An Oak Spring Sylva

. .

•

• •

.•

•

. .......

•

•

..

..

I

'

I

AN OAK SPRING

SYLVA SANDRA RAPHAEL

..

A

isthefirstofaseries of catalogues describing selections of the rare books and other material in the Oak Spring Garden Library, a collection formed by Mrs Paul Mellon. The Sylva, which deals with books and manuscripts on trees, will be the smallest volume of the series, describing nearly fifty books, manuscripts, or drawings, from a tiny I 555 book on oaks to early nineteenth-century advice on large-scale tree-planting, a range including both great books, like Evelyn's Sylva, Duhamel's Traite des Arbres, and Michaux's North American Sylva, and more modest ones, like Marshall's American Grove, which helped introduce the riches of American forests to European gardens in the eighteenth century. Each description makes clear the background of each book and its relationship to others, while a generous number of illustrations in colour and black and white help to give an impression of their contents. Many of the Oak Spring copies have particularly interesting associations, recorded in inscriptions, bookplates, or binding details, all of which are described.

The Sylva will be followed by An Oak Spring Pomona (this volume on the fruit books, about twice the size of the Sylva, will be published in I990), An Oak Spring Hortus (garden design and gardening), An Oak Spring Flora (flowers), An Oak Spring Flora Mundi (regional floras and voyages), and An Oak Spring Botany, the whole series forming the first published guide to the contents of a remarkable library. Each volume will be indexed.

In these descriptive, discursive catalogues a strictly chronological arrangement has been abandoned in favour of grouping books related by their subject, in order to emphasize their connections.

Although there is a brief bibliographical summary of each book, the background essays give the Oak Spring catalogues a historical setting that should appeal to garden historians and gardeners as well as book collectors and librarians. The whole series will be printed at the Meriden-Stinehour Press, and the appearance of the books is intended to reflect the nature and quality of the contents of the Oak Spring Garden Library.

OAK SPRING SYLVA

ISBN 0-300-04652-9

SANDRA RAPHAEL is a writer and editor who has been studying the bibliography and history of natural history for many years. Her earlier work includes The Illustrated Herbal (a collaboration with Wilfrid Blunt, published in l 979) and articles on botanical illustration, herbals, plant collecting, nurserymen, and other subjects in The Oxford Companion to Gardens (1986). From 1969 to 1983 she was also a senior editor on the staff of A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (1972-86), dealing with natural history and bibliographical research.

She still lives in Oxford, where she cultivates a small, extremely informal garden furnished with interesting plants from other people's domains, acquired in constant exchanges with gardeners who share her taste. Apart from books, printing, and garden history, she also enjoys music and the fine arts in general.

Maria Sibylla Merian A tulip 1690 c. butterflies two tree and

JACK ET ILL US TR A TION:

AN OAK SPRING SYLVA

I.

C O R N U s

canadenfis. z.

AN OAK SPRING

SYLV A A SELECTION OF THE RARE BOOKS ON TREES IN THE OAK SPRING GARDEN LIBRARY D E SC RIB E D BY

SANDRA RAPHAEL

OAK SPRING GARDEN LIBRARY UPPERVILLE VIRGINIA

1989

DISTRIBUTED BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW HAVEN & LONDON TEXT © SANDRA RAPHAEL ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND MANUSCRIPTS© OAK SPRING GARDEN LIBRARY PRINTED BY MERIDEN-STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 89-61800 ISBN 0-300-04652-9

FRONTISPIECE:

c.

L. L'HERITIER DE BRUTELLE

Cornus

I788 PLATE I

A DOGWOOD DRAWN BY P.

J.

Cornuscanadensis,

REDO UTE

In memory of ARTHUR HOUGHTON LOWE 1853-1932

CONTENTS

page lX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PREFACE

XV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

X1X

INTRODUCTION

XX1

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD

XXV11

TREES (1-II)

I

Society of Gardeners, Duhamel, Collection du Regne vegetal, Duchesne, Houttuyn, Korn, Blatter-Abdriicke, Kennion, Phillips, Jaume Saint-Hilaire, Loudon AMERICAN TREES

(12-21)

45

Merian, Furber, Gray, Catesby, Marshall, Michaux, Browne INDIVIDUAL TREES

(22-31)

71

du Choul, L'Heritier, Riche, Forbes, Withers, Williams, Cobb, Kenrick, Julien, Miniscalchi PLANTING

(32-46)

93

Evelyn, Hunter, Duhamel, Kergariou, Hanbury, Boutcher, Meader, Hayes, Nicol, Pontey, Steuart, Cruickshank, Cobbett 139

INDEX

Vll

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

c.

L. L'HERITIER DE BRUTELLE

Cornus 1788 Plate I Cornus canadensis, a dogwood drawn

by P. J. Redoute

frontispiece

H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

Du Transport . .. 1767 Page 252 An oak twig tailpiece

title-page

illustration of 'Little Jumping Joan' in Little Songs of Long Ago: More Old Nursery Rhymes, the original tunes harmonized by Alfred Moffat (1912)

H. WILLEBEEK LE MAIR'S

s.

HAYE s

J. c.

A Practical Treatise on Planting 1794 Page 8 5 A vignette with oak twigs and tools

LOUDON

page xvi xvn

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 1838 Volume III page 1741 English oak

tree with deer, drawn by J. G. Strutt F. A. MICHAUX

xxn

Histoire des Arbresforestiers de l'Amerique 1812 Volume II plate 17 Acer

striatum, moose wood or striped maple, drawn by H. J. Redoute H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU SOCIETY OF GARDENERS

Des Semis . .. 1760 Page 351 A palm and bay tailpiece

xxiv XXVl

Catalogus Plantarum 1730

Preface page xii Text and list of gardeners

3

Plate 1 Bermudas Cedar and two Firr trees, drawn by Jacob van Huysum and printed in colour by Elisha Kirkall

4

Frontispiece by Henry Fletcher: detail of comers

5

Plate 13 Virginian Hawthorns, drawn by Jacob van Huysum, engraved by Henry Fletcher and coloured by hand

6

H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

Traite des Arbres 1755

Volume I page 30 Headpiece 'Acer-Virginianum', details of a Virginian maple drawn and engraved by N. Ozanne

9

Volume I page 90 Tailpiece

9

Volume II plate 9 5 'Tilia. Tilleul', a lime tree printed from the block used in the 156 5 edition of Mattioli's herbal P. A. MATTIOLI

IO

Commentarii .. . 1565 Page 174 Tilia foemina, a lime tree from the series of

large woodcut illustrations made by Giorgio Liberale and Wolfgang Mayerpeck H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

11

Traite des Arbres 1755

Volume II page 243 Headpiece 'Salix', details of a willow drawn and engraved by N. Ozanne lX

12

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

Traite des Arbres 1755 (cont.)

Volume II page 296 Tailpiece H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

12

Traite des Arbres (Nouveau DuhameQ

1804 Volume II The EM monogram from the title-page

13

1804 Volume II One of the bindings by A. P. Bradel

15

1800 Volume I plate 6 Stuartia pentagyna drawn by P. J. Redoute

16

1804 Volume II Dedication to 'Madame Bonaparte'

18

1815 Volume VI plate 15 ]uniperus communis and]. oxycedrus drawn by P. Bessa

19

Aclusteroffircones, drawn on page 14ofJ. vanHueme'smanuscript Collection du Regne vegetal about I 800

21

J. F. DUCQ

J.B. DUCHESNE

Herbierforestier 1820

The royal binding

23

Sheet 12 A dried specimen of 'Betula alba Bouleau blanc', a silver birch

24

M. HOUTTUYN

Houtkunde 1791-95

Text page to go with Tabula II

26

Tabula II showing the wood of an acacia, a bastard acacia, black and green poplars, a wild rose, a red yew, and a currant

27

Engraved title-page: 'Icones Lignorum' in a wooden frame

28

English title-page dated 1773

29

French title-page dated 1773

29

J. F. KORN

Sammlung von 50 .. . LaubMlzer 1797

The engraved title-page

30

Page 6 A maple and two elders

30

Bliitter-Abdracke manuscript 1824 Page 21 Nature-printed leaves of a maple and other plants E. KENNION

31

An Essay on Trees in Landscape 1815

The label on the front cover

32

The title-page vignette showing an elm, an oak, and an ash

33

Sylva Florifera 1823 Volume I pages 40-41 A description of the locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia)

35

H. PHILLIPS

J. H. JAUME SAINT-HILAIRE

Traite des Arbresforestiers 1824 Frontispiece: H. L. Duhamel

du Monceau drawn by Alexis Nol!l J.

c.

LOUDON

36

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 1838

Volume I pages xiii-xiv Signs indicating the size and habit of trees and shrubs

x

38

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Volume I page xcii A contents page with signs indicating habit

39

Volume vn plate LVIII.E.a. Ulmus americana incisa. The cut-leaved American elm, drawn by H. Le Jeune in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick Volume vn plate LXI.A. Carya alba. The white Carya, or shell bark hickory nut, drawn

by L. Martin at Purser's Cross Volume vn plate LXII.F. Salix alba. The white, or Huntingdon, willow, drawn by H. W Jukes on the common at Turnham Green

41

Volume vm plate LXIX. Y. Quercus rubra. The red-leaved, or champion, oak, drawn by G. R. Lewis at Syon

41

Volume vn plate Lv1. B. Morus nigra. The black-fruited, or common, mulberry tree, drawn by H. Le Jeune in Loddiges' nursery garden at Hackney Volume 11 page 867 The leaves of American hawthorns M. s. MERIAN A tulip tree and two butterflies c. I690 R. FURBER A tulip tree, a magnolia, and a silk cotton tree c. I720

c. GRAY A Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs 1737 M. CATESBY Hortus Europae Americanus 1767 Title-page

54

Plate facing page 19 Jove's beard, or the indigo tree, the smilax with red berries, the smilax with briony leaves, the bay-leaved smilax with black berries

55

H. MARSHALL Arbustrum Americanum 1785 Title-page

57

Dedication to Benjamin Franklin and the American Philosophical Society

58

H. MARSHALL Catalogue alphabetique des Arbres et Arbrisseaux 1788 Title-page

59

An advertisement for Marshall's seeds and plants

60

A. MICHAUX Histoire des Chenes de l'Amtrique 1801 Page 8 A classification of American oaks Plate 19 Quercus aquatica, drawn by P. J. Redoute F. A. MICHAUX Histoire des Arbresforestiers de l'Amtrique 1812 Volume 11 plate IO Chamaerops palmetto, the cabbage tree, drawn by Adele Riche Volume 11 plate 22 Nyssa aquatica, the tupelo, drawn by Adele Riche F. A. MICHAUX The North American Sylva 1819 Volume I A note about the English edition Volume I pages iv-v An extract from the translator's preface XI

61 62

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS D. J. BROWNE

The Sylva Americana 1832

Page l 33 Hack Berry Page 156 Blue Ash Page 307 Downy Lime Tree

70

Page 349 Tools for working with trees

70

De Varia Quercus Historia 1555

J. DU CHOUL

c.

