Peanut Grower January 2020 by One Grower Publishing

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2020

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2020

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

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Thimet is a restricted use pesticide. Important: Always read and follow label instructions. Some products may not be registered for sale or use in all states or counties. Please check with your state agency responsible for pesticide registration to ensure registration status. All products are EPA registered. A298-059913 1/20

12/11/19 9:25 AM

The

JANUARY 2020

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2020

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2020

Pesticide Guide

Volume 32 • Number 1

Disease, Insect and Weed Management

Departments 4

Editor’s Note Where not to go for accurate answers

News Briefs NPRL celebrates 50 years

Market Watch Crop quality affects supply/ demand calculations

22 New Products Tax break on irrigation for Alabama farmers

10 Features

10 2020 Disease Index Updates

Changes to Peanut Rx can be found in varieties and at-plant insecticides.

13 Insect Insights

Plan for 2020 using these recommendations.

14 Insecticide Guide

Supplement

Research-based ratings are offered for often-used insecticides.

Prepare For Planting

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Southern Production & Marketing Strategies

January 2020

16 Herbicide Ratings

Use these herbicide efficacy ratings to select weed management products.

20 On-Farm Nematode Trials A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines

Look for the Corn South supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions of The Peanut Grower. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

This study compares resistant cultivars to a nematicide.

21 Southern Cover Crops Council Group works to double cover crop acreage.

Cover photo by Amanda Huber JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Vicky Boyd vboyd@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas (847) 559-7514 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com For circulation changes, call (847) 559-7578 or email peanutgrower@omeda.com

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Scott Monfort Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Dan Anco Extension Peanut Specialist Clemson University

Emi Kimura Extension Agronomist Texas A&M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/ Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2020 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 600651388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim. The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.

Editor’sNote Editor’s Note What I’m Wishing For You

t’s January once again, and that means it’s time for the Peanut Grower ’s Pesticide Guide. The guide continues to include sections on identifying common diseases, insects and weeds found in peanuts. Pest management begins with correct identification of the problem. This information is reviewed and updated by experts in their fields. As farmers, you know who to go to for good, accurate information. We hope Peanut Grower is part of the mix that includes Extension agents, state Amanda Huber Extension specialists and your crop Editor, The Peanut Grower consultants. I was reminded recently of where not to get accurate information: Facebook. A lady posted a picture of a bug on a window screen and asked what kind of bug it was. The answers that came flooding in were so astonishingly wrong. I knew exactly what insect was perched on the screen. It was a leaf footed plant bug. My credentials for this answer? State winning FFA Vegetable Judging Team from, well, some years ago now. My knowledgeable response was lost in the cacophony of answers ranging from assassin bug to the most popular answer: stink bug. It was painful to watch the absurdity unfold. Eventually, I recommended that the next time the Facebook poster needed a pest identified, she should contact the Extension office or one of our local Extension Master Gardeners because there were many more wrong answers than correct ones. Before I could finish posting this advice, another vote for “stink bug” popped up. Bless their hearts. As this peanut season gets underway, here’s hoping 2020 will be a great year on your farm with good weather, few pests and correct answers when you need them.

One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

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875 W. Poplar Ave., Suite 23, Box 305, Collierville, TN 38017 Phone: 901-767-4020

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

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NewsBriefs News Briefs Perdue Statement On USMCA Agreement U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue said the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement is a big win for American workers, farmers and ranchers following the announcement that an agreement had been reached by United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. “The agreement improves virtually every component of the old NAFTA, and the agriculture industry stands to gain significantly,” Perdue said. “President Trump and Ambassador Lighthizer are laying the foundation for a stronger farm economy through USMCA and I thank them for all their hard work and perseverance to get the agreement across the finish line.” The USMCA will advance U.S. agricultural interests in two of the most important markets for American farmers, ranchers and agribusinesses. Canada and Mexico are our first and second largest export markets for U.S. food and agricultural products, totaling more than $39.7 billion food and agricultural exports in 2018. These exports support more than 325,000 American jobs. All food and agricultural products that have zero tariffs under the North American Free Trade Agreement will remain at zero tariffs. The USMCA will create new market access opportunities for U.S. exports to Canada of dairy, poultry and eggs, and in exchange the United States will provide new access to Canada for some dairy, peanut and a limited amount of sugar and sugar-containing products.

States Distributing Block Grants U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue recently announced that the U.S. Department of A griculture would make $800 million available TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

to producers in Alabama, Florida and Georgia affected by Hurricanes Michael and Florence. The state block grants are part of a broader $3 billion package to help producers recover from 2018 and 2019 natural disasters, which includes the Wildfire and Hurricane Indemnity Program-Plus as well as programs for loss of milk and other stored commodities. “Natural disasters dealt producers some hefty blows in the past couple of years,” says Perdue. “This relief complements USDA’s tool chest of disaster assistance programs and crop insurance. In many cases, these programs help us reach producers who suffered substantial losses beyond what our regular programs cover. While we can’t make producers whole, we can give them a helping hand to get them back on their feet and prepare for next year’s planting and harvest.” USDA, the governor’s offices and the state departments of agriculture are working out final details for the grants. The grants will be for losses not covered by other USDA disaster programs, including timber, cattle, poultry, horticulture crops and pecan production.

Program Enrollment Time A g r i c u lt u r a l p r o d u c e r s n o w can enroll in the Agriculture Risk Coverage and Price Loss Coverage programs – two U.S. Department of Agriculture safety net programs – for the 2020 crop year. ARC provides income support payments on historical base acres when actual crop revenue declines below a specified guaranteed level. PLC provides income support payments on historical base acres when the effective price for a covered commodity falls below its reference price. The 2018 Farm Bill reauthorized and updated both programs. Signup for the 2020 crop year closes June 30, 2020, while signup for the

In Brief • Block grants will help with non-program covered losses. • Program enrollment now open. • Study shows return on checkoff investment. • Texas foundation seed plans new shelling plant. • Positive press helps in Japan. • National Peanut Research Lab celebrates 50 years with special event. • See the Calendar for spring meetings.

2019 crop year closes March 15, 2020. Producers who have not yet enrolled for 2019 can enroll for both 2019 and 2020 in the same visit to a Farm Service Agency county office.

