Peanut Grower January 2021

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JANUARY 2021

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2021

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect And Weed Management

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The

JANUARY 2021

PEANUTGROWER JANUARY 2021

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Volume 33 • Number 1

2021

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect And Weed Management

Departments 4

Editor’s Note Where else would such oddities occur?

6

News Briefs More industry expansion

12

10 Market Watch Tariffs impact export market

Features

20 New Products Valent introduces Excalia fungicide

12 Get A Jump On Disease Management Plan ahead to combat TSWV, fungal pathogens.

13 Disease Identification

Descriptions and photos of commonly found diseases.

14 Insect Management

Supplement

Research-based ratings are offered for peanut insecticides.

Preseason Planning

CornSouth ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Southern Production & Marketing Strategies

January 2021

16 Weed Management

Herbicide efficacy ratings will help with product selection.

20 NPB Tuition Grant For Farm Management Program

A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines

Look for the Corn South supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions of The Peanut Grower.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

This virtual bootcamp offers a path toward success.

Cover photo by Amanda Huber JANUARY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Vicky Boyd vlboyd@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas (847) 559-7514 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com For circulation changes, call (847) 559-7578 or email peanutgrower@omeda.com

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Scott Monfort Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Dan Anco Extension Peanut Specialist Clemson University

Emi Kimura Extension Agronomist Texas A&M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at at Memphis, Tennessee, and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2021 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 60065-1388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim. The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA. One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

Editor’sNote Editor’s Note Our Curiosities Aren’t Limited To People

I

t’s the place of weird happenings, unusual occurrences and oddities. It’s the strangest story you’ve ever heard, and it usually starts with “Florida man…” What began in 2013 as an internet meme, Florida Man has only grown in popularity and recognition with each crazy story.

Part of the reason for this is the ease at which journalists navigate Florida’s freedom of information laws to gain access to odd arrests and encounters.

A simpler reason is likely the variable climate, mixed with odd and unusual animals and a diverse population.

Amanda Huber Florida Man headlines include these Editor, The Peanut Grower gems: “Florida Man Protects Car From Hurricane By Parking It In Kitchen;” “Florida Man Arrested For Trying To Get Alligator Drunk;” And “Florida Man Trapped In Unlocked Closet For Two Days.” Yes, Florida Man has quite a reputation.

Strange occurrences are not limited to people in the Sunshine State.

Florida peanut is also gaining quite a reputation.

In 2017, a problem was found in Florida peanut fields that had never been seen before. In the span of a few days, fields experienced what was eventually called “peanut collapse” or “peanut decline.” Approximately 25,000 acres were affected, and yields were reduced about 1,000 pounds per acre on average. Despite a team of the best university researchers and Extension agents, no primary cause was found.

This summer I discovered one of these oddities on my own. I was in a peanut field in mid-August when I came across peanut leaves with an obvious problem. As you can see from the cover photo, the leaf was mostly yellow with green veins. I took several pictures because I figured it was a deficiency or toxicity of some sort.

I found out later that the leaf symptom had been seen in both 2019 and 2020, but no virus or major nutrient deficiencies were found among the samples where this was routinely observed. Another strange Florida peanut occurrence.

Fortunately, what you will find in this issue of Peanut Grower are plenty of known disease, insect and weed problems, plus a rating of products used to combat those pests and an update of the Peanut Rx for 2021. Here’s hoping that any problem you encounter or work to prevent is something that is known to you or your Extension agent, even in Florida.

One Grower Publishing, LLC

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THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

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NewsBriefs News Briefs 2020 Crop Estimate

Peanut production is forecast by the U.S. Department of Agriculture at 6.64 billion pounds, down 1% from the previous forecast but up 22% from the revised 2019 total of 5.47 billion pounds.

Harvested area is expected to total 1.62 million acres, up 17% from 2019.

Based on Nov. 1 conditions, the average yield is forecast at 4,093 pounds per acre. This figure is down 32 pounds per acre from the previous forecast but is up 159 pounds per acre from 2019. Recordhigh production is forecast in Georgia with record-high yield in Mississippi.

PLC Or ARC Sign Up

It’s time for producers to make their annual program selection and enroll in either the Agriculture Risk Coverage or Price Loss Coverage programs for the 2021 crop year. These key USDA programs help producers weather fluctuations in either revenue or prices for certain crops.

“Although commodity prices are starting to show a glimmer of improvement, recent depressed prices and drops in revenue compounded by the effects of the pandemic have seriously impacted the bottom line for most agricultural operations,” says Richard Fordyce, Farm Service Agency administrator. “Through safety-net programs like ARC and PLC, we can help producers mitigate these financial stressors and keep the ag industry moving forward.”

Enrollment for this crop year closes March 15, 2021.

Part Of Price-Fixing Suit Settled

A group of peanut farmers filed an antitrust class action lawsuit in September 2019 against Olam Peanut Shelling, Birdsong Peanuts and Golden Peanut Co., who the producers say conspired together to reduce the price of runner peanuts.

A $50 million settlement was reached with Birdsong that resolves allegations that the company violated antitrust laws 6/

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

by conspiring to lower the value of peanut crops. Birdsong also agreed to cooperate with the farmers if the case continues. In return, Birdsong escapes liability and avoids risk and costs associated with continuing the case. Had the proposed settlement not been reached, the court was scheduled to hear both sides in a January trial.

In late 2020, the farmers reached a $7.75 million settlement with Olam Peanut Shelling Co. After Birdsong’s settlement, only Golden Peanut Co. remains as a defendant in the case.

Plaintiffs D&M Farms, Mark Hasty and Dustin Land sold runner peanuts to these companies. They alleged they and other peanut farmers were financially injured by the price fixing.

The peanut farmers filed their bid for class certification in September. By moving forward as a class-action lawsuit, it would avoid potentially hundreds of separate trials, which would be inefficient and wasteful.

The proposed settlement would include peanut farmers nationwide who sold runner peanuts to one of the three shellers between Jan. 1, 2014, and Dec. 31, 2019.

Georgia Farm Show Is A Go

The 45th annual Georgia Peanut Farm Show and Conference is set for Wednesday, Jan. 20, from 1 to 5 p.m., and Thursday, Jan. 21, from 8 a.m. to 2:30 p.m., at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center. The show is free and open to all farmers and industry representatives. It is sponsored by the Georgia Peanut Commission.

Attendees will have the opportunity to visit with more than 100 agribusinesses and organizations in the peanut and agricultural industry. Farmers are able to earn private and commercial pesticide applicator certification, as well as learn about cutting-edge research during the University of Georgia peanut production seminar and industry-sponsored seed seminar.

In Brief • 2020 crop production 22% more than previous year.

• Farmers reach settlement with two of three shellers in price-fixing suit.

• Golden Boy Foods to expand peanut butter production in Troy, Alabama.

• Georgia congressman, first African American to head U.S. House Ag Committee.