Binding

72

Page 70 Beechmast and acorns

73

L. L'HERITIER DE BRUTELLE

A. RICHE

Cornus 1788 Title-page

75

Paulownia imperialis

77

Salictum Woburnense 1829

J. FORBES

An inscription on the fly-leaf recording the Duke of

gift of this copy to

J. C. Loudon

78

Plate facing page 5l Salix praecox, the early-flowering willow, drawn by R. C. Stratfold w.

WITHERS

79

The Acacia Tree l 842

Binding, showing blind-stamped pattern

8l

An advertisement for Withers' Letter to Sir Walter Scott

82

Virginias Discovery of Silke-Wormes 1650

E. WILLIAMS

Page l 4 A rack of leaves and worms Page 74 The Saw-mill J. H. COBB

w. s.

A Manual ... of the Mulberry Tree l 83 l

Plate 1 facing page 33 The life cycle of the silkworm

85

Page 59 A footnote about Daniel Webster's curtains

86

KENRICK JULIEN

The American Silk Grower's Guide 1839 Page 92 A Piedmontese reel

Resume des Principaux Traites Chinois sur la Culture des Muriers 1837

Title-page Plate 3 Baskets to carry mulberry leaves and an instrument for chopping them CONTE A. MINISCALCHI

Mororum . .. 1769

Page 37 A mulberry branch and tools, drawn by D. Cignaroli

90

Title-page with a vignette of mulberry twigs

91

J. EVELYN

Sylva 1670

Title-page

94

Page 22 The 'German-devil', a contraption for removing stumps

96

X11

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

J.

Pomona page 66 The cider press recommended to the Royal Society by Robert Hooke

96

Page 76 Tapping the sap of the birch tree

97

and A. HUNTER Silva 1786 Volume I Frontispiece: John Evelyn drawn by Francesco Bartolozzi

98

EVELYN

Volume 1 plate facing page

175

H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

White Beam Tree drawn by John Miller

Des Semis et Plantations des Arbres

100

1760

Plate VI Packing and planting young trees

102-103

Plate xn Training trees and burning ground

104-105

Page

17

A dolphin tailpiece

106

H. L. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU

Du Transport, et de la force des bois

1767

Page 368 A flower tailpiece

107

Plate I Transporting wood by land and sea

108

Plan et Elevations d'une Machine Propre aTransporter de Grands Arbres c. 1773

109

DE KERGARIOU

w.

HANBURY

A Complete Body of Planting and Gardening

w.

HANBURY

An Essay on Planting

w.

HANBURY

w.

1758

1770

Volume I Title-page

Title-page

112

A Complete Body of Planting and Gardening 1770 Volume 1 plate v Calycanthus floridus Carolina allspice, engraved by John Lodge

113

Volume I plate III Compound leaves, engraved by John Lodge

114

Hot House designed for William Hanbury Section of the Fruiting House

116

EMES

1777

Section of the Succession Houses

w.

1775

Title-page

II8

A Practical Treatise on Planting

1794

Dedication

121

HA YES

J.

MEADER

Plate

w.

117

A Treatise on Forest-Trees

BOUTCHER

s.

s.

The Planter's Guide

1779

Deciduous trees and shrubs, engraved by John Lodge

122-123

Plate 2 Evergreen trees and shrubs, engraved by John Lodge

122-123

HAYE s

1

A Practical Treatise on Planting

1794

Plate I A cart for moving trees

124

Page 58 A vignette with trees and tools

125

NICOL

The Practical Planter

1799

The advertisement following the title-page

w.

III

PONTEY

The Forest Pruner

1805

126

Frontispiece: The Woburn Beech X1l1

128

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS SIR HENRY STEUART

1828

Dedication to King George IV

130

Title-page

13 I

Plate III 'View of the Machine in Motion, and of a tree during transportation', drawn by William Turner

132

T. c R UI c Ks HANK

w.

The Planter's Guide

The Practical Planter 1 83o Page 41 3 Catalogue of forest trees

The Woodlands

An advertisement on the last leaf, offering American tree and shrub seeds for sale

COBBETT

134

1825-28

XlV

138

PREFACE

M

y FIRST AWA RENE SS of the outside world, beyond the caring and loving hands that surrounded me, was of being very small near a bed of tall white phlox in my godmother's garden. This towering forest of scent and white flowers was the beginning of ceaseless interest, passion, and pleasure in gardens and books. Like a magic carpet it has carried me through life's experiences, discoveries, joys, and sorrows. In sadness especially, it has been a hiding-place until my heart mended.

Beginning with infants' rag books of coloured pictures printed on coarse cloth, through all the books of early childhood, I was led on and on. I will never forget the illustrations and drawings of Beatrix Potter's greenhouses, flower-pots, and potting sheds, Kate Greenaway's verses and books, in which fruit trees full of apples and pears hang over pale brick walls, Boutet de Monvel's precise drawings with the music of French nursery rhymes written across pictures of bridges, tall, square, French houses, and trees planted in rows like soldiers. But of all these my favourite illustrator was H. Willebeek Le Mair. Her pictures in Songs of Childhood, Robert Louis Stevenson's A Child's Garden of Verses, and other books were a young gardener's delightwalls, topiary trees, fruit arbours, sand dunes, and fields of wild flowers.

Fairy tales followed, never to end, with illustrations including those of Arthur Rackham and Edmund Dulac-Rackham's knarled oaks and apple trees, willows and windswept hills, and Dulac's medieval turrets where ladies embroidered and planted carnations, roses, and herbs as men battled in the distant landscape.

Not satisfied with these books on the shelves of my room, there was a challenge to re-create and translate them into life. Beginning in our garden sand-box, then later in flat wooden boxes like large seed trays, I built miniature gardens using glue, paint, twigs, and whatever helped to simulate these enchanted pictures. Small plants lined my window-sill, and I gathered wild-flower seeds as if they were gold found in streams. My New Hampshire grandfather, to whose memory this book is dedicated, encouraged this enthusiasm, leading me through woods and up mountains, and taking me on trips to Concord, Massachusetts, to learn and study the world of Thoreau, Emerson, and Hawthorne. These memories are a small part of the beginning of the Oak Spring Garden Library. Years of continued curiosity have added botanical and horticultural studies, garden designs, drawings of plants, biographies of naturalists and explorers, accounts of their ships, their journeys, and their discoveries. Everyday books on gardening and related subjects have been collected over the years and now most of the great books as well have been added. xv

PREFACE

H. WILLEBEEK LE MA IR 's

illustration of 'LittleJumping Joan' in Little Songs of Long Ago: More Old Nursery Rhymes, the original tunes harmonized

by Alfred Moffat (r9r2)

These reflections of a lifetime interest are kept in a whitewashed building made of local stone, a gift from my husband Paul. It stands in an open field, wild flowers grow where they will, apple trees are espaliered to the east and west. Inside, the sun casts long, bright shadows across the room on to the white stone walls. These books about the outdoors live not in dusty darkness but behind simple, pale oak doors, easily opened to the world they tell about. Two large glass doors create an opening twelve feet square in the long wall, framing an ancient hackberry whose lacy branches are caught up in witches' brooms. Beyond this is a rolling landscape of grass and corn fields , outlined in native trees: dogwoods, willows, maples, and ashes.

I want to thank my dear friend and librarian, Dita Amory, and her assistant, Tony Willis.

Without Dita's organization and constant supervision over the past eleven years it would have been impossible to reach the important goal of beginning to publish a catalogue. Books were scattered in many directions for lack of space, and it is because of her patience and courage, starting long before the library building was completed, that we were able to move in and arrange the shelves of books that form this collection.

XVI

PREFACE

I am especially grateful to Sandra Raphael for accepting the encouragement of Niall Hobhouse and John Baskett to leave her work in Oxford to come to Oak Spring and stay for long periods to research and write this catalogue. Her superb knowledge of garden history has brought to life both people and gardens of the past, linking their common interest in different countries and centuries throughout the world. I appreciate her profound respect for accuracy that will benefit botanical and horticultural scholars in the future. A gardener herself, she has shared with affectionate interest the gardens of Oak Spring, bringing together the resources of the library with the everyday life of the farm.

RA C HEL LAMBERT MELLON

Oak Spring January I 989

s. HA YEsA Pracrica/ Ii¡eatise 0 11 Planri11g 1 794 page 8 5 A vignette with oak twigs and too ls

XVll

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

M

y EXPLORATION of the Oak Spring Garden Library began with an introduction from Niall Hobhouse, and during the growth of An Oak Spring Sylva his encouragement

has been a constant help. John Saumarez Smith provided an early reaction to parts of the book and a short cut to the identification of the Chiswick House bookplate. He also read proofs and shared the pleasure of unexpected discoveries and a great deal of bookish talk. Among other friends in London, John Barr of the British Library and Dr Brent Elliott of the Lindley Library, Royal Horticultural Society, have been particularly useful.

In Oxford the Bodleian Library and the Radcliffe Science Library are the collections in which I feel most at home. The first of these libraries also shelters the headquarters of the British Academy's Dictionary of Medieval Latin. Its editors, Dr David Howlett and Dr Richard Sharpe, joined in the game of tracking down and translating the classical epigraphs, sometimes wrongly labelled, that were once considered an essential part of almost every botanical title-page. Jacques Paviot has also contributed occasional information from the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.

The design of An Oak Spring Sylva was begun by Stephen Harvard. After the sadness of his sudden death in the summer of 1988, when the text was only just set, Mark Argetsinger took his place. Without them the presentation of the Sylva in a form reflecting the nature of the Garden Library would not have been possible. The photographs for the book were taken by Greg Heins of Boston and drawings by Ian Stephens of Northampton (England) were used for the tulip-tree leaf on the front cover and the design of the endpapers.

