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igeJ@rwligh&efol Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma Mary P.Callahan

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Curriculum Vitae Mary P. Callahan Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington Box 353650 Seattle, WA 98195 Tel: 206-616-6206 email: mpc@u.washington.edu

EMPLOYMENT October 1999 – present Assistant Professor, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. September 2002-December 2002 Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles, CA. September 1995 – October 1999 Assistant Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, and Regional Director, Asia, Center for Civil-Military Relations, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.

1996

EDUCATION Ph.D., Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies, Civil-Military Relations.

1991

M.A., Political Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies.

1989

M.Soc.Sci., Asian Politics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Field of Concentration: International Relations.

1984

M.Sc., Political Philosophy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England. Fields of Concentration: Democratic and Liberal Philosophy.

1983

B.A., with highest honors, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Fields of Concentration: American Politics, Political Theory.

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rlv&nf¶, G cf suu f wkid ;f jynfuu dk muG,zf @dk r[kwyf gb;l / ukv d edk t D pd;k & tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd tEœ&m,f ay;r,fh jrefrmjynfom;awGudk acsre_ ;f zk@d twGuf ppfwyfudk ae&mcsxm;wm jzpfygw,f? ukv d ekd D tpd;k &twGuf wkid ;f oljynfom;ukd twif;t"rRcidk ;f wmrsK;d vnf; ppfwyfuvkyyf gw,f? um;vrf; &xm;vrf;azmufvyk &f mrSm ¶Gmol ¶Gmom;ukd twif;tusyaf csmqGw J "hJ avh[m ukv d edk aD cwfu pcJw h myg? 'ga=umifEh idk if o H m;awG trde@f emcH+y;D +ird 0f yfyjd ym;aeatmif ppfwyfu vkyaf qmif&wJh tjyif ukv d edk eD ,ferd w d u f dk umuG,zf @dk vnf; wm0ef,&l ygw,f? jynfol@ae@pOfb0ukd csKyfukdifEkdifzkd@twGuf 19 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;rSm ykvdyfwyfzGJ@ukd wnfaxmifygw,f/ ¶k;d &mtpOftvm xde;f uGyrf y_ supf ;D oGm;wJh jrefrmjynfrmS r_cif;rsm;jym;vm ygw,f? r_cif;wkd;yGm;wJhE_ef;u vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;wJhE_ef;xuf rsm;aeygw,f? ykvdyftzGJ@rSm jrefrm jynfom;ukd tok;H ðywmrk@d ynmrwwfwwwf vpmravmufwavmufe@J trlxrf;&wJh ykvyd f awG vmbfpm;wmukd trsK;d om;0g'ED idk if aH &;orm;awGu a0zefwu dk cf u dk =f uygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1923 tajccHOya'jyXmef;wJt h cgrmS ykvyd t f zG@J oef@&Si;f a&;vky+f y;D t*wdvu kd pf m;olawGudk tvkyf ðzwfypfygw,f? use&f adS ewJh ykvyd af wGudk vpmwk;d ay;+y;D t&nftcsi;f &Sw d hJ oef@&Si;f wJh ykvyd t f zG@J jzpfvmatmifóu;yrf;ayr,fh ratmifjrifygb;l / r_cif;awGrsm;vmvk@d rEkid rf eif;jzpfvmwJt h wGuf ðzwfypfvu dk w f hJ ykvyd t f &m&Sad wGudk jyefcef@&wJt h jzpf a&mufomG ;ygw,f? ykvyd rf Ekid w f t hJ vkyu f dk ppfwyfu0ifvyk w f hJ tusi[ hf m ukv d ekd aD cwfupcJw h myg/ ukv d edk D acwfrSm ykvdyfwyfzGJ@ ppfykvdyfwyfzGJ@eJ@ ppfwyfqkd+yD; ESdrfeif;a&;wyfzGJ@ 3 zGJ@&Sdygw,f? omref ykvyd w f yfz@JG rSm a'ocHjrefrmjynfom;awG yg0ifvm+y;D vufeufuikd w f yhJ v k yd &f o dS vdk vufeuf rukdifwJhykvdyfawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? ppfykvdyftzGJ@rSmawmh vufeufudkif tdENd,trsKd;om;eJ@ t*Fvyd t f &m&So d myg0ifygw,f? ykvyd rf Ekid w f t hJ vkyu f dk ppfyv k yd u f vkyw f hJ ta&;ay:ESrd ef if;a&; wyfz@JG yJjzpfygw,f?

1920 avmufup+y;D tvkyo f rm;ra=ueyfr_ trsK;d om;a&;tkºH ur_ pwJh ta&; tcif;awGudk ppfykvdyfeJ@ ppfwyfu yl;aygif;+yD; ESdrfeif;ygw,f/ 'DtxJrSm 1930-1932 txd j zpf y G m ; wJ h q&mpH v ,f o rm;ol y k e f [ m txif & S m ;qk H ; jzpf y gw,f / "g;uk d i f w J h v,form;olykefukd ESdrfeif;zkd@ twGuf tdENd,uppfulykd@ay;&+yD; tdENd,vufeufukdifppfom; waomif;ausmfokH;ygw,f? tpkd;& ukd remcHolrSefor#ukd jypfr_usL;vGefol okd@r[kwf EkdifiHawmf&J@&efoltjzpf owfrSwfygw,f? t&yfom;ukd &efoltjzpfjrifwJh ukdvdkeDtpdk;&[m &mZ0wfr_eJ@ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd ESdrfeif;&mrSm ykvdyf ppfykvdyfeJ@ ppfwyfukdomokH;wmrkd@ ukv d ekd aD cwfrmS vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG ta&;ygvmwm jzpfygw,f? tcGix hf ;l cHt*Fvyd &f @J tusK;d pD;yGm;eJ@ tm%mykid q f idk rf u _ dk xdyg;vmw,fv@kd ,lq&if vufeufr&Sw d hJ jynfojl ynfom;rsm;ukd &efoo l zG,f ppfwyfu ESrd ef if;zk@d tqifoifyh gy/J 'gayr,fh qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;aumif;wJh jynfrrSmom ukv d ekd t D pk;d &}u;D pk;d Ekid yf gw,f? tpd;k &}u;D pk;d wJh

ae&mwkid ;f rSm tpk;d &[m rn‡mrwmtiftm;ok;H +y;D tm%mjyavh&ydS gw,f? 'ga=umifh tpk;d &u ppfwyfo;Hk +y;D vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd tEkid u f siw hf "hJ avh[m ukv d ekd aD cwfu pcJw h mjzpfa=umif; ar&D u,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? a&S@tywftykdif; 5 rSm ukdvdkeDacwf ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;ykHta=umif; wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (5) tdE, dN rSmESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm tkycf sKyrf if;vky+f y;D rS jrefrmjynfukd wku d cf u dk o f rd ;f ydu k w f hJ t*Fvyd f udv k ekd D tpdk;&[m tdENd,ppfom;ukd t"dutm;udk;ygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk tdENd,vufatmufcH jynfe,fwcktjzpfowfrw S v f u kd w f t hJ cgrmS vnf; wkid ;f jynf+ird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGuf tdE, dN ppfwyfe@J tdE, dN ppfom;udyk o J ;Hk ygw,f? 'gayr,fh yxrurBmppfaemufyikd ;f tdE, dN jynfrmS Ekid if aH &;ðyjyifr_ vkyv f mawmh jrefrmjynfuo dk ;D jcm;tkycf sKyEf ikd af tmif yxrqk;H aomtajccHOya'ukd 1923 rSm jyXmef;ygw,f? 'DOya't& wae@=u&if jrefrmjynfrmS uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;usio hf ;Hk vmrSmrd@k wkdif;&if;om;udk ppfr_xrf;cdkif;zkd@pOf;pm;vm&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efuokH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 5 rSm wifjyygr,f? tdE, dN pfppfom;udo k ;Hk +y;D tdE, dN ud}k u;D pd;k wJt h *Fvyd [ f m jrefrmjynfrmS vnf; jrefrm jynfom;udo k ;Hk +y;D tkycf sKyzf @kd óu;pm;cJyh gao;w,f? yxr t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppfyrGJ mS wku d cf ikd ;f zk@d twGuf &cdik w f idk ;f &if;om;awGupkd pfxo J iG ;f zd@k tdE, dN ukv d edk t D pd;k u 1824 rSm pDpOfcb hJ ;l ygw,f? weoFm&D a'oudu k muG,zf @kd twGuf 1833 rSm rGew f idk ;f &if;om;awGukd ppfx0J ifcidk ;f ayr,fh rSe;f csurf udu k f vkd@ aemufydkif;rSm rGefwyfzJG@udkzsufodrf;vdkuf&ygw,f? 1852 rSm 'kwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppf jzpfygG ;awmh a'ocHawGupkd pfwyfxo J iG ;f zk@d óu;pm;jyefygw,f? Armtenf;tusO;f yg0ifwhJ yJc;l ajcjrefwyfukd zG@J pnf;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D oGm;vd@k Armbk&ife@J ppfjzpfz@kd tcGit hf vrf; enf;oGm; wJt h cgrmS yJc;l ajcjrefwyfe@J &cdik w f yfukd vufeufrukid w f t hJ &yfom;ykvyd t f jzpf toGif ajymif; vku d yf gw,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f c&pf,mefbmom0ifjzpfomG ;wJh u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;awGukd ppfwyfxJ oGi;f zd@k óu;pm;ygw,f? yxrurBmppfjzpfcsed rf mS a'owdik ;f &if;om;ppfrx _ rf; 300 avmuf &Sd wJt h euf 200 ausmu f u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;jzpfygw,f? tJ't D csed u f jrefrmjynfvOl ;D a&[m 12 oef;jzpfwmrd@k ppfrx _ rf;wJah 'ocHwidk ;f &if;om; tvGeef nf;yg;aewm xif&mS ;ygw,f? tdE, dN ppfom;udo k ;Hk r,ft h pm; a'ocHjrefrmjynfom;uko d ;Hk zd@k t*Fvyd t f &m&Su d wifjywJt h cgrmS udv k ekd D tpd;k &[m a'ocHawGukd ppfxo J iG ;f zd@k pDpOfygw,f? 'gayr,fh a'ocHwidk ;f &if;om;ukd oifwef;ay;

avhusifhay;&wm[m tdENd,ppfom;udk cdkif;wmxuf ydk+yD;p&dwftukeftusrsm;wJhtwGuf t*Fvyd pf um;wwf+y;D usio fh m;&aewJh tdE, dN ppfom;udyk J qufo;Hk ygw,f? yxrurBmppf+y;D qk;H vd@k tdE, dN jynfud k uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;ay;zd@k pDpOfwt hJ cgrmS jrefrm jynfukd tdE, dN vufatmufcjH ynfe,ftjzpf qufxm;vd@k rjzpfawmhayr,fh ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &; ay;zk@d tqifrh rDao;bl;vk@d t*Fvyd u f ,lqygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1923 ck *seef 0g&v D 1 &ufae@rSm 'dik t f mcD tajccHOya'udk jyXmef;+y;D jrefrmjynfukd bk&ifct H yk cf sKyw f u hJ v kd ekd t D jzpf owfrw S yf gw,f? a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJhukd,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkyg0ifwJh Oya'ðyaumifpDeJ@ bk&ifcH yl;wJG tkycf sKyyf gw,f? tJ't D csed u f p+y;D tdE, dN jynfupd eP @J jrefrmjynfupd [ P m uGu J jGJ ym;jym;jzpfvmw,fv@kd qdEk idk yf gw,f? tdE, dN vufatmufucJx G w k v f u dk w f jhJ refrmjynfrmS tdE, dN ppfom; qufo;Hk wJu h pd P [m pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? tdE, dN ppfom;udk tdE, dN jynfumuG,af &;twGuo f m ok;H oifw h hJ twGuf Edik if jH cm;a&muftEd , dN ppfom;awGujkd yefac:zd@k tdE, dN trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufu awmif;qkd aecsed jf zpfygw,f? ArmtrsK;d om;0g'aD wGuawmh t*Fvyd pf pfwyfxJ ArmawG0ifciG rhf ðywJu h pd u P kd a0zef¶w _ cf saeygw,f? vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H Arm[m ppfwyfxrJ mS awmh tenf;qk;H jzpfaeygw,f? 'kw, d urBmppfjzpfcge;D csed af &mufawmhrS Armppfwyfz@GJ pnf;zk@d udv k ekd t D pd;k &u pOf;pm;vmwmyg? trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdef&aewJhumvrSm ArmawGudk ppfwyfxJoGif;vkduf&if ykeu f efvrd rhf ,fv@kd pk;d &dr+f y;D ppfwyfxt J 0ifrcHwmvd@k udv k edk t D &m&Sad [mif; J.S. Furnivall u ajymbl;w,f? tdENd,tawG@tñuHudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;pdwf"gwf&SdwJh vlwef;pm;udk ppfwyft0ifrcHbdk@ t*FvdyfuqkH;jzwfxm;wmygyJ? 1920 ausmif;om;oydwfudk wjynfvkH; axmufcv H @kd trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ay:ayguv f m&wmud=k unf+h y;D ArmvlrsK;d udk ppfwyfxJ t0if rcHwmbJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f?

1931 vlO;D a&pm&if;rSmazmfjywJh jrefrmjynfom;ppfom;OD ;a&rSm u&if/ ucsief @J csi;f ppfom;u 83 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfygw,f? vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpfwAhJ rm[m ppfom;OD;a& tenf;qk;H jzpfaeygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm trsKd;om;0g'D 'kwd,rsKd;qufay:xGufvm+yD; 'kd@Armtpnf;t¶kH;ukd A[kðd y+y;D Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;aeyg+y?D t*Fvyd v f ufatmufuvGwaf jrmufatmif b,fenf;eJ@ vkyf rvJqdkwmudk ta&;w}uD;pOf;pm;vmwJhtcsdeftcgygyJ? EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;rSm vufeufrudik b f J 0g;c|eo f mukid w f u hJ , dk yf idk w f yfawG 'DacwfrmS txift&Sm;ay:ayguv f mygw,f? vli,fawG ud , k v f uf}uc›H ikd af &;eJ@ tajccHppfynm em;vnfa&;twGuf OD;armif}u;D u 1930 rSm ‘&Jwyf’ udzk @JG pnf;ygw,f? aemufawmhO;D armif}u;D [m yxrqk;H aom umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D jzpfvmygw,f? 'k@d Armtpnf;t¶k;H u vuf¶ek ;f wyfuzkd @GJ pnf;+y;D wuUov dk af usmif;om; rsm;or*~u oHr%dwyfuzdk @JG ygw,f? OD;apmrSm *VKew f yf&o dS vdk a'guw f mbarmfrmS "g;rwyf&ydS g w,f? 'DwyfawGrmS yg0ifwJ v h il ,fO;D a&[m rsm;vSwmr[kwaf yrJh tcg}u;D &uf}u;D rSm ppfa&;jy

csDwuf=uwma=umifh vlodrsm;wJhwyfawGyJ jzpfygw,f? tEœ&m,fay;Ekdifw,fvdk@ t*Fvdyfu r,lqvk@d cGiðhf yxm;wmyg? vufeufrudik &f ayrJh &Jwyfe@J vuf¶ek ;f wyf[m ppfynmtajccHawGukd avhvmqnf;yl;+yD; jrefrmbmomeJ@a&;om;xkwfa0wJhtxd av;eufpGmv_yf&Sm;wm awG@&yg w,f?

1935 a&mufrS Armudk ppfwyfxJ0ifcGifhðyvdkufayr,fh t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm ppfrx _ rf;csio f l odyrf &Syd gb;l ? 1937 {+yv D 1 &ufae@rSm +Aw d o d #bm;rm;ppfwyfukd ppfom; 6000/ t&m&Sd 500 eJ@wnfaxmifwJhtcgrSm ArmOD;a&uenf;+yD; t&if tdENd,ppfwyfrSm tr_xrf;cJo h u l trsm;pkjzpfaeygw,f? *syefwyfe@J twl bDtk id af t (Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf) a&mufvmawmhrS Armvli,fawG tvkH;t&if;eJ@ ppfxJ0if=uygw,f? a&›Stygwf tykdif; 6 rSm *syefacwfudkwifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (6) txufjrefrmjynfukd t*Fvyd f odr;f ydu k +f y;D uke;f abmifrif;qufu eef;csvu kd w f t hJ cgrmS jrefrm jynfom;awGuykeu f efxºu+y;D t*Fvyd pf pfwyfukd vufw@Hk jyef=uygw,f? a'ocHoyl ek u f dk &ifqidk f ae&wJh udv k ekd pD pfwyf[m olyek ef @J jynfol rcGjJ cm;Edik w f ma=umifh jynfov l x l u k kd &efov l kd oabm xm;+y;D qufqv H mygawmhw,f? jynfov l x l u k ykeu f efxºuvku d f udv k ekd pD pfwyfu ESrd ef if;vdu k f jynfou l +ird o f mG ;vdu k f jzpfaewm[m udv k ekd aD cwf&@J tpd;k &eJ@jynfov l x l k qufqaH &;ykpH yH gy?J 'gayr,fh *syefppfwyfu jrefrmjynfuo kd rd ;f ydu k w f t hJ cgrmS awmh *syef&@J &efo[ l m t*Fvyd f udv k edk D ppfwyfyg? jrefrmjynfom;awGr[kwfygbl;? t*Fvdyftifyg,mudk®zcGif;aewJh *syefppfwyf[m jrefrmjynfom;awG&@J yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G rf u _ &kd &Szd @kd vdt k yfwt hJ wGuf &efov l o kd abmxm;vk@d rjzpf ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh ukv d edk aD cwfrmS r&Sb d ;l wJh Armhwyfrawmfuw dk nfaxmif&mrSm *syefu ulnw D m jzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efokH;oyfxm;yHkudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tykdif; (6) rSm wifjyygr,f?

1941 'DZifbmvrSmpwJh *syef&@J ppfqifa&;udk t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd pD pfwyf[m 2 vausmf omckcHEkdif+yD; 1942 rwfv 7 &ufae@rSm &efukefuxGufajy;ygw,f? udkvdkeDppfwyfeJ@twl xGuaf jy;=uwJh tdE, dN jynfom;ok;H ode;f cGJ ppfajy;'kuo Q nfjzpfomG ;ygw,f? 6 vtwGi;f jrefrm wjynfv;Hk *syef@vufatmufusa&mufomG ;ygw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ &Jabmf ok;H usyd w f nfaxmifwhJ bDtikd af t Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfrmS ArmtrsK;d om;OD;a& tenf; qk;H waomif;/ trsm;qk;H 5 aomif;txd&EdS ikd w f ,fv@dk cef@rSe;f ygw,f? 'DtxJrmS tjcm; wkid ;f &if; om;awG rygygbl;?

bDtikd af twyfom;awG rsm;vmavav *syefwyftwGuf pd;k &drpf &mjzpfavavrk@d 1942 rwfvrSm bDtikd af tudk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;+y;D *|ev f rSmzsuo f rd ;f vku d yf gw,f? *syefppf0wfpeHk @J *syefvufeufuikd af qmifwhJ bD'aD tArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfqw kd hJ ArmtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf udk *syef@vufatmufrSm zJG@pnf;vdkufr,fqkd&if ArmtrsKd;om;0g'Dudk xdef;odrf;&vG,ful+yD; vGwv f yfa&;ay;zk@d vnf; qdik ;f xm;Ekid f vdrrhf ,fv@kd *syefppfwyfu,lqygw,f? Armppfom;awGukd ArmppfAv kd u f wm0ef,x l ed ;f odr;f Edik zf @dk vnf; &nf¶, G yf gw,f? uifaywkid pf pfyv k yd v f nf; ta&;yg vmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;r&wJt h jyif vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmf zsuo f rd ;f cHvu dk &f wmrk@d Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;eJ@ bDtikd af tacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m vGwv f yfa&;&zk@d udpu P kd t"durxm;Ekid af wmhbJ rdrdwdk@zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ArmtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf raysmufrysuf qufvuf&SifoefEdkifzkd@udkom OD;pm;ay;vm&ygw,f? bDtidk af tudk 7 vom;t¶G,rf mS zsuo f rd ;f +y;D ykrH eS pf pfwyftjzpf toGif ajymif;vd u k w f mjzpfygw,f? bDtikd af tbufawmfom; ocifawG[m 1942 ckEpS f yxr 6 vydik ;f rSmom &yf¶mG tkycf sKyaf &;udk wm0ef,yl gw,f? *syefppfwyfuawmh tkycf sKyaf &;rSm udv k edk 0D efxrf;a[mif;u wm0ef,w l mudyk J vdv k m;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh udv k ekd 0D efxrf;a[mif;}u;D pd;k wJh &yf¶mG tkycf sKyaf &;pepf ‘a'guw f mbarmf OD;aqmifwhJ trsK;d om;vl}u;D tpd;k &’ eJ@ awmfveS af &;pdw"f gwf jyif;wJh vli,f awG yg0ifwhJ ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf ponfjzifh tzJ@G tpnf; 3 ckudk *syefppfwyfu zefw;D vdkufygw,f? 'DtzJ G@tpnf; 3 ckpvkH; EkdifiHa&;t&aygif; pnf;oGm;r,fqdk&if Armhwyfrawmf [m *syefawmfveS af &;udk OD;aqmifrmS r[kwb f ;l vk@d ar&Du,fv[efujrifygw,f? awmfveS af &; udk OD;raqmifwhJ Armhwyfrawmf[m ppf+y;D acwfEidk if aH &;avmuukv d nf; OD;aqmifEidk zf , G f r&Sd bl;vk@d ok;H oyfygw,f? bDtikd af t-Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfuzkd suo f rd ;f +y;D bD'aD t-ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmfz@GJ pnf;&wJh t"du&nf¶, G cf suu f Armwyfz@GJ udk *syefppfwyfuvdt k yfovkd xde;f csKyf cs,fvS,fEkdifzkd@ygyJ? 'gayrJh bD'Datwyf[m *syef&nf¶G,fovdkjzpfrvmbJ jynfcspfvli,fawG pka0;&mae&m jzpfvmygw,f? yxrqk;H aomArmhwyfrawmfukd *syefwnfaxmifvu dk w f m[m trsKd;om;pdwf"gwfeJ@ vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"gwft&Sdeft[kefudk jyif;xefapwJhtwGuf *syef[m uk, d t hf Eœ&m,f ud, k zf efw;D ovdk jzpfomG ;ygw,fw?hJ tiftm; ESpfaxmifu ig;axmiftxd&SdwJh bD'DatwyfudkzJG@pnf;zdk@ *syefppfwyfu cGiðhf yvku d w f m[m Armhwyfrawmfay:aygurf j_ zpfpOfrmS ta&;}u;D w,fv@dk ar&Du,fv[efu jrifygw,f? tkwfta&ma&mausmufta&ma&mjzpfaewJh bD'Datwyfudkzsufodrf;um taotcsmpdppfa¶G;cs,f+yD; uspfuspfvpfvpfzGJ@pnf;xm;wJhbD'Datwyf ay:aygufvmwm a=umifh ArmppfonfawGxrJ mS tzG@J pdwef @J &Jabmfpw d f ude;f atmif;vmwmvk@d qkyd gw,f? *syef

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Adv k o f ifwef;ausmif;vdyk J ppf¶;Hk rSmvnf; Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;uppfAv kd af wG &Sad eygw,f?

