Peanut grower january 2017

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2017

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2 0 17

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

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JANUARY 2017

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2017

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Volume 29 • Number 1

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Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

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Departments 4

Editor’s Note Could there really be a shortage next year?

5

News Briefs Program enrollment opens

6

Market Watch Demand remains strong

20 New Products Valor EZ available for 2017

Stay Connected

Features 10

Peanut Rx Update This year’s changes reflect a better understanding of later planting dates and increased risk of leaf spot.

13 Leaf Spot In A Dry Year Increased disease shows susceptibility of varieties, reduced efficacy of fungicides.

14

Insect Management Research-based ratings are offered for insect problems.

16

Weed Management Study the herbicide response charts before selecting products.

22 The Cost Of Wild Hogs Clemson study puts dollar figure on the damage in South Carolina caused by feral hogs.

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S P E C I A L

S E C T I O N

Ag Technology & Equipment 2016 • 2017

2017 Planting Tips

CornSouth ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Underground spies

Southern Production & Marketing Strategies

Sensors monitor and report soil moisture levels, helping growers make better informed irrigation decisions.

By Vicky Boyd Editor

S

www.peanutgrower.com Follow The Peanut Grower on Twitter @PeanutGrower

oil moisture sensors help growers get to the root of the problem of under- or over-irrigating by monitoring and reporting underground moisture content. Although not a silver bullet, these sensors should be viewed as one of several tools that can provide data on which to make better informed irrigation management decisions.

The actual water savings from sensor use depends on the crop, the soil type and the weather during a particular year. One of the biggest benefits is risk management by helping growers determine when and how much to irrigate and when they can safely stretch or eliminate an application because of adequate soil moisture.

“But we do generally see an increase in water-use efficiency by using sensors independent of a wet or dry year,” says Wesley Porter, University of Georgia Extension precision ag and irrigation specialist based in Tifton.

He says it’s difficult to estimate how many growers in his state are using soil moisture sensors to gauge irrigation, although a U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service survey 3 years ago showed about a 10 percent adoption rate.

“That’s probably low in some areas and high in other areas throughout the state of Georgia,” Porter says. Based on his experience, he says adoption rates are as high as 50 to 70 percent in areas where consultants promote them as part of a suite of services.

“If you have a pocket that has a good consultant, then all of a sudden you’ll see a lot of farmers getting their (irrigation) recommendations from them,” Porter says. “The biggest level of adoption in our state is through our consultants, and it’s just because of the time requirements” to read the sensors and determine irrigation recommendations.

Farmers frequently find it’s easier to pay the consultant a small additional fee to monitor soil moisture levels than to manage it themselves, he says.

From basic to Cadillac models For growers just starting out with soil moisture monitoring, he recommends going with either Watermark sensors or capacitance sen-

The Corn South supplement follows page 20 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions.

Watermark Granular Matrix sensor

sors, such as the Decagon EC-5. Each has benefits and drawbacks.

Watermark Granular Matrix sensors from Riverside, Calif.-based Irrometer Co. Inc., involve two electrodes imbedded in a thumb-sized sensor covered with a stainless steel mesh sleeve. Two electrodes protruding from the top allow users to hook them to a hand-held meter to read the soil matric potential, which indicates the energy the plants must expend to extract water from the soil.

As the soil water content increases, resistance between the electrodes decreases and vice versa. But they may not perform well in very sandy soil because of porosity and a lack of sensor-to-soil contact.

A set-up, which includes three sensors and a hand-held meter, costs about $400.

Capacitance sensors read the volume of water in the soil. The Decagon EC-5 capacitance sensor runs about $100 apiece, not counting the datalogger to record the readings.

On the other end of the spectrum are automated remote weather stations that include a soil sensor component. Depending on the model, these can be accessed via smartphones or desktop computers. Prices start at about $1,500 up to more than $3,000 per unit. In addition, they still require visits to the field to ground truth the data and may carry a subscription fee for data transmission, Porter says.

Sensor placement In a field with uniform soil type, Porter recommends placing a sensor set-up in the part of the field most representative of the entire irrigated area of the field. The location shouldn’t be in a low or high spot, nor should it be near a road or parking area just because it is convenient.

DECE MBE R 2 016 • AG TECHNOLOGY & EQUIPME NT /

AT1

December 2016

Look for the Ag Technology supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia versions of The Peanut Grower.

A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines

Digital editions available online at www.peanutgrower.com.

Cover photo by Amanda Huber.

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JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

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EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Carroll Smith csmith@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Circulation Manager Charlie Beek (847) 559-7324 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com

For circulation changes or change of address, call (847) 559-7578

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD John Beasley Extension Agronomist Auburn University Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Craig Kvien Coastal Plain Experiment Station,Tifton, GA

Jason Woodward Extension Plant Pathologist Texas A & M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf President/Treasurer Lia Guthrie Publisher/Vice President The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico.

Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2017 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 600651388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim.

The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.

‘Steady’ Is Welcome

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s there anyone with more faith than the farmer? He or she puts a tiny seed in the ground and expects big things to come. Last year, there were millions of kernels in warehouses and millions more going into the ground, and yet if domestic usage holds steady and exports continue, there could be a shortfall before the next crop is harvested? Wow. According to Nathan Smith, Clemson Extension economist, peanut usage jumped 26 percent last year on strong demand for peanut butter and candy, Amanda Huber but should drop around 5 percent this Editor, The Peanut Grower year.

“Record-high exports of U.S. peanuts are expected to continue, and the U.S. supply should hold steady at around 4 million tons,” Smith says. “Prices are expected to remain steady at $400 to $425 a ton.”

The continuation of exports to Asia in addition to Europe and other destinations will be key for 2017 prices, Smith says.

“Steady” would be a welcome change for the peanut industry instead of the market roller coaster producers had been riding.

For cotton, Smith says exports were strong this year, pushing cotton usage to 15.5 million, but supply still exceeds demand. Production will outpace use. However, cotton prices have improved over the past year due to export demand for good quality cotton. Growers should look for marketing opportunities at 72 cents a pound in the cash market, Smith said.

Both corn and soybeans have record yields and both have high ending stocks.

I would be remiss if I did not mention here how sad it was to hear of the passing of Bob Scott. He was the first person that I met who promoted South Carolina’s peanuts and he did so with a passion. He was also one of those people who was very knowledgeable about so many different topics, but could explain and teach so you could understand and did so in a humble and generous way. When he no longer attended meetings and his health began to decline, I missed seeing and talking with him. South Carolina agriculture, and the peanut industry especially, is better for having Bob Scott as their advocate for so many years.

One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

One Grower Publishing, LLC 6515 Goodman Rd., Box 360, Olive Branch, MS 38654 Phone: 901-767-4020

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THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

Program Sign Up Underway The enrollment period for selecting Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) or Price Loss Coverage (PLC) programs was announced by USDA FSA Administrator Val Dolcini. Producers on farms with base acres should visit their county FSA office to enroll in one of the programs for the 2017 crop year. The enrollment period will continue until Aug. 1, 2017.

