Peanut Grower April 2022

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

APRIL 2022

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Anticipate, Mitigate Disease Problems

Sustainability: A ‘Good News’ Story To Tell

Make The Most Of At-Plant Herbicides

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The

APRIL 2022

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

APRIL 2022

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Anticipate, Mitigate Disease Problems

Volume 34 • Number 5

Sustainability: A ‘Good News’ Story To Tell

Make The Most Of At-Plant Herbicides

Departments 4

Editor’s Note Another reason to love peanuts

5

News Briefs Georgia farmer testifies at Farm Bill hearing

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Market Watch Growers take ‘wait and see’ stance on contracts

22 Peanut Pointers Watch for these problems at planting

Stay Connected

10 Features

10 Anticipate And Mitigate Disease Problems

Avoid the ‘perfect storm’ situation for a leaf spot control failure.

13 Sustainability: A ‘Good News’ Story To Tell

Growers are invited to participate in this APC-led initiative to provide data on the industry’s environmental impact.

18 At-Plant Preemergence Herbicides What are the factors that affect activation?

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Cover photo by Amanda Huber APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Cassidy Nemec cnemec@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe Digital Content Manager Katie Guthrie

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher/Editor-In-Chief Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Associate Publisher/Sales Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas (847) 559-7514 Production Manager David Boyd dboyd@onegrower.com For subscription changes or change of address, call (847) 559-7578 or email peanutgrower@omeda.com

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Scott Monfort Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Dan Anco Extension Peanut Specialist Clemson University

Emi Kimura Extension Agronomist Texas A&M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at at Memphis, Tennessee, and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2022 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 60065-1388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim. The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.

Editor’sNote Editor’s Note Give Consumers Another Reason To Love Peanuts

I

t seems like forever ago when I attended a National Peanut Board event in New York City. The twoday exhibition was at New York’s iconic Grand Central Station, followed by a chef demonstration and tasting event at the stylish Astor Center. Besides being my first, well only, trip to New York City, the consumer event was on the heels of one of the bleakest periods in peanut history – the salmonella outbreak and subsequent product recall.

Yet, it didn’t overshadow the love peoAmanda Huber ple had for peanuts and peanut butter.

Editor, The Peanut Grower Even in our darkest hour, people still loved peanuts. The event proved to be an outstanding opportunity to acknowledge the isolated outbreak while reinforcing the industry’s commitment to restoring faith in the product’s quality and safety.

Thankfully, we do not have a crisis of that sort, and I hope we never do again. However, we do have a message to get to consumers. Now is the time to tell them how much more they’ll love peanuts when they find out how well peanut farmers take care of the crop and the environment. That’s the plan in the APC-led peanut sustainability initiative.

Recently we learned that peanuts are making more yield on less water.

Peanuts use no direct fertilizer, and every part of the peanut plant can be used. Cover crops are often planted to graze cattle in the winter or protect the soil from erosion. As much as we want people to love our product for its taste and nutrition, people also want to love a product because it’s good for the environment. Peanuts can be that “feel good” product all the way around. The APC’s Sustainable U.S. Peanut platform aims to collect, measure and verify the data that will prove it.

Learn more about the APC’s sustainability platform on page 14 and consider registering to enter data from your peanut production. As you will read, there’s a good story to tell, but your help is needed to tell it.

One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

One Grower Publishing, LLC 875 W. Poplar Ave., Suite 23, Box 305 Collierville, TN 38017

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

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NewsBriefs News Briefs Farm Bill Hearings Begin The U.S. House Agriculture Committee kicked off discussions over the most basic topics of the upcoming Farm Bill. Producers are facing higher costs for fuel, seed, fertilizer and other inputs amid supply chain backlogs and inflation.

Representatives from major commodity groups, including corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, peanuts, sunflowers and more, had their first chance to formally give the panel feedback about Farm Bill programs and the current situation.

Nine commodity groups testified at the hearing, including the U.S. Peanut Federation’s witness, Meredith McNair Rogers, a Camilla, Georgia, peanut grower. Rogers discussed the rising costs of inputs in peanut production and offered analysis from representative farming operations.

She said, “When I met with the General Farm Commodities and Risk Management Subcommittee early last fall, I spoke of increased input costs, such as fertilizer and equipment. In addition, I shared with you the delays in equipment parts and repair. Since the subcommittee’s roundtable last year, the Center for Rural Prosperity and Innovation at Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College in Tifton, Georgia, has completed its review of U.S. representative peanut farm data covering all production regions. These 22 peanut farms, from Virginia to New Mexico, have been reviewed for 21 years (20012022). What we have learned from this most recent, comprehensive data is that peanut growers have struggled to cover their costs of production.”

Rogers provided the committee-specific data from the representative farms.

“The 2021 representative farm update revealed the average expected peanut yield to be 4,760 pounds per acre. In a cash flow analysis, the 2021 total cash flow was $545.97 per ton. The projected 2022 peanut total cash flow cost to produce a ton of peanuts is estimated TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

to be $666.94. This is approximately a 22% increase over the 2021 cost of production.”

The House Agriculture Committee will continue hearings in preparation for the 2023 Farm Bill. Fifteen members of the Committee are from peanut-producing states. The U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee will announce its hearing schedule soon.

2021 Crop Value

According to U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service, peanuts averaged 23 cents per pound, or $466 per ton, last season. This price was 11% higher than 2020. The value of the 2021 peanut crop at farm level was $1.5 billion, a 16.5% increase from 2020. Harvested peanut acres were down 4.3%.