'DppfAv kd af wG[m awmfveS af &;umvrSm t"dutcef;u¾u yg0ifvm=uygw,f? a&›S tygwf tydkif; (7) rSm *syefawmfvSefa&;&J@ wyfrawmftcef;u¾ukd wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (7) *syefawmfvSefa&;umvrSm toGifrwlwJhtzGJ@tpnf;awG ,m,Dr[mrdwfvkyf+yD; *syefukd awmfveS zf @kd om t"du tm¶kpH u dk cf =hJ uygw,f? oabmxm;uGv J o JG al wG[m *syefawmfveS af &; umvrSmom ,m,DvufwEJG idk =f uwmyg? t*Fvyd u f vnf; *syefqef@usiaf &;twGuf wkid ;f &if; om;vlrsK;d pkukd pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &mrSm Armrke;f wD;a&; aoG;xd;k ay;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh *syefppf¶;H_ vdk@ ppf+yD;qkH;wJhtcgrSm t*Fvdyf/ ArmeJ@ wkdif;&if;om;awGt=um; oabmxm;uGJvJGvm¶kHom rubJ ArmtzJG@tpnf;awGxJrSmvnf; *kd%f;*%tusKd;pD;yGg;uGJjym;r_ ykdrdkjyif;xefvmwmrkd@ tajctaeqk;d 0g;vmykH ar&D u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f (&) rSm wifjyvku d f ygw,f? oabmxm;csif;rwlwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aemiftcgrSm qdk&S,fvpfygwDjzpfvmwJh jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gw[ D m tpuwnf;u tap;uyfwmr[kwaf yr,fh *syefawmfveS af &;

twGuf zJ@G vku d w f J h AFO zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J rSm ESpzf @GJ pvk;H yg0ifvm&ygw,f? *syefe@J aygi;f wmudk ppfrjzpfru D wnf;uqef@usicf w hJ hJ uGejf rLepfawG[m *syefppfwyfa&mufvmcsed u f p+y;D *syefqef@usiaf &;vkyyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfu t*Fvyd ef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syefqef@usiaf &;vkycf siaf yr,fh jynfo@l ta&;awmfyu Hk awmh t*Fvyd ef @J vufwzJG @kd pdwrf ul;bJ*syefacwftpd;k &tzJ@G rSmae&m,l+y;D v_y&f mS ;ygw,f? *syefacwftzJ@G tpnf;tm;vk;H vdv k rkd mS uGejf rLepfygwu D 0ifa&muf+y;D zufqpf qef@usiaf &;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;ygw,f? tpd;k &&mxl;&,lwhJ uGejf rLepfygw0D ifawGuvnf; ol@enf;ol@[efe@J zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_ukd tultnDay; ygw,f? ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifb[de;f / ocifoed ;f azwk@d [m xif&mS ;wJu h eG jf rLepf0g'aD wGjzpfygw,f?

OD;baqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwu D awmh ajratmuf awmfvSefa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkxJ0if+yD; pnf;¶kH;wmrsKd;rvkyfygbl;? vkHðcHa&;twGuf ygwD acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m tpd;k &tzJ@G rSm yg0if vkyu f ikd yf gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm zufqpfqef@usiaf &; vkyv f w dk phJ pfAv kd t f csK› ed @J vnf; teD;uyfqufo, G x f m;ygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuaf &m t*Fvyd q f ef@usiaf &;twGuyf g ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfut dk ok;H ðyzd@k jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwu D &nf¶G,fxm;ykH&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykHygwDeJ@ trsKd;om;wyfrawmfu uk, d pf m;vS,af wG 1944 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D AFO zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzJ@G udk wnfaxmifygw,f? OuUX Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ twGi;f a&;r–; ocifoef;xGe;f / Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif u ocifp;kd jzpfygw,f? ppf+y;D acwfrmS uGejf rLepfygweD @J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwD ®yifqidk =f u&mrSm wyfrawmfuppfAv kd af wGuvnf; rdrw d @kd axmufcw H EhJ idk if aH &;ygwu D o kd m opPm&S=d uygw,f?

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tydik ;f (8) r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk/ ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfe@J zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J pwJh toGirf wlwhJ tzG@J tpnf;awGy;l aygi;f +y;D *syefuw kd u dk x f w k v f @kd jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnford ;f yku d w f hJ 1945 ckEpS f yxr 6 vydkif;[m ppf+yD;acwfjrefrmjynfudkzefwD;vdkufwJh tcsdefumvjzpfygw,f? bkH&efol *syefppfwyfr&Sad wmhwt hJ cgrmS &nf¶, G cf surf wlwhJ *syefqef@usiaf &;tiftm;pktcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQ jzpfvm&ykHudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; (8) rSm ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfxm;ygw,f? &efuek u f o kd rd ;f yku d +f y;D csed t f xd jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;udk b,ftzG@J tpnf;u csKyu f idk f ovJqdkwm ajymzdk@ rvG,fygbl;wJh? *syefqef@usifa&;tiftm;pkxJyg0ifcJh=uwJh tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;rSm ppf+y;D acwfjrefrmjynfe@J ywfouf+y;D t,ltqtrsK;d rsK;d &S=d uwJt h wGuf tawG;uk, d pf D eJ@ wkid ;f jynftem*wfukd pdwu f ;l ,Of=uygw,f? bk&H efou l v kd ufww GJ u kd cf u dk zf @kd rqk;H jzwfru D wnf; u &Scd w hJ hJ uGv J w GJ t hJ ,ltq tawG;tac:awGvnf; jyefvnfxu G af y:vmygw,f? ppf+y;D acwf jrefrmjynfudk }uD;pdk;zdk@®yifqkdifwJh tiftm;pkokH;pk&Sdygw,f? yxrtiftm;pku AkdvfcsKyf}uD; armifb h ufwef acgi;f aqmifwhJ r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pkjzpf+y;D / 'kw, d u bk&ifcaH ':refprpf OD;aqmif wJh ‘uufpb f ’D ac: jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;tzJ@G jzpfygw,f? wwd,tiftm;pku ArmEdik if aH &;tzG@J awGjzpf+y;D zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J / ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf/tjcm; trsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;awG yg0ifygw,f? ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pktwGuu f awmh jrefrmjynfuo kd rd ;f ydu k w f m[m ppfqifa&;&J@ yxrtqifo h mjzpfygw,f? r[mrdww f yf}u;D [m jrefrmjynfudkodrf;+yD;wmeJ@ ta&›Sawmiftm&SrSmusef&Sdaeao;wJh *syefwyfawGud kwdkufckdufzdk@ qufvufppfcs&D ygw,f? r[mrdww f yf}u;D odr;f ydu k cf w hJ ahJ e&mud0k ifa&mufvmwJh tiftm;pkawG uawmh zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzJ@G awGe@J ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzJ@G ygy?J Armvufeufuikd f tzJ@G awGu vGwv f yfa&;vdck si+f y;D ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G uawmh ukv d ekd pD epfukd jyefvnf toufoiG ;f vkyd gw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS *syef}u;D pd;k aewke;f 1943 rSm ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J udk tdE, dN rSm zJ@G pnf;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f ppf+y;D &if jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnftyk cf sKyzf @kd ygy?J *syefe@J yl;aygi;f wJh Armhwyfrawmfukd opPmazmufwyfv@dk udv k ekd t D &mxrf;awGyg0ifwhJ ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G u trnf ay;xm;ygw,f? ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfe@J vufww GJ u kd cf u dk zf @kd r[mrdww f yfuqk;H jzwfwmukd uufpb f t D zG@J u raxmufcyH gb;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J eJ@ ‘uufpb f ’D tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@ yÉdyuQjzpf=u+yD; ypf=ucwf=uwJhtxd tajctaeqdk;0g;vmygw,f? uufpfbD t&mxrf;eJ@ vufeufuikd Af rm[m wOD;eJ@wOD; &efov l o kd abmxm;vmw,fv@kd qdEk idk yf gw,f?

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Edik if aH &; Ed;k =um;wufºuwJjh ynfov l x l v k ufxJ aoewfa&mufaewmrd@k tiftm;ok;H ukv d ekd pD epf usio hf ;Hk vk@d r&awmhygb;l ? 'Dtajctaea=umifh ykpH w H rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;ay;&awmhr,fqw kd mudk tm;vk;H oabmayguaf e=uyk&H ygw,f? uJ - 'Dvq dk &dk if vGwv f yfwjhJ refrmjynfukd b,fot l yk cf sKyf rvJ qdkwJhjy\em ay:vmygw,f? armifhbufwef&J@r[mrdwfwyf}uD;eJ@vufwGJ+yD; *syefukd wku d cf u kd cf w hJ hJ Armvufeufuikd t f zJ@G udk tm%mvJa$ y;rSmvm;/ 'grrS [kwv f nf; 1942 uwnf; u opPm&Sd&Sd tdENd,txdvdkufvmcJhwJh ukdvdkeDt&mxrf;ArmawGvufxJ tm%mtyfrvm; qdkwJh jy\emygyJwJh? 'DudpPudk vef'efut*Fvdyftpdk;&uvnf; jywfjywfom;om; rqkH;jzwf Ekid yf gb;l ? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J eJ@vufwzJG @kd Akv d cf sKy}f u;D armifb h ufwefukd cGiðhf ywke;f u vnf; vef'efut*Fvdyftpdk;&[m pdwfryghwyg jzpfcJhygao;w,f? *syefeJ@aygif;+yD; t*Fvdyfudk wku d cf w hJ AhJ rmudk t*Fvyd t f pd;k & rarhao;ygb;l ? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;Armtiftm;pkukd t*Fvyd f tpdk;&ur,kH=unfao;wmudk AkdvfcsKyfyD;tm;pf Pearce acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G u tcGiahf umif;,l+y;D Armvufeufuikd af jymufusm;eJ@ armifb h ufwef&@J r[mrdww f yft=um; em;vnfry_ sujf ym;atmif aqmif¶u G yf gawmhw,f? wu,fawmh ppf+y;D acwfjrefrmjynfrmS udv k ekd D tkycf sKyaf &;,Eœ&m; r&Sad wmhwt hJ wGuf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmwJh t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t D &m&Sad wG[m bmvky&f rSe;f rod prf;w0g;0g;jzpfaecsed rf mS opPmazmufArmudk vufpm;acscsiw f hJ t*Fvyd t f csK› d u tcGiahf umif;,lwmygy?J r[mrdww f yf}u;D csw D ufwu dk cf d u k o f mG ;wJ h ppfa=umif;aemufuvku d yf gwhJ zufqpf qef@usiaf &;Armwyfz@GJ [m olw@kd odr;f ydu k &f mae&ma'orSmtkycf sKyaf &;wnfaqmufygw,f?

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tydik ;f (8) ppf+yD;acwf yËdyuQt¶_yftaxG;=um;u wyfrawmfopfay:aygufvmykHta=umif; ar&D u,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmukd wifjyygr,f/ ppf+yD;&if jrefrmjynfrSm b,fvdkppfwyfrsKd; wnfaxmifr,fqw kd u hJ pd rP mS a':refprpfacgi;f aqmifwhJ tdE, dN a&mufuv dk ekd t D pd;k &eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;wk@d tzG@J [m tjrifrwl=uygb;l / a':refprpfw@dk tzG@J [m ukv d ekd aD cwfuykpH t H wkid ;f wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkukd tajccHwJhppfwyfukd zGJ@pnf;vkdygw,f? csi;f -ucsiaf jymufusm;tultnDe@J e,fpyfa'oukd jyefvnford ;f yku d Ef idk w f mrk@d 'D a'orSm t*Fvdyf t&m&Sd }uD;=uyfwJ h vlrsKd;pkwyfukdwnfaxmif+yD; jrefrmjynfrSmawmh u&if tdE, dN eJ@ t*Fvyd jf refrmujym;yg0ifwhJ vlrsK;d pkw H yfudk a':refprpfw@dk tzG@J u wnfaxmifvykd gw,f? ppfrjzpfru D &Scd w hJ hJ ukv d ekd pD pfwyfudk toufjyefoiG ;f zk@d &nf¶, G w f mygy/J 'gayr,fh vufawG@tajc tae[m a':refprpf&@J pDru H ed ;f eJ@ wjcm;pDjzpfaeygw,f/ r[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pk csw D ufwu dk cf u dk f oGm;wJph pfa=umif;rSm use&f adS eao;wJh *syeftºuif;tuseu f dk tjywf&iS ;f +y;D uufpb f D tkycf sKyaf &; ukd ulnzD @dk wm0ef,o l [ l m t*Fvyd w f yfz@JG eJ@ Armwyfz@JG awGjzpfaeygw,f?

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ukd zsufodrf;awmhr,fqdkwJh aumvm[vowif;jyef@ESH@vmygw,f/ 'ga=umifh =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@ &efukef®r›rSm usif;ywJh wyfr–;rsm;tpnf;ta0;rSm PBF wyfom;ukd wyfzGJ@vkduf wyfrawmfopfrmS yg0ifciG ðhf yzk@d eJ@ PBFukd wyfrawmf&@J ausm¶k;d tjzpf oabmxm;+y;D wkid ;f &if; om;awGuydk g0ifciG ðhf yzk@d yxrqk;H t}urd f PBF uawmif;qkv d mygw,f? 'Dupd u P dk aeol&ed f nDvmcH rSm twnfðyygw,f? zqyvtzG@J eJ@ PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmf[m wae@wjcm; tiftm;wk;d yGm; aeygw,f/ t*Fvyd u f v dk ekd rD mS trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_udk ESrd ef if;wJt h cg tdE, dN ppfom;ukd tok;H rðyzk@d tdE, dN trsK;d om;0g'aD wGu awmif;qkad ecsed v f nfjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfukd zsufodrf;vkdufr,ffqkd&if ay:aygufvmr,hf vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd ESrd ef if;Ekid w f hJ ppftiftm; t*Fvyd rf mS &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l / 'Dvdk tcsed rf mS Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wk@d tzG@J ukd oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D ru › v dk mzk@d ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwefu zdwaf c:vku d yf gw,f/ a&S@tywf uef'pD mcsKyu f arG;xkwv f u dk w f hJ wyfrawmfopf ta=umif; wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (10) oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmv 6 &uf- 7 &ufrmS usi;f ywJn h v D mcHu ppf+y;D acwf wyfrawmfopf aygufzGm;vmygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyfrawmfopfeJ@twlay:aygufvmwJh Edik if aH &;eJ@vlrsK;d a&;jy\emudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 10 rSm ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wmudk wifjyygr,f? ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdwt f &m&Sad wG&,f/ jrefrmjynf wyfru t*Fvyd w f yfr;– awG&,f/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ PBF ppfAv kd af wG&,f/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &; tzG@J u uk, d pf m;vS,af wG&,f awG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D oabmwlcsu&f ,lwJ h nDvmcHjzpfygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f t&ifu rltm;jzifo h abmwlcw hJ t hJ wkid ;f Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyf qkw d hJ ppfwyf 2 wyfyg0ifwhJ wyfrawmfopfukd wnfaqmufz@kd ygy?J PBF rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf om;awGcsn;f yg0ifwhJ wyf&if;u 3 &if;/ PBF tzG@J 0ifr[kww f hJ ArmawGomyg0ifEikd w f J h wyf&if; 1 &if;/ u&if/ ucsief @J csi;f u wyf&if; 2 &if;pD pkpak ygi;f wyf&if; 10 &if;&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfopfukd zG@J pnf;zd@k uef'n D v D mcHuqk;H jzwfygw,f? tiftm;waomif;ESpaf xmif&w dS hJ t+rw J rf;wyfrawmf opfukd wnfaxmifwmygy?J 'DtxJrmS ig;axmifausm[ f m PBF rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfu vmrSm jzpfygw,f? &JabmfokH;usdyf0ifjzpfwJh AkdvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 3/ Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh wyf&if; 4/ AkdvfaZ,s OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 5 pwJh wyf&if;awGwnfaxmifa&;udk OD;pm;ay;zdk@

vnf ; qkH;jzwfygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyf rawmfOD;pD; ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu AdkvfcsKyf L.C.Thomas u aqmif¶u G yf gw,f? tajymif;ta¶$@rSm PBF rsK;d cspw f yfom;awG repfem& atmif Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k u awmif;qkad yr,fh r&wmawG&ydS gw,f? PBF wyfom;udk wyfz@JG vku d f vufczH @kd wifjyayr,fh wOD;csi;f vufczH @kd om t*Fvyd u f qk;H jzwfygw,f? t*Fvyd pf um;rwwf &if &mxl;wufzdk@rvG,fwmrdk@ t*FvdyfpmwwfwJh wkdif;&if;om;ppfAkdvfuom &mxl;wufzdk@ tcGifhtvrf; rsm;ygw,fwJh? wyfrawmfopfrmS av#mufxm;wJh PBF rsKd;cspfppfAkdvfxJu okH;ykHwykHavmufom 0ifciG &hf ygw,f? rsK;d csp&f aJ bmftrsm;pk[m L.C.Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfrmS ae&mr&=u ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m AkdvfcsKyf Thomas vufatmufrSm 'kwd,ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf tr_xrf;zdk@ jiif;y,fvkduf+yD; 1945 atmufwkdbmrSm ppfwyfuxGufvkdufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfur kd 0ifcsio f el @J 0ifciG rhf &ol PBF rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfom;awGudk pkaygi;f wJh jynfo@l &JabmftzG @J udk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uwnfaxmif+y;D vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf rJG mS jynfo@l tiftm;tjzpf tok;H ðyygw,f? uef'n D v D mcHuzG@J pnf;vdu k w f hJ t+rw J rf;wyfrawmfopfrmS Armppfwyfe@J wkid ;f &if; om;ppfwyfqdkwJh ppfwyf 2 wyf&Sdae+yD; &nf¶G,fcsufcsif;rwl=uygbl;? Armppfwyfu rsKd;cspf &Jabmfa[mif;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&udk tcsdefra¶G; awmfvSef ykeu f efr,ft h aetxm;rSm&Syd gw,f? tm%m&t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udu k muG,rf ,fo h [ l m wkid ;f &if; om;ppfwyfyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmfrSm wOD;eJ@wOD; wbufeJ@ wbuf r,ko H uFmjzpfwm[m rqef;ygb;l ? Ekid if aH &;cH,cl suf jyif;xefwphJ pfAv kd af wGvnf; ArmwyfxrJ mS &Syd gw,f? ppf+yD;acwf[m EkdifiHa&;Edk;=um;wufºuqkH;umvjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkEkdifygw,f? *syef zufqpfuakd wmfveS w f u kd cf u dk cf w hJ hJ zqyvtzG@J csKy[ f m vGwv f yfa&;twGuf t*Fvyd u f kd yl;owf aewJt h csed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? zqyv tzG@J xJu uJv G w GJ o hJ abmxm;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;yÉdyuQawG[m taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;awG&Sd&m Armwyf&if;okH;&if;txd *,uf¶kdufvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;uawmh EkdifiHa&;*kd%f;*%tuGJt+yJrSmrygbJ zqyvtzGJ@&J@acgif;aqmiftjzpf trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_ux kd ed ;f ausmif;Ekid zf @kd óu;yrf;aeyk&H ygw,f? uef'pD mcsKyt f & wyfrawmfopf zJG@pnf;+yD; wESpft=um 1946 pufwifbmvrSm bk&ifcH Hubert Rance tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; umuG,af &;wm0efcH jzpfvmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ t&Sed t f [kef jyif;xefvmwmudk pd;k &dro f al wGvnf;&Syd gw,f? oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aexkid &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd ahJ r#mv f ifch suef @J r[mrdwef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syef ukd wdu k cf u dk cf w hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkxrJ mS Arm}u;D pd;k rSmudk pd;k &dro f al wG&ydS gw,f? *syef vufeuf cs+y;D r=umrD 1945 =o*kwv f rSm u&ifacgi;f aqmifapmbOD;}u;D eJ@ Sydney vleu D Karenistan

vd@k trnfwiG rf ,fh u&ifEidk if u H w kd nfaxmifvakd =umif; a':refprpf&@J ud, k pf m;vS,f T.L.Hughes udk ajymbl;ygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm u&ifu, dk yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;e,fajr&zd@k awmif;qd=k uygw,f?

