Peanut grower january 2015

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PEANUTGROWER The

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2015

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2015 Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

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Nitrogen is essential to crop performance, and Primo Power inoculant delivers more of it into the plants. With more nitrogenfixing rhizobia applied,

NITROGEN FUELS YIELD IN PEANUTS. PRIMO POWER MAKES SURE THE FUEL IS DELIVERED.

Primo Power boosts nitrogen intake so crops emerge quickly, grow fast and can deliver more yield. Open the door to more nitrogen, nutrients and growth with Primo Power.

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Important: Always read and follow label instructions. Š 2015 Verdesian Life Sciences. All rights reserved.

www.vlsci.com.

SCIENCE CENTERED ON THE SEED

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JANUARY 2015

21

PEANUTGROWER The

Volume 27 • Number 1

Departments 4 Editor’s Note My favorite scene on the farm comes once a year.

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5 News Briefs Election night causes shake up in committee assignments.

6 Market Watch The reference price is only one part of the payment equation.

20 New Products Valley Irrigation works to integrate irrigation data, other information.

CornSouth

Look for the supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions of The Peanut Grower.

Look for the Ag Technology supplement following page 20 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia versions of The Peanut Grower.

Features 10 Factors That Affect Disease Management Base effective strategies for management on these factors.

11 Disease Identification Learn to properly identify disease problems.

13 Don’t Dismiss TSWV Producers are urged not to become complacent with spotted wilt, consider later planting.

14 Insect Management When insect outbreaks occur, be prepared to identify the pest and apply the proper insecticide for control.

16 Weed Management Cover photo by Amanda Huber

Plan for weed pressure by studying the herbicide-effectiveness ratings and application timing.

21 Control of Common Bermudagrass Two herbicide options are compared for the management of this difficult weed.

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EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Carroll Smith csmith@onegrower.com Art Director Carol Watson

My Favorite Farm Scene

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Editorial Director Tommy Horton (901) 767-4020 thorton@onegrower.com Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Circulation Manager Janet Owens (229) 386-8809 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (800) 888-9784 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com

For circulation changes or change of address, call (800) 888-9784

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD John Beasley Extension Agronomist Auburn University Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Craig Kvien Coastal Plain Experiment Station,Tifton, GA

Jason Woodward Extension Plant Pathologist Texas A & M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November.

Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2015 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration.

POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO SUNBELT FULFILLMENT SERVICES, 307 SOUTHGATE COURT, Brentwood, TN 37027-7987. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim. The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA. One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

One Grower Publishing, LLC 1010 June Rd., Suite 102, Memphis, Tennessee, 38119 Phone: 901-767-4020

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THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

If you stop to look at the beauty that surrounds you throughout the year, you likely have a favorite “scene” on your farm.

It may happen only once a year, as mine does, or it may be a vignette you can look at all year long.

My scene happens in the summer. The drive up to our house passes by my parent’s house, winds through some trees and comes out into an opening at the corner of a hay field, where it travels along the fence line and then turns up to our house. The point that it comes out of the woods is the top of a hill, as much hill as you can find in Florida. Looking from the corner of the field, down the hill, you can see several fields, small groups of trees and my Papa’s barn in the distance.

My picture perfect moment occurs when the hay has been baled. The light brown hay field will be dotted with round hay bales. Surrounding fields are green and dotted with black cows and the rust orange roof of the barn. The sky is a beautiful blue contrast to the earth and seems to go on forever. I’ve tried to capture it with a picture, but it just doesn’t do it justice.

This summer we had another scene that captured our attention. A field directly in front of my parent’s house and one to the side were planted in peanuts. Although pastures are green, nothing compares to the beautiful carpet of dark green peanuts. I get to see it often in my work, but the color of the fields was something my family talked about throughout the summer.

One time we were trying to come up with adjectives adequate for conveying the beauty of the fields. After thinking about it for a while, my oldest daughter finally said, “It’s just the greenest green that ever greened.” Well said.

Right now the fields are the pale green of the rye cover crop, but we look forward to the dark green again. Hopefully sometime this year, you’ll take the time to enjoy your favorite farm “scene” and enjoy talking about it with your family. Let’s have a good 2015.

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Elections Change Ag Leadership

Ag Appropriations Leaders

The November election, combined with congressional retirements and term limits, will shake up the leadership of key congressional committees in Washington, D.C. On the Senate side, it is likely that Sen. Thad Cochran (R-MS), current ranking member of the Senate Agriculture Committee, will be named as the new chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, a position he held from 2005 to 2007.

It is also likely that Sen. Pat Roberts (R-KS) will be named as the new incoming chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee, reprising a role he played in the 1990s on the House side.

Three Senators who are retiring next year include Tom Harkin (D-IA), Saxby Chambliss (R-GA) and Mike Johanns (R-NE). In addition, Sen. John Walsh (D-MT) withdrew his re-election bid earlier this summer.

The Senate ag committee is likely to have no openings for additional democratic members, but will have space for four or more new republican members, which could open the door for Georgia’s republican Sen. David Perdue.

House agriculture chairman Frank Lucas easily won his re-election contest, but is limited by House GOP rules and cannot return next year as chairman, though he will remain on the committee. The favorite to become the chairman is Rep. Mike Conaway (R-TX). Although several members are more senior than Conaway, they all have high-level positions on other committees and are unlikely to want to relinquish those to take over agriculture.

On the democratic side, ranking member Rep. Collin Peterson (D-MN) won a hotly contested race and will return as the lead democrat on the committee. The second most senior member of the committee on the democratic side, Mike McIntyre (D-NC), retired from Congress, as did Gloria Negrete McLeod (D-CA), creating a few democratic slots.

Current Senate Ag Appropriations Subcommittee chair Mark Pryor (D-AR) lost his re-election bid and will not return next year as the ranking member.

The new chair will likely be the current ranking member, Roy Blunt (R-MO).

The democratic side of the subcommittee also loses retiring Sens. Tom Harkin (D-IA) and Tim Johnson (D-SD). The new ranking member may not be known for some time yet as the committee assignment process works itself out. The most likely contenders are Sens. Jon Tester (D-MT), Tom Udall (D-NM) and Jeff Merkley (D-OR).

As for the House Ag Appropriations leaders, none of the current members lost their re-election bids. However, Rep. Tom Latham (R-IA), a senior member of the House subcommittee, did not run for re-election. It is widely expected that the chair of the House subcommittee, Rep. Robert Aderholt (R-AL), will seek to lead the Commerce, Justice and Science Appropriations Subcommittee. This could leave Rep. Alan Nunnelee (R-MS) in line to take over the Ag Appropriations Subcommittee.