In giving thanks to all these friends, I am always grateful for Mrs Mellon's encouragement.

Her interest in the books and their background made possible my exploration of her library, and many of the illustrations for An Oak Spring Sylva were chosen during the hours we spent together among the books.

SANDRA RAPHAEL

Oxford March 1989

XlX

INTRODUCTION The gods, to live in woods, have left the skies.

VIRGIL

Eclogues

II

translated by John Dryden,

I697

of s.elections of descriptive AN OAK SPRING SYLVA the first of a ..tl. of the rare books, manuscnpts, and drawmgs m the Oak Spnng Garden Library. It describes books about trees and shrubs, excluding those grown mainly for their fruit. Later volumes will deal with fruit, garden design and gardening, flowers, regional floras, voyages and travels, herbals and botany, each part describing some relevant manuscripts and drawings, as well as books printed before 18 50, with occasional exceptions for particularly interesting books of a later date. Most entries begin with brief bibliographical descriptions, but the historical background of each book is also described, so that its identity is more than the technical details of its construction. Many of the books are especially beautiful, with plates by some of the greatest botanical artists, and many of them are copies with attractive associations, but the Oak Spring Library contains less obvious treasures too, from the earliest book on oaks (du Choul, 1 555) to the eighteenth-century catalogues of Catesby and Marshall, which introduced a new world of North American trees to European gardens. A garden library in Virginia must surely remind its readers of the traffic in plants between England and the American settlements, for so many of the new trees and shrubs sent back to Europe were local natives. Early naturalists in America found immense forests with a much wider variety of trees than they were accustomed to see in Europe, hence their eagerness to transmit these botanical riches to their homelands.

The books have been divided into groups according to their subjects, so that in some cases their relationships may be emphasized. Within each group the arrangement is roughly chronological. The first section of the Sylva concentrates on the general books, starting with the 1730 Catalogus Plantarum of the Society of Gardeners in London, a group of nurserymen who planned ajoint catalogue of plants available in their gardens, though this sensible scheme foundered after the first section, on trees and shrubs, was published. The cost of the illustrations may have been too much for the work to be continued, but no plates were wasted, for some showing smaller plants were issued and bound with the tree catalogue. From trees in England the next books, Duhamel's Traite des Arbres (1755) and the Nouveau Duhamel (1800-19) move to France to describe and illustrate in the grandest style the trees and shrubs able to be cultivated out of doors there. The second-generation Duhamel is another collaboration, a monument built by a XXl

INTRODUCTION

group oflater botanists on the foundation of the original book, with the splendid accompaniment of plates of each tree, shrub, and fruit by Pierre Joseph Redoute or Pancrace Bessa, engraved by a small army of lesser artists during the twenty years of the book's growth, fascicle by fascicle.

The result has been admired ever since, though John Claudius Loudon, who produced a cheaper and much more accessible encyclopaedia of trees and shrubs grown in Britain in 1838, condemned its lavish style as 'publishing for the few'. Loudon's Arboretum, a plain book in a small format, is the last in the general section, following others on trees in Britain, France, the Low Countries, and Germany, among them a miniature herbarium of French trees.

J.

C . LOUDON

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum r 83 8 volume 111 page r 74 r English oak tree with deer, drawn by JG. Strutt

American trees come next, beginning with Maria Sibylla Merian's drawing of a tulip tree, made not very long after this welcome immigrant had been introduced to England and Holland.

The tree settled down well, but its propagation was not always easy, and Robert Furber, one of the nurserymen belonging to the Society of Gardeners, celebrated his success in producing healthy seedlings by publishing a boastful broadsheet about l 720, illustrating the tulip tree and two other rarities, all three flourishing in the garden of one of his noble customers. Mark Cates by is best known for his large Natural History of Carolina, in which he described and illustrated his own collections of animals and plants, but he also helped the introduction of North American plants to Europe, in association with the London nurseryman, Christopher Gray. He published a short account of them in 1763 and 1767, though Gray's broadsheet catalogue of American trees and shrubs, with an engraving of a flower of Magnolia grandifiora (blossoming in London XXll

INTRODUCTION

in 1737) taking up the greater part of the sheet, was issued about thirty years earlier. Gray was another member of the Society of Gardeners, and his bilingual catalogue reflected the keen interest in American plants on both sides of the English Channel and in more distant parts of Europe too, for at that time French was the language of the educated world right across the continent.

Humphry Marshall's American Grove of 1785, a more generous and detailed catalogue than either Gray's or Catesby's, also appeared in French very soon after its first publication, and the Andre, led to the slightly later botanical explorations of Andre Michaux and his son, earliest full-scale description of all the North American trees then known, first in French in 181o-13, then in English a few years later, both versions embellished with drawings by Redoute and others. So rich was the selection of American trees and shrubs sent to Europe by the late eighteenth century that Humphry Repton began to design 'American gardens' to accommodate them, using magnolias, rhododendrons, azaleas, tulip trees, liquidambars, and other desirable exotics. American oaks, described by the elder Michaux before he tackled all the continent's trees and shrubs, were also attractive to European landscape gardeners. The new trees made an obvious impression on the furnishing oflandscape gardens, but explorers like the Michaux were concerned with usefulness as well as appearance, and their descriptions often dwell on a tree's timber and its value for specific purposes. The Michaux Sylva was soon followed by several plainer and more prosaic accounts of North American trees and shrubs.

From American trees the Oak Spring Sylva turns to books on individual genera or larger groups-oaks, L'Heritier's elegant account of a handful of dogwoods illustrated by the young Redoute, and the Duke of Bedford's nineteenth-century collection of willows at Woburn. Books from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century show the course of a series of attempts to establish the manufacture of silk in America, based on the cultivation of the silk-worms' favourite kind of mulberry tree. Early in the seventeenth century King James I encouraged the planting of mulberries in his own kingdom of Great Britain and also in the Virginian colonies. Later efforts to help the industry in America had brief periods of success, assisted by knowledgeable immigrants from France, Italy, and Germany, and the government's support for the dissemination of information on the subject. Less serious advice on mulberries is presented in an eighteenthcentury Latin poem by an Italian nobleman, beautifully printed in Verona and illustrated with delicate etchings showing the planting and training of the trees and the tools needed to care for them.

The last part of the Oak Spring Sylva describes a series of books on planting and the care of trees, starting with John Evelyn's Sylva, first published in 1664 as the eventual result of the Royal Society's investigation into the supply of trees needed for the Navy's ships after the English Civil War. Successive editions of Evelyn's book added more and more appendices to a growing text, from a gardener's calendar to dissertations on cider and salads, and the late eighteenth-century XX111

.fl. 1

F. A . MI C HAUX Histoire des Arb res forestiers de l'Amerique 18I2 volume 11 plate I 7 Acer striatum, moose wood or striped maple, drawn by H.J. Redoute. 'The name was given it by the first settlers, from observing that the Moose ... subsisted, during the latter part of winter and the beginning of spring, upon its young twigs'

ACER Striatmn .

'moat.

.

INTRODUCTION

version edited by Alexander Hunter added a handful of plates too, renewing the book's authority as a standard guide well into the following century. Duhamel's books on aspects of forestry formed an even more thorough manual for tree-planters in France in the middle years of the eighteenth century, and a 1773 manuscript gives precise details and plans of an improved type of wheeled scaffold for moving trees without damaging them. This problem worried gardeners on both sides of the English Channel, though quite large trees had been moved successfully as early as Le Notre's work at Versailles late in the seventeenth century. Various methods and apparatus are recommended in several of the books on planting, especially when instructions are being given for the creation of a. sort of instant landscape to please patrons without enough patience to wait for smaller seedlings to grow. The scale of these operations to furnish a new or a redesigned garden is made clear in the directions, which also, from Evelyn on, begin with advice on managing nursery gardens to provide the necessary stocks of young trees.

William Hanbury's Complete Body of Planting and Gardening (1769-73) had a philanthropical purpose as well as a horticultural one, for his own plantations and gardens were managed to raise funds for a group of parishes in Leicestershire, including his own, where the proceeds were used to support churches, schools, and other amenities. Hanbury was English enough, a fine example of an eccentric clergyman, but many of the other writers on planting were Scots, like Boutcher, Nicol, Steuart, and Cruickshank. This seems appropriate enough, given the vast numbers of trees planted on many of the larger Scottish estates during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Several Scottish nurserymen concentrated on propagating trees, especially when new conifers from western North America were imported in great quantities in the middle part of the nineteenth century. Many of the leading, working gardeners were Scots too, for that country seems to have sent a constant supply of well-trained botanists south into England and even further afield. John Claudius Loudon, whose books and periodicals educated so many English gardeners, was probably the most eminent of these expatriates.

Walking among mature trees in settled landscapes, it is easy never to think of these gardens or woods in their infancy, before the trees reached their full size. At the end of their lives trees die or are felled and replaced, but the process is usually a gradual one that leaves the main pattern undisturbed. Only rare disasters like elm disease in Britain or chestnut blight in eastern North America blot out whole species, and even less often a hurricane as savage as the one that battered

southern England and northern France on 16 October 1987 destroys hundreds of thousands of trees and changes the landscape overnight, even in urban parks. Against the force of such a storm the largest trees seem relatively fragile, when so many of them were ripped out of the ground.

Whole woods were ruined, as well as specimen trees at Kew and the Chelsea Physic Garden, and entire landscapes in many other famous gardens. The wreckage was a reminder of the need for trees as essential elements of both urban and rural surroundings. Damage so severe will take many years to repair, and the new trees will need many more before they are mature enough to xxv

INTRODUCTION

fill the places of their predecessors, but they must be planted, to furnish the landscape for future generations. When plans must be made on this scale, the botanists and gardeners concerned will continue the tradition of earlier planters, constructing or refurbishing gardens they may never see at their best, in a way dearly reflected in so many books about trees.

H. L. DUHAMEL

D es Semis . . . 1760 page 3 5 1 A palm and bay tailpiece

XXVl

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD

E

ACH DESCRIPTION of a book begins with a simple transcription of the title-page, keeping initial capitals when they are appropriate but ignoring other variations in type or size. Oddities in spelling or accents have also been kept, and only the most peculiar ones have been labelled sic, as tagging them all would have produced a very speckled text. Rules and decorations are mentioned and measured; a rule of unspecified length stretches right across the title-page. Variants on the title-pages of multi-volume works are indicated volume by volume, as briefly as possible. A collation follows, with bare details of the book's construction but no systematic analysis of its components, though occasional eccentricities are mentioned. Unnumbered preliminary pages before a sequence with Arabic figures have been given Roman numbers in italics, which also indicate any other figures that make an obvious part of a series but are not printed on the relevant page. Individual leaves of a gathering are designated A1, A2, and so on, or in the case of numerical signatures 20: 1, 20:2, etcetera, using a colon to avoid possible confusion.

