The
PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC
THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com
In The Furrow What Goes In? What Stays Out?
2020 MARKET OUTLOOK:
Acreage Adjustment Reduces Carryover Managing Weeds With PP, PPI And Pre Herbicides
MARCH 2020
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The
MARCH 2020
PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC
MARCH 2020
THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com
In The Furrow
Volume 32 • Number 3
What Goes In? What Stays Out?
2020 MARKET OUTLOOK:
Acreage Adjustment Reduces Carryover Managing Weeds With PP, PPI And Pre Herbicides
Departments 4
Editor’s Note We were all talking about it
6
News Briefs First FDA-approved allergy drug treatment
8
Market Watch Carryover reduction is a positive
19 New Products Future crop protection chemistries showcased 20 Peanut Pointers Explore helpful agriculture apps now
10 Digging Out
Acreage adjustments have helped reduce carryover, and the same is needed in 2020.
13 Stressing Mental Health 14 In The Furrow
Irrigation Management
CornSouth Southern Production & Marketing Strategies
Features
Resources tailored to farmers’ needs are available.
Supplement
ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC
14
What goes in? What stays out?
March 2020
18 Managing Weeds With PP, PPI And Pre Herbicides
These application timings can reduce weed competition and yield loss. A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines
Look for the Corn South supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions of The Peanut Grower. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER
Cover photo by Amanda Huber MARCH 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /
3
EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Vicky Boyd vboyd@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe
ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas (847) 559-7514 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com For circulation changes, call (847) 559-7578 or email peanutgrower@omeda.com
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Scott Monfort Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Dan Anco Extension Peanut Specialist Clemson University
Emi Kimura Extension Agronomist Texas A&M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida
ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/ Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2020 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 600651388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim. The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.
Editor’sNote Editor’s Note Buying Into The Message
I
t had everyone talking. Was Mr. Peanut really dead? Would Planters kill off one of the longest running, most recognizable, top hat- and monocle-wearing brand icon? When the commercial teaser was released, my phone started buzzing. Friends and co-workers wanted to know if he was dead. Peanut industry friends and contacts were talking about it. At production meetings prior to the Super Bowl, it was a topic of discussion even among Extension specialists. If Amanda Huber the goal was to get people talking, it Editor, The Peanut Grower worked. As it turned out, Mr. Peanut was dead. After being “planted” and with a tear from Mr. Kool-Aid “watering” him, a peanut plant grows, and Baby Nut – a small, cute version of the character – is born, so to speak. Planters had engineered the perfect viral moment for the 2020 Super Bowl. But will it sell more peanuts? I couldn’t help but recall the first commercial in my memory that went viral, even before we knew what that meant: the California Raisins. The Claymation raisin characters singing Marvin Gaye’s “I Heard It Through The Grapevine” were wildly popular in the mid-1980s. The concept was created for a 1986 Sun-Maid commercial on behalf of the California Raisin Advisory Board. The campaign included several commercials, music albums and merchandise. What the campaign failed to do was get people to buy more raisins. Growers spent almost twice on production costs what they earned in raisin sales for the campaign. Experts say memorable campaigns are good, but to be effective, they must prompt consumers to buy. How will Planters continue the campaign remains to be seen, but we can hope that the message to buy more peanuts is loud and clear.
One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.
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THE PEANUT GROWER • MARCH 2020
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NewsBriefs News Briefs Program Enrollment Deadline
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farm Service Agency encourages producers to enroll now in the agriculture risk or price loss coverage programs. Sign up for the 2019 crop year closes March 15, 2020, while sign up for the 2020 crop year closes June 30, 2020. Producers who have not yet enrolled for 2019 can enroll for both 2019 and 2020 during the same FSA visit. ARC and PLC have options for the farm operator who is actively farming the land as well as the owner of the land. Farm owners also have a one-time opportunity to update PLC payment yields beginning with crop year 2020. If the farm owner and producer visit the FSA office together, yield information can be updated at that time.
Third Trade Mitigation Payment
At the direction of President Donald Trump, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue announced the third and final market facilitation program payment to assist farmers from unjustified trade retaliation. Payments were made by FSA under the authority of Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act to producers of most crops, including peanuts. MFP assistance was based on a single county payment rate multiplied by a farm’s total plantings of MFP-eligible crops in aggregate in 2019. “It’s been a great start to 2020 for American agriculture with the signing of the historic Phase One Deal with China and the signing of USMCA,” says Perdue. “While these agreements are welcome news, we must not forget that 2019 was a tough year for farmers as they were the tip of the spear when it came to unfair trade retaliation. President Trump has shown time and again that he is fighting for America’s farmers and ranchers, and this third tranche of 2019 MFP payments is proof. President Trump is following through on his promise to help and support farmers 6/
THE PEANUT GROWER • MARCH 2020
as he continues to fight for fair market access just like he did with China.”