Crop Insurance Provisions Released The new peanut crop insurance program has been posted on the Risk Management Agency’s website. Included in the new crop insurance program are provisions as follows: yield protection, which is similar to the coverage offered by the APH plan that has been available in prior years; two different revenue crop insurance program options – revenue protection and revenue protection-harvest price exclusion.

Other insurance policy terms include revised quality adjustment provisions, revised replant provisions and expanded unit division options to include enterprise units that offer significantly higher premium subsidies than on either optional or basic units, which have been offered in prior years.

In Brief: • Republican majority in Senate changes landscape of committees.

• More crop insurance program details released by USDA RMA. • Exhibits and information available at Georgia Peanut Farm Show.

• Golden Peanut acquires Harrell Nut Company; changes name to include tree nuts.

• American Peanut Council awarded $1.3 million from USDA’s Market Access Program to promote exports.

• National Peanut Board members promote inshell peanuts in Italy at APC-sponsored tour.

• The Peanut Institute launches website touting peanut power.

The crop provisions can be found at www.rma.usda.gov/policies/2015/15pt-075.pdf and Commodity Exchange Price Provisions can be found at www.rma.usda.gov/policies/2015/15cepp-pt.pdf.

Plan To Attend The Georgia Farm Show The Georgia Peanut Farm Show and Conference is set for Jan. 15, 2015, at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center, Tifton, Ga. Nearly 2,000 farmers are expected to attend the 38th annual event to see over 100 exhibits in the peanut industry, the University of Georgia Peanut Production Seminars and the industry-wide sponsored Peanut Seed Seminar. The one-day show includes awards ceremony and $40,000 in prizes presented to farmers. The show opens at 8:30 a.m. with registration and closes at 2:30 p.m with a luncheon at noon.

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The Reference Price Is One Part Of The Long Payment Equation t was an odd year in row-crop agriculture, especially in the Southeast.

Some producers had two months of too much rain, then two months with little or no rain and two months of unusual harvest conditions ripe with various problems. Prices have fallen so low, the farmer may have to extend payback of loans to next year.

In thinking about 2015, cotton is 60 cents per pound, corn is $3.75 per bushel, soybeans are $10 a bushel, wheat is about $6 per bushel and peanuts could be $400 per ton, but maybe only $355 per ton, if too many peanuts are planted.

Will markets improve by planting time? Currently, costs of production are more than product prices. It is not a pretty picture and is likely to get worse when the farmer meets with the banker or finance company.

I

Market Situation Several unusually early cold snaps have some late-planted peanuts being graded as freeze damaged, which cause the peanuts to turn dark and have offflavors. Thankfully, only a few fields were affected. Another problem was burrower bugs, particularly in dryland peanuts. Loads of peanuts were graded segregation 2 and 3.

Shellers have been slow to sign delivery contracts on shelled peanuts until more can be shelled and the quality checked. Irrigated peanuts are said to be excellent, but dryland peanuts are suspect and must be kept separate for shelling.

The shelled market has increased slightly with jumbo runners at 55 cents per pound, mediums offered at 53 cents per pound and blanched jumbos bringing 70 cents per pound. Inventory of the 2013 crop remains in cold storage,

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PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

Leading Market Indicators (Dec. 3, 2014) •2014 - Acreage estimate up 25% - 1,307,000 acres •2014 - Production estimate up 21% - 2,522,450 tons •2014 -Average yield estimate 3,812 lbs/A - dn 35 lbs/A •2013 - Market Loan - 6,059 tons forfeited; 1,048,257 redemptions •2014 - Market Loan - 1,457,137 tons in loan storage •2014-14 Domestic Usage (3 mo.) - + up 6.8% •2014-15 Exports (2 mo.) dn - 6.8% •National Posted Price (per ton): Runners $424.86, Spanish $403.91,

but is said to be committed. Blanching continues at a premium.

Limited Contracts Down on the farm, some producers, who are cleaning up equipment for winter storage, opted to not contract at the $425 per-ton level in the Southeast on runners, but took advantage of the ninemonth market storage loan, hoping prices would improve. One sheller said contracts are not likely to improve as a higher price would encourage more planting of the 2015 crop. In fact, because of the structure of the new program, we could see shellers limiting 2015 crop contracts with each grower at 60 to 75 percent of 2014 crop plantings.

Worries abound about the 2015 season, with one farmer saying, “If you put a pencil to it, there is not a single row crop that shows a profit at today’s prices!” Yet, there is still hope for improvement before planting. Farmers are studying the new peanut program, de-

J. Tyron Spearman

Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

ciding on the program options, and working to become familiar with the new peanut revenue program and crop insurance before next season. Workshops are being planned during the winter all across the belt.

Rumors persist that the peanut industry is expanding with another farmerowned cooperative sheller, new buying points and warehousing upgrades. Low prices of other commodities, continued increased export demand and the favorable peanut program are some of the reasons for this speculation.

Marketing Signs Domestic consumption was good for peanuts and peanut butter in October, up 5.1 percent and 6 percent, respectively. For the year, peanut usage is up 6.8 percent. Peanut snacks were up 11.1 percent, but still down about three percent for the three-month period.

U.S. peanut exports continue strong, down for the months of August and September only 6.8 percent. The good news is that raw-shelled peanuts are 1.1 percent ahead of last year and in-shells are up 7.5 percent. Peanut butter exports slowed after posting a 21 percent increase last year, dropping 36 percent during Aug/Sept. The U.S. has a good supply of 2013 quality peanuts ready for export, and 2014 peanuts are expected to start selling after shelling, if quality standards meet European Union specifications. China is also back in the market for in-shells.

Supply And Demand The U.S. peanut crop for 2014/15 is now at 2,522,500 tons based on harvesting 1,307,000 acres averaging 3,860 pounds per acre. The supply chart shows ending stocks of 945,500 tons, up from

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932,500 tons last month. Changes have occurred in crush, which has been increased, and seed, which is probably higher than estimated here.

With total 2014/15 U.S. demand at 2,538,500 tons, it appears that ending stocks will be about the same as last year, 945,500 tons, slightly higher than last month. Domestic food use for peanuts is predicted to increase 1.8 percent.

Peanut Stocks and Processing is showing a 5.8 percent increase for the first two months after peanut butter posted a 30 percent increase in September. $535 Is Not $535 Per Ton Some producers have in their minds that peanuts will pay $535 per ton in the new Farm Bill. That is wrong. The new reference price of $535 per ton for peanuts will be factored in by subtracting the national average price, making a price loss coverage rate, times your payment yield in tons, times the base acres, times 85 percent. This number will be the estimated payment per base acre.