Bindings are described briefly, with a record of inscriptions, bookplates, or any other indications of a book's provenance. Plates are also given a section to themselves in a description of an illustrated book, with details of artists and engravers, as well as any other relevant information. Then comes an account of the book's background and contents, varying in length from a paragraph or two to several pages, depending on the interest and complexity of the volume concerned.

Manuscripts and single drawings are also given brief physical descriptions, followed by comments on their contents and background.

No one working on historic books about plants and gardens should fail to be grateful for a handful of reference books that are constantly being used. Three in particular, Claus Nissen's Die botanische Buchillustration (19 s1; second edition and supplement, 1966), Blanche Henrey's British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800 ( 197 5), and the Catalogue of Botanical Books in the Collection of Rachel McMasters Miller Hunt, compiled by Jane Quinby and Allan Stevenson (1958-61) may be described as so essential that it is hard to imagine how our predecessors managed without them. Other occasional sources of information are mentioned in the text, but there is no collected list of them.

xxvn

TREES

r. SOCIETY OF GARDEN ERS Catalogus Plantarum, Tum Exoticarum tum Domesticarum, quae in Hortis haud procul a Londino Sitis in Venditionem propagantur. [rule] A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, and Flowers, both Exotic and Domestic, Which are propagated for Sale, In the Gardens near London. Divided, according to their different Degrees of Hardiness, into particular Books, or Parts; in each of which the Plants are Ranged in an Alphabetical Order. [rule] To which are added, The Characters of the Genus, and an Enumeration of all the particular Species which are at present to be found in the several Nurseries near London, with Directions for the proper Soil and Situation, in which each particular Kind is found to Thrive. [rule] By a Society of Gardeners. [rule] Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos; Nunc frondent Silvae, nunc formosissimus annus. Virg. Eel. 3 ['Some Trees their birth to bounteous Nature owe For some without the pains of Planting grow,' translated by John Dryden, r 697 J [rule; vignette 2 x 2.5 cm.; double rule] London: Printed in the Year M.DCC.XXX .

'J he J' I< Jo: F A C E.

xii

•• 11d, -:::t fb.11/ pr-0<tttl to ,(it:t .: con:p/,,.:t \\; 111.' du li 'l)rL. fb.ill v.1/u.1' I: I ruin JU•':':' .ir.rrr:in.'{ ;,, tb.- rnghOi G.1rdtws, l'tJ,tlbff .frro:u:t of,,// Jli 1/...,:fs c{ .P;rt'lli1:.(, &..c. 'b n/fa<{ tlx {t"fXTal r::.·;tb './Jirdhms Joo· 111 tlijfn-n11 Cot'Hlrin, tn1dt"X 'll m f-J -::bub ""' nRJ tbr {t;;:t I rm: u c'i_ulf't.-n1t .'n;forn.-1 11:.1r London, tv 1/o,· ..:•·r :t ·PrrrlrritJ of JI/ Lv.:trs o Jthis tjifi:l 1'.m 1f G.1rdc,,i11$.

T 111 s ".Zt ii:: .,,.J '" rm.' rllijh t:;ith t-Y.tfl '!kli11-.1tirn11 of tbt- differmt Sorts of goo3 FrNU, tttfl'Jt'./l.f n'.o!r.r.:m 011 (f>f>ptr· ·f •/.11u, .wd .ftrr:r.1rds p.mtted in tbrir ColtJlm, du,,< 1.1 -:·r;j goo:/ Jlm1ds, from tbe original './)rtrtrriH&J nOl:D in tbt 'P<i[.ffi'Jn 'f the $1. fe t1.

I'

.1!1

tbtm irito or fru it,

t:e pr""1ift tbt .Pw'./icl:. to 1-e ns r:rrrf1d '" poffiMt, not lo /tad m..,tion ""1 particul.ir Tfrt, Plane, t1owcr, ,,,,,. r.:i!! il '1()1 i" 01tr u:rn Gnrtfr'..,IJ.

D i 11 ordr• to m1der tbiJ lrorl:. ns "'" "/nrt ns poffillt, '1:t tk.,Prt tb:u ""1 i11gmiom 'Pt:f01!t. , i:;-[to m:ry I•.r.t ary J b;1:i: 11ef,./ 10 ra;;.'llltmiutu, that tbry '".;!YJIJd .f.ntt'r0t:P1 da II, and tbt l .MXJrr jl·.:11 tb.ml.fdlJ rtrtiud n d 1 rauf11llJ

.1.hc-;;:/,J0,,t;i1

John AIJlon

Crorr.c Sint:lcron Thnmu ll.d.nibff \\""'1l112m Hood

Obadi1h Lowe Ph•i;p Mdkt

Rodu<J Cole

Jo'm ThnmplOO Chntlopha c .. y

lknpmin S;amud Hunt

Fran..1s I-lune S;amud l>mtt MoftsJamct

Sccphcn S.con

111omas f-.tirchi\J Robrn

There is a second title-page for this section, the only one published: Catalogus, Arborum, Fruticumque, &c. or, A Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs, both Exotic and Domestic, which Are Hardy enough to bear the Cold of our Climate in the Open Air. Ranged in an Alphabetical Order, according to their most approved Latin Names. [rule] With An Index of the English Names referring to the Latin. [rule J Part I. [rule; vignette 2 x 2.5 cm.; double rule] London: Printed for the Society of Gardeners, And are to be sold by the said Society at Newhall's Coffee-house, in Chelsea, near London; And by C. Rivington, in St. Paul's Church-yard, T. Cox, under the Royal Exchange, P. du Barrit, in St. Martin's Lane, Booksellers. As also by the following Gardeners and Nursery-men. [two columns of seven names each, with a vertical double rule (2 . 5 cm.) between the two J Robert Furber, at Kensington. John Alston, near Chelsea College. Philip Miller, at the Physick Garden in Chelsea. Obadiah Lowe, at Battersea. John Thompson, at the Rose in Chelsea. Christopher Gray, at Fulham.

Francis Hunt, at Putney. Moses James, at Lambeth.

George Singleton, at the Neat Houses. Wm. Hood, at the

W'ills::un \\..dficad John James William Spcnar

Wheatsheaf near H yde-Park Corner. Benjamin Whitmill, at Hoxton. Richard C ole, at Battersea. Samuel Hunt, at Putney: And Stephen Bacon, at Hoxton.

2 2 2° 46. 5 x 28. 5 cm. A ' a2 (-a2) b'(b2 + 1) c2 B-Z 2A (-2A2) [2] i-ii iii-x ix- x (repeated) xi-xii I--90 and a frontispiece and 21 coloured plates.

D ark brown chemical calf. Book label saying 'Chiswick' beneath a crown and a snake curled into a figure of eight, showing that it once belonged to the library of Chiswick H ouse in London, where Lord Burlington made a famous eighteenth-centu ry garden. The house and the library were owned by the Dukes of D evonshire until the r95o s.

BINDING:

The uncoloured frontispiece showing a garden framed between hedges and trees, the lower corners of the picture filled with fruit and flowers, w as engraved and etched by Henry Fletcher and is dated r 729. The engrav-

PLATES :

3

SOCIETY OF

Catalogus Plantarum 1730 plate I Bermudas Cedar and two Firr trees, drawn

by Jacob van Huysum and printed in colour

by Elisha Kirkall GARDENERS

SOCIETY OF GARDENERS

by Elisha Kirkall, who pioneered this method in the illustrations to John Martyn's Historia Plantarum Rariorum, starting in 1728. The rest of the plates were engraved and etched by Henry Fletcher and coloured by hand.

ings in the colour plates were made from drawings by Jacob van Huysum, which are now in the British Museum. Seven of them (numbers r, 2, 3, 9, l l, 14, and 16) were engraved and printed in colour from a single plate

Frontispiece by Henry Fletcher: detail of corners

HE SOCIETY OF GARDENERS responsible for the Catalogus Plantarum brought together twenty leading London gardeners and nurserymen for several years in monthly meetings, to which members brought examples of their flowers and fruits for comparison. They were trying to establish a uniform set of names for the plants they were growing, in the hope of lessening the confusion caused by a single plant with several different designations. Before the standard nomenclature was codified by Linnaeus and adopted by most botanists, the difficulties of labelling newly imported plants and making one name known and generally accepted must have been immense. The number of unfamiliar plants reaching England and Europe in general during the first half of the eighteenth century complicated the problem even further, until Linnaeus, with the help of a small army of his students and correspondents, began publishing his catalogues of all known plants and animals.

Philip Miller (1691-1771), who was in charge of the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 until the year before his death, was also the clerk, that is, the secretary, of the Society of

T

5

.1141,,UUu

7,7,,;,,;,,,,,

'.'1

/rrlw vr'fJ'an ·

/rrvu:UOrt-bu.1

.Jtqukf acakw.. l'.P""/uUa. .J;tbndenJ

SOCIETY OF GARDENERS Catalogus Plantarum 1730 plate 13 Virginian Hawthorns, drawn by Jacob van Huysum, engraved by Henry Fletcher and coloured by hand

,P-ua.u 1M!:?N ·rualu 7

SOCIETY OF GARDENERS

Gardeners. In 1724 he had published The Gardeners and Florists Dictionary, complete with recommendations from several nurserymen, and the first edition of his large Gardeners Dictionary, one of the most successful gardening books of its day, appeared in 173 l, helped by his work of recording the descriptions of plants produced by the Society's members. Miller was probably the driving force of the Society, but his energy was not enough to keep going such a lavish and expensive series of books, and the first part, on trees and shrubs, was the only section of the Catalogus issued. As the preface says (page ix): 'Here he [our Reader] will find an exact Catalogue of the several sorts of Trees and Shrubs, which will endure to be planted in the open Air in England, that are to be found in the several Nurseries near London, digested into an Alphabetical Order. . . . Then we have enumerated the different Species we have growing in the several Nurseries.'