The highest average price was paid in New Mexico at $784 per ton, followed

by Texas at $644 per ton. The lowest price average was paid in Florida at $440 per ton. South Carolina and Georgia were next lowest at $444 and $446 per ton, respectively. Georgia produced 49% of the peanut revenue, followed by Texas at 12.4% and Alabama with 9.5%.

NPB Research Funds

The National Peanut Board approved 76 state production research projects for FY-22, for a total of more than $2 million in funding allocations. Through the NPB, peanut farmers have invested $42.1 million in production research since its inception. The NPB has also leveraged the USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture for matching funds of more than $4.2 million for production research.

Funding production research to increase efficiencies for America’s peanut farmers and their families is a core part of the board’s mission. During the meeting, the NPB staff gave an update of the 2022 strategic plan; and former and current Peanut Leadership Academy participants answered questions about

In Brief • Projected price needed to produce a ton of peanuts in 2022 is $666.94.

• 2021 crop worth $1.5 billion at farm level.

• Producers allocate $2 million for research through NPB. • Atmore, Alabama, shelling and storage facility opens.

• Senate Ag leader meets with peanut team.

• Chlorpyrifos banned until lawsuit makes its way through appeals court.

the program during a diversity panel.

Coastal Growers Holds Ribbon Cutting

Coastal Growers LLC recently held a ribbon cutting officially opening the $90 million, 400,000 square-foot shelling and storage facility in Atmore, Alabama. The facility is expected to bring 60 new jobs to the area and more by this time next year, said Mayor Jim Staff.

“It has changed the town’s attitude,” Staff said. “We were doing good, but we weren’t doing this good.”

What used to be a cotton field now houses a state-of-the-art shelling facility that was built on time and on budget and in the middle of a pandemic. “One day we had cotton here, the next day we’re growing buildings,” said Staff.

A guest speaker at the event, U.S. Senator Tommy Tuberville, who serves on the Senate Ag Committee and was instrumental in getting the project off the ground, called the project nothing short of a miracle and declared that “America is the best country on this Earth.”

APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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NewsBriefs News Briefs

Coastal Growers is owned by a cooperative of 90 farm families and is working with nine buying points. Most members reside in Alabama with a few from Mississippi and Georgia.

Georgia Port Expanding Again

At the peanut shellers’ spring meeting, Georgia Ports Authority CEO Jamie McCurry said that in 2021, the port handled 5.6 million total equivalent units, or TEUs, the measurement for 20-foot container units, nearly 20% more than in 2020. Tonnage was up 8.3%, and rail lifts were up 9.9%.

Savannah, Georgia, is the third largest handler of TEUs, after ports in Los Angeles/Long Beach, California and New York/New Jersey. To emphasize the work that can be accomplished in

Savannah, McCurry said on March 1, no vessels were anchored waiting to be unloaded at Savannah, while more than 80 were anchored at the LA/Long Beach port.

The GPA is aiming to construct a new container port on Hutchinson Island, according to McCurry. Combined with improvements to Garden City Terminal, the expansion will effectively double its annual TEU capacity to 11 million a year. The GPA already owns the land, and it can be rail served, he added.

For Georgia’s peanut industry, the port is a great asset for shipping to export markets.

Major Insect Fighter Lost

As of Feb. 28, 2022, peanut farmers can no longer use chlorpyrifos

insecticide, brand name Lorsban. The Environmental Protection Agency doubled down on its decision, denying objections to the rule from agricultural groups and starting the process to cancel chlorpyrifos products.

A group of 21 agricultural trade groups filed a lawsuit asking for a federal judge to issue a stay on the EPA’s ban and ultimately dismiss it.

The lawsuit is currently in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. The lawsuit is based on the EPA’s August 2021 decision to issue a rule revoking all food residue tolerances for the insecticide chlorpyrifos in response to an order from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The rule essentially bans all use of chlorpyrifos insecticides on food or feed crops.

Arkansas Senator Visits Southeast

The United States Peanut Federation and the National Cotton Council hosted U.S. Sen. John Boozman (R-AR), the top republican on the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, at the farm of Ronnie and Neil Lee in Bronwood, Georgia.

During the visit, Georgia Peanut Commission leaders discussed the rising costs of farm inputs and how the 2018 Farm Bill is working. The National Peanut Buying Points Association and the American Peanut Shellers Association offered the Senator an overview of the peanut industry and the economic importance of peanuts to the Southeast. The USPF was pleased to be able to talk with Sen. Boozman as the U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee begins the 2023 Farm Bill process.

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

(From left) Cole McNair, president of the National Peanut Buying Points Association, Sen. John Boozman and Tyron Spearman, Executive Director of National Peanut Buying Points Association.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

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There is no longer a block of rooms available at Edgewater Beach Resort for the conference. All rooms are available on a first come, first serve basis. It is very important to reserve your room as soon as possible before the resort books up.

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MarketWatch Market Watch Most Growers Take A ‘Wait And See’ Attitude On Contracts

F

armers of all crops, including peanuts, are being blasted with uncontrollable problems as planting season gets underway.

The world was turned upside down with the pandemic two years ago, and it seems life will never get back to normal.

COVID-19 restrictions and the subsequent infusion of money caused a lack of labor for most businesses. An international freight crisis has caused problems with all segments of the peanut industry as shipping of product or importing of supplies is delayed.

As farmers were trying to be a little optimistic at rising commodity prices, the world was stunned again with the Russia-Ukraine war.

Now gas and diesel prices have skyrocketed to record levels. As budgets are prepared, all inputs for growing a peanut crop, especially fertilizer and fuel, are higher. Yet, contract offers are just slightly higher than last year.