Some farmers may have generic cotton

base that can be made into an annual peanut base to collect the payment.

Think Long Term If you want to plant peanuts in the future, refrain from planting wall-to-wall peanuts chasing a government payment next year.

Sure, lower-priced peanuts will buy your way into a market, but sustaining profitability is highly unlikely with a major over-supply.

First and foremost, have government-approved storage or a buying point that will inspect and issue a market loan from USDA. Rotate peanuts with other crops to protect yield and quality. Manufacturers want a quality peanut with no defects that is reasonably priced similar to

the competition with consistent, on-time delivery year after year.

Work with your buying point and sheller. Develop a plan and think about the future! PG

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It only takes a few minutes to renew your subscription online (or to sign up to receive it as a new subscriber).

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Submit your form when you’re finished!

The Web site has current information from our editors, market news information, archives of past issues and useful links. Sign on today to update your record and see the latest in peanut news!

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Calendar:

FAS Announces Funding For 2015 USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) has awarded funding to more than 60 U.S. agricultural organizations to help expand commercial export markets for American products. In peanuts, grower associations and sheller groups provide the matching funds to secure FSA funding.

The Market Access Program (MAP) allows the FSA to partner with U.S. agricultural trade associations, cooperatives, state regional trade groups and small businesses to share the costs of overseas marketing and promotional activities that help build commercial export markets for peanuts. The program focuses on consumer promotion, including brand promotion for small companies and cooperatives.

Participants contribute an average 214 percent match for generic marketing and promotion activities and a dollarfor-dollar match for promotion of branded products by small businesses and cooperatives.

The allocation to the American Peanut Council for the peanut industry is $1,381,550 for FY 2015.

The Foreign Market Development (FMD) Program focuses on trade servicing and trade capacity building by helping to create, expand and maintain long-term export markets for U.S. agricultural products. The organizations, which on average contribute nearly triple the amount they receive in federal resources, will conduct activities that help maintain or increase the demand for peanuts abroad. The allocation of FMD funds for the peanut industry is $158,309 for FY 2015.

USDA’s international market development programs have had a significant and positive impact on U.S. agricultural exports. An independent study released in 2010 found that trade promotion programs like MAP and FMD provide $35 in economic benefits for every dollar spent by government and industry on market development.

Golden Changes Name, Acquires Harrell Nut Company Golden Peanut Company LLC, a subsidiary of Archer Daniels Midland Company (NYSE: ADM), has announced that it has acquired the processing facilities and certain assets of the Harrell Nut Company, one of the country’s leading processors and shellers of pecans.

Reflecting the company’s continuing expansion of its product portfolio, Golden Peanut also announced that it is changing its name to Golden Peanut and Tree Nuts.

“By expanding our product portfolio, we are improving our ability to serve our customers while taking another step in our efforts to reduce earnings volatility,” said Kris Lutt, president, Golden Peanut and Tree Nuts. “Our diversification into tree nuts began earlier this year, when we acquired 50 percent ownership of South African Pecans.

“The acquisition of Harrell Nut Company moves us into the U.S. pecan market, which we expect will see increasing consumer interest in the coming years.”

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THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

• Jan. 8-11, 2015 - National Peanut Buying Points Association Annual Convention, Charleston Place Hotel, Charleston, S.C. Packets will be mailed to members, but anyone wanting to receive an information packet should email Angela at spearmanagency@friendlycity.net • Jan. 15, 2015 - Georgia Peanut Farm Show & Conference, UGA Tifton Campus Conference Center, Tifton, Ga. For more information call 229386-3470.

• Jan. 29, 2015 - South Carolina Peanut Production Meeting, Santee, S.C. For more information, call (803) 734-0338.

• July 14-16, 2015 - American Peanut Research and Education Society Annual Meeting, Francis Marion Hotel, Charleston, S.C. For more information, visit www.apresinc.com.

Harrell Nut Company is a domestic pecan processor with facilities in Camilla, Ga.; El Paso, Texas; and Monticello, Fla. It serves both domestic and international markets.

“In recent years, we’ve seen the demand for healthier, more convenient foods drive up nut consumption,” Lutt added. “U.S. pecan demand has grown almost 40 percent over the last decade.

We are moving to take advantage of continuing growth. The Harrell family has built a great business, and we look forward to working with them and their team to make it even stronger as part of Golden Peanut and Tree Nuts.”

In addition to the name change, Golden Peanut and Tree Nuts is introducing a new logo (left) that reflects the company’s expanded product offerings.

“Our new name and logo reflect our commitment to growing and diversifying our business,” Lutt continued. “Peanuts will remain a core part of our business. We are building on that core, enhancing the range of products and solutions we can provide to our customers.”

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The Peanut Institute Launches New Website The Peanut Institute is promoting the power of the peanut in a new consumerfriendly website at www.peanutpower.org. Peanuts, the most nutrient dense nut, are highlighted in the “Peanut Power” section. The “Power Your Way Through Life” section highlights how daily peanuts or peanut butter help your heart, balance blood sugar and hunger, maintain weight and may prevent chronic disease when kids start eating them early. The new site has over 30 easy new recipes developed by a chef from “Cooking Light.”

The Peanut Institute is a non-profit organization funded by peanut shellers and more than 75 donors, who support nutritional research and educational programs to encourage healthful lifestyles that include peanuts and peanut products.

Texoma Offers Assets For Sale

Save The Date For APRES

Texoma Peanut Company (dba Clint Williams Company), of Madill, Okla., has filed for Chapter 11 reorganization.

Texoma successfully sold its Madill facilities to Golden Peanut and Tree Nuts effective Nov. 4, 2014, and will continue to operate the facility under lease from Golden Peanut and Tree Nut. Texoma has solicited offers for the sale of substantially all of its remaining assets on a going-concern basis under Section 363 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Texoma has multiple peanut buying point locations geographically centered in key peanut growing regions from Texas and Oklahoma, to Mississippi and Arkansas.

Texoma Peanut’s buying points provide access to over 120,000 tons of farmer stock annually. By offering its business for sale on a going-concern basis, Texoma believes it can maximize the value of these assets for its estate and creditors and preserve as many jobs for its employees as possible. Bidding procedures for the company and terms of a sale are subject to approval by the Bankruptcy Court. The preliminary bid deadline for potential bidders was early December.

Mark your Calendars for the 47th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research And Education Society. The July 14-16, 2015, event will be held at the Francis Marion Hotel in Charleston, S.C. Make your hotel reservations early and get the special APRES rate of $129 per night.

Charleston is a popular summer destination, so rooms will go fast. Call for papers will begin in early January. More details can be found on the APRES website at www.apresinc.com.

tional marketing opportunities for USAgrown peanuts.