Georgia Research Report Day
The Georgia Peanut Commission’s annual research report day was held recently in Tifton. The event provided growers and industry representatives an opportunity to hear the latest reports and newest information available on GPC-funded peanut research projects. “The commission works to wisely invest peanut farmers’ dollars into research projects across Georgia in an effort to reduce input costs and improve agronomic techniques,” says Donald Chase, GPC Research Committee chairman. “Although some of the findings are preliminary, the projects are exciting, and many times new recommendations or observations are announced.” The GPC awarded $653,901 in 2019 for 35 research projects from the University of Georgia, the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College. The research focuses on variety development, conservation methods, irrigation and water management as well as pest, weed and disease management. Research reports are available online at www.gapeanuts.com.
FDA Approves First Peanut Allergy Drug Treatment
Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Palforzia, produced by Aimmune Therapeutics, to reduce allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, which may occur from accidental exposure to peanuts. Palforzia is an oral immunotherapy shown to help some children and teens increase tolerance, reducing the likelihood of a serious reaction from accidental exposure to peanuts. The National Peanut Board released the following statement supporting FDA’s approval: “Children living with peanut aller-
In Brief • Deadline approaches for 2019 crop sign up. • Third market facilitation payment made. • FDA approves peanut allergy drug to increase tolerance. • NPB turns peanut emoji into real food bank peanut butter donations.
gies now have a treatment option that can profoundly change their lives. Oral immunotherapy is not a cure, but it has already been shown to improve the quality of life significantly for those who completed the trials. “As America’s peanut farmers, we are grateful to the researchers and families who stayed focused on this outcome because they believed a better future for allergy sufferers was both possible and important. Whether to choose oral immunotherrapy or continue to avoid peanuts is a personal decision and should be made in consultation with a physician or healthcare provider.”
Alabama/Florida Trade Show
More than 500 farmers attended the 15th annual Alabama-Florida Peanut Trade Show in February. Featured speakers included National Peanut Board President and CEO Bob Parker, National Peanut Research Lab Research Director Marshall Lamb and The Redding Firm’s Bob Redding. The grand door prize winner was Chris Long of Bascom, Florida. Long received one season’s use of a KMC peanut combine. Additionally, he has the option of purchasing the combine at $15,000 off the list price at the end of the 2020 season. Amadas Industries provided the grower door prize to Joey Koptis of Robertsdale, Alabama. Koptis received PEANUTGROWER.COM
NewsBriefs News Briefs a certificate for one of the following options: $10,000 toward the purchase of a new Amadas self-propelled peanut combine; $5,000 toward the purchase of a new Amadas pull-type combine; $2,000 toward the purchase of a new Amadas peanut digger; or $1,000 toward the purchase of a new Amadas peanut dump cart. Colombo North America presented a certificate for $10,000 off the purchase of a Colombo combine to Jace Miniger, Walnut Hill, Florida. Clay Mixon of Dothan, Alabama, won a free trip to the Southern Peanut Growers Conference in July. Sammy Williams of Columbia, Alabama, won a Benelli Nova 12-gauge shotgun.
Use The Peanut Emoji, Help Feed The Hungry
In January, the National Peanut Board launched a new consumer campaign, Spreading Good, focused on spreading peanuts and goodwill. Throughout 2020, NPB will be activating a collection of purpose-driven initiatives centered on doing good with peanuts and peanut butter. The new Spreading Good campaign will give
back to local communities by facilitating peanut- and peanut butter-based consumer activities that will trigger product donations throughout the year. In the first part of the campaign, the NPB is turning the peanut emoji into real peanuts. Every time the peanut emoji is shared on Twitter, peanut butter donations are made to food banks across the nation. Consumers are encouraged to tweet using the peanut emoji from now until March 31. “We believe in the potential the Spreading Good campaign presents because it offers peanut and peanut butter fans the opportunity to pass forward the passion and love they have for their favorite food,” explains Bob Parker, NPB president and CEO. “Today’s consumer likes to support brands and products they believe are doing good.”
Peanut Proud Festival
Come celebrate all things peanut in Blakely, Georgia, at the annual Peanut
Calendar • March 4 — American Peanut Shellers Association Industry Spring Conference, Leesburg, Georgia • March 18 — Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Profitability Workshop, Lubbock, Texas. • For more information on these events, visit The Peanut Grower website at https://peanutgrower.com/calendar-2.
Proud Festival. The festival will be held at the town square March 28. The daylong celebration begins with a 5K and Fun Run and ends with a street dance. In between these events are the parade, more than 100 vendors to visit, a kids’ peanut butter obstacle course, free entertainment and much more. Come sample specialty products, such as fried peanuts and grilled PB&J sandwiches, and visit the Peanut Proud store. For more information, go to peanutproudfestival.com. You can also follow us on Facebook for updated details about the event schedule.
World Record Candy Bars
Just before the Super Bowl, the Guinness Book of World Records was on hand at the Mars Wrigley plant in Texas as it unveiled the world’s biggest Snickers bar. Weighing in at 4,700 pounds, the 2-feet high and 26-inch wide bar was the equivalent of 43,000 single-size Snickers bars put together. “This is incredibly impressive,” said Guinness World Records adjudicator Michael Empric. “Some of my favorite record categories are big food because it has to be edible and it is also an engineering feat. To get a 5,000-pound bar of chocolate to stay together is really challenging.” And they have the states’ own reputation to thank for their inspiration. “Everything’s bigger in Texas,” said Snickers value manager Ruud Engbers. “It’s the largest chocolate nut bar ever made in the world.” The giant candy bar appeared in their Super Bowl commercial on Feb. 2.
TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER
Not to be outdone, two weeks after Mars set its record, Hershey’s topped it with a monster-sized Reese’s Take 5. The five-layered bar—which features peanut butter, chocolate, caramel, peanuts and pretzels—took more than 40 people five days to create. According to Hershey’s, the massive bar was consumed by their employees as part of a Reese’s celebration. Competing world record peanut candy bars is one delicious way to use up a surplus of peanuts.
MARCH 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /
7
Watch Carryover Reduction Is A Positive For Producers
T
he U.S. peanut market is said to be difficult with producers awaiting marketing signals on how many acres of peanuts to plant. Shellers are struggling to meet deliveries of current contracts and still show little interest to sell more until current contracts are filled. If a buyer does show interest and a price is offered, shellers are still choosing to wait. Approximately 40% of peanuts shelled are testing above U.S. Department of Agriculture limits for aflatoxin. This is putting extreme pressure on blanchers to keep up and with shellers going into seed shelling in the next 60 days, availability will tighten further. With cotton in the upper 60 cents per pound, it is difficult to see a sheller getting too aggressive contracting 2020 crop peanuts.
ing points report $400 per ton for 2020 runners, $425 per ton for high-oleic peanuts and $450 per ton for Virginias with limits. 2019 unsold loan peanuts are still at $400 per ton.
Reducing The Carryover A positive market influence for the grower is that the industry is finally getting out from under the burdensome carryforward of the past few years. Manufacturers are not trying to aggressively buy 2020 crop right now either, so that takes some pressure off contracting with farmers. Round One of the agreement with China has not yet led to a boost in cotton prices to give producers another option. The sheller is being squeezed by cleaning and blanching costs. As availability tightens, jumbo runners priced at 45 cents per pound are now 60 cents per pound if negative for aflatoxin. With peanut volume not a marketing issue, there is no trickle down to the farmer from the higher-shelled prices. It is difficult to get offers for 2020 deliveries and impossible to get offers on 2021 deliveries (2020 crop). Some buy-
Producer Assistance Government programs have had a significant impact on farm income for peanut producers. The USDA has implemented the Market Facilitation Program in response to retaliatory tariffs that took place during 2019. Peanuts were included in the direct payments through MFP as part of the total planted acreage eligible for a county-level payment rate. The three payments have been made ranging from $35 to $150 per acre depending on the tariff impact. The peanut program includes a Price Loss Coverage reference price of $535 per ton. Prices during the 2019-2020 marketing year are expected to be low, with estimates for the October 2020 payment around $115 to $123 per ton for 2019-20 crop. Other industry assistance included $3.4 million from the Agricultural Trade Promotion Program to the American
8/
THE PEANUT GROWER • MARCH 2020
J. Tyron Spearman Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower
Leading Marketing Indicators (Feb. 11, 2020) 2019 Est. Acreage (+ 1%) ................................................ 1,391,700 acres 2019 Est. Production .......................................................... 2,748,043 tons 2019 Market Loan .............................................................. 2,340,498 tons 2019 Loan Redemptions ...................................................... 342,975 tons 2019-20 Domestic Usage (5 Mo.) ............................................... Up + 3% 2019-20 Exports (2019) ............................................................ Up + 3.61% NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners - $424.13; Spanish - $416.70; Valencia and Virginias –$430.94
Peanut Council for programs that help farmers increase access to new export markets. Additional assistance came from the Ag Marketing Service in the purchase of peanuts and peanut butter for domestic food programs. Low commodity prices, hurricanes, slow government disaster aid and added tariffs are all taking their toll on farmers. The most farm bankruptcies filed in 2019 were in Wisconsin followed by Georgia. Domestic Peanuts The USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 2019 crop summary places 2019-20 U.S. peanut production at 5.5 billion pounds (2.7 million tons), virtually identical to the 2018-19 crop. Sown acreage for peanuts was also nearly unchanged from 2018-19, while the harvested acreage increased only 1% to 1.39 million acres. A downward revision of the production forecast reflects lower yields in the Southeast from the hot and dry summer. The average yield estimate for 2019 was reduced 131 pounds from the previous forecast to 3,949 pounds per acre, down from 4,001 pounds per acre in 2018. PEANUTGROWER.COM
Watch
‘‘
2020 will be a balancing act to plant and harvest a quality crop that equals the market’s needs. Demand for peanuts and peanut butter at home and abroad are strong and continue to increase.