The later parts planned were intended to describe greenhouse plants, flowers, and fruit'Our History of Fruits, where we shall give an Account of all the curious Sorts now to be had in the Gardens about London' (page 37). Illustrations for all these' curiously engraven on CopperPlates, and afterwards painted in their proper Colours, done by very good Hands, from the original Drawings now in the Possession of the Society' (preface, page xii) were commissioned before the later parts were ready, so that the subjects of the plates in part I are not limited to the trees and shrubs of the text; a lily, a double nasturtium, and other flowers also appear. The drawings from which the plates were made were chosen from two volumes of watercolours of flowers, fruits, and branches of trees that are now in the British Museum. They once belonged to Sir Hans Sloane, Miller's patron, and a note in the first volume reads: 'The original! paintings of plants by Jacobus van Huysum, some of which were publish'd in 21 plates by a Society of gardeners, anno l 73o, & the rest design' d for a continuation of that work.' Duplicates or variants of some of these drawings are found in a similar, though smaller, collection in the library of the Royal Society, of which Miller was elected a Fellow in 1730, when Sir Hans was President.

Manuscript names on some of the drawings are believed to have been written by Miller.

The Society of Gardeners dedicated its catalogue to Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of Pembroke (c. 1656-1733), a Fellow of the Royal Society who must have been one of their best customers. 'Your Lordship's great Taste in, and great Encouragement ofPlanting and Gardening, are fully display'd in those noble Gardens at Wilton, where are a greater Number of the Trees here treated of, and in a more flourishing Condition, than can be found in any one Garden in this Kingdom besides.' Among the trees at Wilton were many American ones, including the tulip tree illustrated in Robert Furber's broadsheet (see pages 47-49). As the book's preface (page vii) says of Lord Pembroke's garden: It was from Examples of this Kind, that People were encouraged to make farther Tryals of what Plants, Trees, Flowers, and Fruits, could be brought to thrive in our Climate.... And it has been from repeated Tryals and Experiments of this Kind, that the many noble Trees, Fruits, and Rowers

7

TREES

now in England, have by degrees been naturalized to our coarse Climate, to the no small Pleasure of all the Delighters in the Innocent Divertisements of Gardening.

The preface (page iii) also praises 'many learned and curious Persons, Nobility and Gentry,' who 'have industriously procured from abroad, Trees, Plants, Flowers, and Fruits, not only from our own Plantations in America, but those also of other Parts of Europe, nay, even Asia and Africa'. Many of these other devoted gardeners are praised individually, from Henry Compton, 'late Bishop of London, who was an early Introducer of Exotick Trees and Plants' to the Duchess of Beaufort and the 'Worshipful Company of Apothecaries of London', whose 'Publick Botanick Garden at Chelsea', then under the protection of Sir Hans Sloane, still survives.

Ten of the American plants in the Catalogus were grown from seed sent home from Carolina

by Mark Catesby in 1723, 1724, or 1726, including a couple of acacias, an ash, a lime, and a yellow-berried hawthorn. In the description of a new bignonia (page 13) Catesby's book, the first part of which was issued in l 729, was given a little publicity: 'The Fourth Sort [of Bignonia] hath been lately brought from America by Mr. Catesby, and is at present very little known in England: ... For a farther Description, we shall refer the Reader to Mr. Catesby's Natural History of Carolina, which he is about publishing.' The process of publication took nearly twenty years.

Catesby's plants were available from Christopher Gray's nursery in Fulham, but Robert Furber, another member of the Society of Gardeners, also offered many American plants for sale. The Carolina Kidney Bean Tree described on page 55, a shrub grown from Catesby's seeds, 'hath as yet only flower'd in the Garden of Mr. Robert Furber of Kensington'.

2. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, Henri Louis (1700-1782) eluding 83 engraved vignettes; plus 3 folding engravings and l l I woodcut plates.

Traite des Arbres et Arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre. Par M. Duhamel du Monceau, lnspecteur general de la Marine; de 11\.cademie Royale des Sciences, de la Societe Royale de Londres, Honoraire de la Societe d'Edimbourg & de l'Academie de Marine. Tome premier. [decoration 2. 5 x 6. 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez H. L. Guerin & L.F. Delatour, rue SaintJacques, aSaint Thomas d'Aquin. [double rule, upperoneheavier, 7.5 cm.) M. DCC. LV. Avec Approbation & Privilege du Roi. 4° 26 x 20 cm. 'IT 2 a-g4 h 2 (h1+1) A-F4 G 2 H-Y4 Z4 (Z2¹1) 2A-2Z4 [4) iii-lxii 1 2-368 (81 printed as 18, 87 as 8 5) including l IO engraved vignettes; plus l folding engraving and 139 woodcut plates.

BINDING: Contemporary French mottled calf, gilt spines, all edges red. The initials BD are written one on either side of the decorations on both title-pages.

Of the 250 woodcut plates 154 (73 in volume in volume II) are printed from the blocks made by Giorgio Liberale and Wolfgang Meyerpeck for the large illustrations to Mattioli's herbal, first used in a Czech edition and a German version, New Kreiiterbuch, both printed in Prague in 1562 and 1563, and thereafter in several other editions, most beautifully in the I 56 5 Latin one printed in Venice by Valgrisi. (The Oak Spring copy of this edition is one of two printed on blue-grey paper, PLATES: l, 8 I

. . . Tome second. . ..

A-3B4 3C2 i-iv 1 2-387 388 (331 printed as 337) in-

'IT 2

8

DUHAMEL

c

b

J ,/'jâ&#x20AC;˘.,,

j

oji ''(

with some of the illustrations illuminated in silver with touches of gold . It once belonged successively to Sir Sydney Cockerell and Major]. R. Abbey.) These designs by Liberale and Meyerpeck, delicately cut, are among the most outstanding examples of woodcut botanical illustration, filling the full area of the large blocks, on which they might have been drawn directly. Duhamel used the appropriate ones again, occasionally with slight alterations, as in plate 46 of volume II, showing an oak draped in Spanish moss, which is much less shaggy and voluminous than the version on page 62 of the I 56 5 Mattioli. The rest of the blocks remained in the possession of Duhamel's family until I 9 56, when they were sold and dispersed .

Five showing herbaceous plants, with insect-nibbled labels in Duhamel's own hand, are now in the library of

],

tI

;}

Volume I page 30 Headpiece 'AcerVirginianum', details of a Virginian maple drawn and engraved

by N. Ozanne

the Hunt Institute in Pittsburgh, and they are described in volume I of its catalogue (1958, pages 97-98). The rest of the woodcut plates (66 in volume I, 30 in volume 11), illustrating plants unknown to Mattioli, are all too obviously of inferior quality; no artist is acknowledged.

The folding, engraved plates, showing charcoal burning, olive presses, soap boiling, and furnaces used to make pitch, are also unsigned, though they resemble similar plates in later volumes of the author's Traite comp/et des Bois. The exquisite engraved vignettes, all but one with detailed dissections of flowers or fruits, were made by N . Ozanne ( r 728-181 r) and form attractive beginnings to the plant descriptions. The woodcut tailpieces used in this book, several signed 'Liger' or 'V: LS', reappear in subsequent parts of the Traite des Bois.

Volume 1 page 90 Tail piece

D

UHAMEL DU M 0 NC EAU was born in Paris and studied law at Orleans before attending classes in the natural sciences at the Jardin du Roi, later the Jardin des Plantes.

After that his career was both varied and full. As the Dictionnaire de Biographie franfaise (I 970) describes him, 'd'une activite prodigieuse, doue d'une merveilleuse memoire, ayant autant de facilite pour la parole que pour la plume, homme de plein air aussi bien qu'homme de cabinet, il se consacra aux activites les plus di verses,' among them meteorology and metallurgy. He became a member of the Academic des Sciences as a chemist in 1728, before being re-labelled a botanist two years later, in which capacity, on the Academie's instructions, he carried out studies of saffron and the anatomy of pear trees. His appointment in 1732 as Inspecteur general de la Marine prompted a treatise on rope-making, but he also continued working on plant physiology and agriculture. In this field he was one of the outstanding botanists of the eighteenth century.

9

H. L. DUHAMEL Traite des Arb res r 7 55 volume 11 plate 95 'Tilia.

Tilleul ', a lime tree printed from the block used in the 156 5 edition of Mattioli's herbal

P . A . MATTIOL I

Commenrarii . .. 1 565 page 174 Tilia foemina, a lime tree from the series of large woodcut illustrations made by Giorgio Liberale and Wolfgang Meyerpeck for Mattioli's herbal

TREES

Volume II page 243 H eadpiece 'Salix', details of a willow drawn and engraved by N . Ozanne

His Elemens d'Agriculture was published in 1754, followed a year later by the two volumes of the Traite des Arbres et Arbustes, describing more than a thousand trees in alphabetical order, following Toumefort's classification and nomenclature. His acquisition of the Mattioli blocks, nearly two hundred years after their first appearance, as a source of his illustrations, is mentioned briefly in the book's preface (page x): J'ai eu le bonheur de recouvrer presque toutes les planches de la belle edition latine du Matthiole de Valgrise: les Imprimeurs de man Ouvrage ant fait graver avec soin celles qui y manquoient; entre celles-ci il s'en trouve plusieurs qui n'avoient point ete representees jusqu'a present clans les livres de Botanique, ou qui l'etoient fort mal, n'ayant ete dessinees que sur des plantes seches.

The later woodcuts may have been done with care, as he says, and presumably he approved of their accuracy, but they are very stiff and lifeless, in great contrast to Ozanne's elegant engravings of fruit and flowers. The new post-Mattioli plants, which seem likely to have been drawn from live examples grown by Duhamel himself, include Magnolia grandifiora, the tulip tree, several maples, and others from North America. The author's interest in practical matters is shown in his account of the uses of the plants he is describing, with illustrated directions for the manufacture of olive oil, soap containing the oil, charcoal, or pitch.

These twin volumes were followed over the next twelve years by six more on various aspects of trees, their cultivation, and their use to form a Traite complet des Bois et des Forets (see

Volume II page 296 Tail piece

!2

DUHAMEL

page ro6). A small supplement to the Traite des Arbres was published as an appendix to Des Semis et Plantations, the fifth volume of the Traite complet, in 1760. Duhamel's knowledge of trees was based on practical experience, for on his estates at Vrigny and Monceau (Loiret) and his brother's at Denainvilliers he established botanic gardens for the culture of trees, shrubs, and new exotics.

