Description The Brinell hardness test uses a ball indenter of diameter, D, which is pressed into the surface of the test piece using a prescribed force, F. The time for the initial application of the force is 2 s to 8 s, and the test force is maintained for 10 s to 15 s. The diameter of the indentation, d, is measured after the force has been removed. The Brinell hardness number, HB, is given by: HB = Constant Ă— F / Surface area of indentation
Standard Brinell Scales Hardness scale
Ball diameter, D (mm)
Nominal force, F (N)
HBW 10/3000
10
29420
HBW 10/1500
10
14710
HBW 10/1000
10
9807
HBW 10/500
10
4903
HBW 10/250
10
2452
HBW 10/100
10
980.7
HBW 5/750
5
7355
HBW 5/250
5
2452
HBW 5/125
5
1226
HBW 5/62.5
5
612.9
HBW 5/25
5
245.2
HBW 2.5/187.5
2.5
1839
HBW 2.5/62.5
2.5
612.9
HBW 2.5/31.25
2.5
306.5
HBW 2.5/15.625
2.5
153.2
HBW 2.5/6.25
2.5
61.29
HBW 1/30
1
294.2
HBW 1/10
1
98.07
HBW 1/5
1
49.03
HBW 1/2.5
1
24.52
HBW 1/1
1
9.807
The designation "HBW" specifies the use of a tungsten carbide ball indenter. The designation "HBS" specifies the use of a hardened steel ball indenter but is now deleted from standards. It should be noted that measurements of HBW and HBS on the same sample may differ in value due to differences in the tribological characteristics of the indenter-specimen interface.
Standards BS EN ISO 65061:2005,
Metallic materials. Brinell hardness test. Test method
(BS 240:Part 1:1962) ASTM E10-01
Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
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Indentec 4150LK Rockwell Hardness Tester
Description The Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell hardness test uses either a 120° diamond cone with a 0.2mm radius spherical tip or a ball indenter of a specified diameter. The indentor is pressed into the surface of the test piece using a two step application - a preliminary force P followed by an additional test force. The preliminary force should be applied and maintained for a duration that shall not exceed 3 s. The increase in force from the preliminary force condition to the total
test force F should occur in between 1 and 8 s. This force is then maintained for a duration of 4 Âą 2 s. The additional force is then removed and, while the preliminary force is maintained, the reading is made after a short stabilisation time. The result of the test is read directly from the machine as: HR = E - e where: E = indenter constant, and e = the permanent increase in penetration depth.
Standard Rockwell Scales Scale
Indenter
Preliminary force P (N)
Total force F (N)
Application
HRA
Diamond cone
98.07
588.4
Sheet steel: shallow case-hardened
HRB
Ball 1.5875 mm dia.
98.07
980.7
Cu and Al alloys; annealed low C steels
HRC
Diamond cone
98.07
1471
Hard steels; CI, deep case-hardened
HRD
Diamond cone
98.07
980.7
Thin hard steel; med. case-hardened
HRE
Ball 3.175 mm dia.
98.07
980.7
Cast iron; Al; Mg; and bearing metals
HRF
Ball 1.5875 mm dia.
98.07
588.4
Annealed Cu alloys; thin soft sheets
HRG
Ball 1.5875 mm dia.
98.07
1471
Malleable CI; bronzes; Cu-Ni alloys
HRH
Ball 3.175 mm dia.
98.07
588.4
Soft materials; high ferritic; Al; Pb; Zn
HRK
Ball 3.175 mm dia.
98.07
1471
Al and Mg alloys
HRL
Ball 6.350 mm dia.
98.07
588.4
Thermoplastics
HRM
Ball 6.350 mm dia.
98.07
980.7
Thermoplastics
HRP
Ball 6.350 mm dia.
98.07
1471
Thermosetting plastics
HRR
Ball 12.70 mm dia.
98.07
588.4
Very soft plastics and rubbers
HRS
Ball 12.70 mm dia.
98.07
980.7
-
HRV
Ball 12.70 mm dia.
98.07
1471
-
HR 15N
Diamond cone
29.42
147.1
Hardness tests used for thin sheets,
HR 30N
Diamond cone
29.42
294.2
HR 45N
Diamond cone
29.42
441.3
HR 15T
Ball 1.5875 mm dia.
29.42
147.1
HR 30T
Ball 1.5875 mm dia.
29.42
294.2
HR 45T
Ball 1.5875 mm dia.
29.42
441.3
HR 15W
Ball 3.175 mm dia.
29.42
147.1
HR 30W
Ball 3.175 mm dia.
29.42
294.2
HR 45W
Ball 3.175 mm dia.
29.42
441.3
HR 15X
Ball 6.350 mm dia.
29.42
147.1
HR 30X
Ball 6.350 mm dia.
29.42
294.2
HR 45X
Ball 6.350 mm dia.
29.42
441.3
HR 15Y
Ball 12.70 mm dia.