Despite a steady production level, the total supply of peanuts in 2019-20 is down 4%. Domestic food use is expected to increase 1.9% while exports are predicted to go up 6.4%. For the grower, ending stocks, now slightly down 13% to 1.05 million tons, continue to hinder contract offers.
good, up 16% after four months. China and Vietnam are buyers of in-shells despite tariffs. In-shell volume is up 139%, and raw-shelled peanut shipments are up 7.5% with strong buys from Canada and Mexico. Peanut butter shipments are down about 16%. The United States-Canada-Mexico Trade Agreement should help. In China, fears over the deadly coronavirus have impacted imports from the Asian country. The virus has morphed
Export Peanuts U.S. peanut exports are still looking
from being a curiosity into a much more ominous threat to the global economy for 2020. The new Argentine government slapped all peanut exporters with an additional export tax, which now stands at 12%. Producers there finally received needed rains, but more is needed to combat the high temperatures and winds they are experiencing. Overall 2020 will be a balancing act to plant and harvest a quality crop that equals the market’s needs. Demand for peanuts and peanut butter at home and abroad are strong and continue to increase. PG
Peanuts: Area Harvested, Yield and Production by State and Total for the United States, 2017-2019 Area Harvested State
2017
2018
Yield 2019
2017
1,000 Acres
2018
Production 2019
2017
2018
Pounds/Acre
2019
Tons
Alabama
193
161
158
3,650
3,550
3,350
352,225
285,775
264,650
Arkansas
29
23
33
5,300
4,900
5,200
76,850
56,350
85,800
Florida
185
143
155
3,450
3,950
3,800
319,125
282,425
294,500
Georgia
825
655
660
4,330
4,390
4,200
1,786,125
1,437,725
1,386,000
Mississippi
43
24
19
4,000
3,900
4,000
86,000
46,800
38,000
N. Mexico
7.6
5.5
4.7
3,500
2,850
3,210
13,300
7,837.5
7,543.5
N. Carolina
117
98
102
3,100
3,870
4,350
239,850
189,260
221,850
Oklahoma
21
15
14
3,780
3,070
4,100
39,690
23,025
28,700
S. Carolina
118
80
62
4,000
3,400
3,800
236,000
139,000
117,800
Texas
210
145
160
3,320
3,200
3,100
348,600
232,000
248,000
27
24
24
4,440
4,200
4,600
59,940
50,400
55,200
1,775.6
1,373.5
1,391.7
4,007
4,001
3,949
3,557,705
2,747,967.5
2,748,043.5
Virginia US TOTAL
TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER
MARCH 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /
9
Digging Out Acreage adjustments have helped reduce carryover, and the same is needed in 2020. By Amanda Huber
T
he past three years have been tough, to say the least. A tremendously big crop in 2017 created a carryover that has been looming over producers’ heads. Although adjustments were made in planted acres in 2018 and 2019, those crops were affected by Hurricane Michael, flooding and a quality-degrading drought in 2019. A Carryover Reduction The National Peanut Lab’s Research Director Marshall Lamb says it has taken three years to work off overproduction from the 2017 crop. “Producers made adjustments in acreage during the 2018 and 2019 crops that has moved the carryforward to a better position.” Dell Cotton, executive director of the Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Association, Suffolk, Virginia, says 2015 through 2017 were some of the biggest production years, and that’s what created the hole the industry has been trying to dig out of since.
“One reason for those big crops was the introduction of generic base in the 2014 Farm Bill, which resulted in the planting of peanuts over other crops because of the better price. When we got that changed in 2018 is when things started to settle down a bit.” An Increase In Average Yield In 2019, five states produced more than 4,000 pounds per acre: Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The average yield, nationwide, was 3,933 pounds per acre, and Arkansas produced the highest yield at 5,204 pounds per acre. “It’s amazing how well we have developed our varieties,” Cotton says. “Georgia hasn’t dipped below 4,000 pounds per acre since 2012. “It’s one thing to do it in a state like Virginia with 12,000 acres; it’s another thing to do it in a state with 500,000 acres. It really starts with the varieties and ends with having a good harvest.
Market Highlights •
Acreage adjustments have helped reduce carryover.
•
Total U.S. average yield is nearly 4,000 pounds per acre.
•
The 2019 crop had significant aflatoxin levels.
•
Price continues to be near $400 per ton.
•
What effect trade agreements will have is still unknown.
•
Tonnage equal to 2019 would further reduce carryover.
10 /
THE PEANUT GROWER • MARCH 2020
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“Whether we are talking about acres, yield or production, this past year’s numbers were like 2018.” Quality Concerns One difference in 2019 was drought and the significant increase in aflatoxin. University of Georgia Extension Agriculture Economist Adam Rabinowitz says yield was adjusted because of the effects of drought in dryland production. “Quality of the crop was a concern because aflatoxin was at its highest rate since 2016.” Cotton says, “Nearly 2% of the whole crop was Seg. 3 due to drought. For Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina, it is the second consecutive year at least some portion of the state had drought.” He says the increase in aflatoxin is a problem when sending peanuts to the European Union, which has strict rules for quality. Stable Trade Markets Needed Exporting is critical to agriculture, peanuts included. “We export about 25% of our production,” Cotton says. “In years when
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we had increased consumption and demand, it usually means we exported more than expected. Our best export years came when China bought a lot of our peanuts.” In the newly signed Phase One deal, China has agreed to purchase an additional $40 million in agricultural goods each year. “It may be optimistic where China is concerned, but the strengthening of competing crops, specifically cotton and soybeans, would have more to do with an upturn in peanut contract prices than anything that could happen in peanuts, directly,” he says. “We need for China to be a reliable market and a stable export destination for our peanuts. That would be the best outcome for the recent trade agreement.” Contracting Options Even with the reduction in carryover, there are still too many peanuts. Looking ahead to 2020, Rabinowitz says, one needs to consider the continued excess supply and the stagnant demand during the past four years.
