Peanut Grower January 2019

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2019

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2 019

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

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The

JANUARY 2019

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2019

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Volume 31 Number 1 2 019

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

Departments 4

Editor’s Note S.C. Gets A Seat

5

News Briefs Finally, A Farm Bill

8

Market Watch All Eyes On Planting Intentions

10 Features

10 2019 Disease Risk Index

Tomato Spotted Wilt incidence continues to increase.

Supplement

13 New Texas Peanut Specialist

Planting Tips

CornSouth ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Southern Production & Marketing Strategies

Emi Kimura is now the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service state specialist.

January 2019

14 Insect Management

Research-based ratings are offered for insect problems.

16 Weather Weary A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines

Look for the Corn South supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions of The Peanut Grower.

Dry, wet, damaged and delayed – how many different weather events can happen in one season?

18 Weed Management

Used these herbicide efficacy ratings to select weed management products.

22 Toughest Year Yet www.peanutgrower.com Follow The Peanut Grower on Twitter @PeanutGrower

Rain every few days, and eventually snow, hinder producers’ ability to gather this crop.

Cover photo by Amanda Huber

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JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

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EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Carroll Smith csmith@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Circulation Manager Charlie Beek (847) 559-7324 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com

For circulation changes or change of address, call (847) 559-7578

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD John Beasley Extension Agronomist Auburn University Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Craig Kvien Coastal Plain Experiment Station,Tifton, GA

Jason Woodward Extension Plant Pathologist Texas A & M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf President/Treasurer Lia Guthrie Publisher/Vice President The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico.

Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2019 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 600651388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim.

The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.

S.C. Gets A Seat

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lthough most of the peanut field provisions in the 2018 Farm Bill are the same, there is a change for producers of one state. U.S. Senators Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) and Tim Scott (R-S.C.) introduced the South Carolina Peanut Parity Act, which was included in the Farm Bill and passed the Senate and the House of Representatives as a part of the conference report.

This provision was included to allow for a South Carolina producer or proAmanda Huber cessor on USDA’s Peanut Standards Editor, The Peanut Grower Board. The board was formed with the passage of the 2002 Farm Bill and serves to advise USDA on standards for peanut quality and handling.

Graham and Scott, along with South Carolina Congressman Joe Wilson, noted that even though South Carolina has the fourth largest peanut industry in the country, the state was not represented on the board.

As reported by The Times and Democrat, in Orangeburg, South Carolina, Sen. Graham said, “As growers of our state’s official snack, South Carolina peanut farmers deserve a say in matters that affect their livelihood. I’m proud to work with my colleagues, Senator Scott and Congressman Wilson, on this important bill to ensure South Carolina’s peanut farmers get adequate representation at USDA. I appreciate and look forward to President Trump signing this provision into law.”

“Ensuring South Carolina peanut farmers have a seat at the table is incredibly important,” Scott said. “I want to thank Senator Graham for working together on this important bill, and I look forward to sharing some South Carolina boiled peanuts with our colleagues soon!”

I know South Carolina producers appreciate a team of Senators and Congressmen that will work hard on their behalf.

One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

One Grower Publishing, LLC 875 W. Poplar Ave., Suite 23, Box 305, Collierville, TN 38017 Phone: 901-767-4020

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THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

PE ANUTGROWE R .COM

Farm Bill Provides Stability

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 passed out of the U.S. Senate by a vote of 87 to 13 and the U.S. House of Representatives with a vote of 369 to 47. At press time, the legislation was awaiting President Trump’s signature.

“We are glad to see that the bill has passed the House and Senate. This is a solid Farm Bill for all segments of the peanut industry and it provides stability to growers planning for the 2019 crop and beyond,” says Armond Morris, a Georgia peanut farmer and chairman of the Southern Peanut Farmers Federation and Georgia Peanut Commission. “The Conference Committee leadership has worked well together and has delivered this important legislation to the President, and we really appreciate their hard work.”

Chairman Morris continues, “We are also very appreciative of the hard work on the Conference Committee of Congressmen from the Southeast including Austin Scott, David Scott, Rick Allen, Mike Rogers, Neal Dunn and Ted Yoho to preserve the peanut provisions within the farm bill. All of these supporters serve on the U.S. House Agriculture Committee.”

The Southern Peanut Farmers Federation is very pleased with the peanut provisions of the farm bill passed by Congress. The production of peanuts alone contributes approximately $3 billion to the Southeastern economy. This includes thousands of jobs in many rural counties across the Southeast.

Safety Net Payments Issued

Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue has announced that USDA continues to invest in rural America with more than $4.8 billion in payments being made to agricultural producers through the Farm Service Agency’s Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC), Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and Conservation Reserve (CRP) proT WIT TER : @PE ANUTGROWER

grams. Approximately $3 billion in payments will be made under the ARC and PLC programs for the 2017 crop year, and approximately $1.8 billion in annual rental payments under CRP for 2018.

The ARC and PLC programs were authorized by the 2014 Farm Bill and make up a portion of the agricultural safety net to producers when they experience a substantial drop in revenue or prices for their covered commodities.

PLC payments have been triggered for 2017 barley, canola, corn, grain sorghum, wheat and other crops. In the next few months payments will be triggered for rice, chickpeas, sunflower seeds, flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed, safflower, crambe, and sesame seed.

USDA will begin issuing 2018 CRP payments to over 362,000 landowners to support voluntary conservation efforts on private lands.

Farms with peanut base are receiving payments caused by low peanut prices for the 2017 peanut crop. USDA declared the average price to be $458 per ton. The Farm Bill provides that the reference price for peanuts is $535 per ton. To obtain the PLC payment amount, deduct the average price from the reference payment yielding the PLC Payment or $77 per ton. The payment is reduced by 6.6 percent for sequestration. The payment applies to only 85 percent of the peanut farm base.

Payments are limited to $125,000 per eligible producer. Payment limitation includes benefits received from peanut market loan gains, loan deficiency payments and ARC/PLC payments for peanuts.

Peanuts: Food Of The Future

Peanuts are the “Food of the Future.” That’s the message from the National Peanut Board as funded by peanut growers. Some of the facts being promoted include that peanuts are water-efficient, nutrient and ener-

In Brief: • Farm Bill passage provides stability and program assurance.

• Ag safety net continued to aid producers enduring low prices.

• New NAFTA will be tough sell in country’s legislative bodies.

• Check the calendar for peanut meetings and trade shows in your area.

gy-dense and environmentally sustainable. Peanuts are the most water-efficient nut requiring 4.8 gallons of water to produce one ounce of peanuts, whereas almonds take 80 gallons of water to produce the same amount.