ArmeJ@ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pku rdrw d @kd ar#mv f ifw h t hJ wkid ;f jzpfajrmufvmzd@k óu;pm;ae wke;f rSm Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfukd b,fvódk u;udik rf vJqw dk jhJ y\emudk t*Fvyd &f ifqidk &f ygw,f? e,fjcm;ppfwyfukd t*Fvyd f t&m&Sd ok@d r[kwf t*Fvyd u f o kd pPm&Sw d hJ wkid ;f &if;om;t&m&Su d }u;D =uyfz@dk pDpOfEidk af yr,fh Armwyf&if;&Sw d hJ jynfrppfwyfukd b,fvókd u;ukid rf vJqw kd jhJ y\emudk t*Fvyd &f ifqikd &f wmygy?J 'Djy\emudak jz&Si;f &mrSm u&ifppfwyfut kd ok;H csz@kd qk;H jzwfvu dk yf Hk &yg w,fw?hJ xdyw f ef;&mxl;udk u&ifppfAv kd af wGuakd y;vku d &f if wyfrawmf[m t*Fvyd q f ef@usiw f hJ ArmppfAv kd v f ufatmufra&mufEidk b f ;l vd@k ppfrif;}u;D L.C.Thomas u ar#mv f ifch yhJ &Hk ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dwu G u f ed ;f rSm;,Gi;f a=umif; 1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;u oufaojyaeygw,fw?hJ t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t D pd;k &jyefvnftyk cf sKyw f hJ 1945 atmufwb dk mvrS vGwv f yfa&;&wJh 1948 *sefe0g&DvtxdjzpfwJh 2 ESpfausmfumvukd vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJjyif;xefwJhumvvdk@ Armbufujrifayr,fh t*Fvdyftzdk@uawmh tkyfcsKyfvkd@r&wJh qlylt=urf;zufwJhumvygyJ? t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &; rxdra&mufjzpfaewke;f wjynfv;Hk rSm vufeufawGjyef@aewmrd@k t=urf;zuf r_eJ@ wkdufckdufvk,ufr_vnf; 'DacwfrSm trsm;qkH;ygyJ? bkH&efol zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefzdk@ &nfreS ;f csucf si;f rwloal wG ,m,Dvufw+GJ y;D vufeufuikd w f u dk yf GJ 0ifc=hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D vd@k Ekid if aH &;t& ESv;Hk &nfwu dk yf q JG ifE&$J r,ft h csed af &mufvmawmhvnf; vufeufuikd t f =urf;zuf wJh ppf"avh ukd razsmufEikd =f uygb;l ? 'ga=umifh olw@dk tzd@k Ekid if aH &;atmifyq JG w kd m[m t,ltq csi;f rwloal wGaphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f +y;D tay;t,lvyk w f m/ yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G w f mr[kwaf wmhbJ &efou l kd &Sm+y;D tðywfwu kd w f m (od@k ) vufeufcscikd ;f wmyJjzpfaea=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wm udk wifjyvku d yf gw,f? a&›t S ygwrf mS u&ifppfAv kd af cgi;f aqmifww hJ yfrawmfta=umif; wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (11) oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmvtapmykid ;f uusi;f ywJn h v D mcHrmS ppf+y;D acwf wyfrawmfopfuzdk @JG pnf;cJah =umif; t&iftygwu f usaemfwifjycJyh gw,f? wyfrawmfopfxrJ mS yg0ifwhJ PBF wjzpfvJ Armwyfe@J wk id ;f &if;om;wyf[m wyfrawmfu}dk u;D pd;k zk@d ®yifqidk óf u;yrf;=uykH ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 11 rSm wifjyygr,f? vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS wyfrawmfxyd w f ef;&mxl;tm;vk;H udk u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ PBF

wyfz@JG 0ifr[kww f hJ ppfAv kd af wGu &,lxm;ygw,f? ppfO;D pD;csKyu f Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f / avwyf OD;pD;u apm&S;D ¶_;d / ppfqifa&;r–;u t*FvefEikd if H Sandhurst Adv k o f ifwef;ausmif;qif; Akv d rf ;– apm=um'k;d / ppfaxmufcsKyu f apm'efeD pwJh u&iftrsK;d om;awGjzpf=uygw,f? axmufy@dk a&;eJ@ tcsujf yqufo, G af &;wyfz@GJ awGrmS vnf; u&ift&m&Sed @J u&ifppfom;u vlrsm;pkygy?J u&ifwyf &if; 3 &if;/ ucsiw f yf&if; 2 &if;eJ@ csi;f wyf&if; 2 &if;u ppfAv kd pf pfom;awGukd t*Fvyd u f pkaqmif;cJw h myg? vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS u&ift&m&Sed @J t*Fvyd pf pfrif&iS t f zG@J [m =oZmt&Sq d ;Hk jzpfaeygw,f? 1949 *sefe0g&Dv 14 &ufae@rSmusif;ywJh wyfr–;nDvmcHudkwufa&mufwJh xdyw f ef;t&m&Sd 33 OD;xJrmS PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfu 4 OD;om&Sd+yD; usefwyfr–;awG[m wkdif;&if;om;t&m&Sdjzpfygw,f? &JtzG@J rSmvnf; ppfrjzpfru D wnf;utr_xrf;cJw h hJ t*Fvyd -f Arm ujym;/ t*Fvyd -f ukvm;ujym;/ a*:&cg;wyfom;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGuyJ }uD;pdk;ygw,f? ppfwGif;umv wav#mufvkH; *syefudk wkdufcdk ufcJhwJh u&ifajymufusm;awG[m ppf+yD;oGm;ayr,fh vufeuf udik af qmifxm;qJ jzpfygw,f? u&ift h usK;d pD;yGg;udu k muG,zf @kd vkw d ,fv@dk u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ,lqwmrd@k 1947 azazmf0g&rD mS KNU ac: u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H udk wnfaxmifygw,f? aemufawmh KNU vufatmufcH KNDO u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;tzG@J qdw k hJ u&ifjynfo@l ppfudk zGJ@pnf;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&zkd@ zqyvtzJG@csKyfuóu;yrf;aecsdefrSm zqyv&J@ opPmcH r[kwfwJh vufeufudkiftzGJ@awG trsm;tjym;&Sdaeygw,f? wyfrawmfopfukdOD;aqmifaewJh u&ifeJ@t*Fvdyft&m&SdawGudk PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvftodkif;t0kdif;u r,kHouFmjzpfaeyg w,f? wyfrawmfrmS u&ifppfAv kd }f u;D pd;k aewmudk ArmppfAv dk u f rauseyfygb;l ? Ekid if jH cm; tul tnD &,l+y;D u&ifu zqyvud ðk zwfcsvrd rhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[vudk Armowif;pmawGu r=umc%azmfjy=uygw,f? Armacgif;aqmifwJhwyfrawmfay:aygufa&;udk uef'DnDvmcHu &nfreS ;f cJah yr,fh vufawG@rSmawmh u&if }u;D pd;k Ekid af tmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f zefw;D aew,fv@kd ArmppfAv dk af wGu ,lqygw,f?

Armwyf&if;awG rSm Armppf Akv d &f adS yr,fh t*Fvyd t f &m&S v d ufatmufrmS tr_xrf; &wmyg? 'ga=umifh wyfrawmfopfrSm PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfr}uD;pdk;Ekdifatmif t*Fvdyf ppfrpf&Sifu wrifvkyfaew,fvkd @Armbufu,lqygw,f? jzpfEdkif&if ArmppfAdkvftm;vkH;udk wyfrawmfu xkwyf pfz@dk awmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f vkyEf ikd af =umif; Akv d rf ;– csKyaf [mif;armifarmif u 1992 arv 9 &ufae@u ajymjywmudkvnf; ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfxJu ArmppfAdkvfxJrSmvnf; uGefjrLepfppfAkdvfeJ@ uGefjrLepfr[kwfwJhppfAkdvfqkd+yD; tkyfpk 2 pk&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh wyfrawmft&m&Sd 25 &mcdkifE_ef;uom zqyvtzGJ@udk axmufcw H mjzpfw,fv@kd 1948 azazmf0g&D 9 &ufae@xkwf t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS t f pD&ifcpH mrSm

azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ wyfrawmfopfrmS ArmppfAv dk t f a&;rygwmudk Armacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u oabmayguf ygw,f? t*Fvyd ef @J awmufav#mufvufwcGJ w hJ hJ u&ifppfAv dk af wG wyfrawmfopfrmS }u;D pd;k aewm udk tEœ&m,fv@kd Armbufu,lqygw,f? u&ife@J t*Fvyd af cgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfrawmfopfxu J dk r0ifcsio f el @J 0ifciG rhf &olawGupkd ak ygi;f +y;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u jynfo@l &JabmftzG@J udk wnf axmifvu kd yf gw,f? jynfo@l &J@abmf[m zqyvvufatmufcjH zpfayr,fh Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&J@ udk,fykdifppfwyftjzpf v_yf&Sm;w,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&csdef rSm jynfo@l &Jabmf wode;f avmuf&v dS m+y;D tpd;k &ukq d ef@usiw f hJ &JabmfjzLeJ@ axmufcw H hJ &Jabmf0g qk+d y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f?

'DtawmtwGi;f umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Akv d v f ufsmeJ@ u&ifppfO;D pD;Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f wk@d &J@ vufatmufcrH [kww f hJ uk, d yf idk t f &Hwyfz@GJ udw k nfaxmifz@kd tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfygwu D pDpOfygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfygwaD cgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f tdrrf mS Armacgi;f aqmiftcsK› d r=umc% qkaH wG@=u+y;D u&ife@J t*Fvyd }f u;D pd;k wJw h yfrawmfukd toGiaf jymif;zd@k aqG;aEG;a=umif; aemiftcgrmS Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmiftjzpfxif&mS ;vmwJh Akv d }f u;D armifarmif&@J 1947 ae@pOfrw S w f rf; Diary azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfppfAv kd u f tEœ&m,fay;Ekid w f mudak qG;aEG;=uayr,fh u&ifppfAv kd ef @J t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d Adkvfvufsmukdz,f&Sm;Ekdifa&;ukdom t"duaqG;aEG;a=umif; Adkvf}uD; armifarmif&@J ae@pOfrw S w f rf;rSmazmfjyxm;wmudk ud;k um;xm;ygw,f?

1947 =o*kwfv 1 &ufae@rSm OD;ausmf+idrf; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ zqyvopPmcH ukd,fyk dift&Hwyf&if;wnfaxmifzkd@ tcGifhtvrf; ay:ayguf vmygw,f? uGejf rLepfr[kww f hJ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J wyfrawmfopfx0J ifciG rhf &olawGukd pnf;¶k;H odrf;oGif;+yD; txl;t&H&JwyfzGJ@wnfaxmifzdk@jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adv k cf ifarmifuav;/ Akv d af e0if;eJ@ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k 1947 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qk+H y;D UMP ppf&w J yfz@JG wnfaxmifz@kd aqG;aEG;ygw,f?

UMP ppf&w J yf&if;wnfaxmif+y;D ygwu D u kd sm;uefwu hJ pd u P kd Adv k v f ufsmu rvdv k m; bl;vk@d qk&d , S v f pfawGbufu ,lqygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ tusiyhf suAf rmawGukd &JtzG@J u xkwyf pfz@kd OD;ausm+f ird ;f u Akv d v f usmf ud! k e¸ =f um;+y;D 1948 arvrSm tdE, dN udk aq;ukxu G o f mG ; ygw,f? ,m,DjynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D vkyw f hJ Akv d v f usmf [m OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@!¸e=f um;csuu f kd qef@usi+f y;D &JtzG J@u u&ifeJ@ tusifhysufArmawGudk UMP ppf&x J o J iG ;f vdu k af =umif; 1984 pufwifbm 28 &ufu OD;ausm+f ird ;f aemufa=umif;jyefajymqkw d mudk Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifu rSww f rf;wif xm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwt f ydik ;f 12 rSm wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_ ayguu f rJG ,fh tajc taea&muf&v dS myku H dk wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (12) ppf+y;D acwf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wJ h wyfrawmfxrJ mS Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyft=um; wif;rmr_&dS aewm[m omrefwyfwGif;jy\emjzpfwJhtwGuf wbufeJ@wbuf aphpyfn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;+yD; tay;t,lvyk v f u kd &f if ajyvnfomG ;Ekid yf gw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh jynfwiG ;f ppfumvrSm jy\emjzpfvm wma=umifh wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_[m ayguu f w JG t hJ ajctaetxd a&muf&o dS mG ; a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; (12) rSm wifjyygr,f? t*Fvyd v f ufatmufcH ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmf[m vGwv f yfa&;r&rDuwnf;u olyek f ESdrfeif;a&;rSm yg0ifcJhygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuwnf;u uGefjrLepfawG olykefxcJhvdk@ygyJ? ppf+yD;acwftpdk;&vrf;pOfuvnf; udkvdkeDacwfutwdkif; ppftiftm;okH;+yD; olyek u f t kd jywf&iS ;f zd@k jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; 'Dvrf;pOfuykd J qufo;Hk ygw,f? 'gay r,fh jynfwGif;ppfjzpfwJhtwGuf wyfrawmfxJu u&if-Armjy\em[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvm&yg w,f? 1946 eJ@ 1949 t=um;jzpfyGg;wJh uGefjrLepfwdkufzsufa&;ppfyJGawGrSm t*FvdyfppfAdkvf&J@ t}uHay;csuft& wyfrawmfu&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;[m aus;¶GmawGudk ajrvSefrD;¶_d@pepfeJ@ wkdufckduf+yD; uGefjrLepfvdk@rouFmwJh¶Gmol¶Gmom;udk ypfowfavh&Sda=umif; wyf&if; 3 t&m&Sd a[mif; Akdvfr–;}uD;cspf®rifu ajymygw,fwJ h? uGefjrLepfESdrfeif;a&;ppfyJGrSm towfcH&oltrsm;pk[m omref¶Gmol¶Gmom;eJ@ oHCmawmfawGomjzpf+yD; uGefjrLepfr[kwfbl;vdk@ t+idrf;pm;Adkvfr–;}uD;cspf®rifu ajymygw,f?

'Dvkd ajrvSerf ;D ¶_@d pepfusio hf ;Hk aewm[m awmifov l ,form;udk zqyvtpd;k &uzdEydS af =umif; ocifp;kd ajymaewmudk rSeu f efa=umif; twnfðyovdjk zpfaeygw,f? zqyvtpd;k &udu k muG,w f hJ taeeJ@ uGejf rLepfoyl ek u f kd u&ifwyf&if;awGu wdu k cf u dk af eayr,fh zqyvtzJ@G xJu qk&d , S v f pf eJ@ qk&d , S v f pfppfAv kd af wGuawmh u&ifppfwyfukd oHo,&Sad e=uygw,f? uGejf rLepfoyl ek u f kd b,fvEkd rdS ef if;+y;D u&ifppfAv kd af wG wyfrawmfurkd v$r;f rk;d atmif b,fvv dk yk rf vJqw kd u hJ pd u P kd 1948 *|ev f avmufup+y;D ArmppfAv kd af wG tav;teuf pOf;pm; vm=uygw,f? 'DtkyfpkxJrSm Adkvfr–;csKyfae0if;/ Akdvfr–;}uD;aZ,s/ 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;&JxGÉf/ 'kAdkvfr–; }u;D wifarmif/ Adv k rf ;– csp®f rif/ Akv d rf ;– xGe;f pdeef @J Akv d rf ;– wifO;D wd@k yg0if=u+y;D uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S v f pfe@J Armwyfukd aygi;f pnf;Ekid v f rd rhf ,fv@dk ar#mv f ifch =hJ uygw,f? olw@kd &J@urf;vSr;f csuu f kd uGejf rLepfu y,fcsvu kd af wmhrS wyfrawmfukd u&ife@J t*Fvyd v f ufatmufuqJx G w k zf @kd udp[ P m yxrOD;pm; ay; jzpfvmw,f?

Akv d v f ufsmudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D &mxl;uz,f&mS ;zd@k t"duxm;ygw,f? Adv k v f ufsm udkxkwfypfzkd@ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ AkdvfaZ,su 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk em;csygw,f? Adkvfvufsmae&mudk

vlpm;xk;d &if olw@dk ESpOf ;D xJu wOD;OD;yJjzpf&r,fv@kd vnf; oabmaygux f m;=uygw,f? 'Dupd u P kd Akv d af e0if;eJ@ Adv k af Z,sw@kd u OD;Ekuw kd ifjy+y;D wJah emuf Adv k af Z,s[m OD;Ektrd u f kd aemufwacguf jyefomG ;+y;D ol@udo k m umuG,af &;0ef}u;D cef@zd@k awmif;qdyk gw,f? 'Dta=umif;Adv k af e0if;odwt hJ cg AdkvfaZ,sudk opPmazmuftjzpf owfrSwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif; ArmppfAdkvfawGxJrSm tuJt G +yjJ zpf+y;D Armwyf&if;w0ufavmuf olyek x f wJt h xdjzpfuek af =umif; OD;Ek/ Akv d rf ;– }u;D csp®f rif eJ@ Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifw@kd &J@ajymjycsuef @J rSww f rf;awGukd ud;k um;+y;D ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm; ygw,f?