“This means that a reduction in production is warranted, and that begins with a decrease in planted acres,” he says. “However, a reduction in planted acres is unlikely to occur, as alternative crops in Georgia do not present much better opportunities for higher net returns. “A price near $400 per ton is expected. Farmers are advised to consider their individual risk tolerance and what makes sense for their business given their own financial situation. One strategy at current market prices might include contracting for some of the expected production and waiting for the market to develop throughout the year.” Lamb agrees that the correct amount of planted acreage is critical in 2020. He looks for it to be influenced by cotton prices and plantings over the next two months. “We can get to a good carryout position going into 2021 if we produce the same tonnage. However, we can easily overplant in 2020 and be in a period of oversupply again, which would affect us 2021 and beyond.” PG PEANUTGROWER.COM
Stressing Mental Health Resources tailored to farmers’ needs are available. By Amanda Huber
S
oldiers returning from the Gulf War and Afghanistan during the past two decades brought a new group of words to our lexicon: post-traumatic stress disorder. More recently, there has been a dramatic increase in suicides from first responders. In the past few years, with rock-bottom crop prices and after the devastation of Hurricane Michael, the topic of rural stress has also come into view. Rural Stress In Focus University of Georgia Extension peanut specialist Scott Monfort and other members of the peanut team are making special mention of this topic in production meetings this spring. “We know your job is one of the toughest and most stressful jobs out there,” he says. “Unfortunately, in the past few years, we have lost some good farmers, and it is likely partly due to stress. “The University of Georgia is making new resources available through the Extension service,” Monfort says. “UGA wants to be here for you in every aspect of farming, not just production.” So Much Out Of Your Control In a survey of farmers attending the
Georgia Farm Bureau 2019 annual convention, UGA School of Social Work professor Anna Scheyett sought to better understand farmer stress. Although the data was collected informally and 118 surveys were completed with more women answering than men, Scheyett found that stress is high among farmers in Georgia. Getting information on stress and suicide to farming communities is critically important. She also found that ensuring the information is provided in ways that are acceptable and accessible is crucial. According to the survey, the top five stressors were weather at 71.93%; finances, 33.33%; commodity prices and sales, 28.95%; farm operating costs,
Rural Stress Resources • Contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (800-2738255) or use the online Lifeline Crisis Chat. Both are free and confidential. You’ll be connected to a skilled, trained counselor in your area. • For immediate crisis help, call the Georgia Crisis & Access Line (GCAL) at 800715-4225, available 24/7 toll-free; staffed by licensed mental health professionals. Language assistance is available. • The Rural Georgia: Growing Stronger website at https:extension.uga.edu/rural for a collection of articles, resources and programs to assist producers with issues from maintaining good mental and physical health to juggling economic, educational or lifestyle concerns. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER
27.19% and government: legislation, regulations and aid, 19.30%. Reaching Out Scheyett also found that providing education through social media, newsletters and magazines would be an easy and effective form of outreach. Additionally, building on the trusted relationships farming communities have with their local Extension offices and providing classes at these familiar locations could be an effective information dissemination strategy. “Farming is the only profession I can think of where you can do everything right and work 24/7 and make all the best decisions and have all the best equipment and still go bankrupt,” Scheyett says. “There’s so much out of your control.” Although rural life is often portrayed as a slow-paced, idyllic lifestyle, farmers, and, by extension, their communities, face daily adversity and challenges. A lack of resources in small towns only adds to the feeling of isolation, as do the unique challenges faced by producers. As this crisis in farm country comes into focus, more help is being made available. PG MARCH 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 13
In The Furrow Take advantage of this opportunity to give your crop the best possible start. By Amanda Huber
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ow many opportunities do you get to put products in furrow that will protect the peanut seed? You get one chance, says Bob Kemerait, University of Georgia plant pathologist. “Once you close that furrow, many of your opportunities are gone. It can be insurance or a missed opportunity. Base your decisions on the risk you are willing to live with.” Start With Quality Seed University of Georgia Extension peanut specialist Scott Monfort says there are a lot of options for insecticides, fungicides and inoculants that will help the seed get off to a good start and protect seedlings. However, there are also a lot of sales pitches to put other products
in the furrow that may or may not work. So what is needed in the furrow, and what is not? “Start with good quality seed,” Monfort says. “Also, know the germination of your seed because if you don’t, you won’t know how to adjust the seeding rate to get the desired stand. “Tomato spotted wilt virus has been increasing in the past few years, and we saw a big spike last year. One reason is that we are planting a lot earlier. If TSWV keeps increasing, it will cause more yield loss and may end up backing up planting dates to the middle of May when the Peanut Rx risk index shows there is less susceptibility. “Producers should also choose a variety that has a good disease package and more tolerance to TSWV,” he says.