• UGA Extension plant pathologist, Irwin County Extension coordinator honored.

For additional information and the conference schedule, visit https:// gapeanuts.com/newsroom/.

Golden Boy Foods Expands In Alabama

Alabama Governor Kay Ivey has announced that Golden Boy Foods, a leading manufacturer of private label food products, plans to invest more than $13 million in an expansion project at its production facility in Troy. The investment will create an additional 67 fulltime jobs.

To expand peanut butter production, Golden Boy will modify its existing Alabama facility and occupy a 170,000 square-foot building being constructed by the city of Troy’s Industrial Development Board and leased on a long-term basis to the company.

The project calls for Golden Boy to install $13.3 million in equipment to expand peanut butter production at the Alabama site. Troy’s industrial board is investing $12.5 million to purchase land and construct the building to accommodate the company’s growth plans.

“Golden Boy Foods is excited to expand our Troy, Alabama, facility,” says plant manager Robert Jacobs.

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*Thimet Insecticide reduces the risk of leaf spot in peanuts according to the Peanut Disease Risk Index from the Southeastern United States. ©2020 AMVAC Chemical Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of American Vanguard Corporation. All rights reserved. AMVAC, Thimet and respective logos are trademarks owned by AMVAC Chemical Corporation.

Thimet is a restricted use pesticide. Important: Always read and follow label instructions. See label for listed weeds and pests. Some products may not be registered for sale or use in all states or counties. Please check with your state agency responsible for pesticide registration to ensure registration status. All products are EPA registered. A298-065662 11/20

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NewsBriefs News Briefs UGA Celebrates Faculty Excellence

The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences held a virtual celebration of the D.W. Brooks Lecture and Awards. Five of the college’s most innovative and dedicated faculty members were recognized with the D.W. Brooks Faculty Awards for Excellence, the college’s highest honor.

Speaking at the event was Julie Borlaug, granddaughter of renowned American agronomist Norman Borlaug who led global initiatives that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production referred to as the Green Revolution.

“We need to stop talking about yields,” she said, “and we need to start talking about gene editing and biofortification. We need to talk about how we empower farmers and give them a choice in how they farm. We need to talk about how we save water. We also need to stop talking about the short term, the next 10 years, and start talking about the next 100 years.”

During the lecture, Borlaug said that it is important to foster acceptance of all of the innovation available, both in developing countries and developed nations.

In the awards portion, UGA Department of Plant Pathology professor and Extension plant pathologist Bob Kemerait received the D.W. Brooks Faculty Award for Excellence in Global Programs for work he has done with small-scale farmers in Guyana, Haiti and the Philippines.

Another person working in peanuts who was honored was Phillip Edwards, Irwin County Extension county coordinator, who received the D.W. Brooks Faculty Award for Excellence in Public Service Extension. Edwards has conducted 139 applied research trials resulting in more than 50 state or national presentations and posters.

“A key factor in selecting to expand the Troy facility has been the outstanding business relationship that we have shared with local and state officials since the inception of the plant in 2011.”

Golden Boy Foods is one of the largest manufacturers of private label and contracted manufactured nut butter in North America as well as a significant supplier of premium nuts, fruits and trail mixes to major North American retailers.

The company’s production sites in Georgia and Nevada were also considered for the growth project. The company last expanded in Troy in 2016 and has 112 employees.

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THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

Additional honorees were Gregory Colson, an associate professor in the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, with the D.W. Brooks Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching; Esther van der Knaap, a professor in the Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, with the D.W. Brooks Faculty Award for Excellence in Research; and Tim Coolong, a professor in the Department of Horticulture, received the D.W. Brooks Faculty Award for Excellence in Extension.

“We are delighted to honor these exceptional faculty members,” said Joe West, interim dean and director of CAES. “Each of them brings unique skills that strengthen our discoveries and dissemination of scholarly work through education and outreach programs. They exemplify the quality we strive for as a land-grant college.”

For information about the legacy of D.W. Brooks, visit dwbrooks.caes.uga.edu.

Georgia Congressman To Head House Ag Committee Since Democrats held the majority in the House of Representatives, committee assignments have been taking place. Rep. David Scott (GA-13) will be the chairman of the House Agriculture Committee, the first African American to serve in this position.

The committee is empowered with legislative oversight relating to the U.S. agriculture industry, forestry, nutrition and rural development.

Scott easily prevailed over Rep. Jim Costa (D-Calif.) by a 144-83 vote.

“I am honored to have been chosen

by my colleagues in the Democratic Caucus to serve as chairman of the House Agriculture Committee,” he says.

Scott has served as a member of Congress and the House Agriculture Committee since 2003. He chaired the subcommittees on Commodity Exchanges, Energy and Credit as well as Livestock and Foreign Agriculture.

Scott played a key role in ushering through the past three Farm Bills, including securing critical disaster aid, strengthening the food and nutrition programs, and securing $80 million for new scholarships for students attending 1890 African American land-grant colleges and universities.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

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MarketWatch Market Watch A Retaliatory Tariff Affects The European Market

A

s COVID-19 spikes a second time, the European Union has announced a 25% tariff on U.S. peanuts and other products. The tariff went into effect on Nov. 10, 2020, as authorized by the World Trade Organization, but the market is still digesting the news and determining its potential impact. The move is a retaliation by the European Union against the United States over government subsidies of Boeing and Airbus.

At the same time, the peanut industry has filed a complaint against the United Kingdom and other countries concerning access due to non-tariff trade barriers including inconsistent sampling and testing methods for aflatoxin and pesticide residues at destination ports.

The direct tariff is another example of the European Union taking steps to limit the ability of U.S. peanuts and agriculture to compete fairly in this key market. In a statement, the U.S. Peanut Federation says, “We firmly believe U.S. peanuts can compete in open, fair and competitive markets. This action by the European Union will make U.S. peanuts 25% more expensive than other origins such as Argentina and Brazil.”

Advantage Argentina At this moment, Argentina is the only country that can possibly offer peanuts to Europe, given that Brazil is sold out and the tariff has rendered U.S. peanuts non-competitive pricewise.

Peanuts from Argentina’s 2020 crop are 80% to 90% sold. Splits and smaller sizes are the only product remaining; peanuts in the 38/42 size are completely sold out.

The market is now waiting in advance of South American planting. India and China harvested in November with some 10 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

J. Tyron Spearman Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (As of Dec. 1, 2020) 2020 Est. Acreage (+17%) .................................................1,623,000 acres 2020 Est. Production (+24%).................................................3,321,660 tons 2020 Est. Yield per Acre .......................................................... 4,093 lbs/A 2019 Market Loan (11-23-20) .............................................. 2,341,062 tons 2019 Remaining in Loan (11-23-20) ....................................... 29,475 tons 2020-2021 Domestic Usage (3 Mo.) ............................................. + 6.8 % 2020-2021 Exports (2 Mo.) ............................................................ – 5.4% NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners - $424.55; Spanish - $415.57; Valencia and Virginia - $428.74

complications, and prices have increased in the last few months, even though they usually go down during crop time.