With 7 grams of protein per serving, peanuts have more protein than any other nut. They contain more than 30 essential vitamins and minerals, and they are fiber and good fats rich. No part of the peanut crop goes wasted: peanut hulls are pelletized and used for animal feed and fuel and peanut vines are used as cattle food and it’s spread across fields to replenish the soil.

Research is still underway exploring the emergent uses for peanut skin which are high in antioxidants and polyphenols.

U.S., Mexico, Canada Sign New Agreement

The U.S., Mexican and Canadian Presidents recently signed a renegotiated North American Free Trade Agreement, taking the three countries closer to preserving virtually tariff-free agriculture trade.

The overhaul of the 24-year-old pact is far from assured because the countries still need to ratify the re-named Un i t e d St a t e s - Me x i c o - C a n a d a Agreement (USMCA).

The fate of the pact is unclear when it comes to the U.S. Congress, where 5

JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

President Donald Trump’s Republican party will no longer control the House in January. While new labor provisions are generally supported by some Democrats, it’s unclear if there will be enough support to ratify the agreement.

The USMCA is also controversial in Canada and Mexico. While the U.S. dairy sector lauded hard-fought provisions to force Canada to end its Class 7 dairy pricing system and increase access to U.S. products, Canadian farmers and some lawmakers there don’t like the agreement.

An analysis by Purdue University shows quotas and other measures built into the trade pact will boost U.S. exports, mainly of dairy and poultry, by about $450 million per year.

Canada and Mexico are the two top buyers of U.S. peanuts and key trading partners.

43rd Georgia Peanut Farm Show Planned

Make plans to attend the 43rd annual Georgia Peanut Farm Show and Conference scheduled for Thurs., Jan. 17, from 8:30 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center in Tifton, Georgia.

The one-day show is free and open to all farmers and industry representatives to attend.

Attendees will have the opportunity to visit with more than 100 agribusinesses and organizations in the peanut and agricultural industry. Farmers will be able to earn private and commercial pesticide applicator certification, as well as learn about cutting-edge research and developments during the University of Georgia Peanut Production Seminar and industry-wide sponsored Peanut Seed Seminar. Farm Show chairman Rodney Dawson is looking forward to the 2019 show and having a large crowd of farmers attend like previous years.

“I encourage farmers to attend this one-day show in Tifton,” he says. “The knowledge they will gain from indus6 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

try representatives and seminars is an investment in the future of their farm.”

The Georgia Peanut Commission, in cooperation with One-Blood, will host a blood drive from 9 a.m. - 2 p.m.

At the close of the show, there will be nearly $10,000 in door prizes presented to farmers, as well as a Grand Door Prize, vendor products, certificates and equipment.

Good News About Peanut Allergies

A new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine could lead to therapeutic treatment options for children and adolescents allergic to peanuts.

Brian Vickery, Director, Food Allergy Program, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta led an international Phase 3 clinical trial studying AR101, an investigational medicine developed

by Aimmune Therapeutics. The trials show that children and adolescents highly allergic to peanuts who received active treatments of AR101 are able to tolerate higher doses of the allergen and experienced reduced symptom severity during exposure.

The results suggest that the treatment could potentially protect peanut-allergic children from severe reactions due to accidental exposures, which would be life-changing for families. We are excited to be able to conduct research that could one day lead to new treatment options that improve the lives of families dealing with peanut allergies,” says Vickery.

Texas Harvest Tour Impresses

Over two dozen food professionals from varying backgrounds—including dietitians, chefs, college and university dining operators, trade media writers and editors, and consumer-packaged goods representatives—traveled to Texas hill country to learn more about peanut production, processing and culinary uses in regional cuisine.

Historic Gruene, Texas, was the site of the National Peanut Board’s fourth

Calendar • Jan. 11-16 – American Farm Bureau Annual Convention & IDEAg Trade Show, New Orleans, Louisiana. For more information, visit fb.org.

• Jan. 17 – Georgia Peanut Farm Show, University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center, Tifton, Georgia. For more information visit gapeanuts.com.

• Jan. 24 – South Carolina Peanut Day, Santee Convention Center, Santee, S.C. For information on exhibit space, call Marianne Copeland, 252-459-9977 • Feb. 1-2 – Georgia Young Farmers Association Annual Meeting, Augusta Marriott at the Convention Center, Augusta, Georgia. For more information, visit georgiayoungfarmers.org.

• Feb. 6 – Georgia Peanut Commission Research Report Day, NESPAL, Tifton, Georgia. For information, visit gapeanuts.com.

• Feb. 7 – Alabama/Florida Peanut Trade Show, National Peanut Festival Fairgrounds, Dothan, Alabama. For more information, visit alpeanuts.com or flpeanuts.com.

• Feb. 15-18 – National Peanut Buying Points Association Winter Conference, Hilton Nashville Downtown, Nashville, Tennessee. For information, visit peanutbuyingpoints.org.

• Feb. 21 – Florida Peanut Producers Association Annual Meeting, Jackson County Agricultural Complex and Conference Center, Marianna, Florida. Visit flpeanuts.com for more information.

annual peanut harvest tour.

“It was interesting to learn about leading peanut purchasers and processors of spreads and confections, as well PE ANUTGROWER .COM

as new markets (including nut milks),” said Bob Garrison, chief editor of Prepared Foods magazine. “I came in wondering if I’d be able to get enough info related to finished food and beverage processing for my publication… and there was plenty, plus sustainability information.”

Tour attendees began their experience in Pleasanton, Texas, at the farm of father and son Bill and Brett Slomchinski to see how peanuts are grown and learn how they are harvested. The group learned that peanuts are the most sustainable nut thanks to their efficient water use and ability to fix nitrogen. They were also informed of breeding research that is helping make peanuts even more sustainable and resistant to disease and pests. Peanut allergy information and research were presented to the group

by NPB dietitian, Caroline Young,

MS, RDN, and President and CEO, Bob Parker.

All of the attendees expressed how much they enjoyed the tour and how impactful it was on their perspective of and appreciation for peanuts. Many also commented that they planned to share the information they learned about peanut sustainability and aller-

gy management with their peers and audiences.

“Most interesting—for my future use—is info about sustainability and water use,” said Garrison. “I’ll be using that info, as well as details on protein, nutrition, allergies and the industry’s proactive work for future content for our publication.”

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All Eyes Will Be On 2019 Planting Intentions

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peanut broker recently told farmers that the price of peanut kernels was indicating to shellers that we will need fewer peanuts in 2019 than was handled in 2018. This is because of weak domestic demand and uncertainty with respect to exports.

That could change, but thus far, the market is urging a cutback. That about sums up the market for next season.

Even with the three major weather events of last season, the crop volume will be sufficient to have a carryover of about 1.2 to 1.3 million tons. USDA has estimated a U.S. peanut crop of 2,735,500 tons. This would represent a drop of 21.86 percent in acres and 23.27 percent in production. Harvested area is estimated at 1,335,000 acres averaging 4,066 pounds per acre nationwide.

