting and using downforce on their planters, says Wes Porter, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension irrigation specialist and precision agriculture expert.

Downforce is the pressure farmers apply to their row unit to ensure it maintains the depth at which the planter is set.

Farmers typically set planter depth, but don’t always check or change the downforce of their planters, Porter says.

Plant At The Proper Depth Producers can save time, seed and money by understanding the use of downforce when planting their crops. The downforce system on the planter helps growers avoid planting seed at the incorrect depth – either too deep or too shallow. Planting at the wrong depth leaves seed vulnerable to the environment and may result in a lack of germination and stand establishment with the subsequent yield loss.

High temperatures and lack of rainfall in May 2019 led to difficult planting conditions for farmers with dryland fields, or fields lacking adequate irrigation. In multiple fields, Porter discovered that if seeds weren’t planted deep enough, they didn’t germinate and emerge.

“If we didn’t put the seed down where it needed to be, near the surface soil temperatures were so hot it burned the seed and they never germinated,” Porter says. “Around the state, 16 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

you could see poor stands.”

Consider Field Conditions It’s important to consider the field conditions when setting downforce. Imagine a grower who tries to plant in late spring when it’s dry and near or at 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The planter requires a lot more downforce to plant seeds at the proper depth because the soil is harder. If the grower plants in moist soil, it doesn’t need as much downforce, Porter says.

The same is true if you compare a sandy soil with one that contains more clay. Sandy soil is much looser and softer, so farmers don’t need as much downforce versus planting into a clay soil. The amount of downforce is critical for seed to reach the appropriate depth.

“There are advanced control systems available, either retrofitted on the tractor or from the factory, that will help maintain downforce at a uniform setting throughout the field, aiding in maintaining the target seed depth. It’s really important, if we want to achieve that proper depth, that we set a proper downforce,” he says.

From talking with producers, Porter found that downforce is a planting factor not usually considered.

“It is important to set the downforce on their planters to match their field conditions.” PG Article by Clint Thompson, University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

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Picture Perfect For early season pest management, this is an investment you can bank on.

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s the 2019 growing season fades into the past, growers are making key decisions for the upcoming crop. As always, it’s a balancing act between investment and potential return.

“It’s always a difficult decision to make,” says Ken Craft, a grower in the Damascus, Georgia. “In the past few years, it’s been particularly heart-wrenching due to the hurricanes we endured in 2017 and 2018. Luckily, in 2019 we escaped those disasters.”

Early Season Pest Control Craft grows both peanuts and cotton. For years, he applied Temik aldicarb for early season pest control. When it went off the market for several years, he switched to liquid in-furrow alternatives.

“I thought liquid in-furrow was the next big thing,” he says. “Everybody was going to it when we lost Temik for a few years, so I switched my planters over to handle in-furrow liquid applications.”

That strategy changed rapidly when aldicarb became available again under the brand name AgLogic aldicarb.

“It’s the same product, just a different name,” he says. “It works the same as we remembered. I’ve been using it since it came back on the market, and it hasn’t disappointed.

“I applied AgLogic aldicarb on my peanuts at planting at a rate of 7 pounds per acre. I also applied it to my cotton at a rate of 4.5 pounds per acre.”

No Thrips To Speak Of In 2019, thrips took a toll on most cotton and peanuts in the Southeast.

Rainfall was scarce, and heavy thrips pressure inflicted widespread destruction on peanuts and cotton, according to weekly reports from growers, consultants 18 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

“If I had thrips, I couldn’t tell it. AgLogic aldicarb took care of that problem. We didn’t even have to spray for them on peanuts or cotton.” and researchers in the region.

Craft had a different description of the situation.

“If I had thrips, I couldn’t tell it,” he says. “AgLogic aldicarb took care of that problem. We didn’t even have to spray for them on peanuts or cotton. And there’s no doubt the product takes care of mites on both crops. We just don’t have them.”

Give Yourself A Fighting Chance When asked about nematodes, Craft says, “We’ve got most anything you can name — reniform, root-knot, lance and possibly ring. It’s a big problem in this area. There are not a lot of options.

Fumigation is expensive and doesn’t control thrips. Rotating with cotton will help when it comes to managing peanut root-knot nematode because cotton is not a host. However, rotation doesn’t do anything for thrips control on either crop. That’s where we really feel the impact of early season pest control.

“Seed treatments are basically ineffective due to increasing resistance,” Craft says. “And in-furrow liquids don’t perform as well as what you need or expect — especially when early season foliar and nematode pest populations are heavy like we had last year.”