He was also one of the French gardeners who encouraged the planting of potatoes in their country.

The Traite des Arbres had a German edition in 1763 and a second French one in 1785, but its best-known descendant is the so-called Nouveau Duhamel (see below).

3. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, Henri Louis (1700-1782) [engraved title-page] Traite des Arbres et Arbustes que !'on cultive en France en pleine terre Par Duhamel Seconde Edition considerablement augmentee. [vignette 18.5 x l 8. 5 cm. of Agriculture personified in a grove beside a stream] A Paris, Chez Didot aine, au Louvre; Michel, Rue des Francs-Bourgeois au Marais N'? 699; et Lamy, Quai des Augustins N'? 26.

2° 49.5 x 32 cm. 'IT 2 ('IT2+1) l-20 2 2obis 2 2oter 2 (-2oter2) 21-66 2 67 2 (The last gathering is not signed 69, as stated in the Hunt Botanical Library Catalogue of Redouteana (1963, page 50); this figure is a page reference to the text from an index entry.) i-ii 1 2-4 1 2-80 77bis-8obis 77ter78ter 81 82-264 iii-iv and 60 coloured plates.

Traite des Arbres et Arbustes que l'on cultive en France, Par Duhamel. Nouvelle Edition, augmentee de plus de moitie pour le nombre des Especes, distribuee d'apres un ordre plus methodique, suivant l'etat actuel de la Botanique et de !'Agriculture; Avec des figures, d'apres les dessins de P.-J. Redoute, Peintre du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, et de la classe des Sciences Physiques et Mathematiques de l'Institut, Membre de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Dedie a sa Majeste l'lmperatrice Reine. [rule 7.5 cm.] ... Nobis placeant ante omnia sylv:e. [Virgil, Eclogues II: 'The gods, to live in woods, have left the skies', translated by John Dryden, l 697; rule 7. 5 cm.] Tome second. [monogram of E and M 5. 5 x 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez Etienne Michel, Editeur, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, n'? 6, au Marais. [wavy line 3.5 cm.] 1804.

'IT 2 ('IT2+1as*) 1-61 2 a2 (-a2)b 2 i-iv12-244iii-vvi and 72 coloured plates (plates 30 and 3I reversed; plate 40 labelled p. 140 instead of p. l 37).

. . . Tome troisieme. . . . l 806 'IT 2 r-58 2 592 ( - 59:2) a2 i-iv 1 2-234 i ii-iv and 60 coloured plates. . . . Tome quatrieme. . . . 1809 'IT 2 1-2 2 32 (-3:2) 3bis 2 4bis 2 4-60 2 (leaf 2 in gatherings 35-40, 4g-60 signed with *) 61 2 i- iv 1 2-10 9bis-14bis 11-240 1 2-4 and 68 coloured plates (plate 22 wrongly renumbered by hand 23; plate 23 wrongly printed 22).

Nouveau Duhamel, ou Traite des Arbres et Arbustes que l'on cultive en France, Redige par G.-L.-A. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Doct. -Med. de la Faculte de Paris, et Membre de plusieurs Societes savantes, nationales et etrangeres; Avec des figures d'apres !es dessins de MM. P.-J. Redoute et P. Bessa. Dedie a sa Majeste l'Imperatrice Josephine. [wavy line 8 cm.] .. . . Nobis placeant ante omnia sylv:e. [wavy line 8 cm.] Tome cinquieme. [monogram of Mand B 5. 5 x 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez

Volume II The EM monogram from the title-page

13

TREES [bracket 1. 5 cm.] Etienne Michel, Editeur, rue de Turenne, n°. 42, au Marais; Et Arthus-Bertrand, LibraireEditeur, rue Hautefeuille, n°. 23. [wavy line 2.5 cm.]

1812.

1-162 172 (17:2+ 1) (leaf 2 in gatherings 14-16 signed with*, in gathering 17 with 17) 18-822 83 2 i-iv 1 2-330 1 2-4 and 83 coloured plates and 2 uncoloured ones.

1T 2

... J.L.A. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ... [dedication omitted; 'Virg.' added at the end of the quotation] ...

Tome sixieme . . . Etienne Michel, Editeur, rue SaintLouis, n°. 42, au Marais; ... 1815.

1o-67 2 682 i-iv 1 2-36 35bis36bis 37 38-266 1 2--6 (page 120 wrongly numbered 200) and 8 1 coloured plates.

1T 2 I-9 2 (9:2+1signedas9*)

Nouveau Duhamel, ou Traite des Arbres et Arbustes que l'on cultive en France, Redige par J.L.A. LoiseleurDeslongchamps, Doct.-Med. de la Faculte de Paris, et Membre de plusieurs Societes savantes, nationales et etrangeres; et Etienne Michel, Editeur, Associe libre et correspondant de l'Academie Royale de Marseille; de la (Bouches-du-Rhone), et de la Societe Academique Societe d'Emulation de Rouen. Avec des figures d'apres les dessins de MM. P.J. Redoute et P. Bessa. [wavy line 6. 5 cm.] . . . Nobis placeant ante omnia sylv:e Virg. [wavy line 6.5 cm.] Tome septieme. [monogram of M and B, 5.5 x 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez [bracket 1.5 cm.]

Etienne Michel, Editeur, rue Saint-Louis, n°. 42, au Marais; Et Arthus Bertrand, Libraire, rue Hautefeuille, n°. 23. [wavyline2.5cm.] 1819.

11'. 2 1--63 2 64 2 65 2 i-iv 1 2-252 1 2-'7 8 and 72 coloured plates.

reading 'Aus der National-Bibliothek in Wien als Doubletteausgeschiedenam 15.l.49', showing when the Austrian National Library discarded this historic duplicate, which began as the gift of Napoleon to his. father-in-law, the Emperor Francis I. PLATES: This copy contains an engraved title-page, 2 uncoloured, unsigned plates (numbers 33 and 34 in volume v, showing olive presses) and 496 stipple engravings, printed in colour and finished by hand, 306 from drawings by Pierre Joseph Redoute (1759-1840) and 190 from those of Pancrace Bessa (1772-1846). Since the Hunt Botanical Library published A Catalogue of Redouteana in 196 3, including Ian MacPhail 's description of the Nouveau Duhamel (item 14, pages 49-52) which is said to contain prints of 46 3 drawings by Redoute and 33 by Bessa, these mistaken figures have been repeated elsewhere. They are found, for instance, in the catalogues of both the Plesch sale (1975) and the de Belder sale (1987), though Claus Nissen, in Die botanische Buchillustration (1951, item 549) gave figures which agree with the Oak Spring copy (formerly the Plesch one). The plates in this copy are distributed according to the following list:

Volume 1: 1--60 Volume u: 1--66 66[bis] 67-71, that is, 72 plates in all Volume m: 1-28 27bis-28bis 29-58, that is, 6o plates in all Volume 1v: ibis 3bis 4-11 11bis 1-3 12-33 33bis 34--63, that is, 68 plates in all (though lacking number 47bis, which is recorded by Nissen) Volume v: 1-72 72bis 73-84, that is, 85 plates in all, including numbers 33 and 34, which are uncoloured and unsigned Volume v1: 1-74 74bis 75-80, that is, 81 plates in all Volume vu: 1-72

A large-paper copy. Volumes 1to IV bound in red morocco with silk liners, gilt borders and spine, all edges gilt, the Austrian double eagle in gilt in the centre of the back and front covers. These four bindings were the work of A. P. Bradd. His ticket in volume II reads: 'Relic par Bradd l'.Aine Relieur de la Bibliotheque Neveu et de Derome le Jeune Rue S! Jacques N° 105 Hotel de la Couture A Paris'. Volumes v to vu were bound to match, presumably in Vienna, where a smaller coat of arms was used on the sides. 'F.I.' crowned in a circle on the verso of the half-titles, with 'Fid[ei] C[ommis]' below, recording the library's period in trust.

The fly-leaf of volume 1 bears the bookplate of Arpad Plesch (1890-1974), for this copy was bought at the Plesch sale at Sotheby's in London on 16 June 1975. At the bottom of the last leaf in each volume is a stamp BINDING:

Redoute drawings fill the first four volumes, except for a trio of date palms (plates 1-3 in volume 1v) which are by Bessa, 'd'apres les dessins originaux faits en Egypte par Redoute jeune', that is, Henri Joseph Redoute (17661852), who accompanied Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1799. The second set of date palms (plates 1bis3bis) in the same volume are the elder Redoute's, based on specimens sent from the south of France by M. Martin of St Tropez, and the two sets distinguish between the more widespread date and the Egyptian one. A note in the index explains the confusion and its resolution.

Both artists appear in volume v, with 34 plates by Bessa (numbers 47, 51--62, 64-?0, 72, 72bis, 73-84) and 49 by Redoute, as well as the two uncoloured, unsigned plates

14

Nouveau Duhamel r804 volume II One of the binclings by A. P. Bradd

G.

Nouveau Duhamel 1800 volume I plate 6 Stuartia pentagyna drawn by P. J. Redoute and described as 'a shrub that looks pleasing with its large leaves and the sweet smell of its flowers ... a native of Virginia, in the shadow of large forests, near rivers'

J,

r eu tagyna .

STUARTIA p<"ntagyne.

! '''.'! LJ.

NOUVEAU DUHAMEL of olive presses (of which number 34 is a copy of the engraving facing page 72 in volume 11 ofDuhamel's Traite des Arbes (1755)). The plates of the last two volumes are all Bessa's work. The Nouveau Duhamel contains some fine work by Redoute, the leading botanical artist in France during this period, but Bessa's work is often of equal quality, and he certainly deserves his proper share of the credit. Twenty-nine engravers were involved in transferring the original drawings (now in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris) to the printing plates, and many of them also worked with Redoute or Bessa on other books. One of the engravers, identified as 'la Rolet' or Citoyenne Rolet on plate 10 of volume 1, re-

turned to being 'Mlle Rolet' in later reissues, neatly indicating the decline of revolutionary enthusiasm in France.

The vignette on the title-page of volume 1, drawn by Charles Percier and J. T. Thibaud, etched by Victor Pillemerit, and finished by F. D. Nee, shows Agriculture personified as a young woman sitting beneath an oak, close to a figure of Nature and surrounded by tools, trees, and shrubs. Nearby is Pan, the guardian of forests, and the Sun, who gives life to Nature, with a fountain and a river flowing through a plain. As the explanation on the verso of the half-title says, 'On a voulu indiquer par cette reunion les principaux agents de la vegetation.'