Domestic food use is estimated at 1,616,500 tons, a 2.9 percent increase over last year. In 2008, domestic food usage was 1,270,000 tons; however, recent reports are indicating a slowing in demand.

With the tariff dispute between the USA and China continuing, officials expect exports to decline to 650,000 farmer-stock tons from 730,000 tons and that includes a 50,000 farmer-stock ton increase caused by Argentina’s decreased supply and increased prices.

The carryover for next year should go down to 1.3 million tons. If one deducts forfeitures from this number, estimated currently at 120,000 tons for 2017 crop), the carryover would be at best 1,200,000 million farmer-stock tons.

Forfeitures Avoiding forfeitures is a goal of USDA and Commodity Credit Corporation.

However, the bumper crop in 2017 and a better than expected crop this past 8 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

J. Tyron Spearman

Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (As of Dec. 10, 2018) 2018 Acreage (USDA) ..................................................... 1,384,500 acres 2018 Production Est. (4,066 lbs/A) .................................... 2,735,000 tons 2017 Market Loan (from 2017 crop) ................................. 2,734,144 tons 2017 Market Loan not redeemed .............................................. 471 tons 2017 Forfeits (12-1-18) ............................................................ 121,684 tons 2018-19 Domestic Usage (3 Mo.) .......................... DOWN - 1.5 percent 2018 Exports (Jan-Sept 2018) ........................................ UP + 9.3 percent POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners -$424.32; Spanish - $413.60; Valencia/Virginias - $430.46

year, plus a slowing demand, have forced shellers and farmers to forfeit 120,000 tons from the 2017 crop. Timing is not good as the peanut program hangs in the balance on the Farm Bill and negative press could impact legislation.

At press time, the CCC had not announced how the peanuts would be sold. Options include crushing as restricted peanut oil, open bid restricted to domestic or export markets, barter system swapping peanuts for peanut butter or peanut paste or do nothing.

The fact is that excess, lower-priced peanuts waiting to be sold depress the market. The goal of CCC and USDA is for the sale to cost the American taxpayer as little as possible.

PLC Payments Pea nut fa rms with pea nut ba se received payments caused by lower peanut prices for the 2017 peanut crop.

USDA declared the average price to be $458 per ton ($0.2290 per pound).

The Farm Bill provides that the reference price for peanuts is $535 per ton

($0.2675 per pound). To obtain the PLC payment amount, deduct the average price from the reference payment yielding the PLC Payment or $77 per ton.

The payment is reduced by 6.6 percent for sequestration. The payment applies to only 85 percent of the peanut farm base.

Payments were limited to $125,000 per eligible producer. Payment limitation includes benefits received from peanut market loan gains, loan deficiency payments and ARC/PLC payments for peanuts. One report showed PLC payments of $290 million paid to base owners.

2018 Plantings With a carryover of 1.2 million tons from the 2017 crop, the supply is still plentiful. All eyes will be on the plantings for 2019 crop. Cotton prices have gone down to 75/76 cents, but even at those levels some think that it is a better return than a $400 per-ton peanut.

Some analysts think at those prices, U.S. producers could reduce peanut plantings PE ANUTGROWER .COM

up to 5 percent. Should the price of cotton rally, it could be a 10 to 15 percent reduction.

The quietness of the market combined with a good growing season and excess from the 2017 crop continues to keep prices weak. Domestic market prices for raw shelled peanuts are roughly 46, 47, 48 cents for runner splits, medium and jumbos, respectively. Those holding 2017 crop would probably sell for cheaper than that.

Domestic Markets For the first three months of the new marketing year, usage of peanuts was down in candy by 11 percent, snack usage down 2.9 percent and even peanut butter was down 2 percent. Government purchases of peanuts for nutrition programs were down 28.1 percent.

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Exports for U.S. peanuts are up 9.3 percent over last year January through September. Canada is the No. 1 customer, followed by Mexico and the Netherlands. China continues to buy with 13.50 percent market share and a volume up 7.71 percent. It was good to see The Netherlands, United Kingdom and Japan with major increases in purchases over last year. September was a super month with volume up 46.43 percent compared to the same month last year. Volume totaled 40,827 MT in Sept. 2018 compared to 27,881 MT last year.

For the entire year, the United States ended up the year down 4.54 percent with 451,100 MT exported versus 472,566 MT a year ago. The increase in exports to the European Union in July pushed exports up for the year by

1.54 percent. U.S. producers can expect exports to the European Union to stay strong for the next year provided the quality of the 2018 crop will allow for it.

Until the trade war between China and the United States is solved, there will not be many shipments there. The only shipments to China might be high oleic, while the others might take place through Haiphong. Farmer-stock shipments will be completely stopped.

Lots Of Uncertainty Peanut farmers have to work with the local buying point and sheller to produce market demands. Pray that 2018, with its three major weather events, never happens again. Passing a Farm Bill and leveling the trade playing field would also settle some nerves down on the farm. PG 9

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The 2019 Disease Risk Index

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n 2018, losses to tomato spotted wilt across the peanut production region of the southeastern United States increased slightly from estimated losses from 2017.

Losses associated with spotted wilt were approximately 3 percent in 2017 and 3.5 percent in 2018, though tomato spotted wilt was more severe in some fields than in others.

Growers can successfully manage this disease, and other important diseases, using Peanut Rx. This disease risk index can help growers better understand how careful selection of production practices can reduce the risk to disease losses.

The 2019 version of PEANUT Rx has been fully reviewed and updated by the authors based upon data and observations from the 2018 field season. Changes can be found in the cultivar/variety section of Peanut Rx. With additional data, risk points assigned to varieties TifNV-HiOL and Georiga-14N have been reduced from 10 to 5 as their resistance seems equivalent to that of Georgia12Y. Spotted wilt points assigned to FloRun™ ‘331’ and Georgia-16HO have been reduced from 15 to 10.

One new variety has been added to the 2019 version of Peanut Rx. AU-NPL 17 has high-oleic oil chemistry with risk points for tomato spotted wilt, leaf spot and white mold all at 15 points.

These varieties have been removed from the index for 2019 because seed is no longer commercially available.

Those varieties removed are Florida 07, FloRun™ 107 and Georgia-13M. Attention to variety selection, planting date, plant population, good crop rotation, tillage, and other factors, has a tremendous impact on the potential for diseases in a field.

Portions of Peanut Rx regarding these factors follows.