In The Furrow What Goes In? • Good quality treated seed • Inoculant • Insecticide • Fungicide • Nematicide What Stays Out? • Fertilizer or any fertility product
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Nitrogen-Fixing Boost Whatever the variety choice, Kemerait says to never plant a peanut seed that doesn’t have a seed treatment on it. “Seed treatments are the first line of defense against seedling diseases such as Aspergillus crown rot and Rhizoctonia, and also against nematodes. Protecting against skippy stands created by these seedling diseases also helps with TSWV.” UGA cropping systems agronomist Scott Tubbs says inoculants are another important input to put in the furrow. “Apply inoculants in fields that have been out of peanut for more than five years. However, it is a good practice to apply inoculants each year, especially following years of extreme weather like prolonged hot, dry periods or extended water-logged soils.” Applying an inoculant to the seed in furrow ensures that peanut-specific bacteria are available and ready to colonize seedling roots so the plant can begin fixing nitrogen quickly. It is yet another step in getting a good, uniform stand. In-Furrow Insecticide Another reason TSWV is increasing, according to Monfort, is related to insecticide use. At-plant insecticides are recommended by the UGA peanut team, including Extension entomologist Mark Abney, as a good investment against thrips. “Some insect pests are a certainty every year. Every year, there will be thrips and caterpillars in
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peanut fields. I feel strongly that an at-plant insecticide for thrips is a good investment. However, not every field needs to be treated for insects after planting.” Which at-plant insecticide should producers use? Monfort says, “If you are planting in late April or before May 10, we would rather you use Thimet (phorate). I know some growers don’t like putting it out because of the difficulty, but it is the only thing that suppresses the virus.” “Thimet is the only insecticide that reduces the risk of TSWV,” Abney says. “However, if you put imidacloprid in furrow and you’re happy with that, and you are seeing only 5% TSWV, I’m not going to try to convince you to do anything different. “But I want you to be aware that you are at a higher risk for TSWV than you would be if you used Thimet in-furrow.” In-Furrow Fungicide Options An in furrow fungicide is also an option, and Kemerait explains when to use these crop protection products. “If you have had trouble getting a stand in the past, if there is a concern, ‘is my seed going to be good enough even with the seed treatment,’ then azoxystrobin or Abound in-furrow is recommended. “Cylindrocladium black rot is also starting to come back a bit. If you have had CBR in the
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past, consider Proline in furrow. You only have one good chance to fight CBR, which can be seed transmitted but also stays on residue in the field. It is almost impossible to control during the season. Once it shows up, Proline in-furrow is the best option.” At-plant nematicides are also an important in furrow addition. “Velum Total is an at-plant nematicide that also has some fungicide properties. It will also give some help with leafspot mangement,” Kemerait says. AgLogic brand aldicarb is another at-plant product for use on nematodes and early thrips pressure. Kemerait wants producers to know that in-furrow fungicides are only a complement to seed treatments but do not replace them. What Does Not Go In The Furrow? Monfort says nearly every year he gets a call about a stand problem that can be traced back to something being put in the furrow that does not belong. “We put a lot of stuff in the furrow. What should never go in the furrow is fertilizer of any kind, whether it is a biological stimulant or not. If it’s hot and dry and you have limited moisture, you will kill the seed.” Take the opportunity at planting to get the crop off to the best start possible with good quality treated seed, inoculants and in-furrow pesticides. Consult an Extension agent or specialist for use of at-plant products not included in Peanut Rx or the UGA Peanut Production Quick Reference Guide. PG
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Managing Weeds With PP, PPI and Pre Herbicides By Emi Kimura, James Grichar, Pete Dotray and Josh McGinty, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
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est management practices for peanut production include effective season-long weed management. The four weed management principles in peanut production are: 1. Start clean. 2. Use residual herbicides. 3. Be timely with postemergence applications. 4. Know your weeds. Early season weed management is most important and should result in easier weed control later in the season. There are five critical herbicide application timings in peanut production. These application timings include preplant burndown, preplant incorporated, preemergence, early postemergence and
postemergence. Yield losses are minimized when peanuts are free of weed competition for the first four to six weeks after planting. The use of PP, PPI and Pre herbicides are critically important for minimizing weed competition during the early season. April is a good time for planning and applying PP and PPI herbicides in your peanut fields while Pre herbicide applications are made at planting. Early post timing is 10 to 20 days after planting, with postemergence 20 to 45 days after planting. Preplant Burndown Early emerging weeds, such as Russian thistle and kochia, can be controlled by tillage or use of burndown herbicides.
Preplant and preemergence herbicides are a good start to reducing weed competition and yield loss.