Despite challenging crop prices going into peanut and cotton planting, growers should invest in those variables they can help manage. “If you can get thrips and nematodes under control in the early season, you at least have a fighting chance for a successful crop,” Craft says.

Article provided on behalf of Ag Logic Chemical.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

New Input Review These products are available for the 2020 growing season.

Editor’s Note: Following is information on a new soil surfactant with a listing to the side of fungicides registered in the past couple years that may now have ample product available for use.

New In-Furrow Input Activator Meherrin introduces a new in-furrow input activator to help peanut growers get the most out of their crop inputs. Furrow Maxx is a soil surfactant formulated to enhance the moisture environment in the seed furrow, benefitting any input applied in-furrow at planting.

According to press information from Meherrin, the combination of soil surfactants in Furrow Maxx optimizes the moisture conditions at planting, creating an environment for improved early season plant development. This also results in improved performance of seed or furrow-applied insecticides, fungicides, nematicides and other crop inputs

such as inoculants and crops nutrients.

“Furrow Maxx has really impressed me with the ease of use, safety to inoculants, and performance in making the inputs work better,” says Wayne Nixon, peanut agronomist.

“As grower’s consistently deal with unpredictable environmental conditions, here is the product that protects your investment.”

Furrow Maxx is a liquid formulation with a low use rate. It is compatible with furrow-applied pesticides and safe to combine in the tank with peanut inoculant.

To learn more about the products and services Meherrin provides, go online to https:// meherrinag.com/.

Furrow Maxx Soil Surfactant: • Easy to use, low use rate liquid formulation.

• Safe to combine in the tank with peanut inoculant.

• Compatible with furrowapplied pesticide or other products.

New(er) Products • Aproach Prima fungicide from Corteva with activity on early and late leaf spot, rust.

• Miravis fungicide from Syngenta for use on early and late leaf spot.

• Provost Silver fungicide from Bayer for use on early and late leaf spot, rust, white mold/Southern blight, Rhizoctonia limb rot and suppression of Cylindrocladium black rot.

• Umbra fungicide from Nichino America for management of early and late leaf spot and white mold.

• Lucento fungicide from FMC for use on early and late leaf spot and white mold.

• Rancona V PD from UPL is a seed treatment that is showing activity against Aspergillus fungi.

• MicroThiol Disperss from UPL is a micronized wettable sulfur with efficacy against the leaf spots, rust and spider mites.

• Provysol fungicide from BASF for use on early and late leaf spot, Rhizoctonia limb rot and white mold.

• Veltyma fungicide from BASF for management of early and late leaf spot, pepper spot, rust, web blotch, Rhizoctonia limb rot, peg and pod rot, white mold, Sclerotinia blight and CBR. Always read and follow label directions.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

APRIL 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

19

Pointers Know Your Seed Quality Even though spring 2018 and 2019 were opposite in growing conditions, both proved that being aggressive early and planting as soon as the soil temperatures warmed up was good. Being timely last year paid off in getting a good stand and a solid start before going into six weeks of drought that followed. Planting before KRIS BALKCOM Auburn University the third week of May gives us Extension Specialist a yield advantage.

Last year’s warm winter led to heavy thrips pressure. We are likely to see that again, which is alarming given the amount of tomato spotted wilt virus last year. We can be defensive against thrips and TSWV, but there are trade-offs. Earlier planting increases the chances of TSWV. The optimum planting date in the middle of May reduces TSWV risk. The use of phorate also

reduces risk, and I advise using it if you plant in late April or the first of May. Conservation tillage, twin rows and a solid, uniform stand help combat TSWV. When trying to get a good stand, sometimes we take seed quality for granted. This year, we know we have quality concerns. Knowing seed quality on the front end is critical, whether you send a sample for germination tests, run a quick test yourself or do both. We can then decide whether to plant, purchase more seed and blend it, or increase seeding rates. In addition to the seed treatment, an in-furrow fungicide helps ensure a good stand of peanuts.

When contemplating seed quality, take into consideration soil temperature. Warmer is better. If you can plant your crop in a short time period, you can afford to wait until it is warm enough to give seed a better opportunity.

With cotton down 10 cents from last year, we don’t have competition for peanut acres. Try not to overplant the peanut market, which can be done easily. Hopefully something will change with the market to help us later this year.

Pay Attention To Soil Temperature Planting in Texas will start at the end of April. Pay attention to soil temperature to determine the best time to plant. Optimum soil temperature for peanut germination is at least 68 degrees Fahrenheit for three consecutive days without a forecasted cold front.