Spotted Wilt of Peanut When tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infects a host plant, it can cause a disease that severely weakens or kills that plant. This particular virus is capable of infecting a large number of plant species to include several that are important crops in the southeastern United States. Peanut, tobacco, tomato and pepper crops have been seriously damaged by TSWV. The only known method of TSWV transmission is via certain species of thrips that have previously acquired the virus by feeding on infected plants. The factors leading to the rapid spread of this disease in the Southeast are complicated and no single treatment or cultural practice has been found to be a consistently effective control measure. Research continues to identify factors that influence the severity of TSWV in individual peanut fields.

Peanut Variety No variety of peanut is immune to TSWV. However,

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THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

some varieties have consistently demonstrated moderate levels of resistance. In addition to resistance – reduced disease incidence – some varieties appear to have some degree of tolerance – reduced severity in infected plants – as well.

Higher levels of resistance and tolerance are anticipated since peanut breeding programs are now evaluating potential new varieties for response to TSWV. Planting Date Thrips populations and peanut susceptibility to infection are at their highest in the early spring. The timing of peanut emergence in relation to rapidly changing thrips populations can make a big difference in the incidence of TSWV for the remainder of the season. Optimum planting dates vary from year to year, but in general, early planted and late-planted peanuts tend to have higher levels of TSWV than peanuts planted in the middle of the planting season. Note: In recent years, peanut planted in the second half of May and in June have been less affected by spotted wilt than in previous years.

Plant Population An association between “skippy” stands and higher levels of TSWV was noted soon after the disease began to impact peanut production in Georgia. More recently, research has confirmed the impact of plant population on TSWV incidence. Low and high plant populations may actually have the same number of infected plants, but the percentage of infected plants is greater in low plant populations. In other words, a higher plant population may not reduce the number of infected plants, but it will increase the number of healthy plants that can fill in and compensate for infected plants.

NOTE: In the 2019 version of Peanut Rx, peanut varieties with a risk of TSWV at 25 points or less have a reduced risk (10 points) when planted at 3-4 seeds per foot than do varieties with a risk of 30 points or greater (15 points). This is based upon recent research conducted at the University of Georgia by Dr. Scott Tubbs.

Insecticide Usage In general, the use of insecticides to control thrips has been an ineffective means of suppressing tomato spotted wilt disease. Despite the overall disappointing results with insecticides, one particular chemical - phorate (Thimet 20G), has demonstrated consistent, low-level suppression of TSWV. The mechanism of phorate’s TSWV suppression is not known, but the level of thrips control obtained with phorate is not greater than that obtained with other insecticides. Phorate may induce a defense response in the peanut plant that allows the plant to better resist infection or inhibits virus replication.

PE ANUTGROWER .COM

NOTE: In Peanut Rx, use of Thimet 20G, but not other insecticides, reduces risk of tomato spotted wilt. However this does not mean that other products offer good-to-excellent control of thrips, which is also an important production consideration.

Row Pattern Seven- to ten-inch twin row spacing, utilizing the same seeding rate per acre as single row spacing, has become increasingly popular in Georgia. Research on irrigated peanuts has shown a strong tendency for significantly higher yields, a one to two point increase in grade and reductions in spotted wilt severity that have averaged 25-30 percent. The reason for this reduction in spotted wilt is not fully understood.

Tillage Conservation tillage, such as strip tillage, can reduce the amount of disease in a peanut field. Spotted wilt is less severe in strip-tilled fields than in fields with conventional tillage.

However, in results from recent field trials, it has been documented that leaf spot is also less severe in strip-tilled fields than in conventionally tilled fields, so long as peanut is not planted in consecutive season. Although the exact mechanism is currently unknown, the appearance of leaf spot is delayed in strip-tilled fields and the severity at the end of the season is significantly lower than in conventional tillage. Use of conservation tillage does not eliminate the need for fungicides to control leaf spot but helps to insure added disease control from a fungicide program.

Deep turning the soil may help to reduce the threat of white mold by burying initial inoculum.

Classic Herbicide Since 2000, the effect of Classic herbicide on tomato spotted wilt in peanut has been assessed in 27 field trials. Classic caused an 8 percent or less increase in tomato spotted wilt about 88 percent of the time and an increase of more than 8 percent about 12 percent of the time. The effects of Classic on TSWV are minimal compared to the other production practices that influence this disease. Consequently, late-season Florida beggarweed populations that have the potential to reduce harvest efficiency and fungicide spray deposition should be treated with Classic. To date, other peanut herbicides have not been shown to have an influence on spotted wilt.

NOTE: Although not disease related, the University of Georgia now recommends that Classic herbicide not be applied to the Georgia-06G variety. Research conducted by Eric Prostko has determined that use of Classic herbicide is associated with a reduction in yield with this single variety.

Crop Rotation Crop rotation is one of the most important tactics to reduce disease severity in peanut production, or any other cropping situation for that matter. The fungal pathogens that cause leaf spot, Rhizoctonia limb rot and white mold survive between peanut crops on debris, as survival structures in the soil and on volunteer peanuts. Time between consecutive peanut crops allows for the degradation of the peanut crop debris, thus depriving the fungal pathogens of a source of nutrition. Also, fungal survival T WIT TER : @PE ANUTGROWER

Rhizoctonia Limb Rot: • • •

• •

Is likely to be reduced in a rotation of peanut with a grass crop.

Is not likely to be reduced in rotation with cotton, which can also infected by Rhizoctonia solani.

Tobacco and many vegetables are quite susceptible to diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and will not help to reduce the severity.

Is a disease that is more sensitive to environmental conditions, especially rainfall and irrigation.

Is likely to be more severe in irrigated fields with heavy vine growth.

White Mold: • • • • • •

Is more severe in single rows (six seed per foot) than in twin rows (three seed per foot).

Often develops in a field by infecting sequential plants within the same row.

Is reduced in a rotation of peanuts with cotton, or a grass crop such as corn, sorghum or bahiagrass.

Is likely to be a problem in fields with a history of white mold.

Is affected by moisture and increased soil temperatures.

May be observed more in rain-fed peanuts than irrigated because fungicides may not be “washed” to the crown of the plant.

structures and spores that are present in the soil have a finite period of viability in which to germinate and infect another peanut plant before they are no longer viable. Fields with longer crop rotations will have less pressure from leaf spot diseases, Rhizoctonia limb rot, white mold and, perhaps, CBR, than fields with shorter rotations, or no rotation at all.

Choice of rotation crops also impact on the potential for disease in a field. Rotation with any other crop will reduce the potential for early leaf spot, late leaf spot and peanut rust.

Rotation of peanuts with cotton, or a grass crop such as corn, sorghum or bahiagrass, will reduce the potential for white mold.

Field History Fields where growers have had difficulty managing disease in the past, despite a good fungicide program, are more likely to have disease problems in the future.

Where white mold has been a problem in the past, it can be expected to be again in the future. Rhizoctonia limb rot is a disease that is more sensitive to environmental conditions, especially rainfall and irrigation, than white mold.