Estimations are that Argentina has planted 7% to 10% more area. The outcome of the 2021 crop will depend on the weather.

Production Estimate The market never believed there was a 3.35-million-ton U.S. crop to be gathered and some doubt the latest estimate of 3.32 million tons. Buyers have good coverage for most of 2021 and seem content to wait and see where the final tally stands.

Early indications are that it is excellent quality in the Southeast, especially in regards to aflatoxin. This is welcome news to the industry coming off the 2019 crop. Lack of maturity seems to be plaguing the Southwest and VirginiaCarolina crops. Delays in all three growing areas during harvest hurt grades and potential yields.

The November U.S. peanut production estimate is up 22% from last year. Acreage was reported at 1.6 mil-

lion acres. However, the November Farm Service Agency report indicated a 63,242-acre increase. The expected U.S. average peanut yield for 2020/21 is 4,093 pounds per acre.

Supply And Demand Peanut supply, counting last year’s ending stocks of 1.05 million farmer-stock tons, is now at 4.438 million tons. Disappearance/demand is estimated at 3.35 million tons. Domestic food usage is 1.64 million tons, up 2.7%.

Crush is up 14% at 425,000 tons and exports about the same as last year at 800,000 tons. That leaves new ending stocks of 1.08 million farmer-stock tons.

U.S. And World Demand Keeps Climbing October was another good month for U.S. peanut usage, up 3.1%. Candy manufacturers are betting on the holidays as usage was up 37% compared to 2019. Snacks peanuts were also positive for the month, up 7.8%. Peanut butter slowed after record usage and was down 4% for October. The big news PEANUTGROWER.COM

MarketWatch Market Watch is the continued growth in the peanut and peanut butter sector, up 6.8% for the first three months after posting a 3.3% increase last year. Stocks are down 15% overall and shelled peanut stocks are down 20%.

China continues to show interest in U.S. farmer stock at higher prices. That has added to the firmness of the U.S. market. China continues pressure on all origins, buying all the peanut oil available and increasing the price every week.

Rumors are that China could be building reserves.

China is also the leader of in-shell peanut market buying from the United States, up 41.9% over 2019. Chinese shipments of raw-shelled peanuts are up 77% over August to September of last year. Canada and Mexico are steady customers ranking first and third in rawshelled shipments and are top buyers of peanuts butter; however peanut butter shipments are down 17.2%. Overall,

exports of peanuts and peanut butter are down 5.4% for the first two months.

What About Next Season?

Some producers still have a few uncontracted 2020 peanuts to sell. Runners should sell for at least $450 per ton and Virginias for $500 per ton.

Prices for Southeast runner peanuts have been from the high 40 cents per pound to the low 50s for aflatoxin-negative material with some shellers completely withdrawing from the market waiting on final production figures.

In-shell Virginia peanuts remain scarce, and it is difficult to get offers.

Peanut producers are in a good position for the 2021 season. But like every year, the price of peanuts depends on cotton and sometimes corn, which offer competition for the land. Ending stocks are not too burdensome on the market, and most farmers with a peanut base depend on the Price Loss Coverage pay-

Agribusiness insurance isn’t a department, it’s a full-time commitment.

‘‘

Peanut producers are in a good position for this season. But like every year, the price of peanuts depends on cotton and sometimes corn, which offer competition for the land.

ment from the previous year to make ends meet.

Another key to the market is the COVID-19 restart of the economy. Will consumers continue to buy peanuts and peanut butter? We’ve got work to do to get the European Union to lift the 25% tariff on peanuts and peanut products and not give it up to Argentina. Just think, this year we start to work on a new Farm Bill. PG

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11

Get A Jump On Disease Management Plan Ahead To Combat TSWV, Fungal Pathogens

By Amanda Huber

Carefully Consider Timing, Inputs One of the first steps is to take soil samples of every field, says Scott Monfort, University of Georgie Extension peanut specialist. “Apply nutrients as needed to ensure that pH and fertility levels are appropriate for producing a high-yielding crop.”

The next step is to time planting carefully.

“Do not plant into cool, wet soils below 68 degrees Fahrenheit, nor into hot, dry conditions. Both can lead to a decreased stand and an increased risk of TSWV.” Monfort says nearly every year he gets a call about a stand problem that can be traced back to something being put in the furrow that does not belong.

“We put a lot of stuff in the furrow. What should be there are fungicides, insecticides and an inoculant. What should never go in the furrow is fertilizer of any kind, whether it is a biological stimulant or advertised as a low-salt product. We do 12 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

PHOTO COURTESY BARRY TILLMAN

E

arly 2020 planting news abounded with warnings about reduced peanut seed germination rates and poor seed quality. Weather conditions in 2019 negatively affected seed viability, and growers would need to pull out all the stops to get a good stand.

Overall, it looks like producers heeded these warnings and minimized potential problems early on. Because of these efforts, losses to tomato spotted wilt across the Southeast were not as significant in 2020 at 4% as in 2019 with 7%. If you consider 2019 to be an anomaly because of the weather, TSWV is still increasing incrementally with losses in 2017 and 2018 at 3% and 3.5%, respectively.

University researchers and Take Care Of Your Seed Extension plant pathologists • Know your seed quality. made no changes to the 2021 • Keep seed in a shaded, cool environment.

Peanut Rx. Producers can use the disease risk index to bet• Plant oldest seed first. ter understand how careful • Keep a 1- to 2-pound sample of each lot in selection of production pracsafe storage. tices can reduce the risk to disease losses. Although seed quality is expected to be better this season, weather is always the unknown risk factor. Minimize risk with a few key steps.

Reduce your risk of TSWV before and at planting with variety selection, cultural practices and input options.

not recommend any in-furrow fertilizer in peanut.”

Add An At-Plant Insecticide Growers also need to consider using Thimet, especially in early planting, Monfort says. Thrips populations and peanut susceptibility to infection are highest in the early spring. The timing of peanut emergence in relation to rapidly changing thrips populations can make a big difference in the incidence of TSWV for the remainder of the season.

“Based on surveys conducted during production meetings this past winter, the highest levels of TSWV were observed by growers who did not include Thimet in thrips management.”

In Peanut Rx, use of Thimet 20G, but not other insecticides, reduces risk to tomato spotted wilt. Also, as of the 2020 version of Peanut Rx, use of either Thimet 20G or Velum Total slightly reduces the risk to leaf spot diseases as compared to other products applied for early season insect control.

In essence, producers should be diligent in using all of the cultural practices indicated in Peanut Rx to reduce virus incidence. Good cultural practices include a planting date after May 10, seeding rate of six seed per foot, twin-row configuration and reduced tillage with a cover crop.