Study Shows Check-off ROI In Fiscal Year 2019, the National Peanut Board commissioned an economic study to measure the return of peanut producers’ investments in the marketing and research funding programs managed by the board. The study, “An Economic Evaluation of the National Peanut Board,” conducted by Dr. Harry M. Kaiser of Cornell University, found that each dollar invested in the board’s checkoff program between 2014 and 2018 returned $9.74 to the peanut industry. Peanut farmers, through the NPB, invest about $10 million annually to implement programs that strengthen peanuts’ position in the marketplace and maintain, develop, and expand markets for peanuts. Additionally, NPB helps fund production-level research aimed at decreasing production costs and improving the efficiency of peanut growers. JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

NewsBriefs News Briefs “This study demonstrates t he tremendous impact of NPB on the domestic peanut market,” Kaiser said. Had there not been any NPB marketing activities over the most recent fiveyear period, 2014 through 2018, total domestic peanut demand would have averaged 14.4% less.” Furthermore, the study emphasized had there not been any NPBsponsored production research over this period, peanut yields would have averaged 3,462 pounds per acre, compared with 3,880 pounds, or 10.8% less. “It is important for the peanut industry to have an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of the marketing and research programs farmers fund,” says Bob Parker, NPB’s president and CEO. “We’re confident of the methods of this economic analysis and we’re very pleased with the results. Moving forward, we will be able to use this data to plan and manage our future programs.”

AgriLife breeders. “The new name strongly emphasizes our relationship with Texas A&M AgriLife Research,” says Patrick J. Stover, vice chancellor of Texas A&M AgriLife, dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and director of Texas A&M AgriLife Research. “Our goal is to raise the prof ile of Texa s A& M A griLife Foundation Seed in the seed industry on the state, national and international stages. The new name will also provide a clearer message about the positive impact Texas A&M AgriLife has on farms, ranches, businesses and on the consumer’s dinner plate.” Examples of seeds produced and processed at Texas A&M AgriLife Foundation Seed are those used for forage grasses and crops such as wheat, peanuts and sorghum. A new peanut sheller is in the works for 2020.

Name Change, New Sheller In Texas

The A merican Peanut Council promotes U.S. peanuts in Japan. An article about American peanuts was recently featured in The Nikkei, the world ’s largest f inancial newspaper. The story, “American Peanuts Expected to Increase Exports to Japan,” included excerpts from an inter view from A PC Senior Vice President Stephanie Grunenfelder. The article highlighted the benefits of American peanuts as compared to other origins and also mentioned the new U.S.-Japan trade agreement, which is expected to improve market access for the U.S. peanut industry. Daily circulation for The Nikkei exceeds 3 million copies in Japan, compared to 2.6 million for The Wall Street Journal in the United States. The article was also widely seen by members of the Japanese peanut trade and has resulted in one new trade lead for U.S. peanut products. The APC also conducts promotional events to increase interest in U.S. peanuts.

Texas A&M AgriLife Research recently announced a name change for the Texas Foundation Seed Service to Texas A&M AgriLife Foundation Seed. Since t he 1950s, Texa s A& M AgriLife Foundation Seed has operated as a self-supporting, nonprofit unit of AgriLife Research. AgriLife Foundation Seed acts as a liaison between AgriLife researchers and companies interested in licensing new plant varieties. Texas A&M AgriLife Foundation Seed, in partnership with Intellectual Proper t y & Commercia liz ation, brings newly developed seeds and plants to the marketplace for farmers and gardeners through license agreements. Fees and royalties collected from the licensees are reinvested throughout AgriLife Research, resulting in increased financial support for 6/

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

Selling U.S. Peanuts In Japan

Calendar • Jan. 16 – Georgia Peanut Farm Show, University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center, Tifton, Georgia. • Jan. 28-29 – Mississippi Peanut Growers Association, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. • Jan. 29 – Arkansas Soil & Water Education Conference & Irrigation Expo, FNB Arena, Jonesboro, Arkansas. • Jan. 30 – South Carolina Peanut Production Meeting, Santee, South Carolina. • Feb. 6 – Alabama/Florida Peanut Trade Show, National Peanut Festival Fairgrounds, Dothan, Alabama. • Feb. 14-17 National Peanut Buying Points Association Annual Meeting, Omni Grove Park Inn, Asheville, North Carolina. • Feb. 20 – Florida Peanut Producers Association Annual Meeting, Jackson County Agricultural Complex and Conference Center, Marianna, Florida. • Feb. 28-29 – 68th Annual MidSouth Farm & Gin Show, Cook Convention Center, Memphis, Tennessee. • June 13-17 – USA Peanut Congress, Ritz-Carlton, Amelia Island, Florida. • For more information on these events, visit The Peanut Grower website at https://peanutgrower.com/calendar.

Buying Points Meet In February

The National Peanut Buying Points Winter Conference is set for Feb. 14-17, 2020, at the Omni Grove Park Inn in Ashville, North Carolina. The 2020 conference theme is “Building Unit y, Ser vice a nd a Profitable Future,” with sessions on PEANUTGROWER.COM

NewsBriefs News Briefs NPRL Celebrates 50 Years It was a star-studded event at the National Peanut Research Laboratory’s 50-year celebration. Guest speakers included U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue, Representative Sanford Bishop (D-Ga) and Dr. Chavonda Jacobs-Young, the USDA Administrator for the Agricultural Marketing Service. Also speaking at the event was American Peanut Sheller Association President Karl Zimmer, and peanut producers Donald Chase and Casey Cox. Finally, NPRL history was offered by long-time employee, agriculture engineer Chris Butts, with final thoughts from founder of JLA Global, Jim Leek. Many former employees returned for the celebration including Jim Davidson, former head researcher. He recalled that many of the early projects focused on post-harvest issues. Jacobs-Young emphasized that the lab is noted for delivering solutions and developing strong partnerships. The lab is responsible for developing the Irrigator Pro and Whole Farm – a planning system with rotation data to help growers make better decisions on what to plant in a field for maximum profit. Secretary Perdue praised the peanut lab’s research efforts from the molecular to the whole farm. “The National Peanut Research Lab is simply conducting the right research at the right time in the right place, and look what it has done to help farmers markets, the new grading system, U.S. Department of Agriculture assistance, exports and the next Farm Bill. All buying points, shellers and industry associates are invited to attend. The program will k ick off on Friday night with a welcome reception. Educational sessions will be held on Saturday and Sunday mornings. There will also be a prayer and awards breakfast on Sunday morning. The Great Cash Giveaway Reception and Auction will be held Sunday evening. Registration is available online at www.peanutbuyingpoints.org. For more information or to obtain a registration form, email Angela Elder at spearmanagency@friendlycity.net. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

increase peanut production on the farm. The next 50 years will be just as exciting.”