Irrigation Irrigation is a critical component of a production system.

However, the water applied to a crop is also beneficial for the fungal pathogens that cause common diseases such as leaf spot, Rhizoctonia limb rot and white mold. Rhizoctonia limb rot is likely to be more severe in irrigated fields with heavy vine growth; the increase in white mold may be less obvious. High soil temperatures as well as moisture from irrigation affect the severity of white mold. PG The Peanut Disease Risk Index is a collaboration of research data from the University of Georgia, University of Florida, Auburn University, Mississippi State University and Clemson University.

11

JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Aspergillus Crown Rot

CBR

Spotted Wilt

Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemergence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed are planted in well-rotated fields. Rotation and seed treatments are an effective control for this disease.

Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red reproductive structures growing from the crown of infected plants, while the crown, itself, is usually black.

Root systems of severely infected plants are deteriorated, void of secondary roots and are also black.

Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weather. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt disease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips.

Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predominant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking and mottling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

Peanut Root-Knot Nematode

Late Leaf Spot

Early Leaf Spot

Peanut root-knot nematode infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in appearance and dark in color.

Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of early leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black. Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable conditions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, lesions enlarge up to one-half inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo (halo not always present). Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

3Stem Rot or White Mold

Rhizoctonia Limb Rot

Stem rot or white mold is favored by hot, wet weather. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown sclerotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

12 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

PE ANUTGROWER .COM

Kimura Named Texas Extension Peanut Specialist

E

Peanut Work Begins Texas is the second largest peanut-growing state in the U.S. and is unique in that it grows all four types of peanut.

The majority of Texas peanuts are grown within 90 miles of Lubbock, with Gaines County being the top peanut-producing county in the United States. There are also pockets of peanut growers in the southeast Panhandle, the Vernon area, south of San Antonio and in the Comanche County area.

Kimura says she will begin working on statewide cultivar trials, management of peanut diseases, herbicide-resistant weed control, organic peanut production systems and, most importantly, outreach efforts through publications, field days and tours with producers.

She will closely work with the Texas Peanut Producers Board and deliver information generated from applied research trials. Variety trial information from Kimura’s program will be updated on the website at http://varietytesting. tamu.edu/peanuts/.

Looking For Economic Sustainability After graduating high school in Kyoto, Japan, Kimura moved to the U.S. and earned her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of Wyoming and doctorate from T WIT TER : @PE ANUTGROWER

KAY LEDBETTER, TEXAS A&M AGRILIFE

mi Kimura was recently named the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service state peanut specialist. Kimura joined AgriLife Extension in 2015 as an agronomist serving the Rolling Plains and surrounding areas from the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center south of Vernon.

Larry Redmon, AgriLife Extension program leader and Texas A&M University soil and crop sciences associate department head in College Station, says Kimura will continue a long-standing tradition of having the state peanut specialist based in Vernon.

When the Vernon agronomist position was open for two years, the state peanut specialist position was transferred to plant pathology in Lubbock in the interim, and now the position is being returned to Vernon.

“Emi is an excellent agronomist, who, as a forage scientist, has become an excellent cotton, wheat and canola specialist,” Redmon says. “She is well-respected by the industry, growers and AgriLife Extension county agents.”

Kimura’s AgriLife Extension associate, Jonathan Ramirez, has conducted peanut work in the past for other agronomists, so she is familiar with the crop and will do well in the role, he says.

Emi Kimura is the new Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service state peanut specialist.

Washington State University.

She completed her postdoctoral work with the Washington State University department of crop and soil sciences. During her graduate and postdoctoral work, she specialized in forages and crop management.

Kimura has conducted cultivar trials with cotton, small grains, cool-season grasses and canola. She also has run multiple studies on nutrient management and planting population studies on cotton and wheat. She says she is continually looking for alternative crops that can fit into area cropping systems and be environmentally and economically sustainable.

Kimura says including the peanut program will further improve current agronomy programs for clientele in Texas. PG Article provided by Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service.

13

JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Beet armyworm Burrower bug

Mustang Max

Asana

Baythroid

Brigade

B.t.1

Danitol

Diamond EC

Comite/Omite

Warrior II

Lanna

P(LS)

P(LS)

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

P

P/F

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Corn earworm

G/E

G/E

G/E

G/E

P

G

NL

NL

G/E

E

Fall armyworm

P(LS)

P/F(LS)

P/F

P/F

NL

F

E

NL

P/F

G

P/F

P/F

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

NL

P/F

G

Leafhoppers

E

E

G

G

NL

G

NL

NL

E

E

Lesser cornstalk borer

P

P(LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

NL

P(LS)

NL

P(LS)

NL

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

NL

P/F

Granulate cutworm

Loopers Rednecked peanutworm

G

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Southern corn rootworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Spider mites

NL

NL

NL

P/F

NL

P-F

NL

G

P(LS)

NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper

NL

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Thrips

F/G

NL

G

G

NL

G (with Orthene)

LS

NL

G

F

Velvetbean caterpillar

G/E

E

G/E

G/E

F

NL

G

NL

E

E

Whitefringed beetle (larvae)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Wireworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Tobacco budworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Lesser Cornstalk Borer

Fall Armyworm

Lesser cornstalk borer is an important pest in the Southeastern and Southwestern growing areas. It is usually a problem during hot, dry weather and is more often a problem on coarse, sandy soils than on heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer larvae will feed on underground pegs and pods in addition to any part of the plant above ground that contacts the soil surface.

Fall armyworms are one of several foliage feeders that may attack peanuts. In some years, they can be the predominant foliage feeder. Caterpillars, gray, light brown or mottled green in color, reach approximately 1½ inches in length when fully grown and have a prominant inverted “Y” on their head. When abundant, fall armyworms can strip plants of foliage and “march” to other host plants. Female moths lay egg masses of about 150 each and cover them with scales from their body.

Southern Corn Rootworm Damage Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but its most important damage is due to peg and pod feeding. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, green, brown or black insects about 1/ 8 to ¼ inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak into the midrib on the lower side of peanut leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn yellow from the point where the feeding has occured to the tip of the leaf and may die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

Corn Earworm/Tobacco Budworm In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above) and the tobacco budworm moth are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will soon follow.

