A Sample on Finance in Hospitality
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Table of Contents Introduction TASK 1 a) Sources of funding available for opening new restaurant b) Sources of income generation Task 2 A: Evaluation of cost and gross profit B: Evaluation of business methods Task 3 A: Source and structure of trial balance B: Evaluation of business accounts C: Purpose of financial budgets and the process suitable for the budgetary control D: Variance analysis of budgeted and actual figures Task 4 A: Computation of financial ratios B: Recommendation for City Brasserie Ltd for making improvement in their financial management strategies Task 5 A: Categorization of cost using examples from City Brasserie Ltd B: Calculation of contribution and relationship between cost, profit and volume C: Recommendation of tickets to be sold in order to earn desired profit Conclusion References
Index of Tables Table 1: Format of trial balance Table 2: Variance analysis of budgeted and actual figures of City Brasserie Ltd Table 3: Computation of financial ratios of City Brasserie Ltd Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
INTRODUCTION Finance is regarded as one of the most significant resource of the business without which it is not possible for company to operate efficiently in the market. Further, hospitality sector delivers large number of services to its target market due to which its financial requirement is high. Companies operating in this sector have to consider different sources through which their financial needs can be satisfied in appropriate manner. Apart from this, different business accounts are prepared so as to know overall performance of firm such as balance sheet, income statement etc. (Shim and Siegel, 2008). The present report being prepared is based on City Brasserie Ltd where at present business is planning to open new restaurant in London. Therefore, it is required to identify the appropriate source of finance for business. Various tasks have been covered in the study which involves sources of income generation, elements of cost, source and structure of trial balance, usefulness of balance sheet, income statement etc.
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TASK 1 a) Sources of funding available for opening new restaurant Different sources of finance are available with city Brasserie Ltd which business can consider for satisfying its overall need. At present business is planning to open a new restaurant near the strand in central London. Therefore, to accomplish this overall aim it is required for business to adopt appropriate source of finance (Hussey and Ong, 2005). Opening up of new restaurant in the market of UK requires high investment and due to this basic reason company has to select source which is cheap and in turn large amount of funds can be easily obtained by business. Following are the sources of finance which are as follows:
Debt financing: It is regarded as the act of raising business finance by borrowing money. Business can consider this source by taking loan from the financial institutions present in the market. Further, it can enhance liquidity position of the business where expansion can also take place easily. Main advantage of using debt financing as a source is that it leads to effective utilization of resources of firm as business has to pay some amount in the form of interest due to which it becomes necessary to fully utilize the resources. Tax advantage is also one of the main benefits of considering this source where business can obtain tax advantage as interest is deductible for income tax purpose. Simple loan repayment is also one of the advantages of this source where lenders are only entitled to loan repayment and interest on loan (Keller, 2013). Further, future impact forecasting is also one of the Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
main advantage of this source where principal repayment along with interest are based on fixed percentage and it is possible to forecast. On the other hand this source has some disadvantage which are regular payments of installment is required and this leads to rise in expenditure level of the company. Further, many times it is possible that financial institutions may impose penalty for late payment and this may have adverse impact on city Brasserie Ltd. Apart from this failure to make payment on loan can have negative impact on credit rating of the organization. Therefore, in this way these are some of the main disadvantage of this source which company has to consider. Equity: For obtaining large amount of funds it is possible for city Brasserie Ltd to issue equity shares in the market. Further, through this source funds can be obtained from investors who may purchase shares of company (Cox and Fardon, 2005). Main advantage of this source is that business does not have to keep cost of debt financing, right business angels bring valuable skills, investors are attracted to provide follow up funding etc. On the other hand some disadvantage of this source is that equity financing is demanding, costly and time consuming. Retained earnings: It is also regarded as one of the most effective source of finance where business can utilize its savings for satisfying its expansion needs. Further, main advantage of this source is that large amount of funds can be obtained easily and it is not required to bear any cost (Keller, 2013). On the other hand it reduces overall savings of firm which is major drawback. Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
Out of all these three sources most appropriate one for city Brasserie Ltd is equity financing where organization can easily issue equity shares in the market and amount for expansion can be obtained easily. Main reason behind not recommending debt financing is that business has already taken loan from bank of large amount and this source will not be appropriate for firm as interest cost will rise. Further, retained earnings as a source cannot be considered by business as large amount is required for investment. b) Sources of income generation Different sources of income are present which City Brasserie Ltd which business can consider for enhancing its overall profitability level. Such sources are:
Cookery classes: Chefs working in City Brasserie Ltd can organize cookery classes and can charged fess from individual for the same. This will be appropriate source of income for company and people can learn about preparing different dishes etc. This services can be provided by the ideal labour of the restaurant in the morning time in which there are fewer customers in restaurant (Portz and Lere, 2010). In this manner, they will be able to make optimum utilization of available resources.