“As you get started this season, ask questions and consider the risk of your decisions. Be proactive in minimizing as many potential issues that may impact the economic returns of your 2020 crop,” Monfort says. “Contact your county agricultural agent for more information.” PG PEANUTGROWER.COM

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Aspergillus Crown Rot

Cylindrocladium Black Rot

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemergence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed is planted in well-rotated fields.

Rotation and seed treatments are effective controls for this disease.

Cylindrocladium back rot infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red reproductive structures growing from the crown of infected plants, while the crown itself is usually black. Root systems of severely infected plants are deteriorated, void of secondary roots and are also black. Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weather. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt disease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips.

Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predominant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking, and mottling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

Peanut Root-Knot Nematode

Late Leaf Spot

Early Leaf Spot

Peanut root-knot nematode-infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in appearance and dark in color.

Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of early leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black.

Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable conditions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, lesions enlarge up to 1/2 inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo, but not always.

Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

3Stem Rot or White Mold

Rhizoctonia Limb Rot

Hot, wet weather is conducive to stem rot or white mild. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown sclerotia.

These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

JANUARY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 13

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Mustang Max

Asana

Baythroid

Brigade

Bt 1

Danitol

Diamond EC

Portal

Comite/ Omite

Warrior II

Lannat

P(LS)

P(LS)

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

NL

P

P/F

Burrower bug

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Corn earworm

G/E

G/E

G/E

G/E

P

G

NL

NL

NL

G/E

E

Fall armyworm

P(LS)

P/F(LS)

P/F

P/F

NL

F

E

NL

NL

P/F

G

P/F

P/F

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

NL

NL

P/F

G

Leafhoppers

E

E

G

G

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

E

E

Lesser cornstalk borer

P

P(LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

NL

NL

P(LS)

NL

P(LS)

NL

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

P/F

Rednecked peanutworm

G

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Southern corn rootworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Spider mites

NL

NL

NL

P/F

NL

P-F

NL

G

G

P(LS)

NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper

NL

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Thrips

F/G

NL

G

G

NL

G (with Orthene)

LS

NL

NL

G

F

Velvetbean caterpillar

G/E

E

G/E

G/E

F

NL

G

NL

NL

E

E

Whitefringed beetle (larvae)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Wireworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Tobacco budworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Beet armyworm

Granulate cutworm

Loopers

Lesser Cornstalk Borer

Fall Armyworm

Lesser cornstalk borer is an important pest in the Southeastern and Southwestern growing areas. It is usually a problem during hot, dry weather and is more often a problem on coarse, sandy soils than on heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer larvae will feed on underground pegs and pods in addition to any part of the plant above ground that contacts the soil surface.

Fall armyworm is one of several foliage feeders that may attack peanuts.

In some years, they can be the predominant foliage feeder. Caterpillars, gray, light brown or mottled green in color, reach approximately 1½ inches in length when fully grown and have a prominant inverted “Y” on their head.

When abundant, fall armyworms can strip plants of foliage and march to other host plants. Female moths lay egg masses of about 150 each and cover them with scales from their body.

Southern Corn Rootworm Damage Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but it mostly feeds on pegs and pods, causing significant economic damage. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, green, brown or black insects about 1/8 to ¼ inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak into the midrib on the lower side of peanut leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn yellow from the point where the feeding has occured to the tip of the leaf and may die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

Corn Earworm/Tobacco Budworm In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above right) and the tobacco budworm moth (above left) are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will soon follow.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

arrior rrior IIII rior II

P PP P NL NL NL NL G/E G/E G/E G/E P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F

EE E E (LS) P(LS) (LS) LS) NL NL NL NL G GG G NL NL NL NL (LS) (LS) P(LS) LS) G G GG

GG G G

EE E E

NL NL NL NL

NL NL NL NL

NL NL NL NL

10

Key Impacts Of Cover Navigating The Late Season Crops On Soil Health

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; SCR Advisory For V-C Producers E ==Excellent G = Good Control; F1 Dipel = Fairand Control; Poor Control; LS Labeled Control; for suppression only others;P *=Insufficient dataNL = Not Labeled; G = Good = Fair Control; = Poor Control; E ==Excellent Control; and others; *PInsufficient data NL = Not Labeled; LS Labeled for suppression only Control; 11FDipel 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data The southern corn rootworm is considLS = Labeled for suppression only Lorsban Chlorpyrifos Thimet ered a major pest inIntrepid North Carolina and Lannate Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Blackhawk Prevathon Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet Blackhawk Dimilin Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon 4E 15G 20G 20G Virginia peanuts. all fields Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin However, Intrepid not Prevathon Chlorpyrifos 15G 15G Orthene

need to be treated for SCR. P/F NL NL NL NL G/E NL G P/F NLNL NL NL NL NL G GG NL NL G/E NL G GG G GG EE G P/F G/E NL E G P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL GVirginia Tech's G E G Tidewater Agricultural NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NLNL G G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NLNLExtension NL Center entomolNL Research and NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL ogist Sally Taylor says, NL “KnowledgeGof the E NL NL G E F G NL G NL EE NLNL NL NL G E F F GG NL G G NL NL G G E NL NL E NL NL G E F G NL G history NL NL NL injury isG Guseful past of rootworm G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G GG NLNL NL NL F/G F/G G G F/G F/G G/E NL G/E G G the need NL G in determining If G/E NL G/E NL G G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL for treatment.

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NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G P/F NLNL P/F P/F G or NL NL NL F/G E/G P/F NL NL G NL NL G F/G survival he decision of whether to spray or NL P/F NL G notMost NL NL roots and NL other soilGclay.

G Rootworms F/G haveE EEa higher E/G E/G Cover crops feedNLmany types ofP/F soil organisms. soil crop organisms. rate NL NL NLdigging NL G feed F/G NL NL G in those NLsoils due NLto higher NL when to NL start not always easy For Late GLeaf fungiNL and bacteria areNL crops. onF/G car- Risk NL NL NL G NL NL G NL NL NL NL isto GThey F/G NL NL NLNL NL NLmoisNL NL NLbeneficial NL G an F/G NL Factors NL G Spot NL NL NL ture-holding capacity, and injury will typCover crops reduce soil compaction and improve the bohydrates from plant roots and release nutrients, such as nitroone.

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NL NL NL NL Areas NL NL NL NL NL NL center-pivot irrigation. with directly on pegs NL and feedNL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NLNL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL structure NL and strength.

NL be NLsevere NL NL ically more than in light soils."

Excess tillage destroys soil strucgen or phosphorus, to the crop.

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NL NLNL NL NLCorn ture, while NL cover cropsNLand the gloTUFRunner 511) bacteria.

Cover cropsseason support the entire soil NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL the soil NLorganisms NL NL Last survive year’s active hurricane made end-of-season and poorfood drainage areNLalso at risk of not in dry soil conditions.