Judge Favors Georgia In Water War A judge has recommended the Supreme Court side with Georgia in a decades-long dispute with Florida over water. The court should reject Florida’s request to limit how Georgia uses water from shared rivers, U.S. Circuit Judge Paul Kelly Jr. wrote in a ruling issued in December. Since the 1990s, Florida has said Georgia uses too much water from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin, hurting residents of the Sunshine State. Florida officials also argue that decreased f lows caused

the collapse of the oyster industry in Apalachicola Bay, but Kelly says the state failed to prove the issue was Georgia’s fault. “We are pleased with special master Kelly’s recommendation and especially his recognition of Georgia’s significant water conservation and efficiency efforts,” Katherine Zitsch, director of the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, said in a statement. “Since 2001, water withdrawals in metro Atlanta have dropped by more than 10%, even as our population has increased by 1.3 million.” The dispute over water usage between the two states will likely continue for decades to come. JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

Watch Uncertain Crop Quality Makes Supply/Demand Calculations Difficult

he wait and see feeling continues for the peanut industry. Peanut shellers are processing the 2019 crop. Brokers report that U.S. exports depend on the quality of Southeastproduced peanuts and how well the shellers will be able to handle it. Prices for raw-shelled peanuts have only one way to go and that is up. Tight specifications for the market will increase. Any tighter specifications on aflatoxin will command a premium if one can find an offer. Peanuts that can meet European Union specifications will go at an even higher premium. China has been buying a lot of farmer stock and shelled goods. What is unknown is how much they will buy for the rest of the season. Uncertainty Trying to calculate supply and demand is difficult at this point with so many uncertainties on quality and exports. Whatever percentage the shellers thought they had covered, that percentage likely decreased as deliveries on farmer-stock contracts went down. If U.S. manufacturers are really 80% covered for this coming season, then some suppliers are very tight overall. Shellers are reporting that the last 15% of the Southeast crop is very poor quality, and aflatoxin is going to be worse than the 2016 crop, possibly rivalling that of 2010. For the most part, shellers haven’t run enough ’19 crop to have a good handle on exactly how big the problem is. However, chemical testing of farmer stock shows aflatoxin is going to be an issue that will be dealt with all year long. Because of these issues, it has become difficult to get offers for 2020 runner peanuts. Market indications are that splits and mediums have moved into the high 8/

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

J. Tyron Spearman Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (Dec. 10, 2019) 2019 Est. Acreage (+ 1%) ..................................................1,383,000 acres 2019 Est. Production (4,080 lb/A) ...................................... 2,821,350 tons 2018 Market Loan .............................................................. 2,339,947 tons 2018 Redeemed ................................................................. 2,337,259 tons 2018 In Loan Through December ........................................

2,080 tons

2018-19 Domestic Usage ....................................................... Up + 2.8 % 2018-19 Exports ...................................................................... Up + 14.0 % NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners -$424.13; Spanish - $416.70; Valencia and Virginias - $430.94

40 cents. Blanched jumbos negative for aflatoxin may be in the high 50s and low 60 cents per pound depending on specifications and sheller. No significant volumes are being offered in the trade because of tight specifications. This could last until the industry has a better handle on exactly what we are dealing with. Meanwhile, the higher shelled price is not being reflected in the farm price. Supplies And Disappearance The U.S. Department of Agriculture made no changes to the December forecast of the U.S. peanut crop. The yield estimate remains at 4,080 pounds per acre. With harvested acres at 1.383 million, final production is estimated at 2,821,320 tons. As of Dec. 13, 2019, 2,697,183 tons were recorded, 95.6% of USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service estimate. Is there another 5% in the pipeline yet to be delivered? Quality One official says that 40% of the crop will fail the 15 parts per billion limit. Some will have to be blanched or divert-

ed to peanut oil production. How much is unknown. The inspections report that almost 53,000 tons or 2% graded Segregation 2 or 3 and will require further processing. On the positive side, domestic food usage is estimated to increase 1.9%. As of October, peanut usage was up 2.8% with peanut butter up 5.6%. Exports are estimated to increase 6.4% for the year. As of October, exports were up 14%. That is good news, but ending stocks remains high at 1.115 million tons. Selling Old Crop The goal of the government is to avoid forfeitures. If forfeits are made, then offers are made to move those peanuts into the trade while keeping government costs low. A total of 84,773 tons, about 3%, have been forfeited with another 2,025 tons remaining in December for the 2018 crop. USDA’s Ag Marketing Service quickly listed the lots for sale allowing the peanuts to return to the open market with prices slightly under loan. The quick turn around lowers peanut program costs PEANUTGROWER.COM

Watch and reflects positively on the USDA program management. Price Loss Coverage With peanut prices to farmers so low, farmers and those financing the crop depend on the Price Loss Coverage Program to pay production costs. On peanuts, a final projected effective price published in August was $430 per ton or 21.5 cents per pound. To determine assistance, subtract the market year average from the statutory reference price. For 2018, subtract $430 per ton from $535 per ton reference price, and the projected or final 2018 PLC payment rate is $105 per ton. This payment applies to 85% of the peanut farm base. Average prices continue low for 2019 as August through October prices averaged only $412 per ton, reflecting a $123 per-ton PLC payment on 85% of the peanut base. For 2017 peanuts, the program paid farmers $306 million for price loss coverage, all caused by low prices. Farmers selecting agriculture risk coverage received $96,180. There are more than 1 million general base acres in the United States, and payments will be applied to 85% of these farm base acres. Market Facilitation Program The second 25% of the Market Facilitation Program has been paid to farmers. The MFP provided direct payments to farmers affected by unjustified, retaliatory foreign tariffs, which caused a loss of traditional export markets. Payment rates are based on gross trade damages for commodities. Rates range from $15 per acre to $150 per acre. Assistance is based on total crop plantings in 2019. The first payment of 50% was made in August with the second paid in November. Another 25% payment will be made in January if market conditions dictate. Peanut farmers can sign up for the Wildfire and Hurricane Indemnity Program Plus, which provides assistance for production losses from Hurricane Michael. This is for farmers who suffered eligible losses of certain crops, trees, TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

bushes or vines. There were peanut crop losses from Hurricane Michael. Looking Ahead Peanut usage continued with good numbers through the fall. Total edibles were up 2.8% after a strong showing by peanut butter, up 5.6% in usage. Snack peanuts were also up 2.9%. Government purchases continue to be helpful in utilizing extra peanuts either in trade mitigation or regular domestic food program purchases, now up 60.3% in the first three months. Overall, it is good news for market expansion and growth. Exports are also up 14% for the first three months. China is back in the market along with Vietnam. The quality issue continues in the EU, but a special com-

mittee is working on establishing an EU laboratory for testing in the United States to make certain that peanuts are properly tested for aflatoxin. Many farmers are selling 2019 crop for $400 per ton, requiring cash for inputs and loans. Peanut contracts for 2020 in the Southeast are likely to remain around the $400-$425 per ton, mainly because of the lack of competition from alternate crops. With cotton and corn prices at rock bottom, farmers have little choice unless the cotton market recovers. Only the end of trade war with China and their reentering the U.S. cotton market would afford farmers a chance. Expect plantings for 2020 crop to remain similar or even slightly increase. PG JANUARY 2020 â&#x20AC;˘ THE PEANUT GROWER /

Changes to Peanut Rx can be found in varieties and at-plant insecticides.

osses to tomato spotted wilt continue to grow across the Southeastern region reaching an estimated 7% in 2019 and double the estimated losses from 2018. Although the reasons for the increased losses in 2019 are not fully understood, it is possible that the warmer spring favored an increase in thrips populations. Decreased attention to production practices that mitigate tomato spotted wilt disease is another reason cited by researchers. This research team reviews Peanut Rx each winter and makes changes to the risk index. Team members include: Robert Kemerait, Albert Culbreath, Eric Prostko, Tim Brenneman, Scott Tubbs, Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan, Mark Abney, Scott Monfort, Adam Rabinowitz, Cristiane Pilon and Sudeep Bag from the University of Georgia; Barry Tillman, Nicholas Dufault, Michael Mulvaney and Ian Small, University of Florida; Austin Hagan, Charles Chen, Alana Jacobson, Kris Balkcom and Amanda Strayer-Scherer, Auburn University; Brendan Zurweller, Mississippi State University and Dan Anco, Clemson University.