Merchandising with cookbooks and kitchen items: For City Brasserie Ltd it is possible to introduce cookbooks and kitchen items. Further, same can be offered to local public so that they can know about the ways through which different dishes can be prepared. Therefore, this will also be appropriate source of income. City Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
Brasserie Ltd is reputed French restaurant with good market image. On the basis of their goodwill they can sell their cooking recipes to the customers (Ojha, Gianiodis and Manuj, 2013). For this activity, they do not required to incur heavy expenses but they can earn good profits from this source. Events catering: Company can take catering order of different events such as party, marriage etc and income can be earned by charging fees from the same. For this source, they can introduce different themes for their customers in order to make their experience more memorable. They can also provide their services to the commercial entities by getting associated with them.
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TASK 2 A: Evaluation of cost and gross profit Elements of costs including labour, consumables and overheads Elements of cost can be defined as the expenditure occurred by business entity for the manufacturing process of the cost centres (Curzon and Wingler, 2013). In the context to the City Brasserie Ltd, description of cost components is as follows: Materials: Materials cost are involved when finished goods are ready to sell to the consumers. Materials can be of raw materials and finished materials. Example of material in City Brasserie Ltd crockery, knives, silverware etc. Consumables: Consumables can be termed as the goods which are consumed by the consumers (Elearn, 2013). It can be used for consumption either to spent or wasted. These includes napkins, cutlery, food and beverages items. Labor: Labor is consists of human resources who was charged for the work in the industry. For example: management and all the staff members. Overhead Costs: It is the type of expenses which does not include labour, materials and other expenses. It is also known as indirect cost. It includes electricity costs, telephone bills, rent, taxes etc. Increase in gross profit percentages by changing selling prices For the increase in the gross profit percentage, one should consider their market price point which should be fair, every expenses of the business and menu item cost. One can increase their profit by changing selling price Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
of their cost or product. Gross profit can be obtained from cost of goods minus revenue (Keller, 2013). The difference between cost of goods sold and revenues is known as gross profit. This aspect shows that increase in selling price will make increase in gross profits. B: Evaluation of business methods Stock taking for control and management for City Brasserie Ltd Stock taking can be defined as procedure for the recording amount of stock held by business. It is an effective method for the management of inventory in the business. This method provides accurate information regarding recording of inventory by which management can make decisions regarding order quantity and duration. In addition to this, company will be able to minimize their storage and carrying cost. Stock taking also assists in reduction of abnormal cost by making proper inventory management. Further, by making use of this method the movement of stores items can be watched more closely by the store auditor (Gitman, 2013). With this approach, chances of obsolescence buying will be reduced. In addition to this final accounts can be quickly prepared. Appropriate methods for security of cash Cash can be managed by various techniques such as working capital management. Cash security issues are common in business entity. City Brasserie Ltd can appoint different individuals for the purpose cash handling and cash recording. In this manner they can evaluate physical balance with the accounting records in order to prevent embezzlement (Shahwan, 2008). Further, audits can be conducted in timely manner for the monitoring in business.