PE ANUTGROWER .COM

rior II

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; 1 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data LS = Labeled for suppression only only

Lorsban 4E

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 15G 15G

Sevin

Steward

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

G G

NL NL

G G

NL NL

G/E G/E

NL NL

G G

G G

E E

G G

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

G G

E E

F F

G G

NL NL

G G

NL NL

NL NL

G G

NL NL

NL NL

F/G F/G

G G

F/G F/G

G/E G/E

NL NL

G/E G/E

G G

NL NL

G G

NL NL

P/F P/F

NL NL

NL NL

F F

G G

NL NL

G G

NL NL

NL NL

E/G E/G

E E NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

G/E G/E

NL NL

G/E G/E

NL NL

G G

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

F F

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

P P

NL NL

F/G F/G

G decision NL of whetherP/F to spray or NL P/F G not or NL NL when to start digging is not always an easy NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL NL NL G F/G one. The decision is made moreNL difficult NL NL NL G NL NL NL G NL NL when a storm or bad weather is predicted. NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL Last year’sNL active hurricane season NL made end-of-season NL NL NL NL NL G/E and execution NL planning NL NLtricky. Based NL on early NL seasonG/E conditionsNLand in caseNLharvest conditions are similar P F G/E NL F NL NL G/E NL P to last year, Clemson University peanut specialist Dan E NL NL E G G E Anco has the NL following advice.

NL E G G

NL NL

NL NL

G G

F/G F/G

E E

E/G E/G

NL NL

NL NL

P P

P/F P/F

NL NL

NL NL

G/E G/E

E E

P/F P/F

G G

P/F P/F

G G

E E

LS) LS)

NL NL

G G

NL NL

LS) LS)

G G

G G

E E

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

Navigating The Late Season

Lannate

P/F P/F

Orthene

Radiant SC

Thimet 20G

Blackhawk

Dimilin

Intrepid

What are the factors affecting final sprays and digging decisions?

T

NL he NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

NL NL

ChangingF/G Planting Dates F/G F/G NL NL NL F/G NL NL NL Rains over several weeks in May caused some plans to NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL change. Rain brought on late leaf spot to volunteer pea- NL nuts. Early pressure calls for early action. As we entered June, there was still time to get peanuts planted and Burrower obtain a reasonable window of conditions forBug growth and Burrower Bug Burrower bugs can be hard to idenharvesting.

Burrower bugs can be hard to identifytime in the field and an peanuts infestation Mid-May is generally the best to plant tify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. is oftencan not detected harvest. in South Carolina, although peanuts still beuntil made if Burrower bugs have a black-toBurrower bugs have a black-toplanted into early June. Once planting dates reach June brown body, small red eyes on a brown body, small red eyes on a 10, we are looking at approximate digging near small-sized head. dates The upper wings small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and Oct. 20 for a 132-day variety like Bailey or digging dates of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membraentering into November for moderate-maturity varieties semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are nous tip overlapping. Its legs are like Georgia 06G. pearman ad 11/14/08 3:19 PM Page spiny,1and needle-like, piercing, spiny,time and needle-like, piercing, One of the concerns around that of year becomes sucking mouth parts are visible sucking mouth parts are visible slow drying conditions prior to with combining that can lead a hand lens.

Burrower bug is with a hand lens. Burrower bug is related to stink bugs.too to quality issues if they sit out closely in damp conditions closely related to stink bugs. long. Every year is a little different, but overall the combination of lower yield potential, higher late leaf spot pressure and generally unfavorable harvesting conditions are more prevalent for peanuts planted after about June 10.

NL NL NL NL

Risk For Late Leaf NL G NL FactorsNL NL G Spot NL NL

Prevathon

• Short rotations (less than 2 years out of peanuts) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL • Highly susceptible variety (Virginia types, Georgia 13M, Spain, NL NL NL NL NL NL TUFRunner 511) NL NL NL NL NL NL • Late planting G (May 26 or later) NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL • Poor control of volunteer peaNL G/E NL NL NL NL NL in rotational G/E crops NL NL NL NL nuts • Poor end of season control of NL NL E G/E E E/G NL NL E G/E E E/G late leaf spot in an adjacent NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL upwind field NL the previous year NL NL NL NL NL NL • Starting fungicide programs NL NL NL NL NL NL any later than 45 DAP; better NL NL NL NL NL E/G NL than late NL NL NL NL E/G early Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, of Georgia Extension Entomologist • Extending spray intervals be- University Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist yond 15 days • Repeated, frequent periods of Three-Cornered Three-Cornered leaf wetness; excessive rains, Alfalfa Alfalfa Hopper Hopper frequent irrigation Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers • Rain immediately after appliare light green and wedgeare light green and wedgecation – wait 24 hours to irrigate shaped. They stand about ¼ shaped.

They stand about ¼ • Consecutive use of fungicides with the same mode of action (exinch high and are about ¼ inch inch high and are about ¼ inch cept chlorothalonil) long. Both adults and nymphs

long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the Slowing A Growing Leaf Spot Epidemic: and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plantnot juices.

Effective fungicide programs are designed tostem prevent disease, and sucking plant juices. tend to feed in a circular cure it after the fact. If something goes wrong They and you find late leaf They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making spot lesions in the bottom of the canopy, especially with lessa than 30 fashion around stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root days until harvest, treat immediately, retreating in 10and days, oneroot feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells abovewith ground growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. growth occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. of the may following:

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JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER / PE ANUTGROWER .COM JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Weather Weary Dry, wet, damaged and delayed – how many different weather events can happen in one season?

M

ark Twain once said, “In the Spring, I have counted 136 different kinds of weather inside of 24 hours.” Multiply that by how many days from planting to harvest across the peanut belt, and that’s about how many different weather situations producers had to deal with this past summer. It was tumultuous to say the least.

In Texas, fewer planted acres coupled with a summer drought and late-season rains caused a significant drop in peanuts produced around the state, according to newly appointed Texas A&M AgriLife Extension peanut specialist, Emi Kimura. Planted peanut acres dropped to 155,000 acres from 275,000 acres in 2017, a 43 percent reduction.

“It was very dry early and has been very wet late,” she says.

“The rains came too late to really help the plants produce peanuts. Wet conditions have also hampered harvests and reduced yields and quality.”

Rain and excessively wet conditions on peanuts and in windrows reduced harvest efficiency and created quality issues, she says. Wet peanut vines are not harvested easily.

Producers also faced typical disease pressure including pod rot, but Kimura says she did not hear of any excessive disease issues from producers. “Producers faced several challenges this year, but disease pressure was typical.”

The U.S. Department of Agriculture forecast estimated peracre yields for Texas at 6 percent lower, or 3,100 pounds per acre, compared to 3,300 pounds per acre for average years.

Too Much, Too Little The Virginia-Carolina region also suffered through many different weather events.

David Jordan, North Carolina Extension peanut specialist says, depending on where you were located, drought, too much water in the summer, and two hurricanes during the fall had a major impact on crops.

“Peanuts took a hit but not like some of our other crops, such as cotton, soybean and tobacco.” Higher costs of production and low commodity prices combined with unpredictable weather have taken their toll on many farmers across the state.