Competitive crops continue to increase in price, and soon a decision must be made on what to plant for 2022 crops.

Peanuts have an advantage in that little fertilizer is required, mostly calcium. That could increase acreage of peanuts as corn and cotton require fertilizers, especially nitrogen.

Then there is another problem, drought, which is and will continue to be the story heading into the 2022 growing season. La Niña has had its influence in increasing drought across much of the West, Central and Southern Plains, including the Southeast.

Planting State officials have estimated acreage to be up 5% in Georgia, mainly because of other crop input costs. If acres increase dramatically and rotations are further

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

J. Tyron Spearman Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (As of March 8, 2022) 2021 Est. Production (up 4%) ............................................ 3,194,650 tons 2021 Est. Acreage (down 5.1%) ..................................... 1,533,000 acres 2021 Crop Loan ................................................................. 2,566,913 tons 2020 Remaining In Loan (3-8-21) ..................................... 1,965,192 tons 2021-2022 Domestic Usage (6 Mo.) ........................................... Up 0.3 % 2021-2022 Exports (5 Mo.) .................................................... Down 30.6% NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners -$424.89; Spanish - $413.05; Valencia and Virginias - $427.70

reduced, look for disease potential to increase. With the loss of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, no treatments are available for southern corn rootworm or burrower bug. Research shows in-furrow fertilizers damage peanut germination and stands, but some suppliers are pushing this use.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s acreage estimate on peanuts will be issued on March 31, 2022. A small increase in acreage of 2.2% with average yields will keep the carryforward near 1.1 million tons. A 5% increase would mean 1.4 million tons of carryforward.

Some even said that with all the uncertainty, they may not sign a contract.

In the Virginia-Carolina region, Virginia-type peanut contracts were $520 per ton, plus $25 per ton for irrigated crop. Runners were offered $475 per ton plus $25 for high oleic or irrigation.

Another part of the puzzle is the price loss coverage payment in October. As the average price of peanuts increases, that means less of a PLC payment. In March, USDA estimated a $60 payment, which would apply to 85% of the farm peanut base.

Contracts In the Southeast, buying points were given a tonnage allocation to contract with farmers. Most were half of last year’s production for $500 per ton and a remainder for $475 per ton. Premiums were offered for certified seed production and/or high oleic peanuts. Some shellers offered a pool where farmers would receive a payment up front and a second payment in the fall as the pool sells.

Some buying points are reporting little interest in the contract offers as other commodity prices continue to increase.

Domestic Market USDA is reporting peanut usage up 0.3% again this month for raw peanuts in primary products, with peanut butter down 0.1% for the six-month period.

Candy was a winner in December with all categories up 18.3% over December the prior year and up 15% for the year.

The market continues strong in the present economy with most plants running at capacity.

Government purchases for nutrition programs were 945,000 pounds of peanut butter and 25,900 pounds of roastPEANUTGROWER.COM

MarketWatch Market Watch ed peanuts during January. For the sixmonth period, the government has purchased 22.308 million pounds of peanut butter and 440,640 pounds of roasted peanuts, a new record.

Export Market Peanut exports fell 48% during December compared to 2020. For the five-month marketing year, total exports are down 30.6%. China is still buying a few in-shells, but far below last year’s mostly oil stock buys. Peanut butter exports are good, up 16.3% for the year.

Raw-shelled peanuts are down almost 20% and in December were down 25%.

World economies need to get back to normal for peanut demand to rebound.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

A war alters all world traffic and individual economies. It fosters maximum uncertainty. Peanut exporters to the Russian and Ukraine markets are facing a loss in demand and an increase in costs.

Brazil, Argentina and India are exporters to these waring nations. Those origins need to find alternative markets. The United States exported only 370 tons to these countries last year, with peanut butter accounting for the majority. In contrast, Brazil shipped 126,362 tons to Russia/Ukraine in 2021 and Argentina shipped 40,769 tons.

The U.S. government is now negotiating with the United Kingdom on a package that would likely lift the UK’s 25% retaliatory tariff on U.S. peanut butter.

More than 75 organizations of both countries urge the two countries to quickly reach an agreement to remove the tariffs.

Farm Bill Peanut producers finally got a chance to tell members of U.S. House Of Representatives Agriculture Committee as to their needs in the next Farm Bill.

Farm data reveals that the cost of production has increased approximately 22%, since the last Farm Bill. Meredith Rogers, a peanut grower and buying point manager from Camilla, Georgia, says that peanut growers have struggled to cover their costs of production.

The U.S. Senate Ag Committee will announce hearing dates soon. PG

APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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Anticipate And Mitigate Disease Problems Avoid the ‘perfect storm’ situation for a leaf spot control failure.

By Amanda Huber

A

nticipating what might happen with disease pressure in your fields and providing research-based strategies to mitigate that yield destroyer are what plant pathologists do, says University of Georgia Extension plant pathologist Bob Kemerait.

The first step is looking back to the past year to see what worked and what didn’t. In 2021, it rained a lot, which made conditions throughout the season favorable for fungal diseases.

“Rains not only create conditions favorable for fungal infection and disease, but it also kept farmers out of the field and from making timely fungicide applications,” Kemerait says. “If you’re on a 14-day schedule and can’t get in the field for 21 days, there are going to be consequences.”

He also says rain makes it difficult to have adequate product drying time on leaves.

“In order to get great control, you have to have the right product, the right time and you have to be able to put the product out so that you get the right drying time. A lot of growers in 2021 did not have that.”