T

HE Nouveau Duhamel, named in homage to its predecessor, the Traite des Arbres (see page 8), was published in eighty-three parts forming seven volumes from 1800 to 1819. It was virtually a completely new book, expanded from the two volumes of the Traite. Its main editor was Etienne Michel, with other contributions from). L. A. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, C. F. Brisseau-Mirbel, J. L. M. Poiret, J. H. Jaume Saint-Hilaire, and Veillard. Poiret seems to have joined the team in the course of volume III, for he is thanked in an editorial note at the end of the index in that volume. A similar note at the end of the next volume welcomed 'M. Loiseleur des Lonchamps' as a new recruit to the group of botanists conducting the work. The posthumous help of Rene Le Berryais (I 722-I 807) is acknowledged on page I of volume v: La cession que nous a faite Mme. Troussel-Dumanoir des manuscrits et dessins que feu M. Le Berriays, collaborateur du Duhamel, pour son Traite des ArbresJruitiers,. avait destines pour les Tomes trois et quatre de cet important ouvrage, nous facilitera beaucoup, lorsque clans nos livraisons, nous aurons a traiter des Arbres clans leur etat Sauvage et Domestique . . . Nous saisirons toutes les occasions que se presenteront clans le cours de cet ouvrage, pour rendre a M. Le Berriays la portion de gloire et de reconnaissance que ses travaux lui assurent parmi les savans Agronomes qui ont illustre la France.

The illustrations of the Nouveau Duhamel were also transformed, with 306 plates by Redoute and I 90 by Bessa, who concentrated on citrus fruit, apples, pears, conifers, roses, and oaks. The parts were published in three states, plain (9 francs each), coloured (18 francs), and coloured on large paper (30 francs), to form a total of 1000 copies. The grander ones were printed in colour and, at least the large-paper copies, finished by hand. The result was a beautiful book which was also the standard account of the trees of western Europe for several decades, an appropriate way of keeping alive the name of Duhamel. It was reissued in 1825 and again in or about 1852.

Selections from it were also published as 'new editions' of Duhamel's Traite des Arbres .fruitiers and Michel's Traite du Citronier is another extract. Both of these will be described in the Oak

Spring Pomona.

17

TREES

Not everyone praised the Nouveau Duhamel. John Claudius Loudon, the best dendrologist of the next generation of gardeners, summed it up in the first volume ( r 83 8, page r 89) of his Arboretum (see page 37): A new edition of this work was commenced in the year 1 800, and it was completed in seven volumes folio in 1819 . . . The published price of a royal folio copy was 1241. 10s., and of a common copy nearly 1001. . . . Both engravings and descriptions are of very unequal merit, and many of the former (at least in our copy, which is a large paper one) are altogether unworthy of the consequence attempted to be given to the work by large type, large paper, and other characteristics of the mode, now gone by in both France and England, of publishing for the few. As a proof of the truth of what we assert, large paper copies may now be purchased in London for between 301. and 401., and small paper copies for twenty guineas.

The Oak Spring copy, at least volumes I to IV, was given by Napoleon I to his father-in-law, the Emperor Francis I of Austria, when Napoleon married Marie-Louise, Archduchess of Austria, in I 8 IO . This seems like a monumental piece of tactlessness, as volumes I to v were dedicated to Napoleon's first wife, Josephine, and all but volume I proclaimed this fact on their title-pages,

Volume II D edication to 'Madame Bonaparte'

A MADAME BON APAHTE. 1W '""' 1fr

lk11fi1il1 ,11l',,11'1.rottnoltt'Ol1I ifm1t11i. la1114i11 91ti1111rodm8111J

H t.J'lilt'd ti<: mire rrois m e l'(Jnji1r,,w:r1i ""

111

r l\l.l n.11111 ,

t'Ol Ulilt'I

i:11

11mj.•1.1, j'it

p11b/1'u111, j'Olffa1ti11rmi:11t "'"'"

f;/lllii:Url 11/lll'f'I l/fl(lltVJfiJit'I, 1.>•t/C ll'HllJf'/J<• <!f/ itff111 tf'11n llU""11JC

au.a; c11/fi,'fltri1,,, MmJ, M.1.1,.JOI, •1ud'J"" ti

j.•

rft.o'1*-

•1111: wit la 1rn."t1W1W 1/c

lrrQ1°I fll'il'll ,/,. .1/()11 f>fUJ flf!'11/ /U1trr J'i/ 11r 1'fH11 N11it

Dt1f,,,111,./ , ro-1

dt!Jid.

J pl11ccr1fl(H• ,....,,. 1i 1ru:1 1in:n1krci

LID A ll E,

MAOAJ\1 £,

/ );,,'i:.•""=l"'rmefln•111m/•·1H•bllc,,.1m1'fl'Jllt1JpittJrrllr1•"""""k•lJJ'tiot11/u 'l'11\rri. 11J• j' """ ''nA11hl•Thlll l)tHA•r1.-

,,,.,,,,.pt:'•' '"°"""·'" mt.I''"'/''"'' ok

.tl'J

'"" "'' •

.. 11l1u,..,.:l/11 '{t;11•Ntlllf"'J'J"""k lllff'

pmU.11,..,, .1 ""

D11IH11w ·I fll•1i111

,/,. ..,.,

,,,,.,,.,,,.;.,. rf ti<' J.,

jl(Ait<1riM.

l/',..u, 1\b1•1•0;. rMtl /,. ,,.,.,,, "'f'fll-'11.: ,; /11fl11J/1•Jh11,,leJ •11111/il,t;

"'""'kmf,,,;,.,.1:1'"''"'"''"'"'''' 1't'f't111•1•li1rh..'n°/, '""'""''""" ,• lo 1.f•1J m"'.,., •l•'fa•

ff>NJ

,,.,,,. ml111r trm• (/lit:/,. llOlU •!/Ji'lm I ;,,,,//JI ,,,.,

•f•!s.'f.,,•·=

l>•«w1 11• l'ICJIOll,.,'rJ

""'""" 1A:1 1/roitJ fJIH' 1VM.11 '1Cl/U.'N'd

k

..,,,,,,·,,H':

/rs 1't!t;t11,.,,, J,., rollt<JllJ 1"1/u ,..,.,,,.,.,. •/rH: ri•m

f•llJn°f1Jlf1111' : '"-""l"''ftt':l'l11ilir1il'l1»1·mlJ..r 1/11,.1

..1.

rl 1k1 Co• 30 111t A nol,.,. 1t111<H1r; L'f , _ •1t.•'f'u,r, J..'rilHT'I

U. MIRllJU _

18 II

""'""

T. 6.

15 .

Nouveau Duhamel I 8 I 5 volume v1 plate 15 ] uniperus communis and ]. oxycedrus drawn by P. Bessa. Two European junipers, the common one and a close relative found in southern France, Spain, Greece, and North Africa B

1 .

0 â&#x20AC;˘

c

D

E

Fig;. i. JU.NlPRRU S omununs .

, , GENEVllIER c ommun .

Vig. ,2.

GE ...... EVIUE.R Ox1C'edre

P../Juvv ,/,./.

'

,

TREES

even the one of volume v, which is dated 1812, three years after the divorce and two after Napoleon's remarriage. The dedication, inserted in volume 11 in this copy and signed by 'B. Mirbel', praised Josephine's taste for gardening: Madame, Daignez permettre que je publie sous vos auspices cette nouvelle edition du Traite des Arbres et Arbustes de Duhamel.

Ce citoyen zele aimoit passionement !'agriculture: il n'ignoroit pas qu'elle seule peut dormer aux empires une puissance et un eclat durables. Pour prix de ses travaux Duhamel obtint l'estime de ses contemporains et de la posterite.

Vous, Madame, ... vous aussi, vous aimez l'agriculture; vous prenez plaisir a rassembler dans vos jardins les vegetaux les plus rares, et deja vous designez les cantons de la France que vous voulez enrichir de ces productions etrangeres . . .

4. [HUERNE, Joseph van (fl. 1790-183 l)] Manuscript 60 x 48 cm. with 46 leaves containing I 5 watercolours and gouaches of branches of trees or shrubs and 24 of fruit and foliage; the rest of the leaves are blank.

Collection du Regne Vegetal, Arbres Forestiers et Fruitiers, leurs Fruits. &c. Donne par son grand-Pere mons: J. van Hueme aJoseph de Pelichy le 9 avril I 83I. [Bruges, 1790-1813).

BINDING:

F

Quarter tan calf, marbled boards.

0 UR ARTISTS have signed one or more of the watercolours: Pierre Franc;ois Ledoulx (1730-1807) made 14 of them and several of the unsigned ones look very like his work; Jean Charles Verbrugge (1765-1831) made 5 and 'Mademoiselle Jeanne Verbrugghe', possibly his daughter, signed a drawing of a flowering bay twig; and Joseph Franc;ois Ducq (1762-1829) painted and signed the drawing of an enormous duster of fir cones. The rest are unsigned.

Ledoulx and Verbrugge were both known as flower-painters in Bruges.

Most of the illustrations have notes in the same hand as the inscription on the title-page of the manuscript, presumably that ofJoseph van Hueme. The trees, shrubs, and fruit painted by the artists may have been products of his own garden, for the most part, but the comments in the annotations record the writer's observations in other gardens too, like the one on page 12, implying a visit to the Chelsea Physic Garden in London: 'Le Cone plus grand detache de la branche, vient d'un semblable arbre du Jardin Royal de Celsea, en Angleterre', or the long note on the incredible duster of fir cones on page 14, painted by J. F. Ducq, which was cut in the forest ofBuscomvelt and collected by the writer in 1790; 'Cette branche de Sapin a de remarquable ... On en a compte 48, marquant de Craye chaque Cone, autrement il est impossible. Je l'ai acquis le 16 novembre 1790: cette branche n'est pas artificielle, elle est coupee clans un forest 20

A cluster of fir cones, drawn on page 14 of]. van Huerne's manuscript Collection du Regne vegetal about 1800

J . F.DUCQ

._){3f,t./fU//e , lut. ' , t'l:7ll-'•

r/1,'f

,-1.-to'

Jflj,lf/i

fvrw/•'L(Wl't , .,r.fr.d

ff..