Updates To The Index Growers can successfully manage TSWV and other important diseases using Peanut Rx. This disease risk index can help growers to better understand how careful selection of production practices can reduce the risk of disease losses. Peanut growers should be aware of production factors that increase or decrease their risk to spotted wilt, leaf spot and white mold. Changes to Peanut Rx were primarily in the variety section, where new varieties are included or point values are changed as more is known about variety response to disease pressure in the field. An additional change was made in the section “At-plant Insecticide” to include the use of Thimet or Velum Total to decrease leaf spot risk compared to other products.

BUGWOOD.ORG

2020 Disease Risk Index

Varietal Value Changes With additional data, risk points for spotted wilt points with respect to variety AU NPL 17 have been reduced from 15 to 10 as the variety has been found to have resistance equal to that

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of Georgia-06G. Spotted wilt points assigned to FloRun™ ‘331’ have been increased from 10 to 15. One new variety has been added to the 2020 version of Peanut Rx. Georgia18RU has 10 risk points for tomato spotted wilt, 25 risk points for leaf spot and 20 for white mold. No variety of peanut is immune to TSWV. However, some varieties have consistently demonstrated moderate levels of resistance. In addition to resistance or reduced disease incidence, some varieties appear to have some degree of tolerance, which is a reduced severity in infected plants. Increased levels of resistance and tolerance are anticipated since peanut breeding programs are now evaluating potential new varieties for response to TSWV. As in the previous versions of the disease index, growers will note that attention to variety selection, planting date, plant population, good crop rotation, tillage and other factors can have a tremendous impact on the potential for diseases in a field. At-Plant Insecticides In general, the use of insecticides to control thrips, the insect that transmits or vectors tomato spotted wilt virus, has been an ineffective means of suppressing the disease. In theory, reducing overall thrips populations should effectively reduce TSWV. Additionally, growers now have a selection of products effective

in killing thrips. However, most insecticides have proven to be ineffective at suppressing the primary infection, which accounts for most virus transmission in peanut fields. Despite the overall disappointing results with insecticides, one chemical, phorate (Thimet 20G), has demonstrated consistent, low-level suppression of TSWV. The mechanism of this suppression is not known, but the level of thrips control obtained with phorate is not greater than that obtained with other insecticides. Phorate may induce a defense response in the peanut plant that allows it to better resist infection or inhibits virus replication. In a change outlined in the 2020 Peanut Rx, use of either Thimet 20G or Velum Total slightly reduces the risk to leaf spot diseases compared to other products applied for early season insect control. TSWV: A Complex Disease When tomato spotted wilt virus infects a host plant, it can severely weaken or kills the plant. The virus is capable of infecting a number of plant species, including peanut, tobacco, tomato and pepper crops. The only known method of TSWV transmission is from certain species of thrips that have previously acquired the virus by feeding on infected plants. The factors leading to the rapid spread of this disease in the Southeast are complex, and no single treatment or cultural practice has been found to be a consistently effective control. Research continues to identify factors that influence the severity of TSWV in individual peanut fields. For additional information, refer to the complete Peanut Rx available from state or local Extension specialists or at https:// peanuts.caes.uga.edu. PG

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JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 11

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Aspergillus Crown Rot

CBR

Spotted Wilt

Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemergence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed is planted in well-rotated fields. Rotation and seed treatments are effective controls for this disease.

Cylindrocladium back rot infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red reproductive structures growing from the crown of infected plants, while the crown itself is usually black. Root systems of severely infected plants are deteriorated, void of secondary roots and are also black. Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weather. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt disease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips. Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predominant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking, and mottling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

Peanut Root-Knot Nematode

Late Leaf Spot

Early Leaf Spot

Peanut root-knot nematode-infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in appearance and dark in color.

Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of early leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black. Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable conditions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, lesions enlarge up to 1/2 inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo, but not always. Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

3Stem Rot or White Mold

Rhizoctonia Limb Rot

Hot, wet weather is conducive to stem rot or white mild. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown sclerotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

12â&#x20AC;&#x160;/

THE PEANUT GROWER â&#x20AC;˘ JANUARY 2020

PEANUTGROWER.COM

Insect Insights Plan 2020 pest management efforts using these recommendations as a starting point.

ased on weather conditions and insect management efforts throughout the past season, University of Georgia Extension entomologist Mark Abney offers these recommendations.  Thrips Phorate (Thimet) applied in-furrow at planting reduces thrips injury and is the only insecticide that has been proven to reduce the incidence of tomato spotted wilt in peanut. The risk of thrips injury and spotted wilt infection is highest for peanuts planted prior to May 10. Applying imidacloprid in furrow at planting has gained popularity. At recommended rates, this treatment will generally reduce the severity of thrips injury. Some growers will opt for no at-plant insecticide and make a foliar application, usually acephate, if needed to reduce thrips populations. This approach can work and save money, but it carries additional risks compared to in-furrow insecticides. Weather conditions and other farm activities can make it difficult or impossible to apply foliar insecticides in a timely manner. A foliar insecticide that is applied too late provides no benefit. Remember, environment has an impact on thrips movement. Burning down winter weeds or maturing wheat in fields adjacent to susceptible crops can result in greatly increased infestations.  Velvetbean caterpillars This species is generally easy to kill with insecticides but left unmanaged can completely defoliate a peanut field. Though common, VBC infestations will not be found in every field. Regular scouting is needed to manage this pest. Defoliation from VCB is completely preventable, and spraying all peanut acres without ensuring the pest is present does not make economic sense.