“FSA issued more than $7 billion in payments in October 2016 under the ARC-County and PLC programs for the 2015 crop to assist enrolled producers who suffered a loss of price or revenue or both,” said Dolcini. “Since shares and ownership of a farm can change year-to-year, producers on the farm must enroll by signing a contract each program year. I encourage you to contact your local FSA office today to schedule an appointment to enroll.”

If a farm is not enrolled during the 2017 enrollment period, the producers on that farm will not be eligible for financial assistance from the ARC or PLC programs for the 2017 crop should crop prices or farm revenues fall below the historical price or revenue benchmarks established by the program. Producers who made their elections in 2015 must still enroll during the 2017 enrollment period.

The ARC and PLC programs were authorized by the 2014 Farm Bill and offer a safety net to agricultural producers when there is a substantial drop in prices or revenues for covered commodities. Covered commodities include barley, canola, large and small chickpeas, corn, crambe, flaxseed, grain sorghum, lentils, mustard seed, oats, peanuts, dry peas, rapeseed, long grain rice, medium grain rice (which includes short grain and sweet rice), saff lower seed, sesame, soybeans, sunflower seed and wheat.

Upland cotton is no longer a covered commodity.

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For more regarding these programs, go to www.fsa.usda.gov/arc-plc.

Georgia Peanut Farm Show The 41st annual Georgia Peanut Fa rm Show a nd C on ferenc e i s scheduled for Thurs., Jan. 19, 2017, from 8:30 a.m. to-2:30 p.m. at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center in Tifton, Ga. The one-day show is free and open to all farmers and industry representatives.

More than 1,000 peanut farmers are expected to attend.

Attendees will have the opportunity to visit with more than 100 agribusinesses and organizations in the peanut and agricultural industry.

Farmers will be able to earn private and commercial pesticide applicators’ certification, as well as learn about cutting-edge research and developments during the University of Georgia Peanut Production Seminar and industry-wide sponsored Peanut Seed Seminar.

Fa rm Show cha irma n Rodney Dawson is looking forward to the 2017 show and having a large crowd attend like previous years. “I encourage farmers to attend this one-day show in Tifton,” Dawson said. “The knowledge they will gain from industry representatives and seminars is an investment in the future of their farm.”

The Georgia Peanut Commission, in cooperation with OneBlood, will host a blood drive during the show.

At the close of the day, there will be nearly $10,000 in door prizes presented to farmers, as well as a Grand Door Prize, vendor products, certificates and equipment.

For more information on the show, visit the Georgia Peanut Commission website at www.gapeanuts.com.

USDA Approves Promotion Funds Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack

In Brief: • Enrollment for 2017 programs opens for covered crops.

• Make plans to attend Georgia Peanut Farm Show; see calendar for other meetings.

• Promotion funds help expand export market.

• Farmer Ed Ham recognized in Florida; researcher Tim Brenneman honored by the University of Georgia.

• In Memoriam: Robert “Bob” Scott.

has announced that USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) is awarding $200 million to more than 70 U.S. agricultural organizations to help expand export markets for U.S. farm and food products through the Market Access Program (MAP) and the Foreign Market Development (FMD) Program.

Under M A P, FAS will provide $173.5 million in fiscal year 2017 funding to 70 nonprofit organizations and cooperatives. The organizations use the funds to help U.S. agricultural producers promote their products to consumers around the globe through activities such as market research, technical assistance, and support for participation in trade fairs and exhibits. MAP participants contribute an average 137 percent match for generic marketing and promotion activities and a dollar-for-dollar match for promotion of branded products by small businesses and cooperatives.

The American Peanut Council will continue its outstanding export promotion program with an allocation of $571,171 for FMD projects and $2,494,102 in MAP funding.

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JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

Demand For U.S. Peanuts Remains Strong At Home And Abroad

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he peanut nation has experienced some unusual occurrences that may impact the growth and expansion of the U.S. peanut industry for years. In producing the 2016 crop, these challenges came about as a complete surprise and were met with mixed reviews.

First, USDA statisticians over estimated the carryforward from 2015 and 2016. USDA had projected a July 31, carryout of 1,650,000 farmer-stock tons. With a 2015 crop of more than 3.1 million tons, the implication was that there were too many peanuts. The peanut nation challenged the numbers not seeing peanuts in the marketplace.

Later, USDA reduced the estimate by 755,000 tons. Farmers were advised that the industry could have a warehouse shortage and to contract to be assured of an approved USDA warehouse to guarantee a $355 per ton loan. Peanut farmers making decisions during that time likely lost money.

China Buys Big Secondly, China came to buy. Never before in the history of the peanut industry has China been a major buyer of U.S. peanuts. As the industry struggled with the estimated large carryforward, peanut prices plummeted low enough to get China’s interest. China was experiencing short supplies of their own and also from South Africa and even Argentina.

I n l ate 2015/e a rly 2016 , pr ices dropped to 45 cents per pound for shelled peanuts, and shellers had some unsold inventory of farmer stock. With domestic edible buyers comfortable, decisions were made to market mostly farmer stock to China. China was even buying all segregations and shipping

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THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

J. Tyron Spearman

Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (As Of Dec. 9, 2016) 2016 Acreage (USDA) + 2 % ............................................ 1,587,000 acres 2016 Est. Production (3,934 lbs/A)...................................... 3,121,600 tons 2015 Market Loan ............................................................... 2,122,852 tons 2015 Market Loan Redeemed ......................................... 2,233,195 tons 2015 Forfeitures ................................................................................. 0 tons 2016 Market Loan ................................................................ 1,767,019 tons 2016-17 Domestic Usage (3 Mo.) ............................................. Up + 3.5% 2016-17 Exports (Jan-Sept, 2016) ........................................... Up + 64.5% NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners -$424.51, Spanish - $407.34, Valencia and Virginias - $429.28

them directly for crushing in their oil mills. Suddenly, that over supply of U.S. peanuts was gone.

ty problem caused by the late-season drought, which increased Seg. 2 and Seg. 3 peanuts.

Drought Affects Numbers T he t h i r d c h a l le n g e w a s t he Southeast’s late-season drought that threatened the last one-third of production and may be distorting estimates.

Management of the new price loss coverage program is influencing final estimates in some states.

Again, USDA’s estimate is a U.S. crop of 3,121,600 tons from 1,587,000 acres averaging 3,934 pounds per acre. Yet, Farm Service Agency farmer-reported acres are at 1,652,970 acres of peanuts, a difference of 65,970 acres. If farmers made the average yield as previously stated, that’s a difference of almost 130,000 tons – a significant amount in the world market pricing.