1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepfygwo D yl ek x f +y;D *sLvkid ef @J =o*kwv f awGrmS uGejf rLepf ppfAv kd af wGacgi;f aqmifwhJ Armwyf&if; 2 &if; awmcko d mG ;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfppfAv kd af wG awmckd oGm;wJah emufyikd ;f wyfrawmfu&ifacgi;f aqmifyd ik ;f eJ@ ArmppfAv kd af wGt=um;qufqaH &; yd+k y;D wif;rmvmygw,f? ArmppfAv kd pf pfom;awG awmcko d mG ;wma=umifh wyfrawmfrmS ArmppfAv kd f OD;a& tawmfenf;oGm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfErdS ef if;a&;ppfyrGJ mS u&ifAv kd cf sKyaf pm=um'd;k emrnf&wJh tcsed jf zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfErdS ef if;a&;udt k m¶kpH u dk af e&wJh 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u pnf;¶k;H aewJt h csed t f cgjzpfv@dk wyfrawmfukd u&ifppfAv kd af wGu csKyu f idk af wmhr,fh tajctae ygy?J 'ga=umifh wyfrawmftwGi;f tjyifu qk&d , S v f pftyk pf [ k m ygwo D pPmcHwyf zJ@G pnf;a&; ukd OD;pm;ay;vmygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@ jynfxaJ &;XmeatmufrmS zG@J pnf; xm;wJh t&H&JwyfzJG@awGpkaygif;um ppf0efxrf;wyfzGJ@pnf;+yD; Adkvfatmif}uD;udk OD;aqmifckdif;yg w,f? uGejf rLepfe@J u&ifuq kd ef@usi+f y;D qd&k , S v f pfygwu D o kd mopPm&Sw d hJ ppf0efxrf;wyfyJ jzpfyg w,f? 'Dvkd ygwcD g;yku d f aqmifwyfz@GJ pnf;wmudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k v f ufsmu t}u;D tus,f a0zef¶w _ cf svu dk +f y;D aemufq;Hk &mxl;uEkwx f u G w f Jt h xd uef@uGuq f ENjyoGm;ygw,f? “zqyvtpd;k &u wyfrawmfe@J &JtzG@J udrk ,k=H unfv@dk ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wmvm;/ ppf 0efxrf;wyfz@JG rSmyg0ifaeolawG[m &mZ0wfom;vlq;dk "g;jyeJ@ Ekid if aH &;ta&miftaoG; trsK;d rsK;d &So d al wGrd @k wae@=u&if qd&k , S v f pftyk pf ek @J qd&k , S v f pfqef@usiaf &;tkypf t k =um; t}u;D tus,f ppfjzpfvdrfhr,f” vkd@ Adkvfvufsm tpD&ifcHpma&;xm;wmudk &efukef&Sdt*FvdyfoH¶kH;u vef'ef Edik if jH cm;a&;Xmeudk ay;yd@k wJh 1948 pufwifbm 5 &uf ae@pJyG g oHóu;pmrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ ppf0efxrf;wyfz@GJ ukd c¶kid f 18 c¶kid rf mS zG@J pnf;+y;D Ad v k af e0if;&J@ wyf&if; 4 u ppfAv kd f ppfom; 76 a,muf/ wyf&if; 5 u ppfAkdvfppfom; 97 a,mufudk oifwef;q&mawGtjzpf ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS ,m,Dtr_xrf;apygw,f? autJe'f t D dk u&ifumuG,af &;wyfz@JG eJ@ wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if;udk zqyv tpd;k &u r,ko H uFmjzpfvmavav Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;wyfukd wk;d csaJ› vavrd@k 1949 a&mufawmh ppf0efxrf;wyf&if; 26 &if; pkpak ygi;f tiftm; waomif; ok;H axmif &Sad eyg+y?D xde;f vd@k r&wJw h yfz@GJ awGvnf;&Sw d ma=umifh ppf0efxrf; 1200 avmuf awmcdk

oGm;wJah emufyikd ;f 1951 rSm c¶dik f 9 c¶kid u f ppf0efxrf;wyf&if;awGukd zsuo f rd ;f vku d &f ygw,f? wyfrawmf u&ifacgif ;aqmifyikd ;f eJ@ ArmppfAv kd af wG qufqaH &; tqifrajyjzpfae wkef; uGefjrLepfygwD olykefxwJhtcgrSm wkdif;&if;om;wyf&if;awGudkokH;+yD; ESdrfeif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk tajctaerSm uGejf rLepfppfAv kd Of ;D aqmifwhJ Armwyf&if; 2 awmcdjk yefwt hJ wGuf u&if-Arm qufqaH &;tajctae[m aumif;rGerf vmawmhbJ yd+k y;D awmhomqd;k 0g;vma=umif; ar&Du,f v[ef u ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwf tydik ;f 13 rSm u&ifoyl ek x f &wJt h a=umif;&if;awGukd wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (13) tm%m&zqyvtpd;k &udk axmufcw H hJ u&iftyk pf k eJ@ Armtkypf w k bufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFm jzpfvm&mu vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQjzpfygG ;&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efok ;H oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 13 rSm wifjyygr,f? ocifoef;xGe;f &J@ AuyuGejf rLepfawG olyek x f prSm u&ife@J ucsif wyf&if;awGu zqyvtpdk;&udk umuG,faewmrdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm u&ifjynfe,fudk wnfaxmifEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ u&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfcJhykH&ygw,fwJh? aemufydkif;rSm uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J awmcdw k hJ wyfrawmfwyf&if;awG pkaygi;f ykeu f efawmhvnf; u&if/ ucsiw f yfawGuyJ zqyvtpd;k &bufu wku d af y;&ygw,f? 'gayrJh zqyvtpd;k &eJ@ Arm ppfAv kd f awG aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f +y;D 1948 arvrSm vuf0n J !

D w G af &;vkyzf @kd uGejf rL epfuu dk rf;vSr;f wJt h cgrmS u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m zqyvukd r,ko H uFmjzpfvmygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf ay;+y;D tm%mcJaG 0,l=uzd@k pOf;pm;wJt h pDtpOfjzpfwma=umifh t&iftwkid ;f pcef;oGm;vd@k rjzpf awmhb;l vd@k u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ,lqvmyk&H w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efuqdyk gw,f?

1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepf awmcdak wmh uGejf rLepfe@J &if;ES;D wJh Armwyf&if;awG udk wdkufcdkif;&if; jy\emay:Edkifwma=umifh KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfudkwkdufckdif;zdk@ wyfrawmf OD;pD;csKyu f qk;H jzwfa=umif; Akv d cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f &J@ 1980 xkwf uk, d af wG@rSww f rf;rSm azmfjyxm; J vnf; uGejf rLepfuw kd u dk af e wmrd@k ygw,f? 'gayrJh wcsK› ad e&mawGrmS ppf0efxrf;eJ@ UMP ppf&u KNDO u&if j ynf o l @ ppf e J @ xd a wG @ vmwmrsKd ; vnf ; &S d y gw,f ? 'D = um;xJ “+id r f ; csrf ; a&; ajymufusm;” u&iftzJ@G u tpd;k &aiGwu kd u f kd 0ifazmufwmrsK;d vnf; &Syd gw,f? tpd;k &bufu wku d af y;wJt h yk pf ak wGt=um; yÉdyuQjzpfvmwmygy?J 1948 =o*kwv f 14 &ufae@rSm UMP u&if ppf&u J wHaG w;udo k rd ;f vku d af wmhrS u&ifol ykeu f kd yDyjD yifjyif jrif&ygw,f? aemufEpS yf wfavmuf =umawmh oxkHeJ@ usKdufQrDu u&ifppf&JawG awmcdk=u+yD;/ =o*kwfv 30 &ufae@rSm KNDO

u&ifjynfo@l ppftzJ@G u oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo kd rd ;f vdu k yf gawmhw,f?

'D v d k t ajctaejzpf v mwmrd k @ zqyvvuf a tmuf c H txl ; t&H & J w yf z G J @ uk d Adkvfatmif}uD;uacgif;aqmif+yD; ppf0efxrf;wyftjzpf wdk;cs›JzJG@pnf;zdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku 1948 pufwifbm 9 &ufae@u trde@f xkwjf yefvu kd w f m jzpfygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wG}u;D pd;k wJh ppf¶;Hk rSm Adv k af tmif}u;D udk ae&may;+y;D ppf0efxrf;wyf zG@J cdik ;f wm[m u&ifph pftiftm;udk wk@H jyefz@kd jyifqif wmjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQav;awGjzpfwmudk csucf si;f ajz&Si;f Edik af tmif ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wnfaxmifwm[m Adv k }f u;D armifarmif&@J tpDtpOf jzpf[efwlygw,f? ppf0efxrf;wyfzJG@pnf;wm[m a&&SnfpDrHudef;jzpfw,fqdk&ifawmh tpdk;& vufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;xJrmS Armhppftiftm;}u;D xGm;vmatmif pDpOfwmyJv@dk ajymEdik yf gw,fw?hJ 'ga=umifh 1948 pufwifbmva&mufawmh OD;Ektpd;k &vufatmufrmS &nf¶, G cf suf csif;rwlwJh vufeufukdiftiftm;pk}uD;ESpfpk txift&Sm;ay:xGufvmygw,f? 'Dtkyfpk 2 pku awmh t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAdkvf}uD;pdk;wJh vuf0J tiftm;pkv@dk qdyk gw,f? wyfrawmfu u&ifppfAv dk /f KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfwyfz@JG eJ@ OD;wifxÉG f OD;aqmifwJh jynfaxmifpkt&HwyfzJG@[m vuf,mtiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ wyf&if; 4/ awmrcdw k AhJ rmppfAv kd pf pfom;/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ aus;¶GmumuG,af &;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;orm; cg;yku d f aqmifwyfawG[m vuf0Jtiftm;pkrSm yg0ifygw,f? vufeufuidk t f iftm;pk 2 pk tm;®yifaecsed rf mS yk}H u;D csw J› mrsm;vGe;f wJt h wGuf *sy;kd u vdyf jzpfomG ;wmu rsm;ygw,fw?hJ wbufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFmjzpfaecsed rf mS tquftoG,f cufcw J mrd@k yk}H u;D csw J› o hJ wif;awG acwfpm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd tquftoG,jf ywfaewmrd@k e,frmS b,fvjdk zpfysuaf ew,fqw kd mudk zqyvtpd;k &a&m KNU u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H yg odEikd f zd@k rvG,yf gb;l ? 'Dvt kd cgrmS &efuek ef @J rEœav;u Armowif;pmawGu rD;avmif&m avyif=h u ygw,f? "g;jywku d rf /_ Ekid if aH &;t=urf;zufr_ pwmav;awGukd Ekid if aH &;vky}f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D owif;a&;=uwJhtwGuf óu=um;óu=um; woD;wjcm;jzpfyGg;wJh t=urf;zufr_av;awG[m Ekid if aH wmfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D ozG,f ay:xGuv f mygawmhw,f? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ wkd;yGg;vmavav vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ vuf0Jtiftm;pk t=um; r,kHouFmjzpfr_awG rsm;vmavavjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJ u&ifudkulnD+yD; zqyv tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd &nf¶, G af =umif; a&;xm;wJph meJ@twl t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd af [mif; Alexander Campbell &efue k rf mS tzrf;cH&wJt h cgrmS u&ife@J t*Fvyd u f zqyvtpd;k &udðk zwfcsb@kd &nf¶, G f w,fqw kd hJ ArmppfAv kd ef @J qd&k , S v f pfawG&@J ,k=H unfcsu[ f mvnf; ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmygw,f? t*FvefrmS Campbell uka d xmufco H l vufwqkypf mom&Sad yr,fh t*Fvyd v f yk }f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D Armowif;pmu rD;avmif&mavyifyh gw,f?

'Dtcsed rf mS wHaG w;/ oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo dk rd ;f ydu k x f m;wJh u&ifoyl ek ef @J OD;Ektpd;k & +ird ;f csr;f a&;vkyEf ikd af tmif ppfO;D pD; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f =um;0ifaqmif¶u G af y;wmudk ArmppfAv kd f awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ? aemufawmh 1948 Ed0k ifbm 13 &ufae@rSm weoFm&De@J {&m0wDwikd ;f yg0ifwJh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u&ifjynfe,f wnfaxmifcGifhay;zdk@ awmif;qkdvmwJhtwGuf jynfaxmifpu k zkd suq f ;D zd@k }upH nfwmjzpfa=umif; Armowif;pmawGu a&;=uygawmhw,f? ppf 0efxrf;wyf[m tEœ&m,fay;Edik af =umif; u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG oabmayguv f mygw,f?

Campbell tzrf;cH&+y;D aemufwae@ pufwifbm 19 &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpk t&H wyf&J@acgif;aqmif u&ifeJ@&if;ESD;ol OD;wifxGÉf towfcH&ygw,f? vufonfray:ayr,fh qd&k , S v f pfygwv D ufcsujf zpfa=umif; &Jrif;}u;D OD;atmifcsed u f odwt hJ wGuf OD;atmifcsed f tvkyf ðzwfcHvkduf&ygw,f? OD;wifxGÉfudkowfypfzdk@ Akdvfatmif}uD;upDpOfwmjzpfa=umif; u&if ppfAdkvfawGu t*Fvdyft&m&Sdudkajymjywmudkvnf; 1949 *sefe0g&D 8 &uf &efukef-vef'ef oHóu;pmrSm azmfjy xm;ygw,f? 1948 'DZifbm 24 &ufae@rSm +rw d cf ¶dik yf avm®r› c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;xJudk ppf0efxrf;u vufypfAkH;ypfoGif;vkd@ u&if 80 aoqkH;&ygw,f? ppf 0efxrf;eJ@ qd&k , S v f pf&@J u&ifqef@usiaf &;udk KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu vufw@Hk jyefyg awmh w,f? 1948 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSm ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG w&mausm&f adS =umif; ppftpd;k &xkwf wyfrawmf ordkif; pwkwˆwJGrSm a&;xm; ayr,fh yavm®r›vlowfyGJudkawmh razmfjyygbl;? a&›Stygwf tydkif; 14 rSm jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGg;ykHukd wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (14) &efoal wG0idk ;f aevd@k &efuek t f pd;k &vk@d emrnf&aewJh zqyvtpd;k &qufvuf&iS o f efEidk yf u Hk kd ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 14 rSm ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfu&ift&m&Sad wG[m 1948 ESpfukefydkif;txd ysOf;rem;c¶dkifrSm uGefjrLepfolykefudkwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? zqyv tpdk;& toufqufEikd zf @kd twGuf u&ifwyf&if;awGu uGejf rLepfupkd pfqifaewke;f zqyvvufatmufcH Armjynfo@l ppfu jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if¶mG awGukd wk u d cf u dk =f uygw,f? 'Dvt kd ajctaea=umifh wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if;/ KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J u&ifEidk if aH &;tkypf ak wG aygi;f pnf;rd+y;D zqyvtpd;k &udk awmfveS zf @kd pDpOfvm&wmjzpfygw,fw?hJ jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if-ArmyÉdyuQawG[m &efuek q f ifajczk;H txdysEH› @HS vmvd@k 1949 *seef 0g&rD mS tif;pdet f pd;k &vufeufwu dk u f kd KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu0ifp;D +y;D &efuek u f kd 0kid ;f xm;Ekid w f t hJ ajctaexd jzpfvmyg w,f? ppf0efxrf;/ wuUov kd af usmif;om;eJ@ vlayvlawawGukd

tpd;k &u vufeufay;+y;D u&ifuw kd u kd cf ikd ;f &wJt h csed t f cgygy?J tif;pde/f =unfjh rifwidk /f prf;acsmif;eJ@ tvku H u&if&yfuu G af wGukd Armjynfo@l ppfuypfcwfvmwJt h wGuf KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu ®rj› yifu u&ifwyfawGukd ppfual wmif;+y;D tif;pdew f 0ku d rf mS ae&m,lxm;ygw,f? u&if&yfuu G f em;rSmaexdik w f AhJ rmawG[m tpd;k &tultnDr&vd@k awG@&mvufeufe@J ckcu H muG,af e&ygw,f? tif;pdet f ajctae qd;k 0g;vmwma=umifh tm¶kaH jymif;oGm;atmifvyk zf @k d KNU acgi;f aqmif apmbOD;}uD;u awmifiltajcpkdufwJh wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if; 1 u wyfr–;Akdvfr–;}uD; apmrif;armifukd tultnDawmif;wJt h wGuf 1949 *seef 0g&v D 27 &ufae@rSm u&ifwyf&if; 1 u awmifiludk odrf;vdkufygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufae@rSm tif;pdefukd u&ifodrf;+yD; &efuek ef @J 4 rdik u f mG txd csw D ufEidk cf yhJ gw,f? ppfom;/ &J/ ppf0efxrf;/ jynfo@l ppf/ ausmif;om;eJ@ vlayvlawawGpak ygi;f +y;D ckcEH idk w f t hJ wGuu f &ifx h ;dk ppf &yfwef@oGm;ygw,f? ig;vavmuf=umwJh tif;pdew f u dk yf rGJ mS tustqk;H rsm;+y;D 1949 arva&mufrS tpd;k &u tif;pdeu f dk jyeford ;f Ekid yf g w,f? ar®r/› jynf/ rdwv ˆD m/ rEœav; pwJ h ®r}› u;D awGvnf; olyek v f ufatmufusa&mufcyhJ gw,f? zqyvtpdk;&[m KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfukd w&m;r0ifa=umif;a=unm+yD; u&ifppfAdkvfawGudk &mxl;uz,f&Sm;um wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;prpf'Gef;ae&mudk Adv k af e0if;eJ@ tpm;xk;d vku d yf gw,f? awmifiu l jkd yeford ;f zd@k ucsiw f yf&if; 1 &J@ wyf&if;r–; aemfqikd ;f udk Akv d af e0if;trde@f ay;wJt h cgrmS aemfqikd ;f u olyek ef @J yl;aygi;f vdu k yf gw,f? 1949 azazmf0g&v D rSm wyfrawmf[m tpdwpf w d t f r$mr$m uGaJ eyg+y?D uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J u&ifoyl ek &f @J xk;d ppfudk zqyv tpd;k &[m jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ckcw H u dk cf u kd af e&ygw,f? 2 em&Davmufppfoifwef;ay;+y;D wku d cf idk ;f wmjzpfw,fv@dk ppf0efxrf;acgi;f aqmif Adv k af tmif}u;D u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u ajymygw,fw?hJ u&ifawmfveS af &;p+y;D r=umrD tr_xrf; oydwaf rSmufwt hJ wGuf zqyvtpd;k & ®yuGJ awmhrvdk jzpfomG ;ygw,f? u&ifuw kd u dk zf @kd twGuf uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;+y;D pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f zd@k Adv k af e0if;wifjywmudk qd&k , S v f pfygwu D vufrcHwma=umifh qd&k , S v f pf0ef}u;D awG udk xkwyf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;u 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd wdu k w f eG ;f wJt h wGuf 1949 {+yv D rSm qk&d , S v f pf 0ef}u;D 5 OD; Ekwx f u G o f mG ;ygw,f? qk&d , S v f pf&@J tdraf pmifah cG;}u;D rvkycf siaf wmhb;l vd@k Adv k af e0if; u ajAmifajym+y;D ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ taygi;f ygueG jf rLepftcsK› u d kd tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f zd@k Akv d af e0if;u OD;EkudkwkdufwGef;a=umif; OD;ausmf+idrf;jyefajymjywmudk 1984 pufwifbmv 26 ae@pJGyg Adv k af rmifarmif&@J awG@qkaH r;jref;cef;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh uGejf rLepfe@J vufwzJG @kd udpu P kd 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku vufrcHygb;l ? qk&d , S v f pfawG e,fqif;+y;D olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;zd@k omOD;Eku!¸e=f um;ygw,f? a0zefwhJ &efuek f pme,fZif;awGukd t=urf;zufwu dk cf u dk v f @kd qd&k , S v f pfygwD emrnfysuaf ecsed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmifawG[m *syef@acwfrmS vlxt k zG@J tpnf;wnfaxmifz@kd róu;pm;bJ ppf+y;D

acwf vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifEkdifzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; ykef;atmif;aecJhwma=umifh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;baqG/ ocifwif pwJh qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmifawGrmS ocifp;kd eJ@ tjcm; uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif awGvkd ausmaxmufaemufcH vlxt k zJ@G tpnf; r&S=d uygb;l ? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; tpd;k & &mxl;udk qd&k , S v f pfuyJ&,lwma=umifh vlxek @J reD;pyfwhJ t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t D &m&Sad wGvkd jzpfae ygw,fw?hJ 'Dvdk vlxktiftm;r&SdwJh qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m olykefESdrfeif;a&;twGuf t&ifu odu|r;f cJw h hJ a'ocHvufeufuikd t f zG@J awGukd jyefqufo, G +f y;D ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS vlrsm;vmatmif pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &ygw,f? &Jabmfa[mif;/ t&nftcsi;f rrDv@kd wyfrawmfxrJ 0if&ol/ tvkyrf &Sd wJh v,form;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ vlq;kd "g;jyawG aomif;ajymif;axGvmyg0ifaewJh ppf0efxrf;wyf [m tykyftodk;-rdv†mtkd;}uD;eJ@wlw,fvdk@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u ar&D u,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ ppf0efxrf;rdv†mtkd;}uD;udk vufeufypPnf; axmufyo hH [ l m qk&d , S v f pfygwjD zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfuw kd u kd af ewJh v,fa0;ocif=unf&edS ef @J rdwv Dˆ mq&mxDw@dk vdk e,facgi;f aqmifawGukd vufeufypPn;f axmufyzhH @kd Adv k af e0if;wk@d tzG@J u pDpOf&ygw,f? a'ovkHðcHa&;twGuf a'ocHjynfol@ppfeJ@ tpdk;&yl;aygif;+yD; olykefudkwkduf&wm jzpfa=umif; 1993 azazmf0g&D 10 &ufae@rSm ocif=unf&edS u f ar&Du,fv[efuakd jymjyygw,f? ykefukefr_t&SdefaooGm;awmhrS qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m vlxktzJG@tpnf;udk pwif wnfaxmifygw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygwu D adk xmufc&H if pD;yGg;a&;tcGix hf ;l av;awG cHpm;=u&ygw,f?