In 2019, seedling vigor of EMI KIMURA peanut and cotton was weak Texas A&M AgriLife in some early planted fields Extension Peanut Specialist because of cool and wet soil conditions in May and even into June. Stressed seedlings will be susceptible to insects and seedling diseases, and uneven stand establishment can increase weed pressure.

Early spring soil temperatures can change rapidly; therefore, pay attention to the soil temperature for successful stand establishment for the 2020 growing season.

Soil testing at the fruiting zone and water testing will help you finalize the in-season application of macro- and micronutrients. Soil testing is the only way to know the residual nutrient level to avoid over- and underfertilization. Calcium application should be based on a soil test sampled after crop emergence. This is one of the most important nutrients for peanut production, and a lack of calcium can lead to increased incidence of unfilled pods and pod rot. In the previous crop, if yield was lower than average or if it was aban-

20 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

PEANUTGROWER.COM

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Pointers doned due to drought or other reasons, there is a chance that the potassium level may be high. An increased amount of soil potassium can interfere with calcium uptake. Make sure to test soils and water, and adjust the fertilizer application based on the residual nutrient status.

What Top Growers Do Many states had high yields for the 2019 growing season.

Even though some of the Virginia-Carolina region was dry during the summer, overall yields were close to record levels. This was due in part to an excellent harvest season, especially in September and early October.

Grower s i n t he Nor t h DAVID JORDAN North Carolina State Carolina peanut production University contest complete a survey, and Extension Agronomist several themes have developed as contributing to their success. Weather is a key factor, and farmers are quick to recognize how fortunate they are when this uncontrollable factor lines up with what the peanut crop needs.

Top growers often put peanuts on land that would be considered ideal for production. They indicate that establishing an adequate peanut stand is also a part of the equation. There are few, if any, gaps in stands in these growers’ fields. Most top growers invest in intensive pest management strategies and a well-protected crop. Almost all growers point to timeliness of management and practices they put in place. Applying insecticides for thrips and other insect pests and, if necessary, miticides to control spider mites, are important as well.

With respect to weeds, top growers have effective herbicide programs at planting, which give them time to apply postemergence herbicides to small weeds. This limits interference and reduces the need for follow-up herbicide applications.

Fungicide programs are not excessive but complete. They are on an effective schedule with diverse chemistries so they get optimum protection from leaf spot. Most of the top growers have their digging and harvesting equipment in line with acreage, and this allows them to let peanuts reach optimum maturity before digging. When they are ready to dig, they can complete this operation quickly with limited pod loss. These farmers demonstrate the importance of observing and taking care of details. This approach is something we can all learn from for our peanut production systems.

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2020

Minimize Early Season Risk A few key decisions help minimize risk early in the season. Take soil samples of every field and apply nutrients as needed to ensure that pH and fertility levels are appropriate for producing a high-yielding crop. Several fields in Georgia had fertility deficiencies and/or low pH soils last year, costing growers yield potential.

SCOTT MONFORT University of Georgia Time planting carefully.

Extension Agronomist With the threat of reduced quality and higher prices for seed in 2020, growers need to not plant into cool, wet soils below 68F, nor in hot, dry conditions. Both can lead to a decreased stand and an increased risk of TSWV. Be diligent in using all of the cultural practices indicated in Peanut Rx to reduce virus incidence. Good cultural practices include planting after May 10, seeding rate of six seed per foot, twin-row configuration and reduced tillage with a cover crop. Growers also need to consider using Thimet, especially in early planting. Based on surveys conducted during production meetings this winter, the highest levels of TSWV were observed by growers who did not include Thimet in thrips management.

To further reduce skips or stand loss, consider these items at planting. Watch your speed. Research has shown planting too fast can result in non-uniform stands. Apply an inoculant. Applications of inoculant every year can reduce the risk of nodulation failures. Never apply fertilizer in-furrow at planting, whether bio-based or traditional fertilizer. We have observed situations where this practice As you get started this has injured seed season, ask questions severely enough to cause stand loss as and consider the risk well as a reduction of your decisions. Be in the viability of inoculants. proactive in minimizing As you get startas many potential issues ed this season, ask that may impact the questions and consider the risk of economic returns of your decisions. Be your 2020 crop. proactive in minimizing as many potential issues that may impact the economic returns of your 2020 crop. Contact your county agricultural agent for more information. PG PEANUTGROWER.COM

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