At press time, the Georgia Federal State Inspection Service reported graded peanuts at 2,710,834 tons, 13.2 percent less than the USDA Ag Statistics estimate. Coupled with that is the quali-

No Forfeitures The Price Loss Coverage payment of $138.88 per ton in October, caused by low prices last year, saved many farms and farmers, especially in the face of low-priced corn, soybeans and cotton.

An influx of $489 million into peanut farmers’ economic picture was a key point of survival for many.

In spite of some mishaps with numbers and weather, the peanut industry is booming. China is already back buying and shipping peanuts when available.

USDA will adjust to the real numbers and hopefully numbers have not caused many wrong decisions.

There is good news inside USDA. All peanuts placed in the loan were sold and no bankruptcies happened this year.

Although La Niña predicts a dryer winter, farmers are hoping to recharge aquifers, and already more irrigation is under construction in most states.

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Contract Season Opens Contracts are already available at most buying points for 2017. Shellers are getting early orders from manufacturers and the goal is to get contracts on the books assuring that peanuts will be planted. Contracts in the Southeast have been either $425 per ton or $450 per ton for runners plus a $25 per-ton premium for seed production, and in some locations, $25 premium for irrigation and $25 per-ton premium for high oleic peanuts. It is clear peanuts are likely to be short before the next harvest.

Demand for U.S. peanuts is strong at home and abroad. Domestic usage is predicted by USDA to increase 2 percent; however, Stocks and Processing numbers for three months is 3.5 percent with peanut butter going strong, up 6.6 percent.

China could again buy up lower-quality U.S. peanuts for oil and reduce the expected carryforward. FSA and the

American Peanut Council show exports from January until September up 65 percent over last year with top buyers being China, Canada, Mexico, Vietnam and the Netherlands.

U.S. shipments to the European Union are declining because the stringent aflatoxin requirement causes even U.S. peanuts to be rejected. If available, U.S. peanut exports could again export over 750,000 tons.

Significant Challenges Ahead As peanut producers plan for 2017, the marketing picture could not be brighter. The world wants your peanuts. Develop a management plan that includes good rotation under irrigation if possible. Base owners have two more years in the program and who knows what will happen on the Farm Bill.

Support the Political Action Committee as the ag commodity teams seek unity.

Peanut farmers have a great product

with a positive image…let’s grow more and don’t worry about a storage warehouse!

“

As peanut producers plan for 2017, the marketing picture could not be brighter.

The world wants your peanuts.

Remember the enormous challenge facing agriculture: we have to feed 9.6 billion people that inhabit the Earth by 2050; food production must increase by 70 percent with limited availability of arable lands and the increasing need for fresh water (agriculture consumes 70 per cent of the world’s fresh water supply).

Peanuts and peanut butter should be a major part of the solution. PG

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

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JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

APC Elects 2016-17 Officers At the Winter Conference of the American Peanut Council meeting in Washington DC, new officers were elected as follows: • Nick Melhuish, Algood Food Company, Chairman • Charles Birdsong, Birdsong Peanuts, Chairman-Elect • Sid Levy, SGL International, LLC, Secretary-Treasurer • Otis Johnson, Texas Peanut Producers Board, Past Chairman The APC also approved an updated domestic budget for 2017 of $740,236.

The 2017 USA Peanut Congress is set for June 25-28, 2017, at Amelia Island, Fla. The 2018 USA Peanut Congress will also be held at Amelia Island.

Outstanding Fla. Farmer Honored Ed Ham of Ham Peanut Company in Greenwood, Fla., has been named the 2016 Peanut Farmer of the Year by the Jackson County Extension Service with assistance from the Florida Peanut Producers Association. Ham started with Pender Peanut Company where he became general manager.

He started the buying point, Ham Peanut Company in 1983. He still farms about 250 acres of peanuts, 250 acres of cotton and about 70 acres of corn. Peanut are grown for seed and

irrigated except of 33 acres. As for the buying point, Ham peanut company buys about 6,000 tons and shells over 1,500 tons for seed. Ham Peanut Company is now a $4 million business with 10 full-time employees. Ed and wife Becky have five children and she is administrative assistant at the Jackson County Health Department.

Brenneman Honored By UGA Tim Brenneman, University of Georgia plant pathologist, was awarded the 2016 D. W. Brooks Faculty Award for Excellence in Research.

Much of Brenneman’s career has focused on disease management in peanuts and pecans. In peanuts, most of his research work has centered on leaf spot and white mold control.

Most recently he has been an advocate for fungicide applications at night or early morning when the peanut canopy is folded up and soilborne disease materials are more able to move down into the crown of the plant where white mold is more likely to be expressed.

He also promotes the use of irrigation to wash fungicides down toward the soil and the use of early season banded sprays to get maximum control possible.

Brenneman has been a major influence in helping peanut farmers achieve better yields.

Calendar • Jan. 19, 2017 — Georgia Peanut Farm Show, UGA Tifton Campus Conference Center, Tifton, Ga. Exhibits open at 8:30 a.m. and production seminar begins at 9 a.m. For information, call 229-386-3470 or visit www.gapeanuts.com.

• Jan. 26, 2017 — South Carolina Peanut Show, Santee Convention Center, Santee, S.C. Meeting starts at 9 a.m. For info, contact Dan Anco at dananco@ clemson.edu.

• Jan. 25-26, 2017 — 12th Annual Meeting and Trade Show of Mississippi Peanut Growers Association, Mississippi State University, Bost Building B. For information, call 601-6063547 or visit www.misspeanuts.com.

• Feb. 9, 2017 — Alabama/Florida Peanut Trade Show, National Peanut Festival Fairgrounds, Dothan, Ala. For information, visit www.alpeanuts.com or call 334-792-6482.

• Feb. 16, 2017 — Florida Peanut Producers Annual Meeting, Jackson County Agri-Complex, Marianna, Fla. For information, visit www.flpeanuts.com or call 850-526-2590.

• Feb. 17-20, 2017 — Annual Meeting and Convention of the National Peanut Buying Points Association, Waterside Marriott, Tampa, Fla. Register at www.peanutbuyingpoint.org or email tspearmam@friendlycity.net.

Tim Brenneman

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THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

• March 23, 2017 — Oklahoma Peanut Expo, Southwest Technology Center, Altus, Okla. For more information, contact Ron Scholar at okpeanutcomm@ aol.com.

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Buying Points Meet In Tampa The National Peanut Buying Points Association will hold their annual Winter Conference Feb. 17-20, 2017, in Tampa, Fla. The meeting and accommodations will be at the Tampa Marriott Waterside. Download a registration form from www.peanutbuyingpoints.org or email Angela Elder at spearmanagency@friendlycity.net.

Anyone interested in sponsoring the conference or hosting a table top exhibit, please give Angela or Tyron a call at 229-386-1716 or email spearmanagency@friendlycity.net.

Accurate Allergy Info Needed A wide-ranging report, Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allerg y: Assessment of the Global Burden, Causes, Prevention, Management, and Public Policy; recently issued by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, calls for more accurate prevalence statistics, education and training, access to treatment and increased understanding of and approaches to food allergies. The National Peanut Board was one of the study’s 11 co-sponsors.