Rootworm Advisorytogether, is available to aid malin or the glue that binds soil particles leading to • Late planting (May 26 or later) NL NL NLtricky.NLBased NL onNLearly NL season G/E NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL planning and execution NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL NL Therefore,NLirrigation orNLa wet weathNL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL increased podCover damage. producers toNL determine soil aggregation strong soil structure. when Coverfields cropsneed and • better Poor control of volunteerand peaCover crops increase the number of earthworms. conditions and favor in NL case harvestG/Econditions areNLsimilar NLwill NL G/E P NL G/E NL NL NL NL treatment.

ANL digital version of the F er NL NL G/E NL G/E NL NL NL pattern development of FF NLNL NL NL P P NL G/E NL NL NL NLadviF NLto greater G/E NL P NL in rotational G/E NL NL NL NL earthworms helpcrops loosen compacted soil more effectively than nuts crops typically lead earthworm numbers and

C

What are the factors affecting final sprays and digging decisions?

7

T

1

8

2 the pest. Adult beetles can be readily

to last year, Clemson University peanut specialist Dan

sory can be G/E found on the VirginiaE/G CoopMANAGEMENT NL NL E G G NL NL E E subsoiling equipment.

• NL Poor season control NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G diversity.NL Earthworms NLlike E G vertically, G while Eerative G/E E/G EdNL NLnightcrawlers E tunnel G G NL end ofNL NL Eof G/E EE E/G Extension’s Publications and Anco has the following advice. detected peanut fields.

Their preslate leaf spot in an adjacent others, likein redworms, tunnel create channels NL NL NL horizontally.

NL Both NL NL NL options NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL are ucational website at https:// NL NLNL NL NL NLRootworm NL NL NL NL NLwith NL NL and air NL NLsoil. NL management NL NL Cover NL NL NL integrate NL NL crops make it easierResources to livestock upwind fieldNL the previous year for crop and for water to move the ence in roots moderate toNL high numbers is a into www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/.

Click on “Crops” limited.

Granular chlorpyrifos bandNL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL Changing Planting Dates NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL field crops.

Think of buffalo herds foraging on prairies, • Starting fungicide programs NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NLNL NLNL NL NL and NL warningF/G F/G a problem NL NL NL that could develop. to search the list, or NL search by publicaed over the matter. row is theyou only treatment any later than 45 DAP; better Rains over several weeks in May caused some plans to can see how natural systems evolved to have an integration Cover crops build soil carbon and soil organic NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL identification NL NLVCE Publication E/G NL tion forNL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NLNL NL NL NL NL NL effective NL NL NL NL E/G NL NL NL early than late proven be against this pest of plants and grazing animals.

The NL manure from livestockE/G grazing change.

Rain brought on late and leaf spot todioxide volunteer peaCover crops use sunlight carbon totomake carSCOUTING 444-351.

It is also available for download Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist • Extending spray intervals becan be beneficial for building organic matter and soil health.

It is in peanut.

According to research conbon-based Some the carbon through nuts. Early molecules. pressure calls forofearly action. is Asrecycled we entered Edited University ExtensionEntomologist Entomologist EditedbybyDr.Dr.Mark MarkAbney, Abney, University of of Georgia Georgia Extension as a PDF. yonda15 days also way to profit from cover crops. soil organisms, but some becomes humic substances that build ducted in Virginia and North Carolina, Finding rootworms in the soil is difJune, there was still time to get peanuts planted and The advisory is designed to help de• Repeated, frequent periods of soil organic matter, is improving nutrient and moisture availability.

Threecornered Burrower Bug preventative ficult, and injury often not detected Bug obtain a reasonable window of conditions for growth andinsecticide applications termine in a few Three-Cornered minutes whether fields Burrower Bug leaf wetness; rains, reduce soil Three-Cornered Coverexcessive crops greatly erosion Hopper and loss. The Alfalfa Hopper hard to to infestations idenBurrower bugs can bebefore hard idenmade are established until after peanuts are dug when it is need an insecticide treatment.

PG harvesting.

Alfalfa Hopper Burrower bugs can be hard to idenfrequent irrigation future of our food supply depends on topsoil, and hoppers cover Cover crops contribute to better management of soil Three-cornered field and infestation Threecorneredalfalfa alfalfa tifytime infor the field, and an anpeanuts infestation provide good control.

There are no folitooMid-May late for control measures.

Scout is generally the best to plant Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers tify in the field and an infestation Rain immediately after at appliare exceptional helping stop erosion. with cover nutrients. By building soil organic matter, cover may • crops are lightNo-till green and wedgeuntil harvest. hoppers are light green untilcrops is often not detected are light green and wedgeis oftencan not detected harvest. ar insecticide available, and SCR by pulling up although plants andpeanuts examinin South Carolina, still beuntil made iftreatments cation – wait 24 hours totoirrigate crops reduces erosion a fraction of what it would be.

Even with shaped.

They stand about ¼ Burrower bugs have a black-toand wedge shaped. They impact the need for fertilizer. Cover crops bugs scavenge for nutrients have aa black or shaped.

They stand about ¼ Burrower have black-totargeting the adult beetle has not abeen ing the roots and pods feeding injuplanted into early June.forOnce planting dates reach June • light Consecutive use fungicides with the mode of action (extillage, fieldofwith cover crops is same still inch better protected.

PG high and are about ¼ inch brown body, small redinto eyes on a stand about ¼ inch high brown body and small, red eyes and hold nitrogen rather than letting it escape rivers or inch high and are about ¼ inch brown body, small red eyes on a cept or chlorothalonil) 10,and we sifting are looking at the approximate digging dates shown tonear reduce injury improve ry through soil long.

Bothabout adults¼and nymphs small-sized The upper wings and are inch long. on a small-sized head.

The upper groundwater.

The nitrogen is loose released toto the head. next year’s crop. long. Both adults and nymphs small-sized head.

The upper wings have mouthparts of burrower bugs are shiny and Article from the Southern Agriculture Research and Education Oct. the 20 for a 132-day like Bailey or digging dates Both piercing adults and nymphs yields. find larvae.

It mayvariety be necessary toburrower wings of bugs are shiny have piercing mouthparts of burrower bugs are shiny and and by penetrating the semi-hardened with the membrahavefeed piercing mouth parts program. information, visit www.sare.org/covercrops. and with the memSlowing AFor Growing Leaf Spot Epidemic: entering November for moderate-maturity varieties Determine theto need to treat on a wash off into wetcrops or clay soils to the clearly see Cover help keep soilsemi-hardened covered.

Rain is likely and feed by penetrating the semi-hardened with the membraE E EE

9

3

10

4

5Rapid growth after rain can cause

stem and sucking plant juices.

nous tip overlapping.

Its legs are and feed by penetrating branous tip overlapping.

Its legs Effective fungicide prevent disease, stem and sucking plantnot juices. nous overlapping.

Its legs like Georgia 06G. cause bare soil3:19 to erode, form a 1tip crust or overheat inare direct field-by-field basis. Decisions can be programs are designed toThey PM Page tend and to feed in a circular spiny, andand needle-like, piercing, the stem sucking plant are spiny needle-like.

Piercing, cure it after the fact.