1956 rSm Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;rdvm† tk;d }u;D [m jyLapmxD;qdw k hJ trnfopfe@J qd&k , S v f pf ygw&D @J cg;yku d af qmifwyfjzpfvmygw,f? olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;rSmyg0ifun l cD w hJ hJ e,facgi;f aqmifawG xJrmS zqyvv$waf wmftrwfjzpfvmolawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? olyek t f iftm;usqif;vmavav qkd&S,fvpftzGJ@tpnf;awG tm;aumif;vmavqkdovdk jzpfvmygw,f? a&›Stygwf tydkif; 15 rSmawmh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_e@J t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;jy\emudk wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (15) vufeufuikd yf ek u f efr_ t&Sed af ovmwJt h cg wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_txift&Sm;ay:xGuv f movkd t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyidk ;f qufqaH &;rSmvnf; wif;rmr_ay:ayguv f ma=umif; ar&D u,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 15 rSm wifjyvkdufygw,f? vGwv f yfa&; &csed u f p+y;D &efuek pf pf¶;Hk eJ@ e,fuwyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;jy\em &Scd yhJ gw,f? ppf¶;Hk ud}k u;D pd;k wJh u&ife@J t*Fvyd v f ufyg;ap Armt&m&Sad wG[m a&›w S ef;udk tul

tnDray;bl;vdk@ wyfr–;awGu,lqovdk ppf¶kH;uvnf; wyfr–;awG[m ppf¶kH;trdef@udk remcH bl;vdk@ ,lqygw,f? wyfr–;awG bmvkyfaew,fqdkwmudk &efukefppf¶kH;urodbl;vdk@ +Adwdo# ppfrpf&iS &f @J 1948 *|ev f tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? wyfr;– awG[m a'ocHajymufusm; t&yfom;eJ@vufw+GJ y;D tqifajyovkv d yk =f uwmrsm;ygw,f? a'ocHajymufusm;&J@vkyyf idk cf iG ehf @J wyfrawmf&J@vkyfydkifcGifhudk cJGjcm;owfrSwf+yD; em;vnfr_eJ@yl;wGJvkyfudkif=uwmjzpfvkd@ ppf¶kH;&J@ twnfðycsuf r,lygb;l ?

1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;jzpfygG ;vk@d u&ifO;D pD;t&m&Su d zkd ,f&mS ;vku d w f t hJ cgrmS ppf¶;Hk [m Armt&m&SdvufxJ a&mufvmygw,f? 'DtcgrSm wyfr–;awG udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeJ@ olykef ESrd ef if;a&;vkyw f mudk ppf¶;Hk ucGiðhf yygw,f? jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ppfwu dk w f mudk ppf¶;Hk u apmif=h unfzh @kd rvG,yf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh ud, k ehf nf;uk, d [ hf efe@J vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd af ewm[m wyfrawmfz@JG pnf;ykeH @J r[mAsL[mudk tm;enf;apw,fv@dk ppf¶;Hk ujrifygw,f? ppf¶;Hk u qufpyf n‡Ed id_ ;f ay;wmrsK;d r&S&d if avhusiahf &;/ pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a&;/ ppfom;pk aqmif;a&;/ ppfqifa&; pwmawGukd pepfwus rvkyEf idk yf gb;l ? uk, d ehf nf;ud, k f[ h efe@J wku d cf u dk af ewJph pfAv kd af wG[m ppfqif&me,fajrrSmawG@&wJh armfawmfum;eJ@ tjcm;tzk;d wefypPn;f awGukd ykid &f iS rf v hJ o kd abmxm;+y;D odr;f ,l=ua=umif;/ wcsK› d uvnf; bde;f arSmifcedk @J aygi;f +y;D pD; yGg;&Sm=ua=umif;/ wcsK› u d vnf; pD;yGg;a&;vky&f mrSm ppfum;udk okH;a=umif; Akdvfr–;bokdufa&;wJh “pnf;urf;ta&;}uD;yk H” pmwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fwJh? olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;udOk ;D pm;ay;+y;D tv#it f jrefppfom;pkaqmif;wma=umifh tusiyhf suf *sy;kd olc;kd awG wyfrawmfxaJ &mufvma=umif; 1950 *sLvdik f 18 &ufae@pJyG g ppf¶;Hk txl;trde@f rSm azmfjyxm;yg w,f? 'gayrJh a'ocHjynfo@l ppfe@J wyfrawmf vufww JG u dk cf u dk w f ma=umifh 1950 aESmif;ydik ;f rSm ykeu f efrt _ &Sed af ovmwJt h wGuf 1951 ESpv f ,frmS taxGaxGa¶G;aumufyu GJ si;f yEkid w f t hJ xd e,fajrtrsm;tjym; tpdk;&vufatmuf jyefa&mufoGm;ygw,f? vufeufuikd yf ek u f efr_ tm;enf;vm+y;D t&S ed af ooGm;&wm[m tpd;k &ppfwyf awmf vGef;vdk@ tm;aumif;vkd@r[kwfbJ olykefbufu nHhzsif;vGef;vdk@om jzpfzG,f&Sdw,fvkd@ ar&D u,fv[efu okH;oyfxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfrSm ppfom;OD;a&wkd;yGg;vmayr,fh wkduf&nf cdu k &f nf wk;d wufvmwmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh ppfqifrp_ rG ;f &nf rwk;d wufwu hJ pd eP @J ywfouf+y;D wyfrawmft&m&Sdydkif;rSm tjrifESpfrsKd;&Sdvmw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &efukefppfOD;pD;¶kH;eJ@ wyfr–;awG t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJwmudk t"duta=umif;&if;tjzpf ,lqwm[m yxrtjrifjzpfyg w,f? t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppftm%mykid w f @dk t=um;wm0ef0wW&m;rjywfom;wmudk ta=umif; &if;vd@k ,lqwm[m 'kw, d tjrifygy?J 1948 u 1951 rwfvtxdjzpfwJh okH;ESpfausmfumvrSm wyf&if;8 &if;u 26 &if;txd ppftiftm; ok;H qausmw f ;dk yGg;vmwma=umifh ppfwyftok;H p&dwv f nf; t}u;D tus,f

wk;d yGg;vmygw,f? 1951 ppfwyftok;H p&dw[ f m tpd;k &tok;H p&dw&f @J 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfaeyg+y?D wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ pnf;urf;ysufwJhjy\emudk wyfrawmf&ifqdkifae&ygw,f? 'Dvdktajctae a=umifh zqyveJ@ qd&k , S v f pfygwaD cgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ppfwyfuókd u;udik zf @dk óu;pm;vmygw,fw?hJ &efuek pf pf¶;Hk uvnf; wyfr;– awGuckd sKyu f ikd Ef ikd af tmifóu;yrf;vmygw,f? ppfra_ &;&meJ@ywfouf+y;D t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f t=um;rSm wif;rmr_ &Sv d mw,fv@kd ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'k-Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u 1950 *seef 0g&D 20 &ufae@ ppf¶;Hk rSm usi;f ywJh wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHrmS pwifajymqdyk gw,f? ppfAv kd &f mxl;wd;k jri‡ w hf u hJ pd rP mS 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek 0if¶y_ v f @dk jy\emay:&yk u H kd Adv k af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ Adv k cf if!w kd @kd uajymjyygw,fw?hJ u&ifoyl ek x f +y;D r=umrD OD;Eku ucsipf pfAv kd w f OD;udk Akv d rf ;– csKyf &mxl;wk;d jri‡ ahf y;vdu k w f u hJ pd rP mS 0g&ifAh rmt&m&St d odik ;f t0dik ;f u rausreyfjzpf=uwmygy?J ppfra_ &;&mrSm t&yfom; Ekid if aH &; orm; 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufwu hJ pd u P kd Akv d rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmuvnf; rausreyfjzpfygw,fw?hJ wESpf twGi;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&r,fqw kd t hJ pDtpOf[m ppfwyfurkd wkid yf ifbv J yk w f hJ t&yfom;tpd;k &&J@ pDru H ed ;f omjzpfv@dk ratmifjrifEidk af =umif; Adv k rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zm a0zefwmudk 1950 wyfr;– nDvmcH rSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyygw,f? wyfr;– eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGt=um; wif;rmr_&w dS mudv k nf; 1950 wyfr;– nDvmcHrmS aqG;aEG;ygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&mS ;vku d af yr,fh wyfr;– awG[m ppf¶;Hk udk a0zef aewkef;ygyJ? wyf&if; 10 &if;udk ulnDaxmufyHhzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhppf¶kH;u wyf&if; 26 &if;udk axmufual e&wmrk@d rEdik rf eif;jzpf+y;D tqifrajywmawG&adS ea=umif; Adv k cf sKyaf e0if; u &Si;f jyygw,fw?hJ wyfr;– eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&St d =um; wif;rmr_/ t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmif ydik ;f t=um; wif;rmr_ pwmawG &Sad ewma=umif w h yfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyzf @kd 1952 wyfr;– nDvmcH rSm aqG;aEG;=uayr,fh wyfr;– awG[m ppf¶;Hk ud&k efvyk af ewke;f rd@k wyfr;– eJ@OD;pD;t&m&S[ d m toGif rwlwJ v h w l ef;pm;ESp&f yfjzpfvmw,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 'gayrJh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_[m t&yfom;ppfom;wif;rmr_avmuf vlodrrsm;ygbl;?

1950 aESmif;ydkif;rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf Adkvfae0if;E_wfxGufoGm;wmrdk@ ynmwwfqdk&S,fvpf wOD;jzpfol OD;0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? ppfaoemywd&J@ vkyyf idk cf iG u hf kd csKyu f ikd u f ef@owfz@kd OD;0if;u óu;yrf;ygw,f? wyfrawmf&J @ppftiftm;udk wefjyefEikd f zdk@twGuf &JwyfzGJ@tiftm;wdk;cs›Jzdk@eJ@ ppfaumfrwDzGJ@+yD; Akdvfae0if;udkukdifwG,fzdk@ OD;0if;u óu;pm;a=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;0if;ae&mudkqufcHwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;OD;AaqG[m OD;0if;vdk wufºuwmr[kwfvd k@ ppfacgif;aqmifydkif;[m vkyfykdifcGifhydk&Sdvmayr,fh t&yfom; tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f t=um;u wif;rmr_uawmh &Sad eqJyv J @dk ar&Du,fv[efu qkd ygw,f? a&›t S ygwf tydik ;f 16 rSm autrfww D ¶kwjf zLwyf usL;ausm0f ifa&mufv@dk &efoo l pf ay:vmyku H kd wifjyygr,f?

tydik ;f (16) uGejf rLepfe@J wdik ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &; tenf;i,ft&Sed af ovmvk@d zqyvtpd;k & touf¶LS acsmifp ðycsed rf mS KMT w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufre_ @J ñuaH wG@&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ykeu f efru _ kd &ifqikd w f ek ;f u tpd;k &wyf[m a'ocHvufeufuikd t f yk pf ek @J em;vnfr, _ +l y;D yl;wGaJ qmif¶u G Ef idk cf hJ ayr,fh tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfudk &ifqdkifwJhtcgrSmawmh 'Denf;udkokH;vdk@ r& awmhygb;l ? wyfrawmf&@J &efoo l pfay:ayguv f mykH “ar&Du,fv[ef” ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwligh&efol tydkif; 16 rSm wifjyygr,f? wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;udkaqG;aEG;wJh 1952 wyfr–;rsm; nDvmcHusi;f ycsed rf mS KMTw¶kwjf zLwyfom; waomif;ausmf jrefrmjynfxaJ &mufaeyg+y?D KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG usL;ausmv f mwmeJ@ 'k-Adv k rf ;– }u;D armifarmif ppf¶;Hk udk jyef a&mufvmwm[m wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;rSm t"duuswJhtcsuf 2 csufjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&D u,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? u&ifoyl ek u f 2 ESpcf zJG rf;qD;xm;wJh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m pdwrf ygh wyge@J wyfxjJ yefvmoljzpfygw,fw?hJ u&ifoyl ek &f @J tusO;f om; Adv k rf ;– armifarmifukd c&pf,mef uufovpfbkef;}uD;wyg;u orRmusrf;pmtkyfawG r=umc%vmay;ygw,f? tvif;a&mif ppfqifa&;a=umifh 1951 =o*kwv f 21 &ufae@rSm vGwaf jrmufvmawmh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m uufovpfbmom0if jzpfaeyg+yD? uufovpfbkef;}uD;vkyfzdk@ pdwful;ayr,fh tcsdef,l+yD; wjznf;jznf;vkyzf @kd bk&m;ausmif;ut}uaH y;xm;wke;f wyfxjJ yef0ifz@kd a&mif;&if;rdwaf qGawGu qGJaqmifwma=umifh Adkvfr–;armifarmif[m pdwfryghwygeJ@ ppf¶kH;udk jyefa&mufvmwm jzpfyg w,fw?hJ uk, d ehf nf;uk, d [ hf efe@J jzpfovdk jynfwiG ;f ppfuw dk u dk cf u dk cf w hJ w hJ yfrawmfukd A[dck sKyu f idk f r_e@J tkycf sKyw f hJ acwfrD t+rw J rf;wyfrawmftjzpf toGiaf jymif;&mrSm Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m t"duusw,fvdk@ tJ'DacwfudkrDvdkuf wJh ppfAkdvftrsm;pku ajymygw,fwJh? wyfrawmf tm;aumif;vmatmif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&if; Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k wyfxrJ mS =oZm&Sd vmwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGom a&mufrvmbl;qd&k ifawmh OD;pD;t&m&S&d @J tpDtpOfukd wyfr;– awGu tvG,w f ulvufcrH ,fr[kwb f ;l vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrifygw,f? w¶kwjf ynfwiG ;f ppfrmS ppf¶;H_ wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyf&if;tcsK› d rdom;pkawGe@J twl 1950 rSm &Sr;f jynfxJ usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmygw,f? 1951 a&mufawmh KMT wyfawGukd tar&duef av,mOf/ vufeufeJ@ &duQm axmufyHhaeyg+yD? 1952 rSm KMT tiftm; waomif; ESpaf xmif avmuf &Sad e+y;D 1953 a&mufawmh &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f u rdik ;f qyf[m av,mOfqif;Edik w f hJ KMT pcef; jzpfaeyg+yD? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;vDrDacgif;aqmifwJh KMT wyfawG[m tar&duef CIA tultnDeJ@

,leefe,fudkjyefodrf;Edkifzdk@ óu;pm;ygw,f? 1951 rSm ESpf}udrf xdk;ppfqifayr,fh t}uD;tus,f wyfvefvmwJt h wGuf jrefrmjynfrmS a& &Snpf cef;csz@kd pDpOfygawmhw,f? bde;f vkyif ef;eJ@ &HyaHk iG&mS +y;D e,fpyfuo kd rd ;f oGi;f wma=umifh usKid ;f wk/H ud;k uef@eJ@ xdik ;f e,fpyfa'o[m KMT vufatmufcH jzpfvmygw,f? e,fpyfa'orSm vrf;azmuf wHwm;aqmuf+y;D tpd;k &ozG,}f u;D pd;k wJt h jyif Arm tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu a'ocHawGukd ajrm‡ ufay;ygao;w,f? KNDO u&if jynfo@l ppfe@J vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu r[mrdwzf @JG ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ektpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifawG t}uD;tus,f pd k;&drfaewmu KMT w¶kwfjzLr[kwfbJ uGefjrLepf w¶kwfeDjzpfygw,f? KMT tºuif;tuseu f kd acsre_ ;f zd@k &nf¶, G +f y;D w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfwyfawG tvk;H t&if;eJ@0ifa&mufvm+y;D wjynfv;Hk udo k rd ;f oGm;rSmudk awG;a=umufaewmygy?J ud&k ;D ,m;u|e;f pG,rf mS vnf; w¶kwu f eG jf rL epfe@J tar&duef ppfjzpfae+yrD @kd jrefrm-w¶kwef ,fpyfrmS tar&duefu 'kw, d ppfrsuEf mS zGihf rSmudkvnf; pdk;&drf=uygw,f? a&mifpo Hk yl ek ef @J KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfawG pcef;cs&m &Srf;jynfudk 1950 ESpfv,frSm rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; a=unmwJt h wGuf wyfrawmft&m&S[ d m a'oEœ&tkycf sKyaf &;udyk g wm0ef,lvm&ygw,f? jynfrrSm olykefESdrfeif;a&;vkyfwkef;u a'ocH Armjynfol@ppfeJ@ yl;wJG vkyu f ikd cf w hJ hJ wyfrawmft&m&Sad wG[m &Sr;f jynfrmS awmh a'ocHe@J vufwzGJ @kd aeaeomom &Sr;f pum;awmif ajymwwfwmr[kwyf gb;l ? a'ocHukd pmemaxmufxm;jcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf &Sr;f jynf rSm rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; 2 ESpu f sio hf ;Hk pOf umv wyfrawmf[m tawmfav; emrnfysuf oGm;ygw,f? jynfrrSm uGefjrLepf/ KNDO/ u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J tjcm;a&mifpo Hk yl ek u f kd wdu k cf u kd f aeqJjzpfwhJ wyfrawmf[m &Sr;f jynfrmS vnf; rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; usio hf ;Hk aewJt h wGuf rEdik rf eif;jzpfawmhr,ft h ajctaeudk &ifqidk af e&ygw,f? ppftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT ykrH eS w f yf udk wku d &f wm[m jynfwiG ;f olyek u f kd wku d &f wmxuf yd+k y;D cufcyJ gw,f?

KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG z@kd ('grrS [kwv f nf;) vufeufcsz@kd OD;Ek tpd;k &u&mZoHay;wmudk vk;H 0*¶krpdu k w f ma=umifh wyfrawmfe@J KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG r=um c% wdu k yf jGJ zpfygw,f? wyfrawmfu t}u;D tus,pf pfjyifqif+y;D w¶kwef *g;udk owfypfr,f qdkwJh &nf¶G,fcsufeJ@ 1953 azazmf0g&DvrSm e*g;Edkifppfqifa&;udk qifEJ$ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vufeuftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfu e*g;Edik pf pfqifa&;udk wygwt f wGi;f acsre_ ;f ypfvu dk v f @kd e*g;¶_;H ppfqifa&;jzpfomG ;a=umif; yg0ifwu kd cf u dk cf o hJ al wGuakd r;jref;+y;D ar&Du,fv[ef u a&;xm;ygw,f?

KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG a&;twGuf jrefrm/ tar&duef/ xkid ;f eJ@ xdik 0f rfyg0ifwhJ av;Edik if aH qG;aEG;yGJ 1953 arv 22 &ufae@ befaumufrmS usi;f yEdik v f @kd 1953 ESpfukefykdif;rSm KMT wyfom; 2000 pwifxGufcGg+yD;/ aemufydkif;rSm 7000 xGufcGga=umif; wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 1954 a&mufawmh KMT w¶kwjf zL tiftm;

[m wyfr 3 ckavmufjzpfaewJt h wGuf ppfqifa&;awGvyk af wmhrS 1955 rSm rdik ;f qyfe@J xkid ;f jrefrme,fpyfu KMT pcef;awGukd odr;f yku d Ef ikd w f t hJ wGuf KMT wyfom;trsm;tjym; jrefrmjynf u xGufcGg=uwmyg? 'Dppfqifa&;awGudk Akdvfr–;csKyfausmfaZmacgif;aqmifa=umif; vlwdkif;vdk vdk od=uayr,fh wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS awmh Adv k rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmtrnfudk xdrcf sed x f m; wm awG@&ygw,f? a&›t S ygwf tydik ;f 17 rSm &efoo l pfa=umifjh zpfay:vmwJh wyfrawmfðyjyifa&; ta=umif; wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (17) jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd ifqidk af e&wJw h yfrawmf[m KMT w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmrf u _ &kd ifqidk &f wJt h cgrmS acwfrDppfqifa&;vkyf+yD; wkdif;jynfudkumuG,fEkdifwJhwyfrawmftjzpf toGifajymif;Ekdifatmif óu;yrf;vmyku H kd ar&Du,fv[efa&;om;xm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 17 rSmwifjyygr,f? &efoo l pfawG@wJt h cgrmS wcgrrS &Sb d ;l ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine vnf; &Sv d mygw,f? KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGukd wpcsi;f wenfeh nfw h u dk af evd@k atmifjrifrmS r[kwf a=umif; odomxif&mS ; vmwJt h cgrmS Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;[m ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &; OD;pD;XmezG@J pnf;+y;D Adv k rf ;– atmif}u;D udk OD;aqmifapw,fv@dk qdyk gw,f? edp"P 0l tkycf sKyaf &;udpu P dk vkyaf qmifae& wJhppf¶kH;[m a&&Snf r[mAsL[mcsrSwfwmrsKd;rvkyfEkdifvdk@ pdwfysuf&a=umif;/ jynfy&efudk umuG,Ef idk zf @kd ta&;}u;D a=umif; 1951 =o*kwv f 28 ae@pJyG g ppfprD cH ef@cJaG &;OD;pD;XmerSww f rf;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u!¸e=f um;w,fv@kd =o*kwv f rSww f rf;rSmazmfjyayr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS Adkvfae0if; cGifh,lxm;ygw,fwJh? Akdvfae0if;[m rdef;rudpPeJ@ Asmrsm;ae&wJhtcsdefygyJ? 'DudpPeJ@ ywfouf+y;D tjrifEpS rf sK;d &Sad eygw,f? ppf¶;Hk ut*Fvyd t f &m&Sad wGukd Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u v$wx f m; vGef;wJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpftrmcHtkyfpku ppfpDrHcef@cGJa&;OD;pD;XmeudkzGJ@pnf;wmvdk@ Adkvf armifarmifuajymygw,fw?hJ Akv d af tmif}u;D uawmh Adv k af e0if;&J@tm%mudk csKycf s,u f ef@owfz@kd &nf¶, G +f y;D ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;Xmeudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D OD;0if;u wnfaxmifwmvd@k ajym ygw,fw?hJ 1951 =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@rSm u&ifolykefvufatmufvvGwfajrmufvmwJh Adv k af rmifarmif[m vukeyf idk ;f rSm ppf¶;Hk udjk yefomG ;awmh ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;XmezJ@G pnf;xm;wm av;&ufom&Sdao;wmrdk@ prf;w0g;0g; pmzwfaewJhtqifhyJ &Sdygao;w,f? wyfrawmfrSm r&Sd ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine udk yxrqkH;xkwfazmf+yD; vkyfief;p&r,fvdk@

Adv k af rmifarmifu t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ &eforl owfrw S Ef idk b f J ppfwyfw;kd csaJ› &;/ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&; eJ@ wyfjzef@a&;qkid &f mr[mAsL[mudk csrw S Ef idk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? &efo[ l m w¶kwf uGefjrLepf jzpfw,fvdk@ Akdvfarmifarmifu wifjy+yD; w¶kwfusL;ausmfwmudk e,fpyfrSm okH;v ckcEH ikd af tmif tiftm;&Sw d w hJ yfrawmfuw kd nfaqmufz@dk t}uaH y;ygw,f? ok;H vtwGi;f rSm ukv or*~ tultnD&Ekdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmygyJ? 'Dvt kd iftm;&Sw d w hJ yfrawmfukd wnfaqmufEikd zf kd @twGuf tpd;k &tok;H p&dwf 40 &mckid Ef e_ ;f udk ppfwyfu&,lz@kd vdak =umif; Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfrmS pD;yGg;a&;txdik u f sz@kd q,fEpS af vmufvyk &f rSmrd@k Armtpd;k &[m q,fEpS t f wGi;f wkid ;f jynfp;D yGg; a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&r,fvdk@ qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfa=umif; Adkvf armifarmif u ajymygw,fwJh? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekuawmh w¶kwfuGefjrLepftygt0ifvlwdkif;eJ@ csp=f unf&if;ES;D atmifvyk Ef idk w f ,fv@kd ,k=H unf+y;D ppfwyfw;kd cszJ› @kd twGuf aiGuek rf cHcsib f ;l vd@k qdk ygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfawG[m OD;Ek&@J csp=f unfa&;vrf;pOfukd vufcEH ikd af yr,fh ppftiftm; aumif; zd@k ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd ,lqygw,f? wyfrawmfwkd;cs›JzJG@pnf;a&;tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm Akdvfae0if;/ Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k [m olw@kd vdv k m;wJph pfAv kd af wGuakd e&may;+y;D olw@kd r,kH ouFmjzpfwJht&m&SdawGudk ppf¶kH;uz,f&Sm;EkdifcJhygw,f? Oyrm t*Fvdyf-jrefrmujym; Adkvfr–; }u;D vSatmife@J t*Fvyd pf pfwyfuvmwJh Adv k rf ;– Audv k kd t&m&Sad wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&S m;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? a&wyfe@J avwyfrmS vnf; PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAv dk af wGuakd e&may;zd@k t}ut H zefvyk yf gw,f? xdyw f ef;a&wyft&m&St d rsm;pk[m t*Fvyd af &wyf rSmtr_xrf;bl;wJh t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;awG jzpfygw,f? avwyfrmS vnf;t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;&Sad yr,fh a&wyfavmufawmh rrsm;ygb;l ?

'Dujym;t&m&Sad wGud k t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @dk =unf;wyfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u,lq+y;D r,ko H uFmjzpfae=uygw,f? a&wyf[m =unf;wyfe@J yl;wJpG pfqifro S m tok;H 0ifwhJ wyfz@JG jzpfwmrd@k t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @kd rouFmolux kd w k yf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;uqk;H jzwfa=umif; t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f a&wyft&m&Sd&J@ 1950 rwfv 24 &ufae@pJGygtpD&ifcHpmrSm azmfjyygw,f? a&wyfAkdvfr–; cifaz=unfe@J Akv d rf ;– cifarmifbu kd dk }uzH efta=umif;jy xkwyf pf+y;D Adv k af e0if;vdv k m;wJh Akv d rf ;– oef;azudk a&wyft}u;D tuJtjzpf cef@tyfygw,f? t*Fvyd af cwfrmS a&wyfx0J if+y;D t*Fvyd f eJ@twl tdE, dN udv k u dk o f mG ;ol a&wyft&m&St d m;vk;H tvkyðf ywfuek af =umif; 1952 pufwifbm 28 &ufxkwf ae&Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmhtmabmfrSm a&;xm;ygw,fwJh? avwyfrmS awmh a&wyfrmS vkd }uzH efxw k yf pfwmrsK;d rvkyaf yr,fh taotaysmuf &Sdwmrdk@ t*Fvdyfacwfu av,mOfr–;awG Zmwfodrf;ukefygw,f? avwyf t}uD;tuJ u&if Adkvfr–;&SD;¶_d; [m 1949 *sefe0g&DrSm u&ifawmfvSefa&;puwnf;u ykef;atmif;aewJhtwGuf ol@ae&mudk vlpm;xk;d zd@k vG,u f o l mG ;ygw,f? ol@ae&mqufco H l avwyft&m&Sd Selwyn Khin

[m usKid ;f wkrH mS av,mOfysuu f saoqk;H vdk a&S;vufa[mif;awG ed*;Hk csKyu f ek yf gw,f? wyfrawmfw;dk cszJ› @JG pnf;vk@d ppfom;rsm;vmayr,fh t&m&Sd rvkaH vmufwjhJ y\em &Sad ewmrk@d &S+d y;D om;t&m&Su d akd wmif oifwef;ray;Edik yf gb;l ? 1952 rSm OTS Akdvfoifwef; rwufao;&wJh t&m&Sd 600 ausm&f ydS gw,f? wyfrawmfukd ajymufusm;ppfomrubJ Ekid if jH cm; ppfwyfudkckcHEdkifzdk@jyifqif&mrSm avhusifha&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm Akdvfoifwef; wufwOhJ ;D a&udk wk;d jri‡ Ehf ikd af yr,fh Ekid if jH cm;udk ppfynmoifvw $ &f mrSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS ef @J jy\em ay:&ygw,f? wyfrawmfuar#mfrSef;ovdk oifwef;wufcGifhr&ygbl;? 1953 rSm t&m&Sd 43 OD; eJ@ wyfom; 68 OD;udk tar&duefuakd pv$wzf @dk pDpOfayr,fh wOD;om oGm;cGi&hf ygw,f? 'DppfAv dk f uawmh Fort Leavenworth ppfOD;pD;wuUokdvfrSm ynmoifcGifh&wJh Adkvfr–;aomif;xkdufyJ jzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS [ f m u&ifoyl ek b f ufuyif;+y;D wyfrawmfvufeufypPn;f 0,f,rl u _ kd [ef@wm;w,fv@kd Armt&m&Sad wGbufu a0zefpyG pf aGJ ewm ok;H ESpaf vmuf&ydS g+y?D Ekid if jH cm; ppf oifwef;wufzdk@udpPrSm ppfOD;pD;¶kH;u vdkcsifovdk t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifupDpOfray;EdkifwJhtcg qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwJt h wGuf 1954 ESpq f ef;rSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f kd ¶kyo f rd ;f vdu k &f ygw,f? k af tmif}u;D uOD;aqmif+y;D aiG&mS vmwJt h wGuf pD;yGg;a&;/ 'DumvrSmyJ DSI pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;udk Adv Ekid if aH &;eJ@ vlra_ &;e,fy,frmS yg ppfAv kd af wG =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygawmhw,f? a&›t S ygwf tydik ;f 18 rSm Ekid if jH cm;ykpH u H akd vhvm+y;D wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyyf u Hk dk wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (18) vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umrD ®yuJGysufpD;cgeD;jzpfoGm;wJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1951 up+yD; jyefvnf wnfaqmufz@kd óu;yrf;wmrd@k &SpEf pS t f wGi;f wyfrawmf[m bufaygi;f pkH wk;d wufajymif;vJvm a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 18 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? avhusifha&;/ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;/ axmufvSrf;a&;/ wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;/ olykefESdrfeif;a&;/ txl;wyfzGJ@/ tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; pwmawG 'DumvrSmay:aygufvma=umif; wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wdu k u f &ufprGJ ygwhJ “wyfrawmftyk cf sKyaf &;ordik ;f twGJ (2)” rSm azmfjy xm;w,fw?hJ Edik if jH cm;ppfwyfuakd vhvm+y;D Edik if jH cm;vufeufypPn;f eJ@ Armhwyfrawmfukd wd;k cszJ› @GJ pnf; wmjzpfygw,f? 1951 rwd ik rf u D awmh t*Fvyd u f o kd m tm;ud;k ygw,f? wyfrawmf&@J t}uaH y; tzJG@jzpfwJh t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifuyJ EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;udpPudk pDpOfygw,f? 'gayrJh KMT

w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwmudk ukvor*~u ta&;r,lwt hJ wGuf 1952 up+y;D t*Fvyd f udk tm;rud;k awmhbJ tjcm;Ekid if aH wGukd wyfrawmfavhvma&;tzJ@G apv$wyf gw,f? "eo[m, EkdifiHawGudkavhvm¶kHwifruawmhbJ jyifopf/ tpPa&;/ Yugoslavia/ taemuf*smr%DeJ@ uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfuydk g wyfrawmfavhvma&;rpf&iS af wG apv$wyf gw,f? aemufawmh t*Fvef u Sandhurst/ tar&duefu West Point/ tdENd,u Dehra Dun eJ@ Yugoslavia udk twk,+l y;D ppfwuUov dk ef @J wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku d u f kd wnfaqmufwmjzpfygw,fw?hJ 1951 u 1958 txdjzpfwhJ &SpEf pS u f mvrSm wyfrawmfavhvma&;tzG@J awG 15 }urd x f ufrenf; Ekid if jH cm;udo k mG ;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? Edik if jH cm;avhvma&;c&D;uxGuaf y:vmwJh tusK;d oufa&mufr_ 2 ckukd ar&Du,fv[efu azmjyf ygw,f? yxru wkid ;f jynfe@J wyfrawmfukd ukd,fpm;ðy+yD; EdkifiHjcm;eJ@qufqH&wJhppfAdkvfawG[m rdrdwdk@&J@ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk ydkrdk em;vnfvmwmjzpfygw,f? Oyrm 1952 tdENd,/ ygupPwef avhvma&;c&D;tpD&ifcHpmrSm Armhwyfrawmf&@J t&nftaoG;udk E_id ;f ,SOo f ;Hk oyfxm;ygw,f? tdE, dN ppfwyf[m vGwv f yfa&; &+y;D wmawmif t*Fvyd yf pHk cH scw hJ t hJ wkid ;f ckid ;f wmvkyw f hJ ppfrx _ rf;wyfjzpfae+y;D ppfaoG;ppfrmef uif;rJah =umif;a0zefxm;ygw,f? tdE, dN eJ@ t*Fvyd pf pfwyf&@J ykaH oppfrx _ rf;pdw"f gwu f kd pGe@f ypf EdkifwJh ygupPweft&m&Sdi,fawGudkawmh Armppfrpf&SiftzGJ@u csD;usL;xm;ygw,f? 'kw, d tcsuu f awmh Armhwyfrawmfe@J oifah wmfr,fu h pd aP wGukd Ekid if jH cm;u wifoiG ;f Ekid w f myJjzpfygw,f? tJ'aD cwfu Yugoslavia Ekid if u H kd oabmus=uygw,f? 1955 avhvma&; tpD&ifcpH mrSm Yugoslavia Edik if eH @J jrefrmjynf toGiw f yl u Hk kd ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? ppfvufeuf ypPn;f xkwv f yk w f hJ Ekid if jH cm;ukr% ` aD wGuvnf; wyfrawmfavhvma&;c&D;twGuf p&dwcf yH gw,f?

Edik if jH cm;t,ltqeJ@ Ekid if jH cm;ypPn;f udo k ;Hk +y;D Armhwyfrawmfukd csx J› iG w f mygy?J tar&duef OD;aqmif wJh t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDtyk pf ek @J qkAd , D ufO;D aqmifwhJ uGejf rLepftyk pf k qufqaH &;wif;rm+y;D ppfat;wku d yf GJ jyif;xefaewJt h wGuf ppfwyfuOkd ;D pm;ay;+y;D pnf;¶k;H aewJt h csed t f cgygy?J wwd, urBmppfjzpf&if uGejf rLepfukd 0kid ;f wdu k yf grh vm;qdw k m ra&&m raocsmwJu h mvrd@k Ekid if }H u;D awG [m EkdifiHi,fav;awGudk pnf;¶kH;a&;qif;aewJhtcsdeftcgjzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk pnf;¶kH; odr;f oGi;f &mrSm tar&duef[m t&yfom;0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eke@J E_id ;f pm&if Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;udk yd+k y;D rsuEf mS omay;wm awG@&ygw,fw?hJ Edik if jH cm;u&wJh t,ltqawGukd wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHrmS aqG;aEG;=uwmrd@k wyfrawmf nDvmcH[m ppfwyfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;omrubJ Ekid if aH wmftpd;k & ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udyk g aqG;aEG; &mae&m jzpfvmygw,f? ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ tkycf sKyaf &; pwJh wkid ;f jynfa&;&m tjzmjzmudk aqG;aEG;wJh wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHukd wESprf mS ok;H -av;&ufom usi;f yygw,f? nDvmcHusi;f ywke;f 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eke@J tjcm;0ef}u;D awGu rde@f cGe;f ajym+y;D pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;wmrsK;d awG&cdS ahJ yr,fh 1955 up+y;D t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;ykpH H ajymif;vJvmygw,fw?hJ 0ef}u;D udk

ppfAv kd u f a0zefwu kd cf u dk w f mrsK;d awG &Sv d mygw,f? wkid ;f jynfupd u P kd t&yfom;tpd;k &u aumif; aumif;rvkyf&if ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&r,fvdk@ 'kppfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfatmif}uD;u 0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;udk a0zefwmrsKd;eJ@ ppfwyftokH;p&dwfenf;wmudk Adkvfae0if;u a0zefwmrsKd;awG &Sv d mygw,f? &JtzG@J eJ@ Edik if aH &;orm;cg;ydu k af qmifwyfawGuv kd nf; wyfrawmfu a0zef¶w _ cf svm ygw,f? tpPa&;eJ@ Yugoslavia udk twk,l+yD; &yf¶GmumuG,fa&;taysmfxrf;wyf zJG@pnf;zkd@ ppfwyfupDpOfwt hJ wGuf jyLapmxD;wyf ay:ayguv f m&ygw,f? olyek &f efuw kd eG ;f vSezf @kd ppfwyfrmS tiftm;r&Sw d ek ;f uawmh zqyvtzJ@G u ppf0efxrf;wyfukd zJ@G pnf;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf tm;aumif;vmwJhtcgrSmawmh ppf0efxrf;udk jyLapmxD;tjzpf jyefvnfzJG@pnf;vdkufwmygyJ ?

'DumvrSm wyfrawmfpw d "f gwpf pfqifa&;Xme =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygw,f? uGejf rLepf vlxGufawGudktokH;ðy+yD; wyfrawmfu,kH=unfwJh EkdifiHa&;0g'udk azmfxkwfwJhtcsdeftcgygyJ? aemufyidk ;f ppftm%modr;f +y;D rqvygww D nfaxmifawmh pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;Xme&J@ a&;om; csufawG ta&;ygvmygw,f? ppfwyf=oZmtm%m }uD;xGm;vmwmudk 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif b0ifrus jzpf& ygw,f? t&yfom;tpdk;&eJ@ ppfAdkvfawGt=um; qufqHa&;tqifrajyjzpfvm&wm[m ta=umif;&if;ESpcf rk mS tajccHw,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? 1954 up+y;D zqyv tzJG@xJrSm tuJGt+yJjzpfvmwm[m yxrta=umif;&if; jzpfygw,fwJh? tm%m& t&yfom; EdkifiHa&;tzJG@ tm;enf;vmcsdefrSm wyfrawmfu pnf;vkH;odyfonf;+yD; tm;aumif;vmwmu 'kw, d ta=umif; jzpfygw,fw?hJ wenf;qk&d &ifawmh tm%m&Ekid if aH &;orm;tcsi;f csi;f roifh rwifjh zpf+y;D tkypf zk @GJ wdu k cf u kd af evd@k Ekid if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf; tm;enf;vmcsed rf mS ppfAv kd af wG[m EdkifiHjcm;t,ltqeJ@ vufeufypPnf;udk&,l+yD; wyfrawmfudk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmatmif wnfaqmufEidk w f mrd@k wyfrawmfe@J zqyvtzJ@G csKy[ f m pif®yiftzJ@G tpnf;oabmrsK;d jzpfvm w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f/ a&›Stygwf tydkif; 19 rSm 1958 ppftm%modrf;yJG jzpfyGg;&wJh ta=umif; &if;awGukd wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (19) ppfwyfutm%modr;f +y;D Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k & 1958 rSmay:ayguyf Hk ukd ar&Du,fv[efa&;wJ h ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 19 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfAv kd af wGt=um; qufqaH &;wif;rmwm[m ppftm%modr;f &wJh t"duta=umif; jzpfyg

w,f? 1958 {+yv D rSm tm%mzqyvtzG@J ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;+y;D OD;Ek/ ocifwifacgi;f aqmifwhJ oef@&Si;f zqyvu Ekwiftpd;k &jzpfomG ;+y;D OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ aqG+ird ;f tkypf u k twdu k t f cH wnf+rzJ qyvjzpfomG ;ygw,f? zqyvESpjf crf;uJw G u hJ pd [ P m ppfwyfxt J xd *,uf¶u dk o f mG ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh aqG+ird ;f tkypf ak xmufco H v l @kd rouFmwJph pfAv dk t f m;vk;H udk OD;Ekuðzwfypfv@dk rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? ppfAv dk f trsm; pku aqG+ird ;f tkypf u k o kd maxmufct H m;ay;a=umif; xif&mS ;vmwJt h cg Ekwift&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfAv dk af wGt=um; qufqaH &;tajctae qk;d 0g;vmygw,f? wyfrawmf[m jynfo@l &efoel yH gwf 1 jzpfaea=umif; Ekwiftyk pf u k twdtvif;ajymqdv k mwmudk wyfr;– awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ Ekwiftpd;k &[m uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f udk tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f +y;D uGejf rLepf wyfom;udak wmh wyfrawmfxo J iG ;f vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[v xGuaf y:vmygw,f? vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGi&hf xm;wJh olyek Of ;D a& av;aomif;ausmaf e+y;D Ekwiftyk pf u k kd axmufcrH ,fh tae txm;rSm &Sad eygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd wyfxo J iG ;f r,fo h wif;/ jyLapmxD;jynfo@l ppftzG@J udk w0uf av#myh pfz@dk 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek trde@f xkwx f m;wJu h pd eP @J wyfr;– awGvufatmufu UMP ppf&w J yf awGudk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Akdvfrif;acgifu &efukefud kac:,lwJhudpP pwmawG[m wyfrª;awGudk tm;enf;atmifvyk +f y;D Ekwift&yfom;tpd;k &udk ppftiftm;aumif;atmifvyk o f vdk jzpfaew,f?