The report identifies broad areas and actions needed to improve the food allergy safety landscape in the U.S., while pinpointing needs for more research, better diagnostic tools and more effective educational approaches to food allergies. Recommendations are given to policy makers, industry leaders, health professionals and others to bring about a safe environment for those with food allergy.

The report addresses the confusion about accurate diagnosis of food allergies; both from a consumer standpoint and the medical community. According to an NASEM news release, “the public and health care providers frequently misinterpret a food allergy and its symptoms [and] cannot differentiate a food allergy from other immune and gastrointestinal diseases.”

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In Memoriam: Robert ‘Bob’ Scott Peanut farmer and founding member of the National Peanut Board, Robert “Bob” Scott passed away in early December.

Scott was an ardent supporter of South Carolina peanuts and served as chairman of the South Carolina peanut board. However, farming is what he did in retirement. He spent his career working in product development and sales for Spencer Chemical Company (later Gulf Oil Corp.) retiring in 1970.

Scott was born in Southard, Okla., and attended the University of Tulsa, where he majored in Analytical Chemistry.

After retirement, Scott moved to Aiken with his family, where he began to farm peanuts and promote peanut production in South Carolina. He also established S & S Farm Supply in Ridge Spring, and was the proprietor of Montmorenci Vineyards in Montmorenci, S.C. Scott served as an inaugural member of the National Peanut Boa rd a nd wa s a c om m it tee member on the S.C. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service. He was a member of the Bob Parker, NPB president and CEO, says “This report is good news for the peanut and food allergy community. We wholeheartedly agree that more resources should be directed toward accurate diagnosis. We’re glad to see they recommend giving better evidence-based information and support to those who manage their own food allergies.”

The committee noted that there is too little research being conducted in

S. C. Fertilizer and Agrichemical Association, the South Carolina Farm Bureau, A merican Wine Society and the S.C. Speciality Food Association among other boards and groups. He was also a licensed private pilot.

Dell Cotton, executive director of the Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Association in Franklin, Va., worked with Scott for many years and says he always made sure that South Carolina was included in peanut discussions.

“Along with others, he helped pave the way for South Carolina to become the peanut producing state that it is today,” Cotton says.

“Bob was very knowledgeable, with interests ranging from his beloved winery to his row crops. He helped some current growers get their start, and I know they are grateful for his expertise. Agriculture in South Carolina is better today because of Bob Scott.”

Scott is survived by a daughter, two sons, five grandchildren and four great grandchildren. He was preceded in death by his loving wife, Clara Elaine Sawyer Scott.

The family requested that any memorial contributions be made in his name to the Alzheimer’s Association , 4124 Clemson Blvd # L, Anderson, SC 29621. food allergy prevention and treatment.

The National Peanut Board is proud to have invested more than $11 million in peanut allergy research, awareness and education since its inception in 2001. Of equal importance is the Board’s co-sponsorship of the groundbreaking LEAP and LEAP-On studies, which found early introduction of peanut protein to infants to be a significant factor in the prevention of peanut allergies.

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JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

Update

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n 2016, losses to tomato spotted wilt across the peanut production region of the Southeastern United States increased slightly compared to losses from 2015. Losses associated with spotted wilt were approximately 3 percent in 2015 and 3.5 percent in 2016, though tomato spotted wilt was more severe in some fields than in others. Also, tomato spotted wilt was less severe in Mississippi and the panhandle of Florida and more severe in South Carolina and parts of Georgia.

Growers can successfully manage this disease, and other important diseases, using Peanut Rx. This disease risk index can help growers better understand how careful selection of production practices can reduce the risk to disease losses.

Peanut Rx allows growers to assess their risk to tomato spotted wilt, leaf spot diseases and white mold. It also notes which varieties have some resistance or increased susceptibility to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria), Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) and Rhizoctonia limb rot. The 2017 version of Peanut Rx has been fully reviewed and updated by the authors based upon data and observations from the 2016 field season.

Updates For 2017 Most of the updates to Peanut Rx 2016 from the 2015 version can be found in the cultivar/variety section.

Also, risk points have been adjusted for leaf spot under the “planting date” category to better reflect our better understanding of the relationship between later planting dates and increased risk to leaf spot. The planting date ranges have been adjusted slightly.

With additional data, risk points for spotted wilt assigned to variety TUFRunner™ ‘297’ have been reduced from 15 to 10.

Two new varieties have been added to the 2017 version of Peanut Rx; both have high oleic chemistries. These varieties include runner-type FloRun™ ‘157’ and Virginia-type Sullivan.

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THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

Severity of white mold increases when the space between the crowns of individual plants decreases, which allows for greater spread of the fungus.

Va riet ie s Georg ia Greener a nd TUFRunner™ ‘727’ have been removed from the index for 2017 because seed is generally no longer commercially available for these varieties.

As in the previous versions of the Disease Index, growers will note that attention to variety selection, planting date, plant population, good crop rotation, tillage and other factors, has a tremendous impact on the potential for diseases in a field.

Plant Population Change In the 2017 version of Peanut Rx, pea-

nut varieties with a risk of TSWV at 25 points or less have a reduced risk (10 points) when planted at 3 to 4 seeds per foot than do varieties with a risk of 30 points or greater (15 points). This is based upon recent research conducted at the University of Georgia by Dr. Scott Tubbs.

Plant population has less effect on fungal diseases than on spotted wilt.

However, it is now known that the severity of white mold increases when the space between the crowns of individual plants decreases. This is because the shorter spacing allows for greater spread PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

of the white mold fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii.

Note On Planting Date Plant peanuts only in conditions conducive to rapid, uniform emergence.

Less than optimum conditions at planting can result in poor stands or delayed, staggered emergence, both of which can contribute to increased spotted wilt.

Because of the reduction of tomato spotted wilt in recent years, the increased resistance in new varieties and the need for timely harvest of the peanut crop, growers may consider planting a portion of their crop in April, assuming the risk to tomato spitted wilt is appropriately managed. Growers who plant the more resistant peanut varieties in the latter part of April should not be at a significant risk to losses from tomato spotted wilt in the 2017 season. PG

CBR

Aspergillus Crown Rot

Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red reproductive structures growing from the crown of infected plants, while the crown, itself, is usually black.

Root systems of severely infected plants are deteriorated, void of secondary roots and are also black.

Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weather. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemergence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed are planted in well-rotated fields. Rotation and seed treatments are an effective control for this disease.

Sclerotinia Blight

Stem Rot or White Mold

Sclerotinia blight’s initial symptom includes a rapid wilting or flagging of the tips of infected branches. Initially, lesions are small, light green and water-soaked. As the disease develops, the lesions turn light brown, elongate and appear sunken. Older lesions may be dark brown with a distinct border between diseased and healthy tissue. Another symptom of infected plants is the presence of shredded tissue (pegs and branches). The fungus produces white, fluffy fungal growth on diseased tissue when humidity is high. As the disease progresses, the fungus produces large black sclerotia on and in infected plant tissue.