Anticipate Problems In 2022 Kemerait says for this season, growers should be concerned about several things.

“What’s going to be the impact of La Niña? A wetter spring is what most experts would say a La Niña weather pattern would bring,” he says.

Another concern is the impact from fertilizer costs.

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

“We’ll see more peanut acres, and it is anticipated that we will have shortages of fungicides and increased costs,”

Kemerait says. “Expect reduced availability of fungicides and increased costs.”

He suggests that if you cannot get PEANUTGROWER.COM

SEND LEAF SPOT PACKING.

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MICROTHIOL DISPERSS boosts the efficacy of these single-site fungicides at risk of developing leaf spot resistance. Just three pounds per acre of MICROTHIOL DISPERSS added to your early and mid-season treatments is a convenient and economical way to improve disease control and improve your return on investment. To send leaf spot packing, ask your retailer or UPL representative about MICROTHIOL DISPERSS or visit MicrothiolDisperss.com.

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the fungicides you are expecting, first use Peanut Rx to determine the level of threat across your fields. Treat fields according to the risk, and put the best treatments where you need it most.

“Secondly, tailor your fungicide programs depending on that risk level.”

Kemerait says if fields are low risk, you have more flexibility to change your fungicide program. “If you have high-risk fields, you may have fewer opportunities to do that.”

Finally, he says growers must have a contingency plan.

“If you absolutely think that 60 days after planting, you’re going to use brand ‘x’ because you always do, what if you can’t get it? It’s best to know what brands ‘y’ and ‘z’ might be,” Kemerait says.

Disease Protection In Furrow The opportunity for management of nematodes and some diseases comes one time – at planting.

“When you close that furrow, you have made decisions that you cannot go back and fix, at least easily. Take the opportunity to learn what the potential is and go from there,” Kemerait says.

In 2022, seed quality should be good, and growers have options for seed treatments that help with seedling disease.

“Recognize that what’s put on your seed before you plant can help go a long way to reducing your risk to some of these important diseases,” he says.

In-furrow fungicides such as Abound, Proline and Velum Total, enhance stands and improve vigor, but also protect seedlings against diseases such as Rhizoctonia and Aspergillus. Nematicide options include Velum, Propulse, AgLogic, Vydate-CLV and Telone II. “You get one chance with nematodes, and when you close that furrow, if you have not used a resistant variety, such as TifNV-HighO/L, or a nematicide, there is almost no recovery. Don’t miss the opportunity.”

Kemerait says when he started in peanuts, it was primarily root knot nematodes as the microscopic pest.

“Now, in 2022, we recognize there is strong evidence to indicate that lesion nematode is also found in peanut. It makes black speckles on pods and on pegs, which possibly reduces peg strength,” he says. “Keep using what’s worked for you, and before you change 12 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

“If you use Thimet in furrow for thrips control, you can still see some benefit as much as 90 DAP,” he says.

“This doesn’t mean to start your fungicide program at 90 DAP. If you did that, you would be sorry. It just means you are still getting the benefit of that fungicide application made at planting.”

products, contact your county agent to ask about the data to support the changes that you might make.”

Driving home his point, Kemerait says if you use Velum in furrow, UGA research pathologist Albert Culbreath has data that shows 90 days after planting, you may still see benefits on leaf spot from something you did before you closed the furrow.

Obstacles To Leaf Spot Control Leaf spot is the most problematic disease producers will likely face in 2022, Kemerait says. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles to good leaf spot management growers may encounter.

“A late-starting fungicide program is a recipe for disaster on leaf spot,” he says.

“If you get behind because you can’t get in the field and you can’t get an airplane, there’s nothing much you can do.”

Compromised efficacy of fungicides is another problem. Kemerait says tebuconazole and some other commonly used fungicides do not provide the same level of protection as they once did.

Another problem is intentionally extending intervals between fungicide sprays.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

“If you can take some defoliation, we have data that shows top yields can still be achieved,” he says. However, if a producer is trying to stretch a 14-day interval out, and then it rains, and the interval becomes much longer, that’s when leaf spot takes hold.

“It’s all about what you are comfortable with as a producer,” Kemerait says.

“Not every field will work with extended interval applications. These days you also need to consider that fungicide applications do not stop at 120 days.

“A perfect storm situation is uncooperative weather, short rotations, overreliance on the same class of fungicides and stretching the intervals of fungicide programs,” he says. “We can manage all of that by being careful with what we do.”

Overreliance On SDHIs Kemerait says producers have an expanding arsenal of fungicides; however, with all these new fungicides, there are not any new classes of chemistry.

“Whether it’s Excalia, Provysol, Sipcam — yes, there are different chemistries, but they are all the same class — the succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibitors, or SDHI class, as they are most often called.

“We are becoming increasingly familiar with and reliant on these fungicides,” he says. “And I’ll even use the term ‘overreliant’ because I think if you take shorter rotations and weather, and you rely on a single class of chemistry to carry the lot, bad things can happen. In 2021, with the rain, we saw a lot of leaf spot.”

Kemerait says no matter the cost, fungicides are needed to fight disease, but be careful to not rely too heavily on the SDHIs. “If you don’t incorporate other chemistries, resistance will develop.”

The addition of sulfur as a tank-mix partner can help with leaf spot control.

However, Kemerait says certain sulfur products should be used.

“Products that offer additional leaf spot protection include Microthiol 80W, Drexel Sulfur 80W, Drexel Suffa 6F,

TechnoS 90W and Accoidal 80WG.” White Mold Still Garners Attention Although leaf spot is the disease causing more problems in producers’ fields, some years ago it was white mold. Tim Brenneman, UGA peanut research pathologist says they are looking at some shifts in sensitivity of white mold pathogen to some of the chemistries we use.