If something goes wrong and you find late They tend to feed in a leaf circular spiny, and needle-like, piercing, sun.

Some bare soils can reach that 140 degrees, killing soil organOne of the concerns around time of year becomes based on both adult populations and fashion around a stem, making sucking mouth mouth parts are visible with Four principles for improving and maintaining juices.

They tend to feed sucking parts are visible spot lesions in the bottom of the canopy, especially with lessa than 30 fashion around stem, making sucking mouth parts are visible isms stressing the crop.

Cover crop residue protects the soil. slow and drying conditions prior to awith combining that can lead punctures as they go. The damaged areafeeding typically punctures swells and above ground root short splits or creases to occur in past history in is peanutfeeding fields. athe hand Burrower bug in a circular fashion around a stem, making as they go.

The hand lens. lens.

Burrower bug is closely soil health: days until harvest, treat immediately, retreating in 10and days, with one feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells above ground root with a hand lens.

Burrower bug is growth may occur.

On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. closely related to stink bugs. to quality if they in damp conditions too area typically swells, and above-ground root growth may occur.

On Treatment late in the season followouter pod issues wall that cansitbeout confused • Keep the soil covered as much as possible. damaged related to stink bugs. growth occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. closely related to stink bugs. of the may following: crops the biodiversity in farm fields. peanuts, feeding occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. long.Cover Everydamage. year is aimprove little different, but overall combi•Topsin Disturb the soilfl as ing the significant rainfall •may be 4.5 toomay late with SCR FL 10 oz little + 1.5asptpossible.

Bravo Generally, the more plant diversity in a field and the longer • Keep plants growing throughout the year to feed the soil. nation of lower yield potential, higher late leaf spot presThis pest is more likely to be found to effectively prevent •rootworm injuProvost Opti 10.7 oz + 1.5 pt Bravo that living roots are growing, the more biodiversity there will • Diversify crop rotations as much as possible, including cover sure and generally unfavorable harvesting conditions are ry.Growing Late-season treatments may in low and leading heavier-textured • Priaxor 8 fl also oz be in soilspots organisms, to healthier soil. mixes of crops. more prevalent for peanuts planted after about June 10. encourage spider mite outbreaks. PG soils moist conditions cover under crops improves diversity. or with

damaged pods. pearman ad 11/14/08

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JANUARY 2 018 THE•PE ANUT GROWER JULY MAY• 2020 THE PEANUT GROWER.COM // PE ANUTGROWER JANUARY 2021 •PE THE PEANUT GROWER //

JANUARY JANUARY 2019 • 2020 THE ANUT GROWER

Weed Management

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting), EP=Early postemergence to peanut (first true leaf through beginning of pod development). 1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for many products.

Compiled by Dr. Pratap Devkota, Weed Science, UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, Florida.

WEED RESPONSE TO RESIDUAL HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS PPI

PERENNIALS

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

BROADLEAVES

AC

EP Zidua

Strongarm1

Dual

Dual Magnum or like product

Pursuit1

Strongarm1

Dual Magnum

Valor

Dual Magnum

bermudagrass

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

johnsongrass (rhizome)

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

nutsedge, purple

P

P

P

G

F

P-F

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P

P

F-G

F-G

F

F

P

F

broadleaf signalgrass

G

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

G

F

crabgrass

E

E

E

F

P

E

P

G

G

crowfootgrass

E

E

E

P

P

E

P

G

G

fall panicum

G

G

G

P-F

P

G

P

G

G

foxtail

E

G-E

E

G

P

E

P

E

E

goosegrass

E

G-E

E

F

P

E

P

G

G

johnsongrass (seedling)

G

G

F

G

P

P-F

P

P-F

sandbur

G-E

G-E

F-G

P

P

F-G

P

F

P P

Texas panicum

G-E

G-E

P-F

P-F

P

P-F

P

P

bristly starbur

P

P

P

F

E

F-G

F-G

F

burgherkin

P

P

P

E

F

G

F-G

P

citron melon

P

P

P

P-F

F

F

P

cocklebur

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

F

P

coffee senna

P

P

P

F-G

P

F

P-F

P

copperleaf

P

P

P

P

E

P

G-E

P

cowpea

P

P

P

P

F

P

P-F

P

crotalaria

P

P

P

P-F

F

P-F

P

croton, tropic or woolly

P

P

P

P

P-F

G

G

P

dayflower2

P

P

G-F

P

G

G-E

F-G

F-G

eclipta

P

P

P-F

P

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

Florida beggarweed

P

P

P-F

P

G

P-F

E

P-F

Florida pusley

E

E

G-E

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

G

hairy indigo

P

P

P

P

G

F

G

F

jimsonweed

P

P

P

G

G-E

F-G

G

P

lambsquarters

E

E

F

F

F-G

F

E

G

morningglory spp.

P

P

P

G

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, cypressvine

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

morningglory, pitted

P

P

P

G-E

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, smallflower

P

P

P

E

G-E

F

E

P

pigweeds

G

P

P

G-E

G-E

G

E

G-E

G

E

G

G

prickly sida

P

P

F

G-E

F-G

G-E

G-E

F

G

ragweed

P

P

P

P

E

G

G

P

P

redweed

P

P

P

G

G

G

G

F-G

sicklepod

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

P

F-G

P-G

P-G

P

G

G

F

P

P

spider flower

P

P

spurred anoda

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

velvetleaf

P

P

P

F-G

G-E

F-G

F

P

wild poinsettia

P

P

P

E

G

P

G

P

wild radish

P

P

P

E

smartweed

16 /

PRE

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

G

P

F

F-G P

P PEANUTGROWER.COM

Tropical Spiderwort

Sicklepod

Smallflower Morningglory

Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers in addition to blue above-ground flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation. Stems are succulent, and the plant reroots quickly after cultivation. It spreads by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Sicklepod is native to the southern United States. It is a large-seeded legume with upright growth habit that reaches 2 to 6 feet tall. The leaves are smooth or waxy with no hairs on the leaf or stem. The oval pinnately compound leaflets, usually six, are arranged opposite.

It has a deep branched taproot that is tough to pull once established. Flowers are yellow, and seed pods are slender and 4 to 8 inches long.

Smallflower morningglory is probably the most common morningglory species in the Southeast. The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seedling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows, small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It has heart- or spear-shaped leaves and produces small blue flowers in a cluster.

Spurred Anoda

Texas Panicum

Wild Poinsettia

(Anoda cristata)

(Panicum texanum)

Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member of the mallow or cotton family. Its alternate toothed leaves are 2 to 4 inches long and sometimes have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively large-seeded annual grass that is common in much of the peanut acreage in the United States. It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of the spurge family, it has hollow stems and milky, latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen.

Tall Morningglory

Tropic Croton

Red Morningglory

Similar to other morningglory species, tall morningglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed are desired food for doves.