Stem rot or white mold is favored by hot, wet weather. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown sclerotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

To read the complete 2017 Peanut Rx and for other information on minimizing disease in peanuts, visit www.ugapeanuts. com or contact your state Extension plant pathologist or local Extension agent.

In a year in which the dry weather should have been an environment resulting in less disease presence, many producers experienced problematic leaf spot and underground white mold.

Factors contributing to this unexpected result include poor peanut field rotations, a response to low commodity prices, and a possible decline in efficacy to fungicides. Varietal changes may also be a factor. Read more about “Leaf Spot In A Dry Year” on page 13.

T WIT TE R: @PE ANUTGROWE R

3Spotted Wilt Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt disease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips.

Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predominant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking and mottling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

11

JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Rhizoctonia Limb Rot

Northern Root-Knot Nematode

Peanut Root-Knot Nematode

Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

Northern root-knot nematode symptoms are the same as those described for peanut root-knot nematode. Galls are usually smaller than those caused by peanut root-knot nematode and are limited to the roots. The root system of infected plants will be dense and bushy.

Peanut root-knot nematode infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in appearance and dark in color.

Rust

Late Leaf Spot

Web Blotch

Rust is readily identified by the presence of numerous orange-to-red-colored lesions (pustules) on the underside of the leaf. Each lesion contains many orange to red-colored spores. Typically, leaves of infected plants will remain attached. Heavily infected areas in fields may have a scorched appearance.

Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of early leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black. Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable conditions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

Web blotch lesions are characterized as having a netlike or webbing pattern, which is purplish, brown to tan on the upper leaf surface. Circular, tan to brown lesions may also be observed on the upper leaf surface. Lesions may grow together to cover the entire leaf. Older lesions are usually dry and cracked.

Diplodia Collar Rot

Funky or Irregular Leaf Spot

Early Leaf Spot

Wilting and death of lateral branches or the entire plant are symptoms of Diplodia collar rot that could easily be confused with symptoms of other diseases. Elongated dead lesions with light brown centers and dark brown margins may occur on stems. Fruiting bodies of the fungus appear as small black dots embedded in the infected host tissue. Collar rot is sporadic in occurence, but can cause severe losses when an outbreak does occur.

Funky or irregular leaf spot is a problem of unknown cause. Symptoms appear early in the growing season on lower leaves and can look like early leaf spot.

Some defoliation may occur, but yield losses have not been demonstrated. Fungicides do not control irregular leaf spot. Funky leaf spot has been found to be most severe on peanut varieties, such as Georgia-02C and Georgia-03L, but is not thought to cause yield loss for either. Stay on a good fungicide program and that will control the more important early and late leaf spot diseases.

Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, lesions enlarge up to one-half inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo (halo not always present). Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

12 /

THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

Leaf Spot In A Dry Year Increased presence of disease shows susceptibility of varieties and weakening of fungicides.

G

e or g i a p e a nut g r ow e r s experienced problematic leaf spot diseases this year because of susceptible varieties and weakening fungicide treatments, according to Albert Culbreath and Tim Brenneman, plant pathologists at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus.

Brenneman says this year’s dry conditions should have set up an environment that was less favorable for leaf spot.

“It displays the magnitude of the problem,” Brenneman says. “If we’re having trouble in a dry year, we could really have a serious problem in a wetter year.”

Cultivar Selection Still Critical Brenneman says that leaf spot could have hurt overall peanut yields in some places this year, but that the dry conditions will be the biggest factor.

“The irrigated crop is not bad,” Brenneman says. “Some dryland areas are horrendous and have been zeroed out for insurance already. The earlier United St ate s Depa r t ment of Agriculture crop estimate predicted very high yields for Georgia, but as the crop has been coming in, it looks like that projection was optimistic.”

Almost all varieties grown in Georgia, Alabama and north Florida are susceptible to leaf spot, including Georgia-06G, Georgia’s most widely grown variety.

“Growers must be aware of their cultivar selection,” says Brenneman.

“Some of the high-oleic peanuts are especially susceptible to leaf spot.”

Certain buyers are willing to pay a premium for those cultivars with that oil chemistry since the products made from them have a better shelf life.

“Growers must realize that if they choose to grow those varieties, they

T WIT TE R: @PE ANUTGROWE R

must stay on top of their spray programs and not cut any corners.”

Try A Fungicide Combo Culbreath and Brenneman are working to combat leaf spot in the short and long term. Culbreath says that improving fungicide efficacy is his short-term solution for stopping the disease. He says mixing the less effective fungicides has been more effective than spraying them separately.

“We’re working with experimental fungicides with multiple companies,” Culbreath says. “Some of the experimental fungicides are much more effective than what we have now and represent a lower risk in terms of applicator and environmental exposure. They’re still going to be expensive, but fungicides are a very important part of our leaf spot management program.”

The long-term goal for leaf spot is to help develop varieties that are resistant to the disease.

Culbreath says they are helping determine the relative resistance levels in hundreds of peanut lines and from that will determine the genes or gene groups

that are responsible for the resistance.

“With that information, geneticists can develop molecular markers for those genes that a breeder can use to screen a lot of lines quickly for resistance.

Hopefully, we will find multiple types of resistance and will be able to use the markers to combine multiple types of resistance into one variety,” he says.

Cultural Practices Are Key Culbreath has also been working on improving leaf spot control in organic peanut production.

“Brian Jordan, a graduate student, has found that several advanced breeding lines from UGA peanut breeder Bill Branch, such as Georgia-12Y, have the potential to do well without fungicides when used with good rotation and early planting dates to dodge the epidemic,” Culbreath says. “Resistance or tolerance and crop rotation are essential for that type of production, but I think we can put together an integrated system that will work for organic production.” PG Article by Kyle Dawson, UGA Tifton Campus.

13

JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Beet armyworm Burrower bug

Mustang Max

Asana

Baythroid

Brigade

B.t.1

Danitol

Diamond EC

Comite/Omite

Warrior II

Lanna

P(LS)

P(LS)

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

P

P/F

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Corn earworm

G/E

G/E

G/E

G/E

P

G

NL

NL

G/E

E

Fall armyworm

P(LS)

P/F(LS)

P/F

P/F

NL

F

E

NL

P/F

G

P/F

P/F

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

NL

P/F

G

Leafhoppers

E

E

G

G

NL

G

NL

NL

E

E

Lesser cornstalk borer

P

P(LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

*

NL

P(LS)

NL

P(LS)

NL

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

NL

P/F

Granulate cutworm

Loopers Rednecked peanutworm

G

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Southern corn rootworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Spider mites

NL

NL

NL

F

NL

P-F

NL

G

P(LS)

NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper

NL

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Thrips

F/G

NL

G

G

NL

G (with Orthene)

LS

NL

G

F

Velvetbean caterpillar

G/E

E

G/E

G/E

F

nl

G

NL

E

E

Whitefringed beetle (larvae)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

nl

NL

nl

NL

NL

Wireworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Tobacco Budworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Lesser Cornstalk Borer

Fall Armyworm

Lesser cornstalk borer is an important pest in the Southeastern and Southwestern growing areas. It is usually a problem during hot, dry weather and is more often a problem on coarse, sandy soils than on heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer larvae will feed on underground pegs and pods in addition to any part of the plant above ground that contacts the soil surface.