Ekwiftpd;k &&J@tðytrlukd wyfr;– awGupd;k &dryf yl efvmw,fv@kd 1958 tm%modr;f yJG rSm yg0ifcJhwJh t&m&SdawGuajymygw,fwJh? ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rª;Adkvfatmifa¶$/ Adkvf=unf0if;/ Adv k cf sp®f rif yg0ifwhJ v#K› 0d u S t f pnf;ta0;awG vkyw f t hJ wGuf 'DppfAv kd af wGukd ar&Du,fv[efu awG@qkaH r;jref;zd@k óu;pm;ayr,fh tawG@rcHygb;l wJ?h bmawGaqG;aEG;w,fqw kd m twdtus rod& ayr,fh Ekwiftpd;k &qef@usiaf &;eJ@ ppftm%modr;f zd@k aqG;aEG;zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? ordik ;f q&mrawGjzpfwJ h a'guw f ma':jrif =h unfe@J a'guw f maemftif*svif;wk@d ðypkwhJ jrefrmhEikd if aH &; 'kw, d wJG pmrsuEf mS 109 rSmawmh Adv k af tmifa¶$/ Adv k =f unf0if;eJ@ Akv d cf sp®f rifw@kd u *syefu jyefvmwJh Akv d af tmif}u;D udk tm%modr;f zd@k wku d w f eG ;f a=umif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?

'Dt&m&Sad wG[m Adv k af rmifarmifuv kd nf; rauseyfcsuaf wGajymjy+y;D tm%modr;f zd@k t}uðH ywmudk Akv d af rmifarmifu bmrSrajymbJ +ird af evd@k oabmwlw,fv@dk yJ wyfr;– awGbuf u ,lqzG,&f ydS gw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh Akv d af rmifarmifuawmh wyfr;– awG&@J v_y&f mS ;r_ukd r[ef@wm;zk@d Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;u trde@f ay;xm;w,fv@kd 1992 arv 6 &ufae@u ar&Du,fv[efukd ajymjy ygw,f? 'Dupd rP mS Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@Adv k cf if!w dk @dk u wrsK;d ajymygw,f?

OD;Eku ppfwyftok;H p&d wfjzwf awmufwmeJ@ Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomvkyzf @kd óu;pm;wmudk uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmifu rauseyfv@kd OD;Ektpd;k &udk ðzwfcscsif wmvd@k Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@Adv k cf if!w kd @dk u 1992 arv 14 &ufae@u ar&Du,fv[efukd ajymjy ygw,f? wyfr;ª awG&@J t}ut H pnfukd OD;Eka&m Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;yg &dyrf yd &Hk ygw,f? opfawmapmifh

wyfzJG@ UMP ppf&JeJ@ opPmcHjyLapmxD;awGudk Ekwiftpdk;&u &efukefudkac:xm;ygw,f?

1958 pufwifbm yxrywfrmS Adv k af tmif}u;D / Akv d af rmifarmife@J Akv d w f ifazwd@k udk OD;Eku ac:,lawG@qk+H y;D olw@kd ok;H OD;eJ@ Adv k af e0if;udk 0ef}u;D cef@+y;D tm%mcGaJ 0um jy\emajz&Si;f zd@k t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh 0ef}u;D jzpfvmolukd vmbfx;dk cH&olv@kd wyfr;– awGu,lqawmhrmS rd@k OD;Ek&J@ urf;vSrf;csufudk AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u tawmfpdwfqdk;oGm;ygw,fwJh? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@awG@qkHyJG[m ppfOD;pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr–;awG&J@qufqHa&;udka&m/ t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;udyk g ajymif;vJomG ;apw,fv@dk Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@ Akv d af rmifarmif wd@k u ,lqw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awG&@J qufqaH &;tajctaeudk rodv@kd om OD;Eku tckvdkurf;vSrf;vkdufwm jzpfykH&ygw,fwJh? AkdvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ b,favmuf&if;ESD;&if;ESD; wyfxrJ mS b,favmuf=oZm&S&d dS wyfr;– awG róuufwJ t h vkyu f kd OD ;pD;t&m&Sd Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ Adv k af rmifarmifw@dk u rvkyEf idk af =umif; jyovdu k w f mygy?J wyfr;– awG&@J vkt d ifqENukd tav;xm; &wmrd@k OD;Ekay;wJh 0ef}u;D &mxl;wd@k &efuek t f ajcpku d f OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu vufrcH&w J mvd@k ar&D u,fv[efu qkyd gw,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh &efuek Of ;D pD;t&m&Sad tmufrmS ppfom; tenf; i,fom &Sd+yD; wyfr–;awGatmufrSm ppfom;trsm;tjym;&SdaewJ htcsufygyJ? tJ'ga=umifh 0ef}u;D &mxl;vufc+H y;D t&yfom;Ekwiftpd;k &eJ@ tm%mcGaJ 0r,ft h pm; wyfr–;awG&J@vkdtifqENtwdkif; ppftm%modrf;zdk@ pDpOf&ygawmhw,f? 'gayr,hf wyfr–;awG tm%modr;f wmrsK;d rjzpfapbJ ppfO;D pD;Xmeutm%modr;f wmrsK;d jzpfatmif Adv k af rmifarmif wdk@u zefwD;ygw,f? ppfOD;pD;vufatmufcHwyf&if;awGudk &efuefrSmae&m,lcdkif;+yD; tm%m odrf;zdk@jyifqifygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&wJh&nf¶Gufcsufu wyfr–;awGOD;aqmif+yD;tm%modrf;rSmudk [ef@wm;zd@k eJ@ Ekwiftyk pf v k ufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G awG&@J &efukd umuG,zf @kd jzpfygw,fw?hJ 1958 pufwifbm 23 &ufae@rSm Akv d af rmifarmife@J Akv d af tmif}u;D OD;Ekuo kd mG ;awG@+y;D wyfr;– awGtm%modr;f zd@k }upH nfaewmudk xde;f ae&a=umif; =um=umxde;f Edik rf mS r[kwaf =umif; &Si;f jyygw,f? aemufwae@rSm Adv k af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ OD;Ek&@J uk, d af &;twGi;f 0ef OD;tke;f wd@k aqG;aEG;+y;D Edik if aH &;orm;rygwt hJ pd;k &ukzd @GJ +y;D Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;udk 0ef}u;D csKycf ef@zd@k oabmwl =uygw,f? aemufawmh pufwifbm 26 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmif}uD;eJ@ Akv d w f ifazudak c:,l+y;D Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &udk tm%mvJa$ y;zd@k oabm wlvdkufa=umif;ar&Du,fv[efu a&;om;xm;ygw,f? a&›Stywf tydkif; 20 rSm Akdvfae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &ta=umif; wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (20) yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f +y;D 1958 rSmzG@J pnf;wJh tdraf pmift h pk;d &ta=umif; ige@J rwl ig&h efol tykdif; 20 rSm 'Duae@wifjyygr,f? w&m;r#wwJ ah ¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zk@d qk+d y;D 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekvufxt J m%mukd Akv d cf sKyf ae0if;vufxv J aJ$ jymif;ay;vku d w f m[m t&yfom;ppfom; ppfom;qufqaH &;eJ@OD;pD;t&m&Sd wyfr–;qufqHa&;ukd ajyvnfoGm;apygw,fwJh/ wyfr–;awGtm%modrf;wmr[kwfyJ AkdvfcsKyf ae0if;eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sd Akv d af rmifarmif Akv d af tmif}u;D Akv d w f ifazwk@d u tm%modr;f wmjzpfayr,fh Ekwif tkyfpk tm%mvufvGwfjzpfoGm;wmukd wyfr–;awGu a=ueyf=uygw,f? OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@ wyfr–;t=um; wif;rmr_avsmhoGm;&wJh ta=umif;&if;okH;ck&Sdygw,fwJh? yxtta=umif;u ppfAv dk t f wGuf &mxl;trsm;tjym;zefw;D vku d w f mrk@d wyfr;– awG &efuek af &mufvmwJt h wGuf t&ifvdk ®yifqidk w f mrsK;d enf;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d ta=umif; uawmh DSI ppfwyfp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wk ;d cs@J vku d v f @dk ppfAv dk af wG0ifaiGaumif;vmwJt h wGuf rauseyfre_ nf;yg;oGm;wmygy/J olyek t f rsm;tjym; vufeufcswt hJ wGuf ppfqifa&;ukd t&ifvdk OD;pm;ray;yJ &efukefu &mxl;ukdom tm¶kHpkdufvmwm[m OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@wyfr–;t=um; wif;rmr_ avsmo h mG ;&wJh wwd,tcsuv f @kd qkyd gw,f? 0g&ifw h yfr;– tawmfrsm;rsm; &efuek af &muf vmvk@d t&ifvpdk pfqifa&;ukd OD;pm;ray;awmhyJ wyfcw JG yfpw d t f qifah vmufrmS om ppfqifa&; vkyyf gawmhw,f?

1958 atmufwv dk m 28 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukd w&m;0iftm%m tyfESif;+yD;wmeJ@ ppfAkdvfawG tpdk;&XmetoD;oD;ukd 0ifa&muf=uygw,f? t&yfom;ukdom 0ef}u;D cef@ayr,fh ppfAv dk w f &meD;yg; tkycf sKyaf &;bufrmS ae&m,l=uygw,f? 'DtxJu ok;H ykw H ykH f ;dk cs@J wmrk@d b%fvyk f [m e,fuvmwJph pfAv dk af wGyg/ DSI pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;ukd t}u;D tus,w ief;/ oabFmvkid ;f / ig;vkyif ef;/ arG;jrLa&;/ aqmufvyk af &;/ o,f,yl @dk aqmifa&;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm; ukeo f , G f a&;ukd vkyu f idk af e+yrD @dk tiftm;taumif;qk;H pD;yGm; a&;vkyif ef;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y/D ppfAv dk af wG TAXI axmif+y;D aiGy&dk mS Ekid zf @dk twGuf DSI u rmZ'go;Hk bD;um;awGwifoiG ;f ay;vd@k ppfAv dk [ f m tcGix hf ;l cHjzpfvmygw,f?

Akv d af e0if;tdraf pmift h pk;d &vufxufrmS txif&mS ;qk;H tzG@J tpnf;[m vtu ac: vkðH caH &;eJ@tkycf sKyrf a_ umifpjD zpfygw,f/ vtuukd wyfr;– awGuyJ OD;aqmifygw,f/ jyLapmxD;/ opfawmapmifeh @J UMP tcsK@d ukd vufeuford ;f ol[m vtuygy/J trsK;d om;rSwyf w Hk ifXmeeJ@ vtu vufw+JG y;D vlwidk ;f ukd rSwyf w Hk ifz@dk óu;pm;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f jynfov l x l &k @J v_y&f mS ;r_ ukd xde;f csKyEf idk zf @dk jzpfygw,f/ rSwyf w Hk ifppfaq;wJeh nf;eJ@ vlxu k adk pmif=h unhzf @dk pDpOfwmygy?J

tdraf pmiht f pd;k &vufxufrmS &mZ0wfrc_ if; odoo d momusqif;oGm;ygw,f? 1960 azaz:0g&v D a¶G;aumufyrJG mS e,fqENe,fajr 95 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rSm rJqENay;Ekid w f mukd =unf&h if w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfEidk w f modomygw,f? &efuek ®f rx › rJ mS wJx;dk aexkid f ol ESpfodef;ausmfukd OuUvmyeJ@ omauw®r›opfukd a¶$@ajymif;vkdufwm tdraf pmift h pkd;&yg/ tdraf pmift h pk;d &&J@ aqmif¶u G cf suaf wGudk jynfa&;¶Gmr_qw dk t hJ rnfe@J pmtkyx f w k af 0ygw,f? uk, d f vkyfwm ukd,f*k%f,l+yD; ukd,fhig;csOfudk,fcsOfwJh tpkd;&&J@ pmtkyf[m tar&duef txufwef; ausmif;om;awG xkwaf 0aeusjzpfwhJ ESpv f nfpmapmife@J tawmfww l ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu qkyd gw,f?

Akdvfae0if;tdrf apmifhtpkd;&vufxufrSm vGwfvyfr_qkH;¶_H;&ykHukd +Adwdo#oH¶kH; tpD&ifcpH mrS m azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tpd;k &ukd tenf;tusOf ;a0zefrw d meJ@ }u;D av;wJt h jypf'%f usc&H wJt h csed yf gy?J twku d t f cHvyk o f u l dk uku d ;dk u|e;f yk@d ygw,f? t*Fvyd u f v dk edk t D pk;d &&J@19 &mpk ykEH ydS o f rl w S yf w Hk ifOya'ukd jyifqifw;dk cs@J +y;D pme,fZif;ukd zdEydS w f mtdraf pmift h pd;k &yg/ uGejf rLepf tvdak wmf&v d @dk pGypf +JG y;D axmifcsypfwhJ t,f'w D m owif;axmufe@J xkwaf 0olawG renf;ygb;l / tpkd;&a0zefol av;&mausmfukd yk'fr 5 eJ@zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f? ppfwyfuaxmufcHtm;ay;wJh aqG+idrf;tkyfpktEkdif&zkd@ tvm;tvmenf;ayr,fh 1960 rSm a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;vku d w f m[m ppfwyfemrnfysuv f mvd@k ygyw J /hJ tdraf pmift h pd;k & uawmh 'Dru dk a&pDuadk v;pm;vk@d a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yvku d w f mvd@k ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf emrnfysuv f m+y;D OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;tqifrajyjzpfvmvk@d ppfwyfu aemufqkwf+yD; a¶G;aumufyGJusif;yum t&yfom;tpkd;&ukd tm%mv$Jay;vkdufwmvkd@ ar&D u,fv[efuqkyd gw,f? a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; ppfpcef;jyefzkd@ Akdvfae0if;eJ@ppfOD;pD;¶kH;upDpOfwmukd &efukef a&mufaewJh wyfr;– awGu rauseyfv@kd qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwmygw/hJ a¶G;aumufyrJG mS Ekwif tkypf k Ekid rf ,fq&dk if b,fvv dk yk =f urvJqw dk mukd wyfr;– wcsK@d v#K@d @0Suaf qG;aEG;&mrSm Akv d af tmifa¶$ Akv d v f aS rmf Akv d x f eG ;f pdef Akv d =f unf0if; Akv d =f unf[efe@J Akv d cf sp®f rifw@dk vnf;yg0ifw,fv@dk 1993 azaz:0g&D 21 &ufae@rSm Akv d rf ;– }u;D vSarmfu ar&Du,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f/ bmukad qG;aEG; w,fqw kd m tao;pdwo f &d zk@d cufayr,fh ppfwef;vsm;ukd rjyefcsiw f hJ 'Dwyfr;– awG[m wckcv k yk zf @dk aqG;aEG;wmxif&mS ;w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom; tpk;d &wufvm+y;D r=umrD Akv d rf ;– csKyaf tmifa¶$e@J wyf&if;r–;wcsK@d [m Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukzd ,f&mS ;+y;D OD;Ektpkd;&ukd ðzwfcszkd@ }uHpnfw,fvdk@,lq&a=umif; 1961 azaz:0g&Dvxkwf +Adwdo#oHr–; tpD&ifcHpm rSmazmfjywmukdvnf; ukd;um;xm;ygw,f?

1960 azaz:0g&v D rSm usi;f ywJh a¶G;aumufyrJG mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf Ek idk af tmif ppfAv dk t f csK@d rJc;dk cJ=h uayr,fh OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ oef@&Si;f zqyvwjzpfvJ jynfaxmifpyk gwu D tjywftowf

tEkdif&+yD; 'Drkdua&pDt&yfom;tpkd;&ukd jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EkdifcJhygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm ppftpdk;& oufq;dk &Snv f rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah ewke;f Akv d af e0if;u a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f y+y;D tm%mv$aJ y;wJh twGuf wurBmvk;H u cs;D usL;*k%ðf y=uygw,f? tajccHOya'eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDudk av;pm;oltjzpf Akv d af e0if;ukd zDvpfyidk Ef idk if u H rufaq;aq;qkcs;D jri‡ ahf yr,fh Akv d af e0if;u vufrcHygb;l / a':vm waomif;wefqkukdvufcHvkduf&if taemufwkdif;vrf;pOfvkdufwJhtwGuf *k%fðycH&wmukd tajymcH&rSmpk;d &drv f @kd rufaq;aq;qkudk Akv d af e0if;vufrcH&w J mjzpfa=umif; 1960 =o*kwv f 8 &ufae@xkwf +Aw d o d #Eidk if jH cm;a&;Xme tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? a&S@tywf tykdif; 21 rSm OD;Ektpdk;&vufxufrSm Akdvfae0if;u A[kdcsKyfukdifr_ tm;aumif;atmifvyk +f y;D 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f wJt h a=umif;wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (21) OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;tpd;k & 1960 rSm tm%m&aewke;f wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifru _ kd ed*;Hk csKyf ap+y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf _ cdik rf matmifvyk Ef ikd w f t hJ wGuf 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f Ekid af =umif; ar&D u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tykid ;f 21 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? OD;Ek&@J jynfaxmifpk ygw[ D m tm%m&+y;D r=umrD ociftyk pf ek @J OD;Akv d t f yk pf q k +kd y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f? Adv k af e0if; tdraf pmift h pd;k &wnfaxmifcw hJ mudk OD;Ektpd;k &u zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af yr,fh rdryd gwu D kd cdik rf matmif rvkyfEkdifwmrdk@ ppftm%modrf;zdk@ zdwfac:ovkdjzpfoGm;w,fvdk@ ,lqolawG rsm;ygw,fwJh? 'gayr,fh 'Dval wG[m wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifyu GJ kd owdrxm;rd=ubl;vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrif ygw,f? awmifydkif;wkdif;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfatmifa¶$eJ@ wyf&if;r–; 8 OD;udk 1961 azazmf0g&Dv rSm xkwfypfwmeJ@ ppfavhusifha&;!¸ef=um;a&;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfarmifarmif tðzwfcH&wm[m wjcm;pDjzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;opf arG;xkwEf idk zf @kd twGuf &efuek &f dS tar&duefo¶H ;Hk u CIA t&m&St d ultnDe@J Akv d af rmifarmifu okawoeXme udk wnfaxmifygw,f? 'DXme&J@vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd Adv k af rmifarmifu v#K› 0d u S x f m;vd@k Adv k af e0if; pdwu f u G o f mG ;wmqdw k hJ owif;pmq&m *g;'D;,ef;OD;pde0f if;&J@tjrifuv kd nf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?

Akv d af rmifarmif tðzwfc&H wJh t"duta=umif;&if;wckuawmh axmufvrS ;f a&;!¸erf ;– E_wcf rf; arG;Akv d v f iG u f Akv d af rmifarmifukd remvdw k &dk n S jf zpfvm+y;D acsmufweG ;f wJu h pd yP gyw J ?hJ axmufvrS ;f a&;!¸erf ;– Akv d v f iG [ f m okawoeXmeudpeP @J ywfouf+y;D rauseyfwt hJ wGuf Adv k af rmifarmifukd CIA =oZmcHtjzpf Akv d af e0if;ujrifvmatmif em;oGi;f Edik cf w hJ ,fv@kd Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ

uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmif&@J jyif;xefwhJ uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; vrf;pOf [mvnf; ol@Zmwford ;f cef;udk zefw;D zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 1961 rSm OD;Eke@J Adv k af e0if;[m w¶kwf-jrefrm aqGrsKd;aygufazmf cspf=unfa&;Zmwfum; ¶kduful;ae+yDrdk@ tar&duefvufeuf f w kd u kd cf u dk &f mrSm wyfrawmfwyf&if; 9 eJ@ w¶kwf udik af qmifwhJ KMT w¶kwjf zLtºuif;tuseu jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfwdk@ yl;wGJppfqifa&;vkyfcJha=umif;/ yg0ifol ArmppfAdkvfawGua&m +Aw d o d #ppforH ;– tpD&ifcpH muyg oufaocHaeygw,fw?hJ 'Dvt kd ajctaerSm ppfwyfrmS 'kw, d (od@k ) wwd,tm%m&So d t l jzpf ,lqcHae&wJ h Ak v d af rmifarmifukd CIA =oZmcH (ok@d ) r[mrdwf tjzpf owif;v$iw hf m[m txdqk ;H ygy?J E_wcf rf;arG;Adv k v f iG f tuGuq f if+y;D ab;wD;ay;wJt h wkid ;f Adv k af rmifarmifursm; CIA tultnDe@J tm%modr;f avrvm;vd@k Adv k af e0if; pd;k &drx f w d v f ef@ vmwma=umifh Akdvfarmifarmifudkðzwfypfvdkufwmvnf; jzpfEkdifw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?