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TASK 3 A: Source and structure of trial balance Trial balance can be defined as statement summarizing accounting balances of the ledgers. This statement is prepared to ensure arithmetical accuracy of the accounting reports. Trial balance can be prepared by two methods i.e. traditional method and modern method. This statement is base for the preparation of financial statements. Source of information of preparation for trial balance is balances of ledger accounts (Financial ratio and Analysis, 2013). Structure of trial balance is comprises of following balances: Fixed Assets, Current Assets Long term and Current liabilities Capital of Owners Revenue Items Expenses Table 1: Format of trial balance Account Name Fixed and current asset Accounts receivable Inventory Investments Organization expense Vehicles Accumulated depreciation vehicles Land Goodwill Long term and Current
Debit
Credit £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00
liabilities Accounts payable
£0.00
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Notes payable Capital of owners Revenues and expenses Sales Revenues Cost of goods sold materials Depreciation Dues and subscriptions Interest expense Maintenance Miscellaneous Income taxes
£0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00
Totals Trial
balance
assist
£0.00 business
organization
£0.00 is
identification
and
rectification of errors. However, it is not able to identify various errors such as error of concept and error of omission of accounting entry. B: Evaluation of business accounts Significance of balance sheet and income statement of limited company Income
statement
and
position
statement
are
crucial
financial
documents of the limited company. Income statement shows expenditure and revenue occurred during the accounting year. By considering these values, profit for the year is computed by the entity through their operational activities (Sources of finance, 2013). On the basis of this statement, profitability ratios can be computed in order to determine their operational efficiency. Further, position statement shows financial position of the business on the particular accounting date in form of assets, liabilities and capital.
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Use of straight line depreciation method for the purpose of adjustment Straight line method is the easiest way for the computation of depreciation in an accounting period. Formula for straight line depreciation method is as follows: (Initial cost – Salvage value) / no. of years used Advantage of this method is that it is easy to compute and it can be applied to all the long term assets of business. This method is widely acceptable for accounting of fixed assets and depreciation (Weil, 2012). However, this method does not provide accurate reflection of difference in usage of asset from one period to the another. In addition to this, SLM does not necessarily match cost with the revenues in various types of long term assets. This method is not appropriate for the assets with rapid developing technology. Importance of account notes Account notes are significant for user as it provides descriptive information of the financial figures used in financial statements of the limited company
(Hussey
and
Ong,
2005).
These
notes
provide
complete
understanding of specific terms and financial conditions of the company. C: Purpose of financial budgets and the process suitable for the budgetary control Purpose of financial budgets Budgets are prepared by business organizations in order to forecast future activities. On the basis of this forecasting, resources are allocated by the management in order to make its effective utilization. Financial budgets also assist in management of inflow and outflow of cash to maintain proper Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
liquidity and solvency in business. In addition to this, it also mitigates future risk by taking pro-active steps in business. Process for budgetary control Budgetary control can be defined as technique for the comparison of actual results with the budgeted results (Winand and et. al, 2012). On the basis of this comparison variances are computed in order to make viable modification by the business. Planning by the management of City Brasserie Ltd cannot get successful if it is not supported by efficient and effective system of control. Process of budgetary control is inclusive of preparation of several budgets, comparison of actual results with the budgeted figures and revision of budgets in order to make valuable changes in operational activities. System of budgetary control is not rigid because company is required to modify it with the changing circumstances. D: Variance analysis of budgeted and actual figures (i) Indicative for occurrence of favourable and adverse variance Table 2: Variance analysis of budgeted and actual figures of City Brasserie Ltd Budgeted
Actual
Figures
Figures
Variance
favourable
Sales
£70,000.00
£65,000.00
-£5,000.00
Adverse
Cost of Goods Sold
£15,000.00
£13,500.00
£1,500.00
Favourable
Gross Profit
£55,000.00
£51,500.00
£3,500.00
Favourable
Labour Costs
£15,000.00
£19,000.00
-£4,000.00
Adverse
Costs
£7,000.00
£6,500.00
£500.00
Favourable
Overhead Costs
£8,000.00
£8,500.00
-£500.00
Adverse
Particulars
Direct
Net Profit
Adverse or
Expense
£25,000.00
£17,500.00 -£7,500.00
Adverse
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(ii) Justified suggestions for appropriate future management action In accordance with the variance analysis, management of City Brasserie Ltd is recommended to make appropriate forecast by considering changing market trend and values. In addition to this, company is recommended to render service as per demand in the market. In this manner, company will be able to make optimum utilization of available resources in order to enhance their profitability (Arnold, 2005). Company is also required to enhance their efficiency to make reduction in their expenses and abnormal wastage of the available resources. For this aspect, they can install new plant and machinery in the business. With this approach they will be able to enhance their production capacity to attain cost advantages. Further, in order to determine demand in the market they are required to conduct market survey.