Fall armyworms are one of several foliage feeders that may attack peanuts. In some years, they can be the predominant foliage feeder. Caterpillars, gray, light brown or mottled green in color, reach approximately 1½ inches in length when fully grown and have a prominant inverted “Y” on their head. When abundant, fall armyworms can strip plants of foliage and “march” to other host plants. Female moths lay egg masses of about 150 each and cover them with scales from their body.

Southern Corn Rootworm Damage Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but its most important damage is due to peg and pod feeding. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, green, brown or black insects about 1/8 to 1/4 inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak into the midrib on the lower side of peanut leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn yellow from the point where the feeding has occured to the tip of the leaf and may die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14 /

THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

Corn Earworm/Tobacco Budworm In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above) and the tobacco budworm moth are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will soon follow.

PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

rior II

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data LS = Labeled for suppression only

Lannate

Lorsban 4E

Chlorpyrifos 15G

Orthene

Radiant SC

Sevin

Steward

Thimet 20G

Blackhawk

Dimilin

Intrepid

Prevathon

P

P/F

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

G/E

NL

G

G

E

G

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G/E

E

NL

NL

G

E

F

G

NL

G

NL

NL

G

P/F

G

NL

NL

F/G

G

F/G

G/E

NL

G/E

G

NL

G

P/F

G

NL

P/F

NL

NL

F

G

NL

G

NL

NL

E/G

E

E

NL

NL

G/E

NL

G/E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

F

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

P

NL

*

NL

P/F

NL

NL

P/F

G

NL

NL

NL

G

F/G

E

E/G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

F/G

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G/E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

F

NL

NL

G/E

NL

P

NL

G/E

NL

NL

NL

NL

E

E

NL

NL

E

G

G

NL

NL

E

G/E

E

E/G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

F/G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

E/G

LS)

Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist

Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper

Burrower Bug

pearman ad

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Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest.

Burrower bugs have a black-tobrown body, small red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are Page spiny,1and needle-like, piercing, sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs.

Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedgeshaped. They stand about ¼ inch high and are about ¼ inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices.

They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs.

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www.pearmancorp.com bpearman@pearmancorp.com 15

JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

Weed Management

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At-Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting).

1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products.

Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

PPI

PERENNIALS

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Treflan

bermudagrass

P

P

P

Johnson grass (rhizome)

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

nutsedge, purple

P

P

P

G

F

P-F

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P

P

F-G

F-G

F

F

P

F G

Pursuit1

Strongarm1

Dual Magnum

Valor

Dual Magnum

P

P

P

P

P

broadleaf signalgrass

G

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

crabgrass

E

E

E

F

P

E

P

G

crowfootgrass

E

E

E

P

P

E

P

G

fall panicum

G

G

G

P-F

P

G

P

G

foxtail

E

G-E

E

G

P

E

P

E

goosegrass

E

G-E

E

F

P

E

P

G P-F

G

G

F

G

P

P-F

P

sandbur

G-E

G-E

F-G

P

P

F-G

P

F

Texas panicum

G-E

G-E

P-F

P-F

P

P-F

P

P

bristly starbur

P

P

P

F

E

F-G

F-G

F

burgherkin

P

P

P

E

F

G

F-G

P

citronmelon

P

P

P

P-F

F

F

P

cocklebur

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

F

P

coffee senna

P

P

P

F-G

P

F

P-F

P

copperleaf

P

P

P

P

E

P

G-E

P

cowpea

P

P

P

P

F

P

P-F

P

crotalaria

P

P

P

P-F

F

P-F

P

croton, tropic or woolly

P

P

P

P

P-F

G

G

P F-G

P

P

G-F

P

G

G-E

F-G

eclipta

P

P

P-F

P

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

Florida beggarweed

P

P

P-F

P

G

P-F

E

P-F G

day flower

2

Florida pusley

E

E

G-E

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

hairy indigo

P

P

P

P

G

F

G

F

jimsonweed

P

P

P

G

G-E

F-G

G

P G

lambsquarters

E

E

F

F

F-G

F

E

morningglory spp.

P

P

P

G

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, cypressvine

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

morningglory, pitted

P

P

P

G-E

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, smallflower

P

P

P

E

G-E

F

E

P

G-E

G-E

G

E

G-E

G

E

G

prickly sida

P

P

F

G-E

F-G

G-E

G-E

F

ragweed

P

P

P

P

E

G

G

P

redweed

P

P

P

G

G

G

G

F-G F-G

pigweeds

sicklepod smartweed spider flower

16 /

AC

Prowl, Sonalan

johnsongrass (seedling)

BROADLEAVES

PRE

Dual Magnum or like product

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

P

P-G

P-G

P

G

G

F

P

P

P

G

P

P F-G

spurred anoda

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

velvetleaf

P

P

P

F-G

G-E

F-G

F

P

wild poinsettia

P

P

P

E

G

P

G

P

wild radish

P

P

P

E

THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

F

P

P PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

Florida Pusley

Lambsquarter

Small Flower Morningglory

(Richardia scabra)

(Chenopodium album)

(Jaquemontia tamnifolia)

Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed species that appears almost prostrate. It can be effectively controlled only with pre-plant incorporated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The stems are very hairy and may have a purplish appearance. The flowers are white with six petals in a star-shaped whorl.

Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual broad-leaf species particularly troublesome in the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant, which can exceed seven feet at maturity. Its arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and often have a whitish dusty appearance on their undersides even in the seedling stage.

Small flower morningglory is probably the most common morningglory species in the Southeast.

The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seedling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows, small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It has heart or spear-shaped leaves and produces small blue flowers in a cluster.

Tropical Spiderwort

Tall Morningglory

(Commelina benghalensis)

(Ipomoea purpurea)

Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant re-roots quickly after cultivation. It spreads by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Similar to other morningglory species, tall morningglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

Spurred Anoda

Tropic Croton

Red Morningglory

(Anoda cristata)

(Croton glandulosus)

(Ipomoea coccinea)

Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member of the Mallow or Cotton family. Its alternate toothed leaves are two to four inches long and sometimes have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed are desired food for doves.

Red morningglory is a relatively common annual morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear until later in the season. The key identifying features are the distinct points on the leaf margin and relatively small red flowers.