“We have looked at several hundred isolates and we are seeing changes in sensitivity,” Brenneman says. “Looking at our database from 20 years ago, we’re seeing that those isolates are not as sensitive to some of our main fungicides like flutolonil and tebuconozole.

“We want to see how that affects control in the field and response to some of the newer fungicides like Elatus or Excalia that are in the same class of chemistry,” he says. “Does less resistance to older chemistries translate into less control in some of the newer ones? That is what we are looking at.” PG

Battling Disease In 2022: • Anticipate problems based on history and weather conditions.

• Use Peanut Rx to determine risk level of fields.

• Have a contingency plan if a first fungicide choice is not available.

• Make sure you have disease protection on the seed and in the furrow.

• Add an in-furrow nematicide or plant a resistant variety.

• Be as ‘on time’ as possible with leaf spot protection.

• Do not rely too heavily on SDHI products.

• Tank-mix sulfur to increase leaf spot control.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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Sustainability: A ‘Good News’ Story To Tell The Sustainable U.S. Peanut Initiative provides a toolkit to communicate with consumers who are increasingly making choices based on environmental impact.

By Amanda Huber

T

he peanut industry abounds with data. The Peanut Genomic Initiative mapped the genetic makeup of the peanut, and now breeding is possible using marker-assisted selection. Production research helps increase yield and fight pests. Nutrition studies show the healthy aspects of this beloved legume. New information shows peanuts need less water to produce more crop. The industry runs on numbers, but there is a data set that is lacking. It is needed documentation and something customers are increasingly asking for. Where does the peanut industry stand on sustainability?

With its reach across all segments of the industry – growers, shellers, manufacturers and allied businesses – the American Peanut Council is the natural choice to lead this effort.

Months ago, APC leaders, in collaboration with stakeholders from across the peanut industry, laid out a plan to collect the needed data. They received input from the National Peanut Research Lab and other industry data sources on the framework and potential questions. With cotton as the natural rotation partner, they worked with the cotton industry’s Cotton Trust Protocol to develop a platform. They hired Eric Coronel as the trade association’s first-ever sustainability director.

Tell Your Sustainability Story All elements in place, the APC unveiled the Sustainable U.S. Peanuts Initiative to begin enrolling peanut growers in this effort in late January.

“You are the ones who need to tell your story; therefore, we need your participation,” says Coronel, who, prior to his work with APC, was a senior research analyst with Field to Market: The Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture and oversaw the collection and analysis of year-to-year progress of 11 U.S. crops against indicators of environmental sustainability. “The initiative is voluntary, but we hope to talk with growers and discuss what can be learned from it.”

APC President and CEO Richard Owen, says, “This is an

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

Why Does The Industry Need The Sustainability Initiative?

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Peanuts have a great sustainability story.

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Increasing demand for transparency from consumers.

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Working with cotton platform increases input efficiency.

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Acting now will allow the peanut industry to control our journey.

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Manufacturers gain tools to help with consumer messages and marketing.

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Producers can compare their farm assessment to regional and national benchmarks to evaluate performance and find ways to maximize productivity.

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Insights will be shared in aggregate form, such as the average greenhouse gas emissions are 0.7 pounds of CO2e per pound of peanuts.

opportunity for growers to document themselves within a systemized and tested platform the practices they are doing on their farm. The data will be aggregated together to tell what’s happening more broadly across the industry, and just as important, to provide back to growers documentation on what is happening on their farm in relation to farming practices in the region and nationwide.”

“Having this data is important to be able to chart the sustainability path for peanuts. There is a good story to tell,” Coronel says.

Benefit To Growers And Consumers The Sustainable U.S. Peanuts Initiative has two purposes; the first is customer facing. “All the data will be aggregated for industry use in creating their messaging to customers,” Coronel says. “The industry will be able to use it for domestic and export marketing.

“The other is more private facing, and it is to be able to help PEANUTGROWER.COM

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For more information or to register, go to sustainableuspeanuts.org.

In Terms Of Peanut Production, The Initiative Is: •

A framework to capture the environmental footprint at the farm level

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A program to increase the transparency through second and third-party verifications

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A grower platform to learn from each other through benchmarks at the state and national level

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A framework to communicate the aggregate footprint to the supply chain

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A program to work towards continuous improvement by identifying where efficiencies can be found

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A program to highlight successes and celebrate the work peanut farmers do

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A program to provide messaging about peanut sustainability beyond just the data from the growers participating in the platform

The Initiative Is Not A Program: •

To tell farmers how to grow peanuts

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To penalize growers for how they grow peanuts

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To restrict inputs

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To compare states or regions against each other

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To provide guaranteed markets to growers

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

growers,” he says. “A grower who participates will get information back about their farm compared to the region’s benchmarks and metrics and be able to make management decisions based on that. In terms of data, it will always be shared in aggregate, not on an individual level. The grower owns their individual data.”

Owen says, “Our customers, especially, are asking for more and more transparency. That is not going to go away.

“The more we can document and share what’s being done currently and what’s being put into place for the future is going to be important. It’s hard to recover if a story is told incorrectly or it’s not the whole story.”

Working With Cotton In the summer of 2020, the cotton industry’s U.S. Cotton Trust Protocol opened to prove, measure and verify U.S. cotton’s sustainability credentials. The goal is to give brands and retailers the critical assurances needed that the cotton fiber element of their supply chain is more sustainably grown with lower environmental and social risk. The system lets U.S. growers document and highlight their land management and environmental stewardship practices while helping them achieve continuous improvement in six sustainability metrics: land use, soil carbon, water management, soil loss, greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency.