Significant Infrastructure Impact In Georgia, three separate weather events in 2018 impacted quality and yield of Georgia’s peanut acreage, says Scott Monfort, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension peanut agronomist.

16 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

Three weeks of steady rainfall in May delayed the planting of an estimated 45 percent of Georgia’s peanut crop until after May 25. Because of the later planting, more than 200,000 acres of Georgia peanuts were at risk when Hurricane Michael moved through the state on Oct. 10. A rainy November added to harvest problems for Georgia producers.

“When the hurricane came through, it did hurt the crop a little bit, but it’s main and immediate impact was to the industry’s infrastructure in southwest Georgia. It caused us to leave peanuts in the field longer than normal,” Monfort says.

In a survey of 24 Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension agents in Georgia, Monfort found that at that time, peanut losses were close to 20 percent. In the southeast part of the state, this equates to an average loss of 716.6 pounds per acre. In southwest Georgia counties, the estimated average loss is 809 pounds per acre.

Monfort stresses that these losses are just averages. The losses skyrocket in the southwest Georgia counties along Hurricane Michael’s path.

“Those counties in the middle of the storm — Early, Terrell, Miller and Baker — you can tell that those were the hardest hit. There may have been 800 pounds on average, but the counties in the southwest corridor really got hit for 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per acre,” he says. PG Portions of the article provided by Extension media.

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Weed Management

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At-Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting).

1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products.

Compiled by Dr. Pratap Devkota, Weed Science, UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, Florida.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

PPI

PERENNIALS

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Treflan

bermudagrass

P

P

P

johnson grass (rhizome)

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

nutsedge, purple

P

P

P

G

F

P-F

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P

P

F-G

F-G

F

F

P

F G

Pursuit1

Strongarm1

Dual Magnum

Valor

Dual Magnum

P

P

P

P

P

broadleaf signalgrass

G

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

crabgrass

E

E

E

F

P

E

P

G

crowfootgrass

E

E

E

P

P

E

P

G

fall panicum

G

G

G

P-F

P

G

P

G

foxtail

E

G-E

E

G

P

E

P

E

goosegrass

E

G-E

E

F

P

E

P

G P-F

G

G

F

G

P

P-F

P

sandbur

G-E

G-E

F-G

P

P

F-G

P

F

Texas panicum

G-E

G-E

P-F

P-F

P

P-F

P

P

bristly starbur

P

P

P

F

E

F-G

F-G

F

burgherkin

P

P

P

E

F

G

F-G

P

citronmelon

P

P

P

P-F

F

F

P

cocklebur

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

F

P

coffee senna

P

P

P

F-G

P

F

P-F

P

copperleaf

P

P

P

P

E

P

G-E

P

cowpea

P

P

P

P

F

P

P-F

P

crotalaria

P

P

P

P-F

F

P-F

P

croton, tropic or woolly

P

P

P

P

P-F

G

G

P F-G

P

P

G-F

P

G

G-E

F-G

eclipta

P

P

P-F

P

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

Florida beggarweed

P

P

P-F

P

G

P-F

E

P-F G

day flower

2

Florida pusley

E

E

G-E

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

hairy indigo

P

P

P

P

G

F

G

F

jimsonweed

P

P

P

G

G-E

F-G

G

P G

lambsquarters

E

E

F

F

F-G

F

E

morningglory spp.

P

P

P

G

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, cypressvine

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

morningglory, pitted

P

P

P

G-E

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, smallflower

P

P

P

E

G-E

F

E

P

G-E

G-E

G

E

G-E

G

E

G

prickly sida

P

P

F

G-E

F-G

G-E

G-E

F

ragweed

P

P

P

P

E

G

G

P

redweed

P

P

P

G

G

G

G

F-G F-G

pigweeds

sicklepod smartweed spider flower

18 /

AC

Prowl, Sonalan

johnsongrass (seedling)

BROADLEAVES

PRE

Dual Magnum or like product

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

P

P-G

P-G

P

G

G

F

P

P

P

G

P

P F-G

spurred anoda

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

velvetleaf

P

P

P

F-G

G-E

F-G

F

P

wild poinsettia

P

P

P

E

G

P

G

P

wild radish

P

P

P

E

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

F

P

P PE ANUTGROWER .COM

Florida Pusley

Lambsquarter

Small Flower Morningglory

(Richardia scabra)

(Chenopodium album)

(Jaquemontia tamnifolia)

Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed species that appears almost prostrate. It can be effectively controlled only with pre-plant incorporated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The stems are very hairy and may have a purplish appearance. The flowers are white with six petals in a star-shaped whorl.

Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual broad-leaf species particularly troublesome in the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant, which can exceed seven feet at maturity. Its arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and often have a whitish dusty appearance on their undersides even in the seedling stage.

Small flower morningglory is probably the most common morningglory species in the Southeast.

The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seedling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows, small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It has heart or spear-shaped leaves and produces small blue flowers in a cluster.

Tropical Spiderwort

Tall Morningglory

(Commelina benghalensis)

(Ipomoea purpurea)

Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant re-roots quickly after cultivation. It spreads by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Similar to other morningglory species, tall morningglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

Spurred Anoda

Tropic Croton

Red Morningglory

(Anoda cristata)

(Croton glandulosus)

(Ipomoea coccinea)

Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member of the Mallow or Cotton family. Its alternate toothed leaves are two to four inches long and sometimes have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed are desired food for doves.

Red morningglory is a relatively common annual morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear until later in the season. The key identifying features are the distinct points on the leaf margin and relatively small red flowers.

T WIT TER : @PE ANUTGROWER

19

JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Weed Management Compiled by Dr. Pratap Devkota, Weed Science, UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, Florida.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

POSTEMERGENCE

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

johnson grass (rhizome)

Paraquat+ Storm

2,4-DB

Pursuit

Basagran

Ultra Blazer

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Sto

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

F

F

F

P

F-G

P

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P-F

F-G

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

P

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

crowfootgrass

G

G

G

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

fall panicum

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

F

P

foxtail

E

E

E

E

P

F

P

P-F

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P

P

P

P

johnsongrass (seedling)

G

G

G

G

P

F

P

P-F

P

sandbur

F

F

F-G

F

P

F

P

P

P

G-E

G

E

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

bristly starbur

F

G

G

G

F

P-F

G

F

F-G

burgherkin

F

F

F

G

F

F

P

G

F

citronmelon

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

F

F

E

goosegrass

Texas panicum

cocklebur

F-G

E

G

G-E

E

E

E

G

coffee senna

F

G

G

G-E

F-G

F

F-G

P

F

copperleaf

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

G-E

G

cowpea

F

F

F-G

F

P-F

P

P

P-F

crotalaria

P

P

P-F

E

F

P

P

E

G-

P-F

P-F

P-F

G

P

P

P

E

G-

croton, tropic or woolly day flower/tropical spiderwort

F

F

F-G

G-E

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

F

eclipta

P-F

P-F

P-F

F-G

P

P

G

F-G

E

Florida beggarweed

G-E

G-E

E

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

P

Florida pusley

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

hairy indigo

G

G

G

G

F

P

P

G

F

jimsonweed

E

E

E

E

P

F-G

E

E

G

lambsquarters

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P-F

P

F

F-G

G

morningglory spp.