T WIT TE R: @PE ANUTGROWE R

17

JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

Weed Management Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

POSTEMERGENCE

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

Johnson grass (rhizome)

Paraquat+ Storm

2,4-DB

Pursuit

Basagran

Ultra Blazer

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Sto

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

F

F

F

P

F-G

P

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P-F

F-G

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

P

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

crowfootgrass

G

G

G

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

fall panicum

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

F

P

foxtail

E

E

E

E

P

F

P

P-F

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P

P

P

P

johnsongrass (seedling)

G

G

G

G

P

F

P

P-F

P

sandbur

F

F

F-G

F

P

F

P

P

P

G-E

G

E

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

bristly starbur

F

G

G

G

F

P-F

G

F

F-G

burgherkin

F

F

F

G

F

F

P

G

F

citronmelon

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

F

F

E

goosegrass

Texas panicum

cocklebur

F-G

E

G

G-E

E

E

E

G

coffee senna

F

G

G

G-E

F-G

F

F-G

P

F

copperleaf

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

G-E

G

cowpea

F

F

F-G

F

P-F

P

P

P-F

crotalaria

P

P

P-F

E

F

P

P

E

G-

P-F

P-F

P-F

G

P

P

P

E

G-

croton, tropic or woolly day flower/tropical spiderwort

F

F

F-G

G-E

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

F

eclipta

P-F

P-F

P-F

F-G

P

P

G

F-G

E

Florida beggarweed

G-E

G-E

E

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

P

Florida pusley

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

hairy indigo

G

G

G

G

F

P

P

G

F

jimsonweed

E

E

E

E

P

F-G

E

E

G

lambsquarters

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P-F

P

F

F-G

G

morningglory spp.

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

G

G

morningglory, cypressvine

F-G

G-E

G-E

F-G

F

G

G

G

G

morningglory, pitted

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

F-G

F

G

morningglory, smallflower

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

F-G

G

E

G-E

pigweeds

G

F

G-E

G

F-G

E

P

G

G

prickly sida

F

G

G

F

P

P-F

G

P

G

ragweed

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

P

F

E

G

redweed

G

G

G

G

P

G

P

G

sicklepod

G

G-

G-E

G

G-E

G

F-G

P

P

P

smartweed

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

P-F

G

G-E

G-E

spider flower

F

F

F

F

F

F

G

F-G

F

spurred anoda

P

G-

P

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

G

P

F

wild poinsettia

F

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

P-F

P

E

G

wild radish

F

F

F

G

P

E

P-F

E

G

velvetleaf

18 /

Paraquat+ Basagran+ Dual Magnum

P-F

crabgrass

BROADLEAVES

Paraquat+ Basagran

nutsedge, purple

broadleaf signalgrass

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Paraquat

THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor.

If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products.

tra zer

Storm

Classic

Cadre

Select

Cobra

P

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

P

G

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

P

P

P

F

P-F

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

G

E

P

P

P

P

G

E

P-F

P

P

P

G

G-E

P

F

P

P

G

-F

P

P

P

P

P

G

P

G-E

P

P

G

P

-F

P

P

G-E

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

P

P

P

G

E

P

Hophornbeam Copperleaf

Palmer Amaranth

(Acalypha ostryifolia)

(Amaranthus palmeri)

Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branching annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated leaf edges. Copperleaf has bright green leaves throughout most of the growing season, but these turn a characteristic copper color as the plant reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has become an increasing problem because of herbicide resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well over six feet and can be very difficult to control once established. Unlike other pigweed species, Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head and a more robust appearance.

F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

G

G

F

P

E

P

G

F

F

P

G-E

P

G

G

E

G-E

E

P

G-E

P

F

P

E

P

P-F

Bristly Starbur

Wild Radish

-E

G

P

P

P

G-E

(Acanthospermum hispidum)

(Raphanus raphanistrum)

P

P-F

P

E

P

E

Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed common in much of the Southeast. In addition to the accepted common name, it is also called “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough textured “fuzzy” leaves and an upright but profusely branching growth habit. Its seed form with two sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant extremely “bristly.”

Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter crops, such as small grains and canola. However, wild radish has become an increasing problem in peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed-stalk that arises from the rosette.

-F

F

F

E

G-E

P

E

G-E

P

P-F

P

G

F

P

F

F

P

G

E

P

P-F

P

F-G

P

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

P

P

P

G

F

F-G

F

P

E

E

G

P

G

P

E

G

P

P-F

P

F

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

G

G

P

G

P

G

G

G

P

G

P

G-E

G-E

P

G

P

G

G

G

P-F

E

P

G

P

G

P

G

P

G

E

G

P-F

P-F

P

E

P

G

P

G

P

F

Texas Panicum

Wild Poinsettia

P

P

P-F

G

P

P-F

(Panicum texanum)

(Euphorbia heterophylla)

-E

G-E

P

G

P

G-E

G

F-G

F-G

G

P

G

P

F

P

F-G

P

P

F

P

F-G

P

F

E

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively large-seeded annual grass, which is common in much of the peanut acreage in the United States.

It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

E

G

P

E

P

E

Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of the Spurge Family, it has hollow stems and milky, latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen.

-E

T WIT TE R: @PE ANUTGROWE R

19

JANUARY 2 017 • THE PE ANUT GROWE R /

Valor EZ Herbicide Available Valent U.S.A. Corporation recently announced the release of Valor EZ; a liquid formulation of the company’s leading herbicide, Valor. Named Valor EZ Herbicide for its easy-to-mix, in-tank suspension properties, Valor EZ is an ideal residual partner for the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System.

With its easy mixing and loading and great suspensibility, Valor EZ helps provide growers a residual herbicide that is easy to use at all stages of the application process.

Available for the 2017 growing season for use on soybeans and cotton, Valor EZ provides residual protection against a broad spectrum of weeds, including tough-to-control waterhemp and Palmer amaranth, for four to six weeks.

And for the first time ever, Valent will offer increased grower incentives on the Valor EZ formulation for the 2017 growing season when used in next generation seed systems such as the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System and with PhytoGen Enlist varieties. Valent is offering a $6 per-acre incentive on qualified purchases. Additionally, financing options will be available through John Deere Financial.

To protect soybeans and cotton during the most crucial stages of development and to manage weed resistance, Valent recommends proactive herbicide stewardship, including using multiple effective modes of action, crop rotation and applications at full labeled rates.

For more information on Valor EZ, visit valent.com/valorez or contact your local Valent sales representative.

Syngenta Introduces New Fungicide Line As the first member of a new chemical group within the carboxamide class, Adepidyn fungicide marks the latest disease control innovation from Syngenta. Upon regulatory approval, the Miravis fungicide family of products is expected to directly benefit growers by offering high efficacy against difJohn Deere Adds Apps, Mapping Functions In an effort to enhance the functionality, ease-of-use and overall value of John Deere Operations Center to producers, John Deere announces a new software release for its cloud-based platform. These user-focused changes include more tools and features that enable producers to easily collect and access more farm information and collaborate with partners to gain insights, increase profits and direct their plans with more precision in the field.