Red morningglory is a relatively common annual morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear until later in the season. The key identifying features are the distinctive points on the leaf margin and relatively small red flowers.

(Commelina benghalensis)

(Ipomoea purpurea)

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

(Senna obtusifolia)

(Croton glandulosus)

(Jaquemontia tamnifolia)

(Euphorbia heterophylla)

(Ipomoea coccinea)

JANUARY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 17

Weed Management Compiled by Dr. Pratap Devkota, Weed Science, UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, Florida.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS POSTEMERGENCE

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

johnsongrass (rhizome)

Paraquat+ Storm

P

P

P

P

Anthem Flex

2,4-DB

Pursuit

Basagran

Ultra Blazer

Storm

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

F

F

F

P

F-G

P

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P-F

F-G

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

P

F

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

F

P

P-F

P

P

P

crowfootgrass

G

G

G

G

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

fall panicum

G

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

F

P

foxtail

E

E

E

E

G

P

F

P

P-F

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

E

P

P

P

P

P

johnsongrass (seedling)

G

G

G

G

G

P

F

P

P-F

P

sandbur

F

F

F-G

F

F

P

F

P

P

P

Texas panicum

G-E

G

E

G

P

P

P-F

P

P

P

bristly starbur

F

G

G

G

F

F

P-F

G

F

F-G

burgherkin

F

F

F

G

F

F

P

G

F

citron melon

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

F

F E

goosegrass

cocklebur

F-G

E

G

G-E

E

E

E

G

coffee senna

F

G

G

G-E

F-G

F

F-G

P

F

copperleaf

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

G-E

G

cowpea

F

F

F-G

F

P-F

P

P

P-F

F

crotalaria

P

P

P-F

E

F

P

P

E

G-E G-E

croton, tropic or woolly

P-F

P-F

P-F

G

P

P

P

E

F

F-G

G-E

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

F

eclipta

P-F

P-F

P-F

F-G

P

P

G

F-G

E

Florida beggarweed

dayflower/tropical spiderwort

G-E

G-E

E

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

Florida pusley

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

hairy indigo

G

G

G

G

F

P

P

G

F

jimsonweed

E

E

E

E

P

F-G

E

E

G

lambsquarters

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P-F

P

F

F-G

G

morningglory spp.

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

F

F-G

G

F-G

G

G

morningglory, cypressvine

F

G

F-G

G-E

G-E

F-G

morningglory, pitted

F

F-G

F-G

G

morningglory, smallflower

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

pigweeds

G

F

G-E

G

F-G

prickly sida

F

G

G

F

G

P

ragweed

F

F-G

F-G

G

G

P-F

P

redweed

G

G

G

G

F

sicklepod

G-E

G

G-E

G

F-G

P

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

P-F

G

smartweed

P

F

G

G

G

P-F

F-G

F

G

G

F-G

G

E

G-E

G-E

E

P

G

G

P-F

G

P

G

F

E

G

G

P

G

P

P

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

spider flower

F

F

F

F

F

F

G

F-G

spurred anoda

P

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

F-G

P

F

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

G

P

F

wild poinsettia

F

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

P-F

P

E

G

wild radish

F

F

F

G

P

E

P-F

E

G

velvetleaf

18 /

Paraquat+ Basagran+ Dual Magnum

P-F

crabgrass

BROADLEAVES

Paraquat+ Basagran

nutsedge, purple broadleaf signalgrass

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Paraquat

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

F

PEANUTGROWER.COM

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor.

If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products. *Rating is for two-leaf stage or less.

Ultra Blazer

Storm

Classic

Cadre

Select

Cobra

P

P

P

P

G

P

Hophornbeam Copperleaf

P

P

G

G-E

P

(Acalypha ostryifolia)

Palmer Amaranth

P P

P

P

G-E

P

P

P

F

P-F

G-E

P

P

Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branching annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated leaf edges.

Copperleaf has bright green leaves throughout most of the growing season, but these turn a characteristic copper color as the plant reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has become an increasing problem because of herbicide resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well over 6 feet and can be very difficult to control once established. Unlike other pigweed species, Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head and a more robust appearance.

Bristly Starbur

Wild Radish

Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed common in much of the Southeast. In addition to the accepted common name, it is also called “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough textured fuzzy leaves and an upright but profusely branching growth habit. Its seed form with two sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant extremely bristly.

Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter crops, such as small grains and canola. However, it has become an increasing problem in peanuts. This plant forms a rosette of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed stalk that arises from the rosette.

Florida Pusley

Lambsquarter

Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed species that appears almost prostrate. It can be effectively controlled only with preplant incorporated herbicides.

Florida pusley has bright green leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The stems are very hairy and may have a purplish appearance. The flowers are white with six petals in a star-shaped whorl.

Common lambsquarter is a small-seeded annual broadleaf species particularly troublesome in the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant, which can exceed 7 feet at maturity. Its arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and often have a whitish dusty appearance on their undersides even in the seedling stage.

P

P

P

G

E

P

P

P

P

G

E

P-F

P

P

P

G

G-E

P P

F

P

P

G

G

P-F

P

P

F-G

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

G

P

P-F

P

P

G-E

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

P

P

P

G

E

P G

F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

G

F

P

E

P

G

F

F

P

G-E

P

G

G

E

G-E

E

P

G-E

P

F

P

E

P

P-F

G-E

G

P

P

P

G-E

P-F

F

F

P-F

P

P-F

E

G-E

P

P

E

E

G-E

P

P

P

E

F-G

F

P

F

F

P

F-G

E

P

P-F

P

F-G

P

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

P

P

P

G

F

F-G

F

P

E E

E

G

P

G

P

F-G

G

P

P-F

P

F

G

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

G

G

P

G

P

G

G

G

P

G

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

G

P

G

G

G

P-F

E

P

G

P

G

P

G

P

G

E

G

P-F

P-F

P

E

P

G

P

G

P

F

P

P

P-F

G

P

P-F

G-E

G-E

P

G

P

G-E

G

F-G

F-G

G

P

G

P

F

P

F-G

P

F-G*

P

F

P

F-G

P

F

E

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

E

G

P

E

P

E

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

(Acanthospermum hispidum)

(Richardia scabra)

(Amaranthus palmeri)

(Raphanus raphanistrum)

(Chenopodium album)

JANUARY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 19

Valent Excalia Fungicide Peanut growers have a new defense against white mold with Excalia fungicide from Valent U.S.A. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency granted federal registration of Excalia, which offers white mold control even under heavy pressure, to help growers prevent the yield loss this difficult disease can cause.

According to the most recent Georgia plant disease loss estimate by the University of Georgia Extension, white mold was the most problematic disease for peanut growers, leading to an average 8% reduction in crop value.

“When peanut growers are dealing with a disease like white mold, they can’t risk the yield loss that comes from not using an effective product,” says Quyntin Brandt, Valent brand manager. “Excalia shields peanut crowns through proven Peanut Rx spray programs, giving growers a flexible option to strengthen their soilborne disease control and protect yield.”