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

G

G

morningglory, cypressvine

F-G

G-E

G-E

F-G

F

G

G

G

G

morningglory, pitted

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

F-G

F

G

morningglory, smallflower

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

F-G

G

E

G-E

pigweeds

G

F

G-E

G

F-G

E

P

G

G

prickly sida

F

G

G

F

P

P-F

G

P

G

ragweed

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

P

F

E

G

redweed

G

G

G

G

P

G

P

G

sicklepod

G

G-

G-E

G

G-E

G

F-G

P

P

P

smartweed

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

P-F

G

G-E

G-E

spider flower

F

F

F

F

F

F

G

F-G

F

spurred anoda

P

G-

P

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

G

P

F

wild poinsettia

F

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

P-F

P

E

G

wild radish

F

F

F

G

P

E

P-F

E

G

velvetleaf

20 /

Paraquat+ Basagran+ Dual Magnum

P-F

crabgrass

BROADLEAVES

Paraquat+ Basagran

nutsedge, purple

broadleaf signalgrass

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Paraquat

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

PE ANUTGROWER .COM

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor.

If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products. *Rating is for two-leaf stage or less.

tra zer

Storm

Classic

Cadre

Select

Cobra

P

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

P

G

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

P

P

P

F

P-F

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

G

E

P

P

P

P

G

E

P-F

P

P

P

G

G-E

P

F

P

P

G

G

P

-F

P

P

F-G

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

G

P

-F

P

P

G-E

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

P

P

P

G

E

P

Hophornbeam Copperleaf

Palmer Amaranth

(Acalypha ostryifolia)

(Amaranthus palmeri)

Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branching annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated leaf edges. Copperleaf has bright green leaves throughout most of the growing season, but these turn a characteristic copper color as the plant reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has become an increasing problem because of herbicide resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well over six feet and can be very difficult to control once established. Unlike other pigweed species, Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head and a more robust appearance.

F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

G

G

F

P

E

P

G

F

F

P

G-E

P

G

G

E

G-E

E

P

G-E

P

F

P

E

P

P-F

Bristly Starbur

Wild Radish

-E

G

P

P

P

G-E

(Acanthospermum hispidum)

(Raphanus raphanistrum)

P

P-F

P

E

P

E

Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed common in much of the Southeast. In addition to the accepted common name, it is also called “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough textured “fuzzy” leaves and an upright but profusely branching growth habit. Its seed form with two sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant extremely “bristly.”

Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter crops, such as small grains and canola. However, wild radish has become an increasing problem in peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed-stalk that arises from the rosette.

-F

F

F

E

G-E

P

E

G-E

P

P-F

P

G

F

P

F

F

P

G

E

P

P-F

P

F-G

P

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

P

P

P

G

F

F-G

F

P

E

E

G

P

G

P

E

G

P

P-F

P

F

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

G

G

P

G

P

G

G

G

P

G

P

G-E

G-E

P

G

P

G

G

G

P-F

E

P

G

P

G

P

G

P

G

E

G

P-F

P-F

P

E

P

G

P

G

P

F

Texas Panicum

Wild Poinsettia

P

P

P-F

G

P

P-F

(Panicum texanum)

(Euphorbia heterophylla)

-E

G-E

P

G

P

G-E

G

F-G

F-G

G

P

G

P

F

P

F-G

P

F-G*

P

F

P

F-G

P

F

E

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively large-seeded annual grass, which is common in much of the peanut acreage in the United States.

It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

E

G

P

E

P

E

Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of the Spurge Family, it has hollow stems and milky, latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen.

-E

T WIT TER : @PE ANUTGROWER

21

JANUARY 2019 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Toughest Year Yet Rain every few days, and eventually snow, hinder producers’ ability to gather this crop.

Parts Of Fields Not Dug “Harvest was about 25 percent behind 2017, but yield estimates are good,” he

Crop Facts: • Third straight year of 20,000+ acres • Rain, freezing weather slow harvest • Overall, peanut grades are good

says. “Early yield estimates range from 4,800 – 6,500 pounds per acre in fields that are relatively new in peanut production, and lower – 3,500-4,500 pounds per acre – in fields with a longer history of production.

“Overall, grades are good and should average in the mid-70s,” Faske says.

October, November and December provided plenty of rain and with “poor water drainage in some fields, a portion of some fields will not be harvested this season,” he said. “This year harvest seems to keep going on and on.”

The top peanut-producing counties in Arkansas include Craighead, Mississippi, Lawrence and Randolph, all in the northeastern part of the state, and Lee in east-central Arkansas.

Quality Diminishing “Quality was pretty high in the beginning of harvest, but has dropped some, due to the growers not being able to get the peanuts out of the field,” says Mike Andrews, Randolph County extension staff chair for the Division of Agriculture. “We’d get a half-inch of rain, which would delay harvest for four to five days, then work a few days, then get another little rain event.”

Then the rain, and a little snow and some freezing temperatures, piled up on farmers during November and December.

“This has not been ideal by any means, but that’s the life of a peanut grower,” Andrews says. “Where growers can go in to get their beans and rice, peanut growers can’t go in when it’s wet.” PG Article written by Mary Hightower, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture

U OF A SYSTEM DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE PHOTO BY MIKE ANDREWS

A

rkansas farmers planted more than 20,000 acres of peanuts for the third straight year, but this year were enduring a harvest that dragged into December.

“Arkansas peanut farmers planted a little over 25,000 acres, which is the third consecutive year of over 20,000 acres for the state,” says Travis Faske, Extension plant pathologist who also serves as peanut agronomist for the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture.

According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service Crop Report for Dec. 2, peanuts were 78 percent harvested. In 2017, harvest had been completed.

“In May, the 2018 crop was planted within a narrow three-week window and conditions were ideal for peanut production, other than it was dry in June and July,” Faske says.

Visitors watching the peanut harvest in Randolph County on Oct. 12, 2018.

22 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2019

PE ANUTGROWER .COM

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New Guidelines* Encourage Parents to Introduce Baby-friendly Peanut Foods Early to Help Prevent a Peanut Allergy.

Since 2001 through the National Peanut Board, peanut farmers have invested more than $25.3 million of their own dollars into food and peanut allergy research and education.

*National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Guidelines

preventpeanutallergies.org