The latest software release for Operations Center, along with new mobile apps, give producers a more complete view of a farm operation – whether in the office or on the go. The new tools and features, which are now available in Operations Center for customers to use, include: MyOperations App, MyAnalyzer App, Maintenance Manager and MyMaintenance App. According to John Deere, a key area of focus has been on building smarter mobile solutions of which MyOperations and MyAnalyzer apps are truly data made easy.

20 /

THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

ficult-to-control diseases where growers have limited options, such as Sclerotinia in peanuts.

Adepidyn f ungicide is expected to provide exceptional control of common yield and quality limiting diseases and also deliver crop enhancement benefits in row crops that growers have seen with our other products.

Upon registration, multiple brands containing the active ingredient Adepidyn fungicide will be marketed under the Miravis product line. Specific formulation brand extensions for corn, soybeans, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, grapes and other crops, will be announced in 2017.

For more information visit the Adepidyn product page at www.syngenta.com.

Sclerotinia

New Holland Introduces SmartTrax Upgrades New Holland has expanded the SmartTrax offering for model year 2017 T9 Series tractors with the SmartTrax II Standard Track and Deep Traction Lug options and new belt traction lug.

The new Standard design offers a cost-effective alternative to the premium Hi-Idler, featuring the same benefits with the exception of the aggressive approach angle.

Both the Hi-Idler and Standard modules are available with Agricultural lug tread or new Deep lug tread for added traction on the T9.600, T9.645 and T9.700 vehicles. The Agricultural lug tread has a tread height of 2 inches, while the Deep Lug tread height is 2.6 inches, making it ideal for very wet conditions or in loose or softer soils where traction is difficult to achieve.

For more information, visit www. newholland.com/na.

To get the most out of Operations Center and the related apps, John Deere recommends using JDLink Connect, which seamlessly connects the machine to the cloud and takes the burden of data collection and transmission off of the producer.

For more information about the new Operations Center software release, contact your local John Deere dealer or John Deere at its worldwide website at www.JohnDeere.com.

PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

PG0117 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/16/16 9:24 AM Page 21

Wherever you are, we’ve got you covered.

Whether at work or on vacation, keep up with the latest information from The Peanut Grower by subscribing to the monthly E-News.

Don’t delay, subscribe today Go to www.peanutgrower.com and look for the Peanut Grower E-News link in the upper right corner of the home page.

Subscribers willl find a recap of important stories, Calendar of Events, YouTube videos, photos and informative updates delivered directly to your inbox.

The Cost Of Wild Hogs Clemson study puts dollar figure on the damage caused by feral hogs.

F

eral hogs are a $115 million problem for the state’s agriculture, livestock and timber industries in South Carolina, according to a Clemson University study on landowners’ perceived damages from the invasive animals.

This is the first time a comprehensive dollar figure has been attached to the ecological and industry damages caused by wild hogs, which reproduce rapidly and are growing in numbers.

Major Disease Carriers “They are ecological zombies. They eat everything. They eat deer fawn. They uproot endangered salamanders. They eat ground-nesting birds and their eggs.

They really eat anything,” said Shari Rodriguez, assistant professor in forestry and environmental conservation.

The hogs also prey on wildlife and livestock and consume large amounts of agricultural crops and seeds, sprouts and seedlings, which disrupts reforestation.

Their rooting, wallowing and nesting behaviors decrease water quality and promote soil erosion. They can also spread diseases like pseudorabies and brucellosis, which can spread to humans.

“It is shocking how many diseases 22 /

THE PE ANUT GROWE R • JANUARY 2 017

they carry,” Rodriguez said. “They are vectors for a lot of diseases that can be passed on to livestock or other wild animals, too. It’s best to wear gloves when handling them.”

Control Remains Elusive The report estimates $44 million in damage to crops, livestock and timber across the state. Landowners report another $71 million in non-crop losses from damage to wildlife food plots, ponds, wetlands, equipment, vehicles, roads, fire lanes and landscaping.

Despite the steep costs of damage, there has been very little investment in hog control, such as trapping or fencing.

“Fencing is not practical. It’s cost-prohibitive,” said Colleton County farmer Randy Ulmer. The hogs eat Ulmer’s peanut and corn. Their rooting creates large piles of dirt in fields that are impassable for farm equipment and often require field repairs.

Ulmer once caught 22 feral hogs in one trap, but trapping has been less successful this year because the hogs have had an ample food supply. They have been eating rotten peanuts that could not be harvested following the historic flood of 2015, he said.

Numbers Increasing “They need to be eradicated, not just controlled,” said Marion Barnes, a senior agent with the Cooperative Extension Service. “I deal with the destructive nature of them day after day when I visit farms and see what they do to corn crops and peanut crops. I’ve got nothing good to say about feral hogs.”

An estimated 130,000 to 140,000 wild hogs live in South Carolina, an increase of around 30 percent over the past decade.

The S.C. Farm Bureau advocates legislation to require domestic hogs be certified and tagged when transported to market, which could close a loophole some use to relocate feral hogs, said Gary Spires, director of government relations at the S.C. Farm Bureau. He also applauded Department of Natural Resources, Clemson and the U.S. Department of Agriculture for conducting workshops throughout the state to educate landowners on effective trapping equipment and techniques.

“Those have absolutely helped. We’ve had farmers take what they learn, implement some traps and help control the spread of hogs,” he said. “The challenge is that hogs are so prolific. They replace what you trap each year.”

Adapt And Thrive Feral hogs are intelligent animals that can adapt to trapping methods, Rodriguez said. “If you don’t remove the entire population in that sounder (herd), you’ve just educated the hogs that didn’t get trapped. If you fail to catch the whole sounder in a particular trap setup, you’d better switch the setup if you hope to capture the rest.”

Feral hogs reach sexual maturity at 6 months old and can reproduce three times a year with an average litter size of five, though litters range from one to 13 piglets, Rodriguez said. Beyond alligators in the lower part of the state, humans are the only native predators of adult wild hogs, she said.

“Those biological characteristics contribute to the knowledge that their population is going to grow exponentially and already is growing exponentially,” Rodriguez said. PG Article by Scott Miller, Clemson College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

PG0117 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/16/16 9:25 AM Page 23

BECAUSE PERFECT POWER SOURCES DON’T JUST GROW ON TREES. 7 powerful grams of plant-based protein Over 30 essential vitamins and nutrients

The most preferred nut in America Nothing beats a handful a day for heart health

Jeffrey Pope, Virginia Peanut Farmer

SM

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ScientiďŹ cevidencesuggestsbut doesnot provethat eating1.5ouncesper dayof most nuts, includingpeanuts, aspart of adiet lowinsaturatedfat &cholesterol mayreducetheriskof heart disease.

PG0117 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/16/16 9:25 AM Page 24

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