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TASK 4 A: Computation of financial ratios Financial ratios are computed to analyse financial position of business by considering profit and loss account and balance sheet. Ratio is a numerical expression which shows relationship between two variables (Vice, 2013). Computation of financial ratios of City Brasserie Ltd is as follows: Table 3: Computation of financial ratios of City Brasserie Ltd Ratio and Formula
Calculation Answer Interpretation Current ratio of City Brasserie Ltd is
Current ratio
less than ideal ratio i.e. 2:1. This aspect
(Current asset / current
154/146
1.05
liabilities)
shows that company had limited assets in order to meet out their current obligation.
Quick Assets or Acid Test
Similar to current ratio, quick ratio is
Ratio
also less to the idea i.e. 1:1. This
(current asset –
154-51/146
0.71
aspect will reduce solvency of the
inventory) / current
business and will create issues in
liabilities
working capital management.
Return on Capital Employed Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) / Capital Employed Gross Profit Margin Gross profit / sales *100
Ratio of return on capital employed 154 + 16/203
0.84
shows that company is earning good profits on the capital through their operational activities. Gross profit margin is measure of
500/920*100 54.35% trading profit of business in comparison to its sales. GP margin shows that City
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Brasserie Ltd is able to earn good profits from trading activities. Net profit margin shows that company is able to earn profits after incurring Net Profit Margin Net profit / sales *100
their direct and indirect expenses. 103/920*100 11.20% Management of the City Brasserie Ltd has excessive revenue in comparison to their operating and non-operating expenses. Debtor collection period shows time in
Debtors Collection Period (Average Debtors /
92/920*365
36.5 days
Credit Sales) x 365
which amount from debtor after credit sales is collected. Calculation shows that City Brasserie Ltd recovers amount of credit sales in 37 days. Creditor payment period shows the
Creditors Payment
time period in which is required to pay
Period
45/(420+51) 34.87
due amount of credit purchase. In
(Average creditors /
*365
accordance with the calculation,
days
Credit purchases) x 365
management of City Brasserie Ltd is required to pay this amount in 35 days.
Inventory or Stock Turnover Ratio (Cost of Goods Sold /
Inventory or Stock Turnover Ratio 420 /51
8.24
shows time period in which inventory of
time
company is sold and replaced by the
Average Inventory)
another inventory. Debt equity ratio of City Brasserie Ltd
Debt-to-Equity Ratio (Debt / equity)
425/150
2.83
is near to the ideal as debt is approximately twice of the amount of equity.
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B: Recommendation for City Brasserie Ltd for making improvement in their financial management strategies Liquidity risk : In accordance with the liquidity ratios of the company, it can be noticed that company is having less ratio in comparison to the ideal value. Management of City Brasserie Ltd is required to focus on the enhancing quick and current ratio. For this aspect, they are required to enhance cash sales and credit purchases (Ojha, Gianiodis, and Manuj, 2013). For this aspect, they can provide discounting offer to the customers in order to motivate them for the early payments. Profitability: Profitability ratios of City Brasserie Ltd depicts that management is able to earn sufficient profits from their operational activities. In order to enhance their profits, they should manage their operational expenses in an effective manner. Main expenditure of City Brasserie Ltd is wages and salary i.e. ÂŁ200000. Management of the organization is required to do planning for making reduction in this expense (Pratt, 2013). For this aspect, they can recruit seasonal employees in order to pay as per the customers. Leverage risk: Debt equity ratio of the company is higher than the ideal ratio i.e. 2:1. Company should attempt to reduce their ratio for the
minimization
of
their
financial
burden.
For
this
aspect,
management of City Brasserie Ltd is recommended to generate financial source from the equity finance for the alteration of capital structure (Hussey and Ong, 2005). With this policy they will be able to make reduction in their financial cost as dividend to equity had direct correlation with the profitability of organization.