Excalia features a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (FRAC 7) active ingredient, Indiflin (the trademark name for inpyrfluxam), which offers fast-acting, highly systemic movement into the plant tissue. This allows the product to interfere with fungal growth and reproduction for intrinsic potency against damaging pathogens.

Excalia also targets Rhizoctonia limb and pod rot and Sclerotinia blight for broad spectrum peanut disease control.

It also offers suppression of early and late leaf spot.

“Excalia is an excellent fit in integrated pest management and Peanut Rx programs to protect the crop and improve the production efficiency of a grower’s operation,” Brandt says.

UGA Extension plant pathologist Bob Kemerait says, “Even with a stout fungicide program, farmers cannot always fully protect a peanut crop from white mold. Management

John Deere Introduces AutoPath To help producers more accurately document and follow each row of crops in fields throughout the season, John Deere has introduced AutoPath. This new precision ag application uses data collected from the first pass in the field, either planting or strip-till, to establish precise row guidance for all subsequent field passes, no matter the machine type or equipment width.

According to John Mishler, precision ag marketing manager for John Deere, traditional guidance line setup can be a challenge for some customers during the season.

“When using AutoPath, guidance lines are automatically created from a map of crop row lines for each field. These 20 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

UGA Extension weed specialist Eric Prostko tested Excalia fungicide in herbicide tankmixes and found no compatibility or injury problems. However, more data is needed to ensure crop safety from tankmixes.

may include rotation, variety selection, choice and timing of fungicides, and strategies to move fungicides into the crown of the plant.”

Peanut Rx can be helpful in deciding when to initiate a peanut fungicide program. For many farmers, the date to begin including a fungicide for white mold control is approximately 60 days after planting, or with the third application of a traditional seven-spray program.

UGA Extension weed specialist Eric Prostko says that although he needs to collect more replicated data, currently he has not observed any physical compatibility problems or significant increases in peanut injury from the use of Excalia fungicide with commonly used peanut herbicides.

To learn more about Excalia, visit Valent.com/Excalia.

mapped row lines are used to automatically create guidance lines for the entire field for all other in-field passes, such as spraying, nutrient application or harvesting operations, later in the year,” Mishler says. “Using this solution, operators know which rows to start on and can precisely follow the auto-generated guidance

lines, regardless of the field application or machine width. This increases operator confidence in being on the right row and the efficiency of field operations throughout the growing season and harvest.”

AutoPath is included in the John Deere Generation 4 Automation Bundle and available for either the 4600 CommandCenter Integrated Display or the 4640 Universal Display. It’s available for use on tractors, sprayers and combines, and can be incorporated with active and passive implement guidance systems for planters, nutrient applicators and other field equipment.

For more information on AutoPath row guidance and other precision ag technologies, contact your local John Deere dealer or visit JohnDeere.com.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

novozymes.com/bioag

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NPB Offers Tuition Grant For Farm Management Program The virtual bootcamp sets farmers up for success.

T

imes are challenging on the farm these days. Farmers run and finance large and diverse businesses, manage capital, handle labor issues and navigate regulations.

Operators are constantly working on their business. The Executive Farm Management Program is designed to help farmers work on their business. This year, the National Peanut Board is proud to partner with the EFMP to support peanut farmers’ participation in this educational activity.

NPB will provide a $150 tuition grant for up to 100 U.S. peanut farmers who participate in the 2021 EFMP to be held virtually Feb. 9-11, 2021. Farmers can find more details and sign up for the program at go.ncsu.edu/efm.

Traditionally, the EFMP is delivered in three in-person sessions totaling 12 days in January and February. However, due to the pandemic, the EFMP for 2021 has been modified to a virtual bootcamp covering strategy, financial management and human resource management.

Sharpen Skills, Learn New Ones “Peanut farms are usually capital-intensive operations,” says EFMP director Blake Brown. “They are more complex and diverse than other row-crop farms. Some peanut farms even venture into value-added peanut products.

“Regardless, they must stay at the cutting edge of management, particularly if they want to successfully pass the operation to the next generation. The EFM bootcamp will sharpen peanut farmers’ existing management skills and provide new skills in an innovative and intuitive framework that peanut farmers can put to work right away.

“We hope to help farmers with some very important, core management skills and prepare a really strong group of farmers for a full program in 2022,” Brown says.

22 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2021

Alabama Row Crop Short Course Now Online

The program is open to U.S. peanut farmers from all growing areas, backgrounds and business situations.

“NPB’s support of peanut farmers’ participation in this program aligns with our mission to improve the economic condition of peanut growers and their families,” says Lauren Highfill Williams, NPB director of communications. “We anticipate that the $150 tuition grant will encourage growers to make this investment in the future profitability and success of their operations.”

The bootcamp program will be preceded by four webinars, delivered at 9 a.m., Eastern Standard Time each Tuesday, Jan. 12 to Feb. 2. The webinars cover critical management topics such as transforming your business, managing cash, family succession issues and tackling sticky conversations.

More information on the management program and how to apply can be found at go.ncsu.edu/efm. PG

Preparations for the upcoming growing season will not need to be put on hold during the pandemic. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System and the Auburn University College of Agriculture’s Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences have partnered to bring the annual row crops short course to producers everywhere—on their own time. Now available, the topics run the gamut from weed control and market outlooks to farmer panels.

Alabama Extension Soil Scientist Audrey Gamble says the faculty and agents are working to equip farmers with relevant research and information.

“We are excited to bring farmers the Alabama row crops short course online,” says Gamble.

“As in previous years, we have a top line-up of speakers. COVID will keep us from a traditional, in-person short course, but we are dedicated to equipping our farmers with cutting-edge information as they make decisions about the upcoming year.”

Topics include: weed control in Xtendflex soybean; cotton leaf roll dwarf virus update; crop market outlook; redbanded stink bug management in soybean; nematode-resistant cotton varieties; seed quality issues in peanut; herbicide applications in a world with dicamba; potassium management for high-yielding cotton; wild hog management and a farmer panel on cover crop management.

Each video is 10 to 15 minutes.

Watch the virtual Alabama Row Crops Short Course at https:// cses.auburn.edu/2020-alabamarow-crops-short-course/.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

PG_Ad.pdf

1

09/12/20

17:46

Now here’s something to celebrate.

Peanut per capita consumption in the U.S. reached an all-time high of 7.6 pounds in 2020.

C

M

Y

CM

Thank you for producing a high-quality crop and investing in National Peanut Board programs.

It’s an industry-wide effort to keep consumption growing so let’s celebrate and—just like you—get back to work.

MY

CY

CMY

K

Visit nationalpeanutboard.org for more details on per capita consumption and National Peanut Board programs. *U.S. Census and USDA Data

We at The Peanut Grower strive to stay atop the latest production strategies to keep your operations profitable, season after season. Between our print product and digital offerings, we’ll never leave you high and dry.

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