“There is nothing like visiting a country firsthand to get a better understanding of their markets for peanuts.

Italy, like the rest of Europe, is increasing its imports of peanuts from the U.S., but we face stiff competition from other countries,” says Parker.

In Milan, the group visited several of Italy’s largest supermarket chains to see how inshell peanuts are displayed, how snack and confectionary products are marketed and the types of peanut products that are offered to consumers.

The final day included a trip to Parma with a visit to an inshell peanut roasting facility and visit to the headquarters of Coop Nord Ovest (a business consortium) to meet with local inshell peanut buyers.

“For me it was great to see exactly what the APC is doing to increase the export of USA-grown peanuts to Italy,” says White. “Walking into grocery stores and seeing USA-grown peanuts displayed front and center was amazing!

That does not just happen. A tremendous amount of work was involved on the part of APC. Also, meeting with the buyers allowed us to see what they want from USA growers.”

Inshell Promotion In Italy In early November, National Peanut Board members John Crumpler (Va.), Gayle White (Okla.) and President and CEO Bob Parker traveled to Italy for a USA Inshell Promotion Tour. Sponsored by American Peanut Council, the three-day tour provided a firsthand look at Italian markets for inshell peanuts with the goal of exploring addi-

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DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Factors That Affect Disease Management n 2014, losses to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus across the Southeast were up to three percent. Although that is still a small number, it does indicate that TSWV is on the rise and producers are urged to keep up their vigilance against this disease.

Management of all diseases that affect peanuts is essential to successful production. Manage diseases and nematodes based on the factors below, by using Peanut Rx and by planting varieties with improved resistance. Using these tools, producers have been able to achieve excellent management of disease pressure.

but it has less effect on fungal diseases.

However, for white mold, it is now known that severity increases when the space between the crown of individual plants decreases.

Peanut Variety Although no variety is immune to TSWV, newer varieties have improved resistance to spotted wilt and to fungal diseases, which will likely lead to a reduction in disease severity. Remember, improved resistance to one disease does not mean that the variety also possesses superior resistance to other diseases.

Row Pattern Seven to 10-inch twin-row spacing, utilizing the same seeding rate per acre as single row spacing, has become popular.

Research has shown that white mold is more severe in single rows at six seed per foot than in twin rows at three seed per foot. The difference in leaf spot appears to be negligible.

Planting Date In general, early planted and lateplanted peanuts tend to have higher levels of TSWV than those planted in the middle of the planting season. For larger acreages, it may be more effective to plant varieties with different time-to-maturity requirements as closely as possible within a low-risk time period. If planting during a high-risk period, try to minimize the risk associated with other index factors.

Tillage Spotted wilt is less severe in strip-tilled fields, as is leaf spot, if peanut is not planted in consecutive seasons. Use of conservation tillage does not eliminate the need for fungicides to control leaf spot, but helps to insure added disease control from a fungicide program.

White mold may be slightly more severe in strip tillage; deep turning the soil may help to reduce the threat to white mold by burying initial inoculum.

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Plant Population Research has confirmed the impact of plant population on TSWV incidence, 10

Insecticide Usage The use of insecticides to control thrips vectors has been an ineffective means of suppressing TSWV. However, one chemical - phorate (Thimet 20G and Phorate 20G), has demonstrated consistent, lowlevel suppression of TSWV. It is thought that phorate may induce a defense response in the peanut plant.

Classic Herbicide Research has confirmed that the use

/ THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

of Classic (chlorimuron) can occasionally result in an increased expression of tomato spotted wilt of peanut. However, results indicate that the effects are minimal in comparison to the other production practices that influence this disease.

To date, other peanut herbicides have not been shown to have an influence on spotted wilt.

Crop Rotation Crop rotation is one of the most important tactics to reduce disease severity in peanut production and production of all crops. Increasing the number of seasons between consecutive peanut crops in the same field has been shown to reduce disease levels and increase yield.

Choice of rotation crops will also have an impact on disease.

Field History Fields where growers have had difficulty managing disease in the past, despite the implementation of a good fungicide program, are more likely to have disease problems in the future than are fields with less history of disease.

Irrigation Irrigation is a critical component of a production system and can result in large peanut yields. However, moisture coupled with increased soil temperatures may create conditions favorable for disease more so than non-irrigated fields.

For more complete information on minimizing disease in peanut, visit www.ugapeanuts.com or contact your state Extension peanut pathologist.

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PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

SCLEROTINIA BLIGHT Sclerotinia blight’s initial symptom includes a rapid wilting or flagging of the tips of infected branches. Initially, lesions are small, light green and water-soaked. As the disease develops, the lesions turn light brown, elongate and appear sunken. Older lesions may be dark brown with a distinct border between diseased and healthy tissue. Another symptom of infected plants is the presence of shredded tissue (pegs and branches). The fungus produces white, fluffy fungal growth on diseased tissue when humidity is high. As the disease progresses, the fungus produces large black sclerotia on and in infected plant tissue.

LATE LEAF SPOT Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of early leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black. Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable conditions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE Northern root-knot nematode symptoms are the same as those described for peanut root-knot nematode. Galls are usually smaller than those caused by peanut root-knot nematode and are limited to the roots. The root system of infected plants will be dense and bushy.

EARLY LEAF SPOT Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, lesions enlarge up to one-half inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo (halo not always present). Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

SPOTTED WILT Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt disease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips. Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predominant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking and mottling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

STEM ROT OR WHITE MOLD Stem rot or white mold is favored by hot, wet weather. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown sclerotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

RUST Rust is readily identified by the presence of numerous orange-to-red-colored lesions (pustules) on the underside of the leaf. Each lesion contains many orange to red-colored spores. Typically, leaves of infected plants will remain attached.

Heavily infected areas in fields may have a scorched appearance.

JANUARY 2015 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

11

11-12 DM 0115v3.qxp_07-10PGR0104 v6.qxd 12/16/14 3:49 PM Page 12

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wartlike in appearance and dark in color.

WEB BLOTCH Web blotch lesions are characterized as having a netlike or webbing pattern, which is purplish, brown to tan on the upper leaf surface. Circular, tan to brown lesions may also be observed on the upper leaf surface. Lesions may grow together to cover the entire leaf. Older lesions are usually dry and cracked.

FUNKY

DIPLODIA COLLAR ROT Wilting and death of lateral branches or the entire plant are symptoms of Diplodia collar rot that could easily be confused with symptoms of other diseases. Elongated dead lesions with light brown centers and dark brown margins may occur on stems. Fruiting bodies of the fungus appear as small black dots embedded in the infected host tissue. Collar rot is sporadic in occurence, but can cause severe losses when an outbreak does occur.