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Pyrethroids are an inexpensive way to eliminate VBC in irrigated fields, but producers are urged not to use it in non-irrigated peanuts because of the potential for a flare up of two-spotted spider mite. Choose a caterpillar-specific product in non-irrigated fields. The selective insecticides are more expensive initially but provide better residual activity and offer a lower risk of secondary pest infestation. Peanuts 70 to 90 days after planting are at greatest risk for yield loss from VCB defoliation, even more so if the field is drought stressed. This pest has a voracious appetite and can completely defoliate peanuts if left unchecked.  Two-spotted spider mite The most important factor leading to spider mite infestations is drought. The second is the use of a pyrethroid insecticide. Spider mites are common now, and applying a pyrethroid to clean up VBC and threecornered alfalfa hoppers can turn into a disaster. Do not apply a pyrethroid insecticide to drought-stressed, non-irrigated peanuts without discussing the application with your county agent or consultant first. Scout all non-irrigated fields for mites, but prioritize any fields where a pyrethroid was applied in the past six weeks. Watch fields closely for signs of mites, which usually arrive first at field margins and move inward as numbers increase. It is possible to spread mites across a field or from field to field with tractors and spray equipment, so be observant and use caution. Spot spraying field edges rarely works well. If plants are already turning yellow or brown, you can be nearly certain that mites have already moved into the interior of the field. Options for spider mite control are few. If a field is less than 10 days from

digging, producers could consider using bifenthrin products.  Lesser cornstalk borers This pest thrives in hot, dry weather. If LCB populations get out of control in a field, it will be very difficult to reign them back in. If you do not have LCB in your fields, there is no reason to apply a preventative insecticide. Scout and spray when the pest is present. Three active ingredients are recommended by the University of Georgia for LCB management in peanut: chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron. Chlorpyrifos can only be applied as a granular product banded over the row. It requires rainfall or irrigation for activation, and applications are often followed by outbreaks of caterpillars and/ or mites. Chlorantraniliprole (Prevathon) and novaluron (Diamond) are applied as broadcast foliar sprays. Rainfall or irrigation after application may improve efficacy, although both products have provided good control without additional water. Severe LCB infestations are not common in irrigated peanut after the vines have lapped the row middles if adequate irrigation is applied. Feeding in the crown of seedling plants can reduce yield even with adequate watering. Although LCB does not survive well in moist conditions, one or two rainfall events will not eliminate an established population. PG JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 13

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Mustang Max

Asana

Baythroid

Brigade

B.t.1

Danitol

Diamond EC

Comite/Omite

Warrior II

P(LS)

P/F

Burrower bug

Corn earworm

G/E

Fall armyworm

P(LS)

P/F(LS)

P/F

Leafhoppers

Lesser cornstalk borer

P(LS)

F/G

P(LS)

P/F

Rednecked peanutworm

Southern corn rootworm

Spider mites

P/F

P-F

P(LS)

Threecornered alfalfa hopper

Thrips

F/G

G (with Orthene)

Velvetbean caterpillar

G/E

Whitefringed beetle (larvae)

Wireworm

Tobacco budworm

Beet armyworm

Granulate cutworm

Loopers

Lesser Cornstalk Borer

Fall Armyworm

Lesser cornstalk borer is an important pest in the Southeastern and Southwestern growing areas. It is usually a problem during hot, dry weather and is more often a problem on coarse, sandy soils than on heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer larvae will feed on underground pegs and pods in addition to any part of the plant above ground that contacts the soil surface.

Fall armyworm is one of several foliage feeders that may attack peanuts. In some years, they can be the predominant foliage feeder. Caterpillars, gray, light brown or mottled green in color, reach approximately 1½ inches in length when fully grown and have a prominant inverted “Y” on their head. When abundant, fall armyworms can strip plants of foliage and march to other host plants. Female moths lay egg masses of about 150 each and cover them with scales from their body.

Southern Corn Rootworm Damage Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but its most important damage is due to peg and pod feeding. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, green, brown or black insects about /1 8 to ¼ inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak into the midrib on the lower side of peanut leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn yellow from the point where the feeding has occured to the tip of the leaf and may die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

Corn Earworm/Tobacco Budworm In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above right) and the tobacco budworm moth (above left) are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will soon follow.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

Lanna

rrior II rior II

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; G = Good = Fair Control; = Poor Control; E ==Excellent Control; and others; *PInsufficient data NL = Not Labeled; LS Labeled for suppression only Control; 1 1FDipel 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data LS = Labeled for suppression only

Navigating The Late Season

Lannate Lannate

Lorsban 4E Lorsban 4E

P P P NL NL NL G/E G/E G/E

P/F P/F P/F NL NL NL E E E

NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F E E E (LS) LS) LS) NL NL NL G G G NL NL NL (LS) LS) LS) G G G

G G G G G G E E E NL NL NL P/F P/F P/F NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL Last NL NL NL planning NL NL and NL F F F

E E E

NL NL NL

Orthene Orthene

Radiant SC Radiant SC

Sevin Sevin

NL NL G NL NL NL G NL NL NL G NL G NL NL NL G NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G E F NL G E F NL G E F NL NL F/G G F/G NL NL F/G G F/G NL NL F/G G F/G NL P/F NL NL F NL P/F NL NL F NL P/F NL NL F NL NL G/E NL G/E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL F NL NL NL NL F NL NL NL NL F NL NL NL NL NL P/F G NL NL G he decision NL of whetherP/F to spray or NL NL P/F G not or NL NL NL NL NL G F/G when to startNL not alwaysG NL NL NLdigging isNL NL G an easyF/G F/G one. The decision is made more difficult NL G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL when a storm or bad weather is predicted. NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL year’sNL active hurricane season NL made end-of-season

Steward Thimet 20G Steward Thimet 20G

Blackhawk Blackhawk

Dimilin Dimilin

Intrepid Intrepid

NL NL NL G/E NL NL NL execution NLtricky. Based NL on early NL seasonG/E G/E conditionsNL harvest conditions are NLand in caseNL NL G/E NLsimilar PP G/E NL NL NL G/E NL P to last year, Clemson University peanut specialist Dan G NL NL E G NL NL E G G NL following advice. NL E G G Anco has the NL NL NL

NL NL NL

F/G F/G NL NL NL ChangingF/G Planting Dates F/G F/G NL NL NL F/G NL NL NL Rains over several weeks in May caused some plans to NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL change. Rain brought on late leaf spot to volunteer pea- NL nuts. Early pressure calls for early action. As we entered June, there was still time to get peanuts planted and Burrower Bug obtain a reasonable window of conditions forBug growth and Burrower Bug hard to to idenidenBurrower bugs can be hard harvesting. Burrower bugs can be hard to idenin the field, field and infestation tifytime and an anpeanuts infestation Mid-May is generally the best to plant tify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. is oftencan not detected harvest. in South Carolina, although peanuts still beuntil made if black-toBurrower bugs have aa black or Burrower bugs have a black-toplanted into early June. Once planting dates reach June small red eyes on a brown body, body and small, red eyes brown body, small red eyes on a 10, we are looking at approximate digging dates near small-sized head.head. The The upper wings on a small-sized upper small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and Oct. 20 for a 132-day variety like Bailey or digging dates wings of burrower bugs are shiny of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with with the membraand semi-hardened the mementering into November for moderate-maturity varieties semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are branous tip overlapping. Its legs nous tip overlapping. Its legs are like Georgia 06G. pearman ad 11/14/08 3:19 PM Page 1andand spiny, needle-like, piercing, are spiny needle-like. Piercing, spiny, and needle-like, piercing, One of the concerns around that time of year becomes sucking mouth mouth parts visible with sucking parts are are sucking mouth parts are visible visible slow drying conditions prior to awith combining that can lead a hand Burrower bug is hand lens. lens. Burrower bug is closely with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs.too to quality issues if they sit out related in damp conditions to stink bugs. closely related to stink bugs. long. Every year is a little different, but overall the combination of lower yield potential, higher late leaf spot pressure and generally unfavorable harvesting conditions are more prevalent for peanuts planted after about June 10. NL NL NL