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TASK 5 A: Categorization of cost using examples from City Brasserie Ltd Cost can be defined as expenditure incurred by business organization in order to attain the economic benefit. On the basis of nature, cost can be bifurcated into following aspects: Fixed cost Fixed cost can be termed as expenses which does not variate with the outcome to be produced or manufactured. Amount of fixed expense remains same even if there is increase or decrease in number of customers. Example of fixed cost in City Brasserie Ltd is rent, depreciation of equipment and salary of staff (Significance of budgeting and recommendations to enhance the budgeting process, 2010). Restaurant will be required to incur these expenses irrespective of number of customers. Variable cost Expenses are considered as variable expenses if they are directly proportionate to the production units. These expenses increase or decrease with the change in units to be produced or services to be rendered. Example of variable cost in City Brasserie Ltd is sales commission to the waiters and food cost. Semi variable cost Expenses covered in category of semi variable cost has characteristics of both fixed and variable cost. Some part of this expense is fixed and remaining part is variable. Example of semi variable cost for City Brasserie Ltd is water bill (Weil, 2012). Some amount in this bill fixed irrespective of fact that restaurant is making use of water or not and variable part of this expense is actual consumption of water. Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
B: Calculation of contribution and relationship between cost, profit and volume Contribution is the amount showing difference of sales and variable cost in the business. Computation of contribution as per the given business information is as follows: Calculation of contribution Contribution per customer = Ticket price for the Champagne Holiday Dinner Variable cost per customer = ÂŁ80 - ÂŁ30 = ÂŁ50 Relationship between cost, profit and volume Cost, volume and profits are directly connected with the one another. With the increase in one variable another two variable will also be increase and vice versa. However, increase in volume will make high increase in profits but low increase in cost (Shahwan, 2008). It is because; after at particular point company will only have to variable cost and the amount of contribution will be profit of the business. In accordance with the given case scenario with the increase in customers of Champagne Holiday Dinner cost and profit will also be increased. However, net increase in profit will be higher in comparison to the cost. C: Recommendation of tickets to be sold in order to earn desired profit Break-even point can be defined as situation in which business is able to recover entire cost of the businesses. At this point, amount of sales is equivalent to the amount of fixed and variable cost incurred by the business organization. Break-even point plays vital role in making decision for the Toll Free : +44 203 3555 345 Email : help@onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk Website : https://www.onlinedissertationwriting.co.uk
business. By considering this figure, organization can set their target to attain the desired profit in an efficient manner. Break-even point Tickets to be sold to attain BEP = Fixed cost / contribution per unit = £500 / £50 = 10 tickets Tickets to be sold to make £5000 Profit Tickets to be sold to attain desired profit = Fixed cost + desired profit / contribution per unit = £500 + £5000 / £50 = 110 tickets By considering the above calculation it can be said that company is required to sell minimum ten tickets in order to recover all the costs incurred by them. Further, in order to earn profit of £5000 management of the City Brasserie Ltd is required to sell 110 tickets. At this point they will be able to earn desired profit.
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CONCLUSION After conducting the entire study it has been found that most appropriate source of finance for City Brasserie ltd is equity financing through which it is possible for company to attract large number of investors and expansion amount can be easily obtained through this. Further, the income statement along with balance sheet of limited company is high beneficial as it supports in knowing overall performance of the firm. Further, profitability ratios can be computed easily and it shows whether all the key resources of business are utilized efficiently or not. Apart from this account notes are also important which provides information regarding the financial figures and supports in understanding the financial condition of the enterprise. Main purpose of financial budgets is to forecast future activities where with the help of forecasting business can easily allocate resource in its major activities.
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REFERENCES Books and journals ● Arnold, G., 2005. Corporate Financial Management. 3rd ed. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. ● Cox, D. and Fardon, M., 2005. Management of finance. Worcester: Osborne Books Limited. ● Curzon, E. And Wingler, J., 2013. SEC adopts new financial responsibility and reporting requirements for US-registered broker-dealers. Journal of Investment Compliance. ● Elearn, 2013. Financial Management Revised Edition.Routledge publication. ● Gitman, J. L., 2013. Personal Financial Planning. Cengage Learning publication. ● Hussey, R. and Ong, A., 2005. A substantive model of the annual financial reporting exercise in a non-market corporate. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management. ● Hussey, R. and Ong, A., 2005. A substantive model of the annual financial reporting exercise in a non-market corporate. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management. Online ● Financial ratio and Analysis., 2013. Available through: <http://accountingexplained.com/financial/ratios/>. ● Significance of budgeting and recommendations to enhance the budgeting process, 2010. [Online]. Available through: <http://sheltonstella.wordpress.com/2010/04/09/221/>. ● Sources of finance. 2013. [Online]. Available through: <http://thesis4all.com/2013/05/sources-of-long-term-and-short-termfinancing-of-business/>.
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