29.42
147.1
HR 30Y
Ball 12.70 mm dia.
29.42
294.2
HR 45Y
Ball 12.70 mm dia.
29.42
441.3
foils, coatings, surface heat treatments, and polymers including their surface treatments
ASTM standard
Standards BS EN ISO 2039-1:2003, (BS 2782-3:Method Plastics. Determination of hardness. Ball indentation method 365D:1997) BS EN ISO 2039-2:2000 Determination of Rockwell hardness. BS EN ISO 6508-1:2005, Metallic materials. Rockwell hardness test. Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) BS 891:Part 1:1962 ASTM D785-03
Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
(ASTM E1842-96)
Standard Test Method for Macro-Rockwell Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
ASTM E18-05
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Vickers Hardness Tester
Description The Vickers hardness test uses a square-based pyramid diamond indenter with an angle of 136º between the opposite faces at the vertex, which is pressed into the surface of the test piece using a prescribed force, F. The time for the initial application of the force is 2 s to 8 s, and the test force is maintained for 10 s to 15 s. After the force has been removed, the diagonal lengths of the indentation are measured and the arithmetic mean, d, is calculated. The Vickers hardness number, HV, is given by: HV = Constant × Test force / Surface area of indentation
Standard Vickers Scales Micro-hardness Test force scales F (N)
Low-force Test force hardness scales F (N)
Macro-hardness Test force scales F (N)
HV 0.01
0.09807
HV 0.2
1.961
HV 5
49.03
HV 0.015
0.1471
HV 0.3
2.942
HV 10
98.07
HV 0.02
0.1961
HV 0.5
4.903
HV 20
196.1
HV 0.025
0.2452
HV 1
9.807
HV 30
294.2
HV 0.05
0.4903
HV 2
19.61
HV 50
490.3
HV 0.1
0.9807
HV 3
29.42
HV 100
980.7
Standards BS EN ISO 6507-1:2005, (BS 427:Part 1:1961)
Metallic materials. Vickers hardness test. Test method
ASTM E92-82(2003)e2
Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials
Leitz Miniload 2 Microhardness Tester
Background Vickers Indenter Originally, the Vickers hardness test was developed for test loads of 1 to 120 kgf. The need for smaller indentations was subsequently recognised and a low-load "microhardness" or more correctly "microindentation" Vickers tester was developed. The shape of the Vickers indentation is geometrically similar at all test loads and therefore, the hardness value is constant over a very wide test load range, provided the test specimen is homogeneous. Knoop Indenter The Vickers test uses a square pyramidal indenter which is prone to crack brittle materials. Consequently, the Knoop test using an rhombic-based (diagonal ratio 7.114:1) pyramidal indenter was developed which produces longer but shallower indentations. For the same load, Knoop indentations are about 2.8 times longer than Vickers indentations. Experience with a wide range of ceramics has proven that the Knoop indentations are far less likely to crack than Vickers indentations. Applications Hardness gradients Surface hardness Case depth Coating hardness Phase hardness Hardness of grains Hardness at grain boundaries Hardness of powders Hardness of fragile materials
Specification Indenters
Vickers, Knoop
Loads
5 ± 0.05, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 g
Objectives
10x, 50x
Magification
100x, 500x
Stage size
X axis 135mm, Y axis 135mm
Stage travel
X axis 25mm, Y axis 25mm
Max sample height
100mm approx
Standards BS 3900-E12.1:2000, ISO 6441-1:1999
Methods of test for paints. Determination of Knoop hardness by measurement of the indentation length using a microscope
BS 3900-E12.2:2000, ISO 6441-2:1999
Methods of test for paints. Determination of Knoop hardness by measurement of the indentation depth
BS 5411-6:1981,
Methods of test for metallic and related coatings. Vickers and Knoop microhardness tests
ISO 4516-1980
DD ENV 843-4:1995
Advanced technical ceramics. Monolithic ceramics. Mechanical properties at room temperatures. Vickers, Knoop and Rockwell superficial hardness tests
ASTM B578-87(1999)
Standard Test Method for Microhardness of Electroplated Coatings
ASTM B721-91(1999)
Standard Test Method for Microhardness and Case Depth of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts
ASTM C730-98
Standard Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Glass
ASTM C849-88(1999)
Standard Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Ceramic Whitewares
ASTM C1326-99
Standard Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Advanced Ceramics
ASTM C1327-99
Standard Test Method for Vickers Indentation Hardness of Advanced Ceramics
ASTM E384-99e1
Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
PORTABLE TESTER
Proceq Equotip Hardness Tester
Description The Leeb hardness test is a dynamic or rebound method where the ratio of the rebound velocity to the impact velocity of a tunsten carbide ball or a diamond tipped impact body is used to calculate the Leeb hardness number, L, according to the equation:
L=
Rebound velocity x 1000 Impact Velocity
The hardness number is followed by the symbol HL with one or more suffix characters representing the type of impact device.
Standards ASTM A956-06
Standard Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products
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