PEANUTGROWER.COM

For each peanut field entered into the platform, farmers will receive eight sustainability metric scores, seven if non-irrigated, along with state and national benchmarks as available. ▶

The APC worked with the cotton industry to create a grower platform based on the Cotton Trust Protocol template.

“We are working to make data collection easy and efficient,” Coronel says.

“At the end of the day, you will not have to provide us as much data as we would need if we were not working with the cotton industry.”

Both grower platforms aim to bring quantifiable and verifiable goals and measurements to sustainable cotton and peanut production in order to drive continuous improvement in key sustainability metrics.

It’s About Trust And Comfort Starting now is a great opportunity to be proactive in creating our own program before buyers or external markets try to impose a sustainability program on the American peanut industry, Coronel says. “Consumers are demanding transparency because they want to be able to trust products they eat or use.

We believe this initiative will help the industry move in that direction.”

In the end, the peanut industry will have a great story of sustainability with formalized data to take to buyers and markets.

Owen says, “The goal is not to communicate directly to consumers, but to provide manufacturers with a toolkit to communicate with their consumers all the good things about peanuts.”

“Acting now allows us to control the path taken,” Coronel says. “Our customers want to be able to feel comfortable eating our product. We also must consider that farmers need to make a living. Farmers will learn from this program, and consumers will be able to see the footprint of peanuts and know that they can trust this product.” PG

According to the Field To Market 2021 National Indicators Report, U.S. peanut production’s environmental footprint has improved every decade for the past 40 years, with the greatest in greenhouse gas emissions, energy use and land use. ▶ TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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Valor is currently the most effective soil-applied herbicide for control of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth but requires special care to not damage seedlings.

At-Plant Preemergence Herbicides What are the factors that affect activation?

By Mike Marshall, Extension Weed Specialist, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University.

C

lemson University Extension recommendations for overlapping soil-residual herbicides start at planting. This is critical because soil-residual herbicides reduce the number of weeds emerging in future flushes when the subsequent postemergence herbicides are applied. Weeds like Palmer amaranth, sicklepod and morningglory continue to be problems in peanut fields in South Carolina. Here are some things to remember when planning your soil-residual program after peanut planting.

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

Study Herbicide Options In peanuts, we have several options for preemergence herbicides, including Valor (SX or EZ formulations), Warrant, Outlook, Sonalan, Prowl, Dual Magnum, Anthem Flex and Strongarm. Warrant, Outlook, Dual Magnum and Strongarm are also labeled for application after peanuts emerge. Valor is our most effective soil-applied herbicide for control of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth.

Valor should be applied immediately after planting but PEANUTGROWER.COM

within two days of planting. If two days have passed, then do not apply Valor SX if soil above the seed has cracked and herbicide spray will contact the seed. Also, seedling damage can occur if peanut emerges through Valor-treated soil and if an intense rainfall event splashes treated soil onto the new foliage of the emerging peanut plant. Be sure to clean out the spray tank/boom assembly containing Valor shortly after finishing spraying for the day.

Increase Control With Tank-Mixes Tank-mixing preemergence herbicides increases the spectrum of weeds controlled. Combinations of Prowl plus Valor, Strongarm plus Valor, or Sonalan plus Valor are typical broad-spectrum combinations for weed control in peanut.

Strongarm is recommended if morningglory is a significant problem. Also, Prowl is effective on large-seeded grasses, such as Texas panicum. Prowl or Sonalan can be tank-mixed with Valor and Strongarm. Prowl and Sonalan are a different mode-of-action from Dual Magnum, Warrant and other Group 15s. Consider this for resistance management. Sonalan must be incorporated with water after application.

Meet The Water Requirement Surface-applied herbicides, such as Prowl or Valor, typically need a minimum amount of water after application to properly “activate” in the upper soil profile.

Activation means the herbicide is dissolved in the soil water solution and readily absorbed by weed seeds as they start to germinate. The difficult question growers often ask is how much is required for a particular herbicide.

Several factors affect herbicide activation, including soil texture (sand, silt and clay), organic matter content, residue levels and temperature. In general, 0.25 to 0.50 inch is sufficient for most soil-applied herbicides within a few days of planting/

application. In general, we like to see at least 1 inch in total precipitation within two weeks of a preemergence application for optimum residual activity.

The amount of water required for a preemergence herbicide activation varies, with some requiring more than others.

Factors Affecting For example, Dual Magnum Herbicide Activation: requires less water than Prowl • Adequate water for activation. If dry condi• Soil texture tions prevail after application, plan on using a resid• Organic matter content ual, such as Dual Magnum, • Residue levels Outlook, Zidua, Anthem • Temperature Flex, Strongarm or Pursuit, during the at-crack paraquat early postemergence (around 14 days after planting) application.

Again, it is important to maintain overlapping residuals during the season to reduce pressure on postemergence herbicides.

Always Read The Label Check herbicide product labels for the most up-to-date information. While some labels are vague about rainfall minimum requirements for preemergence herbicides, I believe 0.25 inches is sufficient to activate most preemergence herbicides.

Another consideration is that some preemergence herbicides will sit on top of dry soil and wait for precipitation, and when rainfall comes, the herbicide will activate, albeit less than the amount you applied from the sprayer.