OR IRREGULAR LEAF SPOT Funky or irregular leaf spot is a problem of unknown cause. Symptoms appear early in the growing season on lower leaves and can look like early leaf spot. Some defoliation may occur, but yield losses have not been demonstrated. Fungicides do not control irregular leaf spot. Funky leaf spot has been found to be most severe on peanut varieties such as Georgia-02C and Georgia-03L, but is not thought to cause yield loss for either. Stay on a good fungicide program and that will control the more important early and late leaf spot diseases.

RHIZOCTONIA LIMB ROT Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

ASPERGILLUS CROWN ROT CBR

PEANUT ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE Peanut root-knot nematode infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is

12

/ THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red reproductive structures growing from the crown of infected plants, while the crown, itself, is usually black. Root systems of severely infected plants are deteriorated, void of secondary roots and are also black. Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weather. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemergence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed are planted in well-rotated fields. Rotation and seed treatments are an effective control for this disease.

13 TSWV0115v3_Peanut pointers v2.qxd 12/16/14 11:01 AM Page 13

Don’t Dismiss TSWV Producers are urged not to become complacent with spotted wilt.

Factors Affecting TSWV Severity • Peanut Variety • Planting Date • Plant Population • Insecticide Usage • Row Pattern • Tillage • Classic Herbicide • Crop Rotation • Field History • Irrigation

niversity of Georgia Extension plant pathologist, Bob Kemerait, is urging Georgia producers to plant a month later in 2015 to keep the threat of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) at bay.

In the late 1990s, spotted wilt caused widespread damage, and peanut yields suffered. Kemerait worries that growers have become “complacent” in the fight against the disease.

“The fact that we’re seeing an increase in spotted wilt does not suggest to me in any way we’re going to go back to that period of time,” Kemerait says. “What it does do is point out two factors: the first is that the disease, which has been quiet for a number of years, has not gone away.

It’s still there.

“Secondly, and more important, as growers plant more resistant varieties, they’ve become complacent in the production practices important to minimizing the risk, and they could get bit by this in the future.”

U

Not Gone, Best Not Forgotten TSWV dates back almost 40 years, when it was discovered in peanuts in Texas. It was later found in Louisiana and Alabama. In the 1990s, the virus was detected as a major problem in Georgiagrown peanuts, vegetables and tobacco.

Through resistant cultivars developed at UGA by peanut breeder Bill Branch, the virus’ impact on peanuts has been minimal over the last decade.

However, in the last two years, Kemerait says TSWV appears to have been more severe in peanut fields, and he is unsure why.

“We’ve seen an increase, certainly not to the level it was in 1995 or 1997, but I’m seeing more and getting more reports from growers of tomato spotted wilt virus,” Kemerait says. “It’s something we’re aware of and being cautious about.”

Management Reminders Managing TSWV is not as simple as controlling thrips, the tiny insects that

transmit the disease. “Managing thrips through the use of insecticides is not going to reduce severity of tomato spotted wilt,” Kemerait says.

To reduce the virus’ impact, UGA Extension recommends producers plant in May rather than in mid-April, as earlierplanted peanuts are more likely to be infested by thrips. Also, planting peanuts at greater plant densities reduces the incidence of the virus, so increased seeding rates are encouraged.

Continue Reducing Risk “As an Extension specialist with the University of Georgia, my message and the message of the county agents is: Don’t forget that spotted wilt is out there. Don’t forget that it can affect your crop, and make sure you continue to take steps to reduce the risk,” Kemerait says.

For more information about TSWV in peanuts, see tomatospottedwiltinfo.org.

Article by Clint Thompson, University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

JANUARY 2015 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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Pe a nu t I n s e c Mustang Max

Asana

Baythroid

Brigade

B.t.1

Danitol

Comite/Omite

Karate Z

Lannate

Lorsban 4E

Beet armyworm

P(LS)

P(LS)

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

P

P/F

NL

Burrowing bug

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Corn earworm

G/E

G/E

G/E

G/E

P

G

NL

G/E

E

NL

Fall armyworm

P(LS)

P/F(LS)

P/F

P/F

NL

F

NL

P/F

G

NL

P/F

P/F

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

P/F

G

NL

E

E

G

G

NL

G

NL

E

E

NL

P

P(LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

P(LS)

NL

NL

P(LS)

NL

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

NL

P/F

NL

Granulate cutworm Leafhoppers Lesser cornstalk borers Loopers Rednecked peanutworm

G

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

Southern corn rootworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Spider mites

NL

NL

NL

F

NL

P-F

G

P(LS)

NL

NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper

NL

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

Thrips

F/G

NL

G

G

NL

G (with Orthene)

NL

G

F

NL

Velvetbean caterpillar

G/E

E

G/E

G/E

F

NL

NL

E

E

NL

Whitefringed beetle (larvae)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Wireworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

Tobacco Budworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

LESSER CORNSTALK BORER

FALL ARMYWORM

Lesser cornstalk borer is an important pest in the Southeastern and Southwestern growing areas.

It is usually a problem during hot, dry weather and is more often a problem on coarse, sandy soils than on heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer larvae will feed on underground pegs and pods in addition to any part of the plant above ground that contacts the soil surface.

Fall armyworms are one of several foliage feeders that may attack peanuts. In some years, they can be the predominant foliage feeder. Caterpillars, gray, light brown or mottled green in color, reach approximately 1 1/2 inches in length when fully grown and have a prominant inverted “Y” on their head. When abundant, fall armyworms can strip plants of foliage and “march” to other host plants. Female moths lay egg masses of about 150 each and cover them with scales from their body.

SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM DAMAGE Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but its most important damage is due to peg and pod feeding.

Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

LEAFHOPPERS Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, green, brown or black insects about 1/8 to 1/4 inch in length.

Leafhoppers insert their beak into the midrib on the lower side of peanut leaves and suck plant juices.

Leaves turn yellow from the point where the feeding has occured to the tip of the leaf and may die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14

/ THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

CORN EARWORM/ TOBACCO BUDWORM In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above) and the tobacco budworm moth are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will soon follow.

14 insct0115v4.qxp_11-14PGR0104 v5.qxd 12/15/14 1:07 PM Page 15

e cticide Guide Lorsban 15G

Orthene

Sevin

Steward

Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin

NL

NL

NL

G/E

NL

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

F

G

NL

G

Intrepid

Belt

Prevathon

G

E

E

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

E

G

NL

F/G

F/G

G/E

NL

G/E

G

NL

E

G

P/F

NL

F

G

NL

G

NL

NL

E

NL

NL

G/E

G/E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

N

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

P

NL

NL

NL

NL

P/F

NL

NL

NL

G

F/G

E

E

NL

NL

NL

F/G

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G/E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G/E

P

NL

G/E

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

E

G

NL

NL

E

G/E

E

E

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

E

NL

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; LS = Labeled for suppression only

THREE-CORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER

BURROWER BUG Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. Burrower bugs have a black-to-brown body, small red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are spiny, and needle like piercing sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs.

Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist.

Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedgeshaped. They stand about 1/4 inch high and are about 1/4 inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices. They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs.

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www.pearmancorp.com bpearman@pearmancorp.com JANUARY 2015 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

15

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E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence AC=At-Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting). 1Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2Not Labeled for use in Florida. 3Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. 4For Texas, Okla. and N.M. only. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science. many products.

WEED MANAGEMENT

We e d R e s p o n s e To H e r b i c i d e s U s e d I n P e a n u t s

PPI

PERENNIALS

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Prowl, Sonalan

Treflan4

Dual Magnum or like product

Pursuit1

bermudagrass

P

P

P

P

Johnson grass (rhizome)

P

P

P

P

nutsedge, purple

P

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P

P

F-G

broadleaf signalgrass

G

G

G

crabgrass

E

E

E

Dual Magnum

Valor

Dual Magnum

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

G

F

P-F

P

P

F-G

F

F

P

F

G

P

G-E

P

G

F

P

E

P

G

E

E

E

P

P

E

P

G

fall panicum

G

G

G

P-F

P

G

P

G

foxtail

E

G-E

E

G

P

E

P

E

goosegrass

E

G-E

E

F

P

E

P

G P-F

G

G

F

G

P

P-F

P

sandbur

G-E

G-E

F-G

P

P

F-G

P

F

Texas panicum

G-E

G-E

P-F

P-F

P

P-F

P

P

bristly starbur

P

P

P

F

E

F-G

F-G

F

burgherkin

P

P

P

E

F

G

F-G

P

citronmelon

P

P

P

P-F

F

F

P

cocklebur

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

F

P

coffee senna

P

P

P

F-G

P

F

P-F

P

copperleaf

P

P

P

P

E

P

G-E

P

cowpea

P

P

P

P

F

P

P-F

P

crotalaria

P

P

P

P-F

F

P-F

P

croton, tropic or woolly day flower3

P

P

P

P

P-F

G

G

P

P

P

G-F

P

G

G-E

F-G

F-G

eclipta

P

P

P-F

P

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

Florida beggarweed

P

P

P-F

P

G

P-F

E

P-F

Florida pusley

E

E

G-E

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

G

hairy indigo

P

P

P

P

G

F

G

F

jimsonweed

P

P

P

G

G-E

F-G

G

P

lambsquarters

E

E

F

F

F-G

F

E

G

morningglory spp.

P

P

P

G

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, cypressvine

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

morningglory, pitted

P

P

P

G-E

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory,smallflower pigweeds

P

P

P

E

G-E

F

E

P

G-E

G-E

G

E

G-E

G

E

G

prickly sida

P

P

F

G-E

F-G

G-E

G-E

F

ragweed

P

P

P

P

E

G

G

P

redweed

P

P

P

G

G

G

G

F-G

sicklepod

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

P

F-G

P

G

G

F

P

smartweed

16

Strongarm1

AC

crowfootgrass

johnsongrass (seedling)

BROADLEAVES

PRE

P-G

P-G

spider flower

P

P

spurred anoda

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

velvetleaf

P

P

P

F-G

G-E

F-G

F

P

wild poinsettia

P

P

P

E

G

P

G

P

wild radish

P

P

P

E

/ THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

G

P

F

P F-G

P

Wd chrts 0115 v4.qxp_Weed v5.qxd 12/12/14 9:48 AM Page 17

FLORIDA PUSLEY (RICHARDIA SCABRA) Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed species that appears almost prostrate. It can be effectively controlled only with pre-plant incorporated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The stems are very hairy and may have a purplish appearance. The flowers are white with six petals in a star-shaped whorl.

SMALL FLOWER MORNINGGLORY (JAQUEMONTIA TAMNIFOLIA)

blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant re-roots quickly after cultivation. It spreads by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Small flower morningglory is probably the most common morningglory species in the Southeast. The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seedling with heartshaped cotyledons. As it grows, small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It has heart or spear-shaped leaves and produces small blue flowers in a cluster.

LAMBSQUARTER (CHENOPODIUM ALBUM) Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual broadleaf species particularly troublesome in the VirginiaCarolina region. It is an upright plant, which can exceed seven feet at maturity. Its arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and often have a whitish dusty appearance on their undersides even in the seedling stage.

TROPIC CROTON (CROTON GLANDULOSUS) Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed are desired food for doves.

RED MORNINGGLORY (IPOMOEA COCCINEA) Red morningglory is a relatively common annual morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear until later in the season. The key identifying features are the distinct points on the leaf margin and relatively small red flowers.

TALL MORNINGGLORY (IPOMOEA PURPUREA) Similar to other morningglory species, tall morningglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

TROPICAL SPIDERWORT (COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS) Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers.

Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and

SPURRED ANODA (ANODA CRISTATA) Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member of the Mallow or Cotton family. Its alternate toothed leaves are two to four inches long and sometimes have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

JANUARY 2015 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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WEED MANAGEMENT We e d R e s p o n s e To H e r b i c i d e s U s e d I n P e a n u t s

POSTEMERGENCE Paraquat*

Paraquat*+ Basagran

Paraquat*+ Basagran+ Dual Magnum

Paraquat*+ Storm

2,4-DB

Pursuit

Basagran

Ultra Blazer

Storm

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

nutsedge, purple

johnsongrass (rhizome)

P-F

F

F

F

P

F-G

P

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P-F

F-G

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

P

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

P

P

broadleaf signalgrass crabgrass

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

crowfootgrass

G

G

G

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

fall panicum

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

F

P

foxtail

E

E

E

E

P

F

P

P-F

P P

goosegrass

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P

P

P

johnsongrass (seedling)

G

G

G

G

P

F

P

P-F

P

sandbur

F

F

F-G

F

P

F

P

P

P

G-E

G

E

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

bristly starbur

F

G

G

G

F

P-F

G

F

F-G

burgherkin

F

F

F

G

F

F

P

G

F

citronmelon

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

F

F

F-G

E

G

G-E

E

E

E

G

E

coffee senna

F

G

G

G-E

F-G

F

F-G

P

F

copperleaf

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

G-E

G

Texas panicum

cocklebur

cowpea

F

F

F-G

F

P-F

P

P

P-F

F

crotalaria

P

P

P-F

E

F

P

P

E

G-E G-E

croton, tropic or woolly

BROADLEAVES

P-F

P-F

G

P

P

P

E

day flower/tropical spiderwortF

P-F

F-G

G-E

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

F

eclipta

P-F

P-F

P-F

F-G

P

P

G

F-G

E

Florida beggarweed

G-E

G-E

E

G-E

P

P

P

P

P P

Florida pusley

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

hairy indigo

G

G

G

G

F

P

P

G

F

jimsonweed

E

E

E

E

P

F-G

E

E

G

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P-F

P

F

F-G

G G

lambsquarters morningglory spp.