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Products New Fungicide Brand Name Corteva Agriscience recently announced it was implementing Onmira active (pronounced “ON-meer-uh”) as the new global brand name for picoxystrobin, the active ingredient in more than 15 of its fungicides. Corteva Agriscience Global Portfolio Leader Keith Graham says, “Farmers worldwide will be better able to recognize our high-quality active ingredient in these current Corteva fungicide products, as well as new ones we will be launching.” According to Corteva, Onmira is a highly active strobilurin (Group 11) fungicide used for the control of foliar and soilborne plant diseases. Products with Onmira are labeled for soybean, corn, wheat, rice, sunflower, canola and oilseed rape. For more information on Corteva Agriscience, visit www. corteva.com. New Herbicide Molecule Discovered Bayer recently announced pipeline advancements for the
One of the strengths of paraquat is control of Russian thistle, and glyphosate is effective on a broad spectrum of annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. Preplant Incorporated Preplant incorporated herbicides labeled for peanut include ethalfluralin, pendimethalin and trifluralin. These dinitroaniline herbicides, also known as yellow herbicides, are effective on annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds such as Palmer amaranth, Russian thistle and kochia. However, these herbicides are ineffective at controlling large-seeded broadleaf weeds such as cocklebur, sunflowers, and both yellow and purple sedges. The use of a Pre herbicide will enhance control of some of these weeds. Read the label carefully for recommendations regarding effective incorporation methods for PPI herbicides. If incorporation is too deep and peanuts are planted too shallow, roots from planted seed will go through the treated soil, which can result in stunting. Preemergent Herbicides The use of a Pre herbicide can be effecTWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER
Crop Science Division. One of those is a new herbicide molecule that will be part of the first new post-emergence mode of action for broad-acre weed control in 30 years. Multiple MOAs for weed control are important for managing herbicide resistance and enabling practices that help to sequester greenhouse gases, like no-till farming. Discovering new herbicide MOAs has been a challenge for the industry, but, according to Bayer, its continued investment, leading compound library and advanced screening capabilities have enabled a breakthrough. Bayer announced a molecule in Phase 2 of development has demonstrated effective control of key resistant grasses in early research. Discovery of this molecule is being complemented by a discovery-phase program to identify and develop a corresponding biotechnology trait to convey herbicide tolerance, and initial approaches are under evaluation. For more information, go to www.bayer.com.
Peanut Herbicides Preplant Burndown • paraquat – Gramoxone* • glyphosate – Roundup PowerMax* Preplant Incorporated • ethalfluralin – Sonalan 3EC* • pendimethalin – Prowl H2O* • trifluralin – Treflan*
tive in controlling annual broadleaf and sedge weeds. There are several options for Pre herbicides in peanut. They are flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid, acetochlor and imazethapyr. Pre herbicides must be applied and activated before weed emergence. Additionally, some of the Pre herbicides must be applied prior to peanut emergence to avoid crop injury. Please read labels carefully for incorporation methods (irrigation, mechanical), application rates, application timing, and grazing or feeding restrictions. Flumioxazin should be applied prior to planting and up to two days after planting but before peanut emergence. It provides four to six weeks of residual activity for controlling Palmar amaranth, golden crownbeard, morningglory
Preemergence • flumioxazin – Valor, Panther, Rowel* • S-metolachlor – Dual Magnum* • dimethenamid – Outlook* • acetochlor – Warrant* • imazethapyr – Pursuit* * Generics available
species and other weeds. Crop injury can occur if flumioxazin is applied three days after planting. Severe stunting can occur if flumioxazin is applied alone or in combination with S-metolachlor under cold, wet soils or water-logged conditions, and peanuts may not recover during the growing season. Acetochlor and dimethenamid provide good residual control of grass weeds and small-seeded broadleaf weeds, and can control ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth. Always Read The Label It is important to read the label carefully, especially for application rates based on your soil type, feeding restrictions, rain-free periods, rotation restrictions, herbicide groups and other instructions. PG MARCH 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /
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Pointers What We Learned In 2019 2019 was not a banner year in Alabama, and many are glad it is behind us. The extreme heat and drought reduced yield and income, particularly because of the increase in Seg 3s. Acreage was down to 156,000, and it was one of the lowest average yields, 3,350 pounds per acre, in many years. We can only hope that KRIS BALKCOM Auburn University the historic drought years that Extension Specialist have ended in zero came a year early in 2019. As we look forward to 2020, you have to decide which variety to plant. Georgia-06G has been the mainstay and still shows some staying power. However, there are other varieties that will outyield Georgia-06G. We have seen over the years that varieties eventually fail,
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which is why producers are encouraged to spread out the risk by planting more than one variety. Georgia-06G has lasted longer than many other varieties we have had. One issue I see with new varieties is the variability in performance from year to year, which is why 06G has continued to be planted on a majority of acres. Creating some of the variability in newer varieties is disease resistance. The dry fall of 2019 kept disease pressure down, allowing some varieties to perform better than during fall 2018, which was hot and wet with heavy disease pressure. Only Georgia-12Y and AU-NPL 17 had a chance to hold on to peanuts in those harsh conditions. Even with the disease resistance, Georgia-12Y has some flaws. Heavy vines led to picking difficulties this past season. Another issue we experience with 12Y is a higher percentage of LSKs at times due to drying conditions over another variety. The 2019 season also had heavy tomato spotted wilt pressure. FloRun ‘331’ seemed to show it was more susceptible to the virus than other varieties, but it did not seem to hurt yield. These are a few points to think about as you start selecting varieties.