If a dry period follows a preemergence herbicide application, plan on spraying the first postemergence herbicide application sooner and tank-mix a residual herbicide, such as Dual Magnum, Warrant, Outlook, Zidua, etc., with it. This will extend the soil residual activity on weeds that have not emerged yet in the field. PG

Table 1. Water activation rainfall amount, herbicide water solubility and leaching potential in sandy soils.

Herbicide Product

Rainfall Req. (inches)

Water Solubility (mg/L)

Leaching Potential (sandy soils)

diclosulam (Strongarm)

0.25-0.50

117

low

metolachlor (Dual Magnum)

0.25-0.50

488

medium

flumioxazin (Valor SX,EZ)

0.25

1.8

low

dimethenamid-p (Outlook)

0.25-0.50a

1174

low

acetochlor (Warrant)

0.50b

223

low

pyroxasulfone (Zidua)

0.50

3.5

medium

ethafluralin (Sonalan)

0.50-1.0

0.3

very low

0.75

0.3

very low

**c

1400

low

pendimethalin (Prowl H2O&EC) imazethapyr (Pursuit)

According to the product label, a field treated with Outlook must receive a minimum of 0.5 inch of rainfall before using tailwater from the treated field for irrigating other fields. (I believe this is much higher than the amount required for soil activation for weed control). b If treated area has not received a minimum of 0.5 inch of rainfall within 10 days of application, a shallow incorporation is recommended. c Sufficient water to moisten soil profile to 2 inches is normally adequate for the activation of Pursuit. a

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APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

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PeanutPointers Peanut Pointers Maximize Planting Potential Moving into April, some farmers are preparing to start planting in the southwestern part of Georgia. With planting season about to start, there are several things I’d like to revisit in hopes to minimize potential issues at the outset.

First, soil samples to detect pH issues or fertility deficiencies should already be submitted.

SCOTT MONFORT University of Georgia Otherwise, do so immediately.

Extension Agronomist These issues need to be fixed prior to planting. Last year we observed peanuts with zinc toxicity because of low pH. Second, proper field preparation is key to establishing an adequate stand. It does not matter if you are practicing conventional or reduced tillage, seed beds need to be weed free and clean enough to allow seed to be planted at the proper depth for good seed-to-soil contact.

Keep in mind, the soil environment influences germination and emergence. Seed needs to be planted in soil that maintains a 68-degree daily average in the top 4 inches for three consecutive days and has enough moisture to adequately germinate the seed. Anything less could result in poor stands.

Seed is another important factor for ensuring proper stands. Growers need to ask or test for the germination percentage of each lot they are planting. This will allow for adjustment of seeding rates as needed. Buying points and growers need to store seed properly to ensure it is not subjected to significant spikes in temperature and humidity. Improper storage and handling of seed can result in

Symptoms of zinc toxicity

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

decreased germination. Another important rule regarding seed is to adhere to the “first in, first out” rule to distribute or plant the oldest seed first.

Lastly, I caution growers to only apply university tested and recommended products in furrow with the seed. These are inoculants, fungicides and insecticides. I have been asked several times this year about applying biologicals, bio-stimulants and fertilizers in furrow with the seed. In using biologicals or bio-stimulants, I would ask for university data and recommendations to back up the use of the product. So far, I have not observed any negative reactions with biological products, but I have also not observed consistent benefits either.

Based on our recent research, the use of in-furrow fertilizers causes significant reductions in germination and/or emergence and is NOT recommended for use in peanut.

I hope peanut growers have a great year. Remember to reach out to your county Extension agent if you have any questions or need help.

Take Soil Samples And Temperature Readings 2021 was a relatively good season for Southwest peanut and cotton growers, except for a few acres where planting was not possible due to the prolonged wet field conditions through June. This means that the high-yielding peanut or cotton crops removed nutrients from the soil to support the good production. Because of EMI KIMURA Texas A&M AgriLife this, soil testing at the fruiting Extension zone will be important as soil State Extension Peanut nutrients need to be replenSpecialist ished to support this year’s crop. A fertilizer program can be refined only by testing soil and water to estimate residual nutrients.

After crop emergence, it is recommended to take soil samples at the pegging zone, which can help estimate the amount of calcium fertilizer necessary for optimum yield. When input costs are skyrocketing, soil testing results can reduce the risk of wasting fertilizer. Over- or under-application of fertilizer can be a very expensive mistake, especially in 2022.

Understanding the soil temperature in the top 4 inches is critical to determining the best time for peanut planting.

Although peanut seedling emergence is not as challenging as cotton due to the large seed size, seeding into cold soil can slow the seedling emergence and increase chances of getting PEANUTGROWER.COM

Bacterial early decline disease, caused by seedborne pathogens, in peanut seedlings.

PHOTO BY KEN OBASA,TEXAS A&M AGRILIFE

PeanutPointers Peanut Pointers

soil-borne diseases. Optimum soil temperature for peanut germination is at least 68 degrees Fahrenheit for three consecutive days without a cold front in the forecast.

In 2020, cold snaps and dry soil conditions slowed germination of peanut and cotton. The longer seeds stay in the soil, the more susceptible they become to soil-borne and seedling diseases. Using online resources for checking the soil temperature is a good option; however, confirm the actual soil temperature in your fields with a soil temperature probe. Soil temperature can vary widely depending on the soil texture, amount of residue in your fields, topography and other factors.

Establishment of a good stand is the first step for successful peanut production for 2022 growing season.

Watch For These Early Problems As we move into April with an eye toward May, several key elements of peanut production come to mind. First, is seed quality where we need it to be? Generally, in the VirginiaCarolina region, seed quality is good, and thus far, we have not experienced issues with the performance of fungicide seed treatments. Obtaining four DAVID JORDAN North Carolina State to five plants per foot of row University is critical to optimize yield, Extension Agronomist which requires about four to six seed per foot of row when considering 80% germination.