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

G

morningglory, cypressvine

F-G

G-E

G-E

F-G

F

G

G

G

G

morningglory, pitted

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

F-G

F

G

G

morningglory,smallflower

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

F-G

G

E

G-E

G-E

pigweeds

G

F

G-E

G

F-G

E

P

G

G

prickly sida

F

G

G

F

P

P-F

G

P

G

ragweed

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

P

F

E

G

redweed

G

G

G

G

P

G

P

G

sicklepod

G-E

G

G-E

G

F-G

P

P

P

P

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

P-F

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

F

F

G

F-G

P

F-G

F-G

P

F

smartweed spider flower

F

F

F

F

spurred anoda

P

F-G

F-G

F-G

velvetleaf

18

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

G

P

F

wild poinsettia

F

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

P-F

P

E

G

wild radish

F

F

F

G

P

E

P-F

E

G

/ THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

Wd chrts 0115 v4.qxp_Weed v5.qxd 12/12/14 9:49 AM Page 19

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor.

If no letter is given, response is unknown. *Paraquat = Gramoxone Inteon Generic formulations are available for many products.

m

Classic

Cadre

Select

Cobra

P

P

G

P

P

G

G-E

P

P

G-E

P

P

P-F

G-E

P

P

P

G

E

P

P

G

E

P-F

P

G

G-E

P

P

G

P

G

P

G-E

P

P

P

G

P

P

G-E

G-E

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

P

G

E

P

F-G

F-G

P

G

P

E

P

G

P

G-E

P

G

G-E

E

P

G-E

P

E

P

P-F

P

P

P

G-E

F

P-F

P

P

P-F

P

E E

P

P

P

P

F

F

P

P

P-F

P

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

P

F-G

F

P

E

P

G

P

E

P

P-F

P

F

P

G-E

P

G-E

P

G

P

G

P

G

P

G-E

P

G

P

G

P-F

E

P

G

P

G

P

G

P-F

P-F

P

E

P

G

P

F

P-F

G

P

P-F

P

G

P

G-E

F-G

G

P

G

P

F-G

P

P

F-G

P

F

P

G-E

P

G-E

P

E

P

E

HOPHORNBEAM COPPERLEAF (ACALYPHA OSTRYIFOLIA)

WILD RADISH (RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM)

Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branching annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated leaf edges.

Copperleaf has bright green leaves throughout most of the growing season, but these turn a characteristic copper color as the plant reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter crops, such as small grains and canola. However, wild radish has become an increasing problem in peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed-stalk that arises from the rosette.

BRISTLY STARBUR (ACANTHOSPERMUM HISPIDUM)

Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed common in much of the Southeast. In addition to the accepted common name, it is also called “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough textured “fuzzy” leaves and an upright but profusely branching growth habit. Its seed form with two sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant extremely “bristly.”

WILD POINSETTIA (EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA) Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of the Spurge Family, it has hollow stems and milky, latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen.

PALMER AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS PALMERI)

TEXAS PANICUM (PANICUM TEXANUM) Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively large-seeded annual grass, which is common in much of the peanut acreage in the United States. It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has become an increasing problem because of herbicide resistance in some areas.

It can reach heights well over six feet and can be very difficult to control once established. Unlike other pigweed species, Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head and a more robust appearance.

Suwannee Hi-Cal LLC Ag Lime

Live Oak, FL • Raises pH, reducing acidity • Increases efficiency of fertilizers • Helps aerate soil by boosting microorganisms • Stabilizes soil aggregates to slow erosion • Encourages activity of soil bacteria, releasing valuable nutrients from organic components in the soil

C.W. Pete Collins, JR. Sales Manager

(386)364-8762 JANUARY 2015 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

19

20np0115v5.qxp_news briefsv2.qxd 12/15/14 10:47 AM Page 20

Seed Treatment Now Registered Bayer CropScience recently announced the EPA registration of ILeVO, the only seed treatment that protects the root systems of soybean plants against infections caused by the Sudden Death Syndrome fungus and has activity against dangerous nematodes in the seed zone.

Soybean growers are constantly looking for ways to protect their crops from the fungus that causes Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) and nematodes, specifically the Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) – two of the top five soybean yield-robbing pests. In 2014, environmental conditions were such that growers experienced higher-than-normal pressure from SDS. Until now, there was no seed treatment available to protect soybean plants against both SDS and nematodes.

In trials from 2011 to 2014, ILeVO was used on 181 fields with visual symptoms of SDS. Yield benefits ranged from four to10 bushels per acre over untreated seeds with visual SDS symptoms. Even when visual symptoms are not present, the results estimated growers could see an average yield increase of two bushels per acre when using ILeVO as part of an early sea-

Integrating Irrigation Data Precise choices about irrigation and nutrient management are more critical than ever. Because of this, Valley Irrigation has developed a way to share precision irrigation data that facilitates data-driven decisions and simplifies irrigation management. The first of its kind, Irrigation Exchange provides for the seamless transfer of precision data to other ag companies from BaseStation3, the new Valley remote irrigation management product.

Irrigation Exchange allows for data retrieval, data-based decision-making and implementation through mechanized irrigation during the most critical phase – the growing season. It also gives growers complete control over their data and who has access to it.

“Valley is working with major original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of agriculture equipment, seed and fertilizer companies and leading agronomy service companies to design and develop the next level of integrated farm management,” said Craig Malsam, vice president of global engineering and strategic technical 20/

son management approach.

ILeVO and Poncho/VOTiVO combine for unmatched root and plant protection with three modes of action against earlyseason fungus, insects and nematodes to deliver higher yield potential. ILeVO seed treatment is applied to the seed, which means less direct exposure to the environment compared to other crop protection methods of application. ILeVO is available for the 2015 growing season.

development. “OEMs are invited to create application programing interfaces (API) that link into BaseStation3 to synchronize irrigation with other critical and interdependent farm operations.”