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Pointers Start With The Basics As we move toward planting in 2020, remembering the basics is important. With farmers having more acres to manage, it is possible to overlook details that can limit yield. Soil pH is one of the “silent killers” when it comes to yield, especially with respect to peanut. The optimum pH range is 5.8 to 6.2. In a recent DAVID JORDAN North Carolina State survey of soil samples sent University for testing, a little more than Extension Agronomist half of the samples fell in this range. Most of the remaining samples were equally split between a pH greater than 6.2 and a pH between 5.4 to 5.7. About 5% of samples were below a pH of 5.4. Using historical yield data from research plots, the economic value of adjusting pH from 5.3 to 5.8 using 2 tons at $535 per ton, with the cost of lime at $42 per ton, was about $200 per acre. This is an 11:1 return on lime investment, even when all of the lime cost was charged to peanuts. Having soil pH in the optimum range also increases the likelihood of getting a positive response to applied gypsum and Bradyrhizobia for nitrogen fixation. A second basic is establishing good rotation sequences for peanuts. More years of corn or cotton and fewer years of soybean often result in greater peanut yield. If you need soybeans for overall farm profitability, plant this crop after peanuts and then put in at least three years of cotton, corn or grain sorghum in the rotation prior to peanut. Sweet potato is a great rotation with peanuts, while tobacco is less than ideal but better than soybeans. Our tools are limited in their ability to overcome poor rotations. Disease-resistant varieties can help, and some commercial products can suppress nematodes and disease. But these approaches can have inconsistent results. We do not have a Virginia market-type with resistance to nematodes. While the economics of the rotation crop will almost always outweigh the impact of overall rotation sequence, at some point a less-than-ideal rotation sequence will affect peanut yield or require greater input costs. From a weed management standpoint, using more residual herbicides upfront – preplant in conservation tillage, preplant incorporated in conventional tillage, preemergence in both tillage systems, and early postemergence – being timely with postemergence sprays, rotating modes of action, and pulling up escaped weeds to prevent seed production are important elements of successful weed management in TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER
peanut. Pay particular attention to common ragweed and Palmer amaranth in the V-C region. We have ALS resistance in both weed species and suspected PPO resistance in some areas. If you had a strong PPO-herbicide program and these weeds escape, be diligent in keeping them from seeding out. Start out with clean fields in both conventional and conservation tillage – it makes for a long summer when we have to start catching up as peanuts are emerging.
Arm Yourself With Knowledge I’ve heard many times, and I bet you have too, “In a typical year, you can expect ….” The problem is that “typical year” is a mythical creature in some agricultural fairy tale. The best way to be prepared this season is to arm yourself with knowledge so you can make the best decisions possible in your quest SCOTT MONFORT for that happy ending. University of Georgia Many growers have already Extension Agronomist made a great first step by attending county production meetings where Extension specialists have updated them on new research findings and recommendations. Some key issues discussed were fertility, TSWV, seed quality, variety selection, weed, disease and insect management, and harvest decisions. Here are a few items to consider prior to and at planting that deserve mentioning again: • Take soil samples, and adjust pH and/or replenish nutrients as needed, especially in a short rotations. • Good quality seed is key! Ask for the percent germination of each lot before you plant. • Adjust seeding rate based on germination rate. Do not increase the seeding rate without knowing the germination percentage. • Start with a weed-free field no matter which tillage practice you use. • Calibrate your sprayer, planter, granular hoppers, etc. before planting the first seed. • TSWV has increased the past few years. Consider the risk of planting before May 10. • Thimet is recommended to help suppress TSWV. • Know the disease susceptibility of the peanut cultivar you are planting by referring to Peanut Rx. • Make sure soil temperature is at least 68 degrees F for three days with no threat of a cold snap before planting. • Know your situation and adjust accordingly. MARCH 2020 • THE PEANUT GROWER /
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You can find information on these topics at your county Extension office and on the UGA peanut team website at ugapeanutteam.org. Information on the website includes the Peanut Production Quick Reference Guide, peanut budgets, the Georgia Pesticide Handbook and the Peanut Scout Handbook.
Explore Ag Apps Now Variety selection is the most important decision a grower can make prior to planting. Unlike herbicide or fungicide decisions that can be changed during the season to address specific conditions and pests, variety selection is made only once, and it dictates the management of a field for the entire season. It is important EMI KIMURA Texas A&M AgriLife to review available peanut Extension Peanut Specialist types and varieties locally, and select a variety that includes an appropriate disease package and maturity characteristics. Be ready to apply yellow herbicides to keep fields weedfree early in the season. Our updated weed control publica22 /
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tion has suggestions that will help you plan. Make sure to rotate modes of action and avoid repeating the same ones. There are eight known herbicide-resistant weeds in Texas: common sunf lower, Palmer amaranth, tall waterhemp, johnsongrass, kochia, barnyardgrass and perennial ryegrass. These weeds are officially reported to the international survey of herbicide resistant weeds; however, there are some reports on the lack of yellow nutsedge control with Cadre. We can slow down the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations by rotating herbicide modes of action. Before planting is a good time to get familiar with some useful agricultural apps. There are numerous apps available that can help you improve management practices. Apps that are particularly useful for peanut production are those that can provide evapotranspiration information using nearby weather station and satellite data. Evapotranspiration information can aid in irrigation management strategy. Some evapotranspiration apps simply provide amount of water lost at a selected location, while others provide more specific amounts of water required for specific crops based on information we enter into the app. Other useful apps include weather apps, calculators for fertilizer, unit conversions, pesticide calibration, and scouting with identification of disease, weeds, insects and nutrient deficiency symptoms. Explore the options to find the best app to fit your management practices. PEANUTGROWER.COM
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