Planting date is also an important consideration. In North Carolina, we generally have our greatest yield when we plant TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

in the middle of May. In doing so, we often avoid the highest infestation of thrips, which can also help us minimize tomato spotted wilt.

Given that we will not have chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) to suppress southern corn rootworm, we are encouraging growers with high-risk fields to consider planting early — late April to the first week of May. This can result in peanuts having shells that are more developed and with less chance of puncturing when larvae feed on pods. We suspect that about 25% of peanut acreage in North Carolina carries some risk to damage from southern corn rootworm, but a reduced percentage is at high risk for yield loss.

In any given year, we are not sure of how many SCR adults will enter a field, or the duration of the infestation across the growing season. In addition, we do not know how much rain will occur and how frequent it will be. Both of these can affect the length of time larvae survive in fields and feed on peanuts. With that said, we need to adjust practices to minimize risk in high-risk fields. To figure out risk for fields, refer to 2022 Peanut Information to see the risk index for southern corn rootworm.

In short, fields that are finer-textured in nature that are poorly drained present our greatest risk. Moreover, if those fields are irrigated, the risk can be high. For these fields, planting early is the best option to hedge your bets against damage, that is, if you absolutely need these fields for peanut production.

If you decide to plant early, regardless of risk to southern corn rootworm, you will need to stay on top of thrips management to avoid injury from this insect and also to minimize incidence of tomato spotted wilt. Our recommendation for early planting is to establish five plants per foot by planting six seed and applying an effective, systemic in-furrow insecticide. Phorate (Thimet), AgLogic and imidacloprid products can provide good suppression of thrips.

Early planting can result in peanuts emerging during the peak thrips flight. If there is an inkling of concern over performance of systemic in-furrow insecticides, applying acephate in the first three weeks after peanuts emerge can be extremely helpful.

Be on the watch for less than ideal performance by imidacloprid products. We have seen these products perform inconsistently over the past five years in trials that Rick Brandenburg and Brian Royals have conducted across North Carolina. If injury is observed, the sooner acephate is applied, the more quickly peanuts can recover.

Finally, in North Carolina, we have about 30% of our peanut production in reduced tillage. It is critical to have clean seedbeds when peanuts are emerging. Winter and summer weeds need to be controlled to give peanuts time to become established without interference from weeds. Keep in mind some winter weeds and emerged summer weeds are APRIL 2022 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

21

PeanutPointers Peanut Pointers resistant to glyphosate. A mixture of glyphosate with 2,4-D applied one month before planting is a good start. Paraquat applied close to planting and before peanuts emerge is essential in controlling glyphosate-resistant biotypes. As all of you know, establishing an adequate stand of peanuts in a clean seedbed in May goes a long way toward realizing optimum yields in the fall.

Reduce Your TSWV Risk Here are a few thoughts as planting season draws closer.

Experience teaches us that we don’t seem to forget things when it comes with a cost. Last planting season, we had a cool spring, which brought on late thrip flights. I wish this was something that we as researchers could scientifically predict.

Many of us seem to have KRIS BALKCOM Auburn University f o r g o t t e n a b o u t To m a t o Extension Specialist Spotted Wilt Virus after we got Georgia-06G some 16 years ago. However, we have been seeing more TSWV in recent years. I encourage everyone to use the Peanut Rx guide to help lower your risk or at least weigh your options as a producer based on the choices you have.

We have said before, and our research last year still proves, that Thimet 20G is the best product for reducing TSWV. I know many don’t like to use a granular product, but the

data is what it is. Thinking back on research data, before we had resistant cultivars, we only had the cultural practices to help reduce TSWV. As listed in Peanut Rx, these are planting date, plant stand, at-plant insecticide, twin rows and reduced tillage.

Our highest yields are from earlier planting dates such as the end of April or first week of May. This is true if we dodge TSWV and do our due diligence to battle against diseases. We know that planting mid-May seems to be the least risk of TSWV; however, we also must have moisture to germinate seeds. Therefore, we must manage as best we can and try to reduce risk. Start planting with a variety that has a high level of TSWV resistance such as Georgia-12Y or TifNV-HighO/L. Now we know the earlier we plant, the lower the leaf spot pressure, but white mold risk increases. Georgia-12Y helps because this variety has the lowest white mold rating.

I would still encourage you to use an at-plant insecticide regardless of variety when planting early.

Also, plant nematode-susceptible fields first. TifNVHighO/L has significant TSWV resistance, which would allow you to plant early. The sooner you plant those fields, the better so that harvest can happen before nematodes build up and peak in the fall.

This year is full of challenges because of high costs and limited supplies of products we use, not to mention the second La Niña year in a row. Because we have been experiencing drier conditions, let’s conserve as much moisture as we can and make the best decisions possible this planting season. I know I don’t have to tell you, it will only be 365 days before we have the chance to do it again.

TSWV-stunted plants

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THE PEANUT GROWER • APRIL 2022

PEANUTGROWER.COM

Peanut Per Capita Consumption Breaks New Record for Second Year in a Row Pounds per person is 3% higher than previous 2020 record.

Thank you for producing a high-quality crop and investing in National Peanut Board programs. It's an industry-wide effort to keep consumption growing — so let's celebrate again and — just like you — get back to work.

Visit nationalpeanutboard.org for more details on per capita consumption and National Peanut Board programs. *U.S. Census and USDA Data

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