Prevathon Prevathon

G/E NL G G E G/E NL G G E G/E NL G G E NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL G NL NL G NL G NL NL G NL G NL NL G/E NL G/E G NL G/E NL G/E G NL G/E NL G/E G NL G NL G NL NL G NL G NL NL G NL G NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL NL NL NL P NL NL NL NL P NL NL NL G F/G E NL NL G F/G E NL NL G F/G E NL NL G NL NL Risk For Late Leaf NL G NL NL FactorsNL NL G Spot NL NL NL • Short rotations (less than 2 years out of peanuts) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL • Highly susceptible variety (Virginia types, Georgia 13M, NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL TUFRunner 511) NL NL NL NL NL

What are the factors affecting final sprays and digging decisions?

G G G

NL NL NL

Chlorpyrifos 15G

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 15G 15G

G G G NL NL NL G G G G G G E/G E/G E/G NL NL NL F/G F/G F/G E/G E/G E/G NL NL NL NL NL NL Spain, NL NL NL

• Late (May 26 or later) NL planting G G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL • Poor control of volunteer peaNL G/E NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL NL NL NL NL in rotational G/E crops NL NL NL NL nuts NL NL E G/E E E/G • Poor season controlE NL G/E E E/G NL end of NL NL Eof G/E E E/G late leaf spot in an adjacent NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL upwind field NL the previous year NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL • Starting fungicide programs NL NL NL NL NL NL any later than 45 DAP; better NL NL NL NL NL E/G NL NL NL NL NL E/G NL NL NL NL NL E/G early than late Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, of Georgia Extension Entomologist • Extending spray intervals be- University Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist yond 15 days • Repeated, frequent periods of Threecornered Three-Cornered Three-Cornered leaf wetness; excessive rains, Alfalfa Hopper Alfalfa Hopper Hopper frequent irrigation Three-cornered hoppers Threecorneredalfalfa alfalfa Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers • Rain immediately after appliare light green and wedgehoppers are light green are light green and wedgecation – wait 24 hours to irrigate shaped. Theyshaped. stand about ¼ and wedge They shaped. They stand about ¼ • Consecutive use of fungicides with the same mode of action (exinch high and are about ¼ inch stand about ¼ inch high inch high and are about ¼ inch cept chlorothalonil) long. Both adults and nymphs and are about ¼ inch long.

long. Both adults and nymphs have mouthparts Both piercing adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts and by penetrating the havefeed piercing mouth parts Slowing A Growing Leaf Spot Epidemic: and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices. and feed by penetrating Effective fungicide programs are designed tostem prevent disease, and sucking plantnot juices. tend and feed in a circular the sucking plant cure it after the fact. If something goes wrong They andstem you to find late They tend to feed in a leaf circular fashion around a stem, making juices. They tend to feed spot lesions in the bottom of the canopy, especially with lessa than 30 fashion around stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged areafeeding typically punctures swells and above ground root in a circular fashion around a stem, making as they go. The days until harvest, treat immediately, retreating in 10and days, with one feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells above ground root growth mayarea occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or occur. pegs. On damaged typically swells, and above-ground root growth may growth occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. of the may following: peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs.

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JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER / PE ANUTGROWER JANUARY THE PEANUT GROWER.COM / JANUARY 2019 • 2020 THE •PE ANUT GROWER

Weed Management

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting), EP=Early postemergence to peanut (first true leaf through beginning of pod development). 1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for many products.

Compiled by Dr. Pratap Devkota, Weed Science, UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, Florida.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS PPI

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

BROADLEAVES

EP Zidua

Prowl, Sonalan

Treflan

Dual Magnum or like product

Pursuit1

Strongarm1

Dual Magnum

Valor

Dual Magnum

johnson grass (rhizome)

nutsedge, purple

P-F

nutsedge, yellow

F-G

broadleaf signalgrass

G-E

crabgrass

crowfootgrass

G-E

fall panicum

P-F

G-E

foxtail

G-E

goosegrass

G-E

johnsongrass (seedling)

P-F

sandbur

G-E

F-G

P P

Texas panicum

G-E

P-F

bristly starbur

F-G

burgherkin

F-G

citron melon

P-F

cocklebur

G-E

P-F

coffee senna

F-G

P-F

copperleaf

G-E

cowpea

P-F

crotalaria

P-F

croton, tropic or woolly

P-F

dayflower2

G-F

G-E

F-G

eclipta

P-F

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

Florida beggarweed

P-F

Florida pusley

G-E

hairy indigo

jimsonweed

G-E

F-G

lambsquarters

F-G

morningglory spp.

F-G

P-F

morningglory, cypressvine

F-G

morningglory, pitted

G-E

F-G

P-F

morningglory, smallflower

G-E

pigweeds

G-E

prickly sida

G-E

F-G

G-E

ragweed

redweed

F-G

sicklepod

F-G

P-G

spider flower

spurred anoda

F-G

velvetleaf

F-G

G-E

F-G

smartweed

16 /

PRE

wild poinsettia

wild radish

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

F-G P

P PEANUTGROWER.COM

Florida Pusley

Lambsquarter

Smallflower Morningglory

Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed species that appears almost prostrate. It can be effectively controlled only with preplant incorporated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The stems are very hairy and may have a purplish appearance. The flowers are white with six petals in a star-shaped whorl.

Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual broad-leaf species particularly troublesome in the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant, which can exceed 7 feet at maturity. Its arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and often have a whitish dusty appearance on their undersides even in the seedling stage.

Smallflower morningglory is probably the most common morningglory species in the Southeast. The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seedling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows, small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It has heart- or spear-shaped leaves and produces small blue flowers in a cluster.