Although an abundance of precision ag data is available, it is difficult to aggregate the information into sound conclusions and execution because various OEM management systems reside on different platforms, websites and cloud-based

servers. Irrigation Exchange overcomes those obstacles. Irrigation Exchange effectively puts the grower in command of the most powerful stream of irrigation data ever developed.

To become an Irrigation Exchange integration partner, contact Andy Smith at andy.smith@valmont.com or 231-7536023. To learn more, visit www.valleyirrigation.com/ix.

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

Domark Fungicide From Gowan Gowan USA recently announced the exclusive distribution of Gowan-branded Domark 230ME fungicide for use on corn and soybeans. Domark is based on the active ingredient tetraconazole which has been successfully controlling diseases for several years on soybeans and corn.

More recently, tetraconazole was included in a premix with azoxystrobin for use on corn and soybeans as Affiance fungicide launched in 2014. Gowan will exclusively distribute Domark through its partnership with Isagro S.p.A. Domark has been used on soybeans for years for the control of white mold, Asian soybean rust and frogeye leaf spot, which is quickly becoming a serious disease problem for several soybean growers. In 2012, Domark was granted a label for use on corn to control several problematic diseases such as common and southern rust, northern corn leaf blight and spot, southern corn leaf blight, gray leaf spot and eye spot.

For more information on this product, go to www.gowanco.com.

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Control Of Common Bermudagrass Two herbicide options, Fusilade and Select, are compared for the management of this difficult weed.

By J. Ferrell, M. Durham and H. Smith, University of Florida, IFAS ommon bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)is a mat-forming perennial weed that can be found just about anywhere in the Southeastern United States – from roadsides to production fields. This weed is very well adapted to the South and persists in areas with a variety of soil textures, soil pH and fertility levels. Although

C

common bermudagrass can be beneficial in many environments, this inter-twining, mat-like weed can make peanut harvest difficult, if not impossible. This makes control of common bermudagrass a priority for any peanut producer.

In-Season Options Being a perennial, this plant stores a

tremendous amount of energy in the stolons, which are the above-ground stems, and rhizomes, or the below-ground stems, making it capable of regrowth after most herbicide applications. Previous research has shown that a single application of most herbicides, even high rates of glyphosate, will not sufficiently control this weed.

JANUARY 2015 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

21

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Considering that peanut producers must rely on either fluazifop (Fusilade DX) or clethodim (Select 2 EC), in-season control of common bermudagrass can be exceedingly difficult. With this in mind, we conducted a trial examining how these two herbicides could be used to maximize control of common bermudagrass.

Herbicide Comparison Experiments were conducted in a neglected pasture with a solid stand of common bermudagrass. No peanuts were planted and no tillage was performed. This was done to maximize weed competitiveness, and the results could be considered a “worst case scenario.”

Fusilade DX at 12 fluid ounces per acre, or fluazifop at two pounds active ingredient per gallon, was compared to Select 2EC at 16 fluid ounces per acre, or clethodim at two pounds active ingredient per gallon. Applications began on May 21, and a second application was made either 14 or 28 days later. Crop oil at one gallon per 100 gallons was mixed with all herbicides. The sprayer was calibrated to 20 gallons per acre to ensure adequate spray coverage. Plots were evaluated at one-week intervals to determine herbicide performance.

Noticeable Difference At 10 Weeks By 10 weeks after application, separa-

green, control will follow the same pattern of a single application.

Tankmixes Possible Though Fusilade provided good control of common bermudagrass, some would say that 64 to 74 percent control is marginal at best. In that case, additional applications could be made. The Fusilade DX label allows up to 48 ounces per acre per year to be applied, as long as the last application doesn’t occur within 40 days of harvest.

Additionally, research showed that applying Fusilade with the fungicides Abound, Headline or Bravo Weather Stik did not decrease control of common bermudagrass. Therefore, Fusilade could be tankmixed with fungicides allowing growers the efficiency of combining their fungicide and herbicide sprays.

Control of Common Bermudagrass with Fusilade and Select.

Rate

Treatment

Oz/A

Interval

Common Bermudagrass Control Percent Control 5 Weeksa

7 Weeks

10 Weeks

Fusilade

12

-

83 b

38 b

0c

Fusilade fb

12

14

93 a

94 a

64 a

Fusilade

12 28

92 a

94 a

74 a

Fusilade fb

12

Fusilade

12

Select

16

-

80 b

28 b

0c

Select fb

16

14

94 a

91 a

32 b

Select

16

Select fb

16

28

95 a

90 a

35 b

Select 16 aLetters indicate statistical significance. Treatments followed by the same letter are not statistically different.

Repeat Application A Must For the first four weeks after application, the Fusilade and Select applications looked very similar. Neither herbicide provided 100 percent brown-out of the common bermudagrass, but both provided over 90 percent control. However, by week five, control from the single application of either product began to rapidly decline and control was zero percent by 10 weeks.

As expected, one application of either herbicide was not sufficient to provide season-long control, and neither herbicide performed differently than the other.

However, when repeat applications were 22 /

made, control was significantly better. At seven weeks after application, the repeat applications were providing greater than 90 percent control for both products.

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2015

tion between Fusilade and Select became clear. At 10 weeks, two applications of Fusilade were providing 64 to 74 percent control, while two applications of Select ranged between 32 to 35 percent control.

Interestingly, no differences were observed with the repeat applications, regardless of whether they were applied 14 or 28 days apart. This indicates that the repeat application, not the timing, is the essential part of common bermudagrass control.

However, based on experience, waiting too late on the follow-up treatment can reduce control of the weed. If the second application is delayed until the bermudagrass is back to 100 percent

Additional Considerations A note of caution: Although Fusilade is highly effective on perennial grass weeds, such as common bermudagrass, johnsongrass, etc., it can struggle with certain annual grasses, such as crabgrass, goosegrass, etc., if the weeds get too big prior to application.

The Fusilade DX label suggests a 12 ounces per acre rate for crabgrass that is one to two inches in height while the Select 2EC label suggest six to eight ounces per acre on two to six-inch crabgrass. This should be a consideration if you plan to use Fusilade in your peanut weed control programs. PG

PG0115 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/11/14 11:32 AM Page 23

PG0115 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/11/14 11:32 AM Page 24

BECAUSE PERFECT POWER SOURCES DON’T JUST GROW ON TREES. 7 powerful grams of plant-based protein Over 30 essential vitamins and nutrients

The most preferred nut in America Nothing beats a handful a day for heart health

Jeffrey Pope, Virginia Peanut Farmer

SM

nationalpeanutboard.org

ScientiďŹ cevidencesuggestsbut doesnot provethat eating1.5ouncesper dayof most nuts, includingpeanuts, aspart of adiet lowinsaturatedfat &cholesterol mayreducetheriskof heart disease.