Akv d af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– ig;OD;udk ppforH ;– tjzpf Ekid if jH cm;yk@d vdu k +f y;D Adv k af tmifa¶$ukd awmh oHtrwftjzpf Australia ukd yd@k vdu k yf gw,f? usew f yfr;– av;OD;udk t+ird ;f pm;ay;ygw,f?

'Dt&m&Sad wG[m 1960 a¶G;aumufyrGJ mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf b k ufu axmufct H m;ay;wm xif&mS ; wJt h wGuf wyfu xkwyf pfwmjzpfa=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmayr,fh ppfqifa&;vkyaf ewJh wyf&if; r–;ESpfOD;udkyg ðzwfypfwmudk=unfh&if Adkvfae0if;rauseyfwm[m a¶G;aumufyJGudpPomr[kwf a=umif; cef@rSe;f Edik w f ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?

Adkvfae0if;ukda&m OD;Ektpdk;&udkyg ðzwfypfzdk@}uHpnfvkd@ wyfr–;awGtðzwfcH&wmvdk@ tJ'Dwkef;u ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 1960 a¶G;aumufyGJusif;ycsdefrSmvkyfwJh wyfr–;awG&J@ v#›Kd0Suf tpnf;ta0;udk Akdvfae0if;od&wJhtcgrSm tvGefpdwfqkd;oGm;w,fvkd@ AkdvfvSarmfu ajymjyyg w,fw?hJ 'gayr,hf v#K› 0d u S t f pnf;ta0;rSm aqG;aEG;wJu h pd u P kd Adv k af e0if;pdwq f ;dk wmr[kwb f J OD;pD;t&m&Srd ygbJ wyfr;– awGcsn;f tpnf;ta0;vkyw f mudk Adv k af e0if;rauseyfwmjzpfa=umif; aemifrS oabmayguw f ,fv@kd Adv k v f aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGjzpfwhJ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ Akdvfarmifarmifudk0kdif;y,f&if Adkvfae0if;udk0kdif;y,fwmeJ@ twlwljzpfa=umif; em;vnfvm w,fv@kd Adv k v f aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ OD;pD;t&m&SAd v kd af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– tcsK› u d ðkd zwfypfwm[m ppfO;D pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr;– awGt=um;u jy\emud k ajz&Si;f vdu k w f mygy?J awmifyikd ;f wkid ;f eJ@ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D wkid ;f ig;wkid ;f eJ@ txl;wyf&if;av;&if; zG@J pnf;vku d w f t hJ wGuf ppfO;D pD;¶k;H &J@ A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf t _ iftm; ydk aumif;oGm;ygw,f? t&ifvdk wkid ;f }u;D ESpw f idk ;f eJ@ wkid ;f r–;ESpOf ;D omxm;r,fq&kd if wkid ;f r–;taeeJ@ tm%modrf;zdk@vG,fulwmrdk@ wdkif;r–;awGrsm;vmatmif Adkvfae0if;uzefwD;vkdufwmygyJ? ,k=H unfpw d cf s&wJw h idk ;f r–;awGukd &efuek ef @J eD;wJ w h ikd ;f rSmxm;+y;D odyrf ,k&H wJw h ikd ;f r–;awGuakd wmh &efukefeJ@a0;&mrSm wm0efay;xm;zkd@ Adkvfae0if;u pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f?

'ga=umifrh @dk 1962 rS m ppftm%modr;f wJt h cg wyfrawmf[m A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf u _ kd emcHwhJ ppfAsL¶ku d a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y?D 1958 tm%modr;f yGu J kd OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu pDpOfchJ wm jzpfayr,fh 1962 tm%modr;f yGrJ mS awmh ppfwyfwckv;Hk wnDw!Gww f nf;yg0ifwm awG@& ygw,f? Akv d af e0if;u ol@trde@f udk tm;vk;H emcHatmifvyk x f m;Ekid w f ma=umif h 62 tm%modr;f yGJ atmifjrifwmvd@k avhvmolawGuok;H oyf=uayr,fh Akv d af e0if;&J@pGr;f &nfwckwnf;eJ@awmh vkyf Ekid rf ,fr[kwyf gb;l wJ ?h Akv d af rmifarmifO;D aqmifwhJ ppfprD cH ef@cJrG X_ meu vGecf w hJ hJ q,fEpS t f wGi;f ppfwyfðyjyifa&;awGvyk +f y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf u _ ekd mcHwhJ ppfAsL¶du k a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D ukd wnfaqmuf Ekid cf v hJ @dk om 1962 rSm tvG,w f ulppftm%modr;f Ekid w f mvk@d ar&Du,fv[efu ,lqygw,f? jynfaxmifpk}uD;®yuJGrSmpdk;&drfvdk@ tm%modrf;&wmqdkwJhqifajcukdvnf; ar&D u,fv[efu vufrcHygbl;? ppfwyftzJG@tpnf;[m t&yfom;tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;/ ygwDtzGJ@ tpnf; pwmawGxuf trsm;}u;D tiftm;awmifw h if;+y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G af ewmrd@k t&yfom; tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;udk ppfwyftzG@J tpnf;eJ@tpm;xk;d +y;D jy\emudk ppfa&;t&ajz&Si;f zd@k óu;pm; wm jzpfygw,fw?hJ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk tckid t f rmqkyu f ikd Ef ikd zf @dk ppfwyfuóu;pm;&mrSm wkid ;f ol jynfom;[m taES mift h ,Suf t[ef@twm;vkjd zpfvm&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk wifjyvku d yf gw,f? a&› t S ywf tydik ;f 22 rSm rqveJ@ e0wacwf ppfwyfta=umif; wifjyygr,f? ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (22) 1988 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfyu Hk dk ppfwyfu®zcGi;f +y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfwnfaxmifyeHk @J ywfouf+y;D ar&Du,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 22 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? vGwv f yf pGmajymqdak &;om;cGiahf y;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J jynfo@l qENukd ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u t,kt H =unf r&Sad =umif; yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f pOf 1958 atmufwb dk m 17 &ufae@xkwaf 0wJh wyfrawmf pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;XmetpD&ifcpH meJ@ pufwifbm 30 &ufae@xkwf “acwfa&;” pmapmifrmS azmfjyxm;xmawG@&ygw,fw?hJ jynfov l x l [ k m Edik if aH &;pdw0f ifpm;wmr[kwv f @kd olyek 0f g'jzef@ wmudk em;a,mifoGm;wwfw,fvdk@ wyfrawmfpmapmifu qdkygw,f? b0 &yfwnfa&;eJ@ ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGg;udo k m t"duxm;wJh edru hf swphJ w d o f bm0&Sw d hJ jynfov l x l [ k m olrsm;óu;qJ&G m udk ygomG ;wwfw,fv@kd wyfrawmfpmapmifu ok;H oyfygw,fw?hJ tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; pnf;urf;&Sd+yD; wm0efodzdk@ jynfolvlxkudk ppfwyfuqkH;raewm 'Duae@txdygyJ? wkdif;oljynfom;ukd t,kHt=unfr&SdwJhppfwyf[m wkdif;oljynfom;u a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJhtpdk;&ukdvnf; ,kH=unfrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh OD;Ektpdk;&

tm%mjyef&wJh 2 ESpu f mvrSm ppfwyfpnf;vk;H nD!w G af tmifvyk +f y;D 1962 rSm 'Dru kd a&pD pepfudk zsufqD;vkdufwmygyJ? EdkifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;udkzsufodrf;+yD; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk a=unmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;óu;yrf;pOfuacwfpm;cJw h hJ vuf00J g'udk jyefvnfqef;opfvu kd w f m ygyw J ?hJ w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfu[ kd ef@wm;wJ eh nf;AsL[mtaeeJ@ qd&k , S v f pfvrf;pOfcsrw S w f mvd@k vnf; ppfacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,lqygw,fwJh? ppfwyfeJ@ rqvygwDvufwGJ+yD; 26 ESpfwdkif tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyyf gw,f? wkid ;f oljynfom;udk Edik if aH &;pdwrf 0ifpm;bl;vd@k ppfwyfu,lqwmrd@k qd&k , S v f pf EdkifiHom;aumif; ay:xGufa&;twGuf rqvacwfrSm EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;oifwef;awG trsm;qkH;ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,hf wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd &f &dS m e,fpyfa'orSmawmh ppfwyfuom }u;D pd;k ygw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd u f kd vlxek @J tquftoG,jf ywfapzd@k twGuf jzwfav;jzwf vrf;pOf pwifusio hf ;Hk wJt h csed t f cgygy?J rqvygw[ D m pnf;¶k;H a&;udpu P o dk m OD;pm;ay;aewmrd@k olykefESdrfeif;a&;udk *¶krpdkufbl;vdk@ ppfAkdvfa[mif;awGu ajymygw,fwJh? rqvtpdk;&uom tm;oGecf eG pf u kd v f yk rf ,fq&kd if jynfwiG ;f ppfe*d ;Hk csKy+f y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G af ewm=um+yv D @kd ppfAv kd f a[mif;tcsK› u d jyefajymwmudv k nf; ud;k um;xm;ygw,f?

1988 'D r k d u a&pD t a&;awmf y k H u d k ES d r f e if ; vd k u f w J h t cgrS m rqv tpd k ; & aysmufu, G o f mG ;+y;D ppfwyf[m wckwnf;aom tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf; jzpfvmygw,f? 1990 rSm a¶G;aumufyJGusif;yay;vkdufayr,fh ppfwyfaxmufcHwJh rqvwjzpfvJ wpnygwD ud, k pf m;vS,f 10 ae&mom&S+d y;D a':pkacgi;f aqmifwhJ NLD ygwD tjywftowftEdik &f wma=umifh a¶G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ppfwyfutodtrSwfrðybJ a¶G;aumufyJGEkdifwJh NLD ygwDudkacsr_ef;zdk@ óu;yrf;ygawmhw,f? jynfov l x l &k @J qef@usirf u _ &kd ifqikd af e&wJph pfwyf[m ppftiftm;wd;k cs+J› y;D wk@H jyefyg w,f? tiftm;aumif;wJh KMT w¶kwfjzLwyf}uD; jrefrmjynfxJ 0ifa&muftajcpkdufwkef;u ppftiftm;wkd;cs›JykHeJ@ cyfqifqifyJvdk@qdkygw,f? wjynfvkH; +idrf0yfydjym;ae+yD; ae&mwumrSm ppftpd;k &csKyu f idk Ef idk af tmif ppftiftm;wk;d csw J› mygy?J 1988 rSm tiftm; wode;f &Spaf omif; ausm&f w dS hJ ppfwyf[m 1996 rSm ok;H ode;f ckEpS af omif;&S+d y;D a&wyfe@J avwyfuydk gw;kd csv J› mygw,f? ppfwyfukd xda&mufpmG csKyu f idk +f y;D trde@f ay;Edik zf @kd twGupf pfO;D pD;XmecsKyf =oZmtm%m}u;D rm; vmatmif vkyyf gw,f? ppftpd;k &udo k pPm&S ad &;/ trde@f emcHa&;/ ppfrx _ rf;oufomacsmifcsad &; pwmawGukd OD;pm;ay;taumiftxnfazmfwma=umifh ppfrx _ rf;[m tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef;pm; jzpfvmygw,f? ppfrx _ rf;rdom;pktwGuf oD;oef@aq;¶k/H oD;oef@ausmif;eJ@ oD;oef@ukeyf pPn;f &Sv d mw,f? ppf tpd;k &vkycf iG ahf y;vk@d &Sio f ef}u;D xGm;vmwJh yk*v ~ u d pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;awGuvnf; ppfacgi;f aqmif aqGrsK;d todik ;f t0kid ;f udk ykrH eS q f ufa=u;ay;+y;D axmufyahH e&ygw,f?

ppfwyfEikd if aH &;rSm axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Sd }u;D pk;d w,fv@kd ,lq=uayr,fh wu,f tm%m&So d al wGuawmh ppfwidk ;f 12 wdik ;f u wdik ;f r–;awGygyw J ?hJ wdik ;f twGi;f u udpt P m;vk;H udk qk;H jzwfyikd cf iG &hf w dS w hJ idk ;f r–;[m tm%mt&Sq d ;Hk yk*Kd~ vyf gy?J tm%m&Sad vav OpPm"ewk;d yGg;avav jzpfaeygw,f? 1950 jynfv h eG Ef pS af wGrmS ppftiftm;wk;d cszJ› @GJ pnf;wke;f uawmh Ekid if jH cm; tultnD udk tm;udk;cJh&ygw,f? e0w/etzacwf ppftiftm;wk;d cs&J› mrSmawmh bufaygi;f pku H &HyaHk iG &Smygw,f? tpd;k &tok;H p&dww f 0ufavmufukd ppfp&dwt f jzpfo;Hk pJw G t hJ jyif rl;,pfaq;vkyif ef; u&wJh qufa=u;udv k nf; ok;H pJyG gw,f? w¶kwt f pd;k &u twk;d oufoufomomeJ@ acs;xm;wJh aiGudkvnf; ppftpdk;&uokH;ygw,f? 'gawGtjyif ppfwyfydkif pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;awGu&wJh 0ifaiG vnf; &Sdygw,f? jrefrmhpD;yGg;a&;OD;ykdifvdrdwufeJ@ jrefrmhpD;yGg;a&;aumfykda&;&Sif;[m ppfwyfykdif vuf0g;}u;D tkyf pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;awGyg? tjrwftpGe;f aumif;aumif;&wJv h yk if ef;awGukd vuf0g; }uD;tkyfxm;wJh tcGifhxl;cH pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;awGjzpfygw,f? ppfwyfydkifpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;awG[m tpD&ifcpH mxkwjf yef+y;D &Si;f jyp&mrvkw d hJ tzG @J tpnf;jzpfwma=umifh 'Dvyk if ef;u&wJah iGukd ppf acgif;aqmifykdif;u xifovkdokH;pGJEkdifygw,f? ppfAdkvftwGuf pD;yGg;a&;zlvkHayr,fh EkdifiHa&;rSm rvkðH cyH gb;l ?

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,m,Dtypftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;tkypf ak wGukd vufeufuikd pf cJG iG ahf y;xm;wm pwkwjˆ y\emjzpfygw,fw?hJ vufeufuidk t f yk pf }k u;D pd;k &ma'oudk tpd;k &ppfwyf0ifr,fqd &k if cGifhðycsufawmif;&ovdk ,m,Dvufeuftodrf;cH&wmrsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f? udk;uef@eJ@ “0” acgi;f aqmifawG[muk, d yf idk , f el aD zmif;0wfvufeufuikd af wG+c&H +H y;D &efuek rf mS vGwv f w G v f yfvyf oGm;vmEkid yf gw,f? 'Djy\em 4 ck&adS ewmud=k unf&h if ppftpd;k &[m ae&mwkid ;f rSm tpGr;f xuf wm r[kwaf =umif;/ tjynft h 0 pnf;vk;H nD!w G w f mr[kwaf =umif; odEidk yf gw,f? ppftpd;k &[m twdu k t f cHuakd =umufovdk wyfwiG ;f jy\emudv k nf; pd;k &draf eygw,fw?hJ 'Djy\emeJ@ tm;enf; csuaf wGa=umifh Edik if aH &;rSm vdycf w J nf;vnf;jzpf+y;D ppftpd;k &u av#mah y;zd@k 0efav;aewm jzpfy&Hk ygw,fw?hJ ppftpd;k &eJ@ Ekid if o H m;qufqaH &;qdw k m tpd;k &trde@f udk Ekid if o H m;uremcH&if tpd;k & u t=urf;zufwyhJ pHk yH gy?J wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; jzpfygG ;&mt&yfrmS ppfwyf&@J t=urf;zufr_[m tjyif;xefqkH;ygyJ? vlraeEkdifatmif jzwf 4 jzwfvrf;pOfokH;wJh ppfqifa&; jzpfwmrd@k Ekid if jH cm;xGuaf jy;wJh wkid ;f &if;om;OD;a&[m t+rw J rf;wk;d yGg;aeygw,f? 'gayr,hf 'Dvkd rw&m;vkyw f u hJ pd u P kd jynfraeArmvlrsK;d awGu wcgrS ar;cGe;f xkwcf w hJ m r[kwyf gb;l wJ?h 1988 ta&;awmfyrHk mS qENjywJah usmif;om;eJ@ t&yfom;udk ppfwyfuypfowf+y;D jynfru t&yfom; udkyg &efolvdkoabmxm;vmawmhrSppfwyf&J@t=urf;zufr_udk jynfrrSmaqG;aEG;vmwm jzpf ygw,fw?hJ wdkif;&if;om;&ydkifcGifhudktmrcHwJh EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsKd;udk pwifwnfaqmuf Ekdifzdk@ ta&;}u;D ovkd uJv G w GJ J o h abmxm;ud v k ufcEH ikd zf @kd vnf; ta&;}u;D ygw,fw?hJ jrefrmhvw G v f yf a&; tESpf 50 ausmo f rdik ;f rSm oabmxm;uGv J rGJ /_ uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_e@J aphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f r_ukd wu,f vufccH w hJ hJ tpOftvmr&Scd yhJ gb;l wJ?h uGv J w GJ o hJ abmxm;ukd ppftpd;k &u vufrcHEidk af =umif; txift&Sm;jyaeygw,f? NLD tzG@J csKyu f vnf; uGv J w GJ o hJ abmxm;udk vufrcHEidk w f v hJ uQ%m jyaeygw,f? tpd;k &qef@usiaf &;ausmif;om;tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ twku d t f cHygwaD wGuvnf; a0zefol udk xkwyf pfwt hJ wGuf pif®yiftzG@J awG/ tkypf ak wG/ *d% k ;f awG ay:ayguv f mygw,f? wkid ;f &if;om; tkypf ak wGxrJ mS vnf; 'DypHk t H wdik ;f ygy?J 'gayrJh uJv G w GJ o hJ abmxm;udk jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_u vufcH ygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmhordik ;f rSmtajz&Smwm ykad umif;ygvrd rhf ,fw?hJ ukv d ekd aD cwf/ ygvrD ef 'Dru dk a&pDacwf/ rqvqd&k , S v f pfacwfe@J e0w/etz acwfawGrmS t,ltqtawG;tac:csi;f yÉdyuQjzpf+yq D &dk if vlq;dk eJ@vlaumif;yÉdyuQjzpfovdk tEkid &f zk@d udo k m t"duxm;=uygw,fw?hJ jzpfaewJhyÉdyuQudk aysmufuG,foGm;atmifvkyfwJh wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;[m vkH;0O\kH pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;&&Sdzdk@ jzpfaeygw,f? yÉdyuQudkukdifwG,f+yD; r#r#wwjzpfatmif vkyfEkdifwJh enf;pepfukd acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u rwDxiG Ef idk rf csi;f jrefrmhtem*wf[m ar#mv f ifch suu f if;rJah e OD;r,fv@dk qkyd gw,f?

uGv J w JG t hJ ,ltq/ rwlwt hJ jrif/ jcm;em;wJah wmif;qdck su/f ®yifqidk rf /_ ,SO®f yifr_ pwm awGr&S&d if 'Dru dk a&pDvnf; r&SEd idk yf gb;l ? vk;H 0O\kpH nf;vk;H nD!w G af &;udk OD;pm;ay;aewm[m vkdtyfcsuf/ awmif;qdkcsuftrsKd;rsKd;udk vdkufavsmEkdifr,fhenf;vrf; ay:xGufa&;udk [ef@wm; ovkd jzpfaeygw,fw?hJ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG if&mrSm Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u _ kd jyEdik w f t hJ wGuf t*Fvyd u f vGwv f yfa&;ay;wm jzpfEikd yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dordik ;f "avhukd rausmf Ekid w f t hJ wGuf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;[m pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;awmif;qdw k t hJ qifx h ufy+kd y;D &ifu h surf vm ao;a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudkwifjy&if; “ige@J rwl ig&h efol ” pmtkyu f kd ed*kH; ur`wf tqk;H owfvu dk &f ygw,f? ÚÚÚÚÚ

Making Enemies by Mary P.Callahan Cornell University Press, 2003

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publication year: 2003 269 pages ISBN: 9971-69-283-X Paperback US$25.00 S$42.00 Mary P. Callahan is Assistant Professor in the Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington.

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