(Richardia scabra)

(Chenopodium album)

(Jaquemontia tamnifolia)

Tropical Spiderwort

Tall Morningglory

(Commelina benghalensis)

(Ipomoea purpurea)

Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant reroots quickly after cultivation. It spreads by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Similar to other morningglory species, tall morningglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

Tropic Croton

(Croton glandulosus)

Red Morningglory

(Anoda cristata) Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member of the mallow or cotton family. Its alternate toothed leaves are 2 to 4 inches long and sometimes have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed are desired food for doves.

Red morningglory is a relatively common annual morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear until later in the season. The key identifying features are the distinct points on the leaf margin and relatively small red flowers.

Spurred Anoda

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(Ipomoea coccinea)

JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 17

Weed Management Compiled by Dr. Pratap Devkota, Weed Science, UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, Florida.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS POSTEMERGENCE

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

johnson grass (rhizome)

Paraquat+ Storm

2,4-DB

Pursuit

Basagran

Ultra Blazer

Stor

F-G

nutsedge, yellow

P-F

F-G

P-F

crowfootgrass

P-F

fall panicum

foxtail

P-F

F-G

johnsongrass (seedling)

P-F

sandbur

F-G

Texas panicum

G-E

P-F

bristly starbur

P-F

F-G

burgherkin

citron melon

goosegrass

cocklebur

F-G

G-E

coffee senna

G-E

F-G

copperleaf

G-E

cowpea

F-G

P-F

crotalaria

P-F

G-

P-F

G-

croton, tropic or woolly dayflower/tropical spiderwort

F-G

G-E

F-G

eclipta

P-F

F-G

Florida beggarweed

G-E

Florida pusley

hairy indigo

jimsonweed

F-G

lambsquarters

P-F

F-G

P-F

F-G

morningglory spp.

P-F

F-G

morningglory, cypressvine

F-G

G-E

F-G

morningglory, pitted

F-G

P-F

F-G

morningglory, smallflower

G-E

F-G

G-E

G-

pigweeds

G-E

F-G

prickly sida

P-F

ragweed

F-G

P-F

redweed

sicklepod

G-E

F-G

smartweed

G-E

P-F

G-E

G-

spider flower

F-G

spurred anoda

F-G

P-F

F-G

wild poinsettia

G-E

P-F

wild radish

P-F

velvetleaf

18 /

Paraquat+ Basagran+ Dual Magnum

P-F

crabgrass

BROADLEAVES

Paraquat+ Basagran

nutsedge, purple broadleaf signalgrass

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Paraquat

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

PEANUTGROWER.COM

tra zer

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for many products. *Rating is for two-leaf stage or less.

Storm

Classic

Cadre

Select

Cobra

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

G-E

-F

F-G

G-E

-F

G-E

P-F

Hophornbeam Copperleaf

Palmer Amaranth

Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branching annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated leaf edges. Copperleaf has bright green leaves throughout most of the growing season, but these turn a characteristic copper color as the plant reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has become an increasing problem because of herbicide resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well over 6 feet and can be very difficult to control once established. Unlike other pigweed species, Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head and a more robust appearance.

(Acalypha ostryifolia)

(Amaranthus palmeri)

F-G

G-E

P-F

Bristly Starbur

G-E

(Acanthospermum hispidum)

Wild Radish

-E

P-F

Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed common in much of the Southeast. In addition to the accepted common name, it is also called “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough textured fuzzy leaves and an upright but profusely branching growth habit. Its seed form with two sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant extremely bristly.

Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter crops, such as small grains and canola. However, wild radish has become an increasing problem in peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed stalk that arises from the rosette.

Texas Panicum

Wild Poinsettia

Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively large-seeded annual grass that is common in much of the peanut acreage in the United States. It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of the spurge family, it has hollow stems and milky, latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen.

-F

G-E

P-F P

-G

P-F

F-G

P-F P

F-G

-G

P-F

G-E

P-F

-E

G-E

F-G

F-G*

F-G

G-E

-E

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

(Panicum texanum)

(Raphanus raphanistrum)

(Euphorbia heterophylla)

JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 19

On-Farm Nematode Trials The nematode-resistant cultivar, TifNV High O/L, is compared to the nematicide Velum Total.

oot-knot nematodes are one of the most prevalent and damaging pests in peanut production in the Southeast. Crop rotation, use of resistant cultivars and nematicide applications are the primary strategies for managing root-knot nematodes. Recently, a new root-knot nematode resistant peanut cultivar, TifNV High O/L, was released by the University of Georgia. Research trials indicate this high-oleic cultivar has greater yield potential than previous resistant cultivars such as Tifguard and Georgia 14N. More testing is needed in commercial fields under root-knot nematode pressure in comparison to commonly used nematicides such as Velum Total. Options Tested In 2019, two on-farm peanut nematode trials were conducted in Florida. One trial was conducted in Jackson County on irrigated land and another was conducted in the Suwannee Valley on non-irrigated land. Treatments were as follows: 1) Georgia 06G, 2) Georgia 06G with Velum Total in-furrow at 18 ounces per acre, 3) TifNV and 4) TifNV with Velum Total. Georgia 06G is a root-knot nematode susceptible variety. Treatments were applied in four- or six-row strips across the length of each field. Each treatment was repeated four or five times in each field. Trial Results In the Jackson County trial, root-knot nematode pressure was low. The amount of root-knot nematodes was not affected by cultivars or nematicide application. Peanut yield was

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THE PEANUT GROWER â&#x20AC;˘ JANUARY 2020

In the Suwannee Valley trial, galling by root-knot nematode was greater for Georgia 06G than TifNV. There was no statistical difference in galling with or without Velum Total.

771 pounds per acre greater for 06G than TifNV. Statistically, Velum Total did not increase yield, but 06G yielded 528 pounds per acre more with Velum Total than without Velum Total. Velum Total did not influence TifNV yield. In this trial, 06G performed better than TifNV under

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low root-knot nematode pressure. However, this is a single trial, and caution should be shown in interpreting it. TifNV has been more competitive with 06G in variety testing by UF peanut breeder Barry Tillman on irrigated land than is shown in this trial. Over four years of Florida peanut variety trials, TifNV averaged 350 pounds per acre less than 06G but approximately 700 pounds per acre more than Tifguard. Under Severe Pressure In the Suwannee Valley trial, rootknot nematode pressure was severe. There were clear above-ground visual differences between cultivars. Georgia 06G exhibited yellowing, browning and wilting with symptoms increasing in severity later in the season. In contrast, TifNV was greener and healthier than 06G. There were no obvious visual differences between strips treated with or without Velum Total. Galling on roots and pods at harvest was much greater for 06G than TifNV, which was nearly free of galling. Velum Total did not affect root or pod galling. TifNV yielded 750 pounds per acre more than 06G, whereas Velum Total did not improve yield. Velum Total and other nematicides have shown value in other trials, but not consistently. Growers should not abandon use of nematicides based on these results. The results suggest that resistant cultivars are a more effective option when root-knot nematode pressure is severe. Always soil test for root-knot nematodes. Based on the results of these trials and other research, producers with a severe root-knot nematode infestation should plant a nematode-resistant cultivar or rotate to a non-host crop. PG Article by Zane Grabau, UF/IFAS crop nematologist, based on research he conducted with Ethan Carter, regional crop agent; Jay Capasso, Columbia County Extension; and Mark Mauldin, Washington County Extension.  Strips of Georgia 06G exhibit chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. The rows of TifNV, a root-knot nematode resistant variety, were green and vigorous. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

Southern Cover Crops Council Group works to double cover crop acreage.

eed help deciding which cover crop to plant? What crops match the goals you are trying to achieve in your fields between production seasons? A new resource is available to help producers with these decisions. The Southern Cover Crops Council was formed in July 2017. The group includes farmers, university researchers, Extension specialists, industry personnel and interested non-governmental organizations, plus representatives from U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service and Natural Resource Conservation Service. The goal of SCCC is to increase cover crop use through collaborative education and research across the South. In fact, its aim is to double the total acreage in cover crops for each state of the Southern region by the next U.S. Ag Census in December 2022. A Go-To Resource The Southern Cover Crops Conference was held July 17-18, 2019, in Auburn, Alabama, with nearly 350 participants. Presentations given at the conference can be found on its website: https://southerncovercrops.org. In fact, the website is a wealth of information from the cover crop selection tool to crop-specific information sheets. Topics include planting and managing cover crops, planting dates, cover crop fertilization and cover crop mixtures. There are resources for planning when and how to terminate the cover crop. Audrey Gamble, Auburn University professor and Alabama Cooperative Extension Service soil scientist, is a member of the SCCC executive committee and conducts research in conservation cropping systems/cover crops to improve soil health and sustainability.

Cover Crop Benefits: • • • • • • • •

Weed Suppression Reduced Erosion Increased Water Infiltration Increased Soil Moisture Retention Reduce Compaction Provide Nitrogen Retain Excess Nitrogen Promote Soil Health

“The Southern Cover Crops website is a good resource with a lot of information on management of cover crops from planting to termination.” The SCCC hopes producers will put more planning and management into their cover crop systems, and the council will provide the resources and information to do just that. Farm profitability and environmental stewardship are always top of mind for the council. PG

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RESOURCES

FLYASH.COM JANUARY 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

Products Soil Health Partnership Heliae Agriculture is partnering with the R.W. Griffin family of companies to drive soil health in Georgia and North Florida. R.W. Griffin, one of the largest fertilizer retailers in Georgia, has become an official distributor for the Southeast region. Gr i f f i n Ev a n s , chemical and seed director for R.W. Griffin, says, “We are happy to create a strategic alliance with Heliae. Their efforts to drive healthy soils allows us to help our growers achieve improved return on investment on their current crops while sustaining their soil for future generations.” In this strategic partnership, R.W. Griffin will work with Heliae on the application of its microalgae soil microbe food, PhycoTerra, to support its efforts in peanuts, cotton and specialty crops. PhycoTerra is created from a Heliaeproprietary strain of microalgae that feeds microbes present in soil. This creates a more complex soil profile that improves water retention and nutrient-

use efficiency in the field, among other demonstrated benefits. “Our soil microbe food will give the R.W. Griffin Specialty Ag product line the additional tools needed to support their efforts in soil health to their growers across the region,” said N.R. Davy, chief revenue officer of Heliae. “Our U.S. third party trials have seen more than 10:1 ROI’s for farmers in a number of key crops. This is another important step in providing regenerative agriculture solutions to growers in the Southeast region.” Mavic 2 Pro Double 4K Upgrade Sentera recently announced the availability of its Double 4K precision agriculture sensor on DJI Mavic 2 Pro drone. This offering provides Double 4K quality at entry-level pricing, expanding data collection options for ag professionals and growers. Several system configurations are available including collection of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference red edge and high-resolution RGB data in a single flight. The Mavic 2 Pro drone with a Double 4K Sensor offers a robust yet affordable solution that helps users quickly detect and respond to problems. The Double 4K sensor delivers outstanding high-resolution crop health imagery

Irrigation Tax Credit For Alabama Farmers Some Alabama farmers could see a break on their taxes thanks to a new tax credit. This credit allows you to count certain costs associated with irrigation, including fuel conversions, equipment and reservoirs, on their income taxes. Only qualified irrigation systems or reservoirs are eligible for the tax credit. Producers must have filled out an annual information report with the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries to be eligible. “Producers completing and submitting an irrigation questionnaire is the first step to properly seeking an income tax credit from the Alabama Department of Revenue,” says Brittney Goodrich, an Alabama Extension agricultural risk management and economics specialist. Eligible taxpayers can claim one credit for qualifying equipment purchased and installed during five-year periods. These periods are 2012 through 2017, 2018 through 2022, 2023 and thereafter. “This is a cost savings that farmers can use to buy new irrigation equipment or to make upgrades to existing equipment,” she says. 22 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2020

and data. “We are excited to extend compatibility to the popular Mavic drone family in order to influence better decision-making and improve outcomes in the 2020 growing season,” says Ethan Oscarson, product experience manager at Sentera. “This solution will give ag professionals more control over their data capture than ever before, offering multiple configuration options on an easy-to-use platform.” By retaining full functionality of the DJI Mavic 2 Pro stock camera while integrating the versatile Sentera Double 4K sensor onto the commercial drone, ag professionals can capture even more data in a single flight. All data is seamlessly compatible with Sentera’s FieldAgent web, mobile and desktop software, integrating the Double 4K data with all major digital agriculture platforms. For more information, visit https:// sentera.com.

According to Goodrich, this credit can also be an opportunity for Alabama producers to expand irrigated acreage. Alabama has significantly fewer acres currently using irrigation than surrounding states. “Alabama irrigates roughly 163,000 acres of cropland, compared to around 1.2 million in Georgia and 1.7 million in Mississippi,” Goodrich says. For more information on this income tax credit, visit the Alabama Department Agriculture and Industries website. You can also visit https://www.aces.edu or contact a member of the Alabama Extension farm and agribusiness management team. PEANUTGROWER.COM

Every Dollar Invested Returns The Bottom Line: The ROI of each program area was vastly greater than the cost of the program.

NPB MARKETING and NPB SPONSORED RESEARCH FUNDINg Due to

Domestic demand IS UP

14.4%

PEANUT YIELDS ARE UP

10.8% (3,880 POUNDS PER ACRE)

In 2019, the National Peanut Board commissioned an econometric study to measure the return on peanut producersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; investments into the programs managed by NPB. Dr. Harry Kaiser of Cornell University concluded that the return on investment for each program area between 2014 and 2018 was vastly greater than the cost of the program.

FROM CORN TO COTTON TO PEANUTS,

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