_

/f ) IJ .,(,..·/.·

au1m

n ../( "1tJ"•

·'

fPAF

,/,4 ft:ahr/x

_,

IB _

-''"Y·:•" ' {

r: w,71Hr

ty rAny.t.< '"""'"

.1: ., ,/

.11.•

1

yur.1&i't'

mu.......,p(J.,l'J',.,. ...-..,,:.{,

,,-,-rfour

...

,

/

.,.,..;,,

TREES

de sapins, dit Buscomvelt, cinq ans avant la dite annee.' Among the trees and shrubs are a bay, six variegated hollies on one sheet, a fme American cedar, a catalpa, and a tulip tree.

A similar album of flowers from the same source appears to have been dismantled and sold as separate watercolours. A copy of M. R. Besler's Gazophylacium Rerum Naturalium (1642), annotated and inscribed by J. van Huerne, is described in the Hunt Library catalogue (volume 1 (1958) number 238, pages 255-56).

5. DUCHESNE, Jean-Baptiste, the younger (.fl. 1820-1826) Herbier forestier, ou Collection des especes d'arbres et arbrisseaux qui composent les forets. [rule 1o. 5 cm.] Que mieux encore que ces Arbres, les biens qu'ils nous produisent, et leur aspect majestueux, en nous offrent l'un des plus beaux ouvrages de la Nature, peut meriter notre veneration, et nous faire connaitre la main tout-puissante du Createur! [ryle 1o. 5 cm.] Dedie et presente au Roi. Par J.-B. Duchesne Fils, Jardinier en chef de Sa Majeste. [swelled rule 8 cm.] 1 820.

2° 36.5 x 23 cm. 13 unsigned leaves interspersed with 42 mounted, pressed specimens of trees and shrubs, each one bound between two sheets of blue paper. Folios 1-3 f:r7 7bis 8-10 rnbis 11-18 18bis 19-33 33bis 34-46 46bis 47-54 55, including the sheets holding the mounted specimens.

BINDING: Red morocco, gilt borders with fieurs-de-lis in comers, gilt spine with more fieurs-de-lis. Circular stamp on title-page: 'Bibliotheque du Roi, Palais Royal'.

A

FEW YEARS LATER, in 1825-26, Duchesnepublishedamoreordinarybook, Guide .i"\.. de la culture des bois ou Herbierforestier, illustrated with 64 lithographed plates. Perhaps this little herbarium, with its printed trimmings, offered a sample of the larger book. The king to whom the Herbier was dedicated was Louis XVIII, who ruled France after Napoleon, from 1814 to 1824.

As Duchesne said in his introduction: 'Cet Herbier a le but de presenter la Collection de la presque totalite des especes d'.Arbres et Arbrisseaux qui forment generalement nos forets, et y croissent spontanement, en offrant un echantillon de chaque individu, pris dans son etat de plus complete vegetation.' The trees and shrubs are divided into four groups: main forest trees (oaks, beech, ash, chestnuts, birches, hornbeam, elm); secondary ones (poplars, limes, alder, willows, acacia (that is, robinia), sycamore, field maple, service trees, horse chestnut, wild apple and cherry, walnut); main forest shrubs (hazel, hawthorn, dogwood, cornel, wild medlar, blackthorn or sloe, privet); and secondary ones (black alder, purging buckthorn, wayfaring tree, spindle tree, barberry, briar rose, holly, box).

22

J.

B . DUCHESNE

Herbier forestier 1820 the royal binding

(

)

J . B. DUCHESNE

Herbier Jorestier sheet

12

1820

A dried speci-

men of 'Betula alba Bouleau blanc', a silver birch

Bctula alba.

Bouleau

blanc.

6. [HOUTTUYN, Martinus (1720-1798)] Houtkunde, behelzende de Afbeeldingen van meest alle bekende, in- en uitlandsche Houten die tot den Huis- en Scheepsbouw, tot Schrynwerk, Werktuigen en Gereedschappen, tot Verwstoffen en in de Geneeskunde, worden gebruikt: Op zulk eene manier, als die door de Liefhebbers der Naturrlyke Historie, tot Vermaak en Nuttigheid, worden verzameld en bewaard; met aanwyzing van derezelver afkomst, hoedanigheden en gebruik: voorgesteld in de natuurlyke tekening en koleuren, volgens de Hollandsche, Hoogdeutsche, Engelsche, Fransche en Latynsche Benaamingen, En met uitvoerige Bladwyzers verrykt. [decoration 3 x 5 cm.] Te Amsterdam, By Jan Christian Sepp, Boekverkooper, 1791-[95].

[vignette 4 x 7 cm.] In Amsterdam, By John Christian Sepp, Book-seller. 1773.

4° 30.5 x 24 cm. *2 A4 B4 C-K4 (all lacking leaf 4) L4 M 2 N-Q4 (all lacking leaf 4) R 2 S2 (-S2) T4 (-T4) V 2 [A][E]4 [F]2 [G]4 [H]2(-[H] 2 ) A4 120 unnumbered pages followed by pages III-XL XLV-LVIII containing indexes (with all the text present), a folding table of names, and 8 unnumbered Supplement pages, plus a hand-coloured engraved title-page. 106 hand-coloured engravings are bound in a separate volume.

BINDING:

Half calf, speckled boards. Bookplate of Paul

Mellon.

The English title-page, aslightly abbreviated translation, reads:

The engraved title-page bears the title !cones Lignornm within a border of wood blocks. The other plates,

A Representation of Inland and Foreign Wood, as well Trees as Shrubs, which Are collected by the Lovers of Natural History in their Cabinets of natural Curiosities for Use and Pleasure. According to their Inward Properties and Natural Colours: also set forth with the Dutch, German, English, French and Latin Names together.

100 in the main sequence and 6 more to go with the Supplement, show the colour and grain of blocks of wood arranged eight or nine to a plate. A few are signed 'l.S.L.£' or 'J.S.L.f. ', though Nissen (number 939) says that J. C. Sepp and his son were both artists and engravers for this second issue of the book.

PLATES:

H

OUTTUYN, a Dutch doctor, first published his catalogue of wood in 1773, which explains why the second Dutch title-page and all those in other languages still bear this date in the re-issue, which appeared in parts from 1791 to 1795· The polyglot text consists of parallel lists of names linked to the appropriate plate numbers. An introduction by Houttuyn, dated 12 September 1791, explains the growth and compilation of the book. The first plates were copied from]. M. Seligmann's !cones Lignorum ... Abbildungen inn- und auslandischer Holzer (Nuremberg, 1773-78) which contained 48. Another 42 plates included additions, mostly West Indian woods, from the collection of Herr Hazen, and the rest came from Houttuyn's own collection. The English 'Advertisement' for the first part summed up the book: We have at present a Collection of Wood very neatly and exactly represented in Copper-plates (being the first to this day and the only one of this Kind) carefully colour'd to nature and now under the view of the Lovers of Natural History.

We have added in print the names of the wood, such as they have been given us by our friends abroad and at home in their own language, without limiting ourselves to any systematical order or mentioning the nursery and the use of them, as that is already handled by many Learned Writers.

We fl.atter ourselves in hoping that this Work now begun will be favorably receiv' d and by that means the continuation shall go according to our wish.

25

T

u

B

A

I I.

A

L

M. HOUT TUYN

Houtkunde 1791-9 5 Text page to go with Tabula II

ENGLIS l!.

HoLLA NDSCH .

N°.1.BalterdAcacicn·

'FR:AN< ;llIS.

B.tjiard Araria,

.dta,ia bdtard.

Real Aratia.

.dcaria 1·critah!e.

Bfl/lard drarin , cut arrofl.

.11"1cia hJ•ard, roup-t

Blark Poplar.

I'rupiier nqir.

Poplar of ar:re/l-grem, 1:n , it 11Ji11g under rime the earth a getr a green tdu11r.

Prdf,lier i·ei·t , r'e(l a ire, qui prtnd Iii 'ouleur wrte m rouIfa111 long tenu /0111 fa trrre.

lrtzite f'opfar.

Feupl1er blanc.

IVild Rofe-Cf'ree.

R ojier fam•age.

Red Yriv-'l'ru.

l/ rougt.

Domefiik C11rrant-'l'ru.

Groftillier dome(iiq11r.

Hout.

Ac:icicn· Hout.

:2 . Echt

1

-

:;.Acac icn-Ho ut, dwars doorgcfncedcn.

-

4. Zwarte Popu-

6cl)l\!or0c :ifcfv<·

-

5 Populicr , door Jange in de Aarde geleegcn te hebhcn , groeu geworden.

!papp,(-

-

6. Witte Popu!ier.

'illidlic 2!(fr<.

-

7. Wilde - Roofon Heelter.

-

8.Roode-Taxis.

-

9. Ordinnir Anlbe-zien-H out.

In ?-er

,Oum< gcfccynittm.

ll1 I l"Q'ftr s.

lier.

(o burcf)

fall!JCll b(!\Cll In

\!;1 be gn'111 gcnio:bm,

-etaub<,

Gcmcinc r

6trn11cl1.

LATI NL

No. 1 . Pfeudo Acacia•

No+ Populus nigra.

N°. 7. Rora fylvefiris,

-

::.. Acacia vera.

-

5. Populus e fylva viridis, :. e qua: diu ·acendo lilb ten a vii incm induit colo1cm.

-

8. Taxus rubra.

-

:;.Pfcudo Acacia, tra11sve1fim fe· ca ta.

-

6.Populu. alba.

-

9.Ribesdomcnica.

II

'k.

M.HOUTTUYN

Houtkunde 1791-95

Tabula II showing the wood of an acacia, a bastard acacia, black and green poplars, a wild rose, a red yew, and a currant

4.

'T.

5.

M. HOUTTUYN

Houtkunde 1791 _ 9 5 Engraved title-page: '!cones Lignorum' in a wooden frame

HOUTTUYN

A REPRESENTATION IN LAND

w

.1 N

D E S

o f 0 REIGN

AS

B

D,

0

0

REPRESENTATION

F

0

\v' ELL

TREES As SH RU 13 S,

AC C 0 RD ING T 0 T ll EI R

A M S T E R D A M, CHRISTIAN J

SEl'P, BooHcllcr.

s'

ARBRES & ARBRISSEAUX tanc du Pays qu'Etrangers, QUI

lo ward Properties and Natural Colours : alfo fot forih with the D•tch, Germa/f, E•tlif6 , }renc/J and La1in Names together.

I N

I D E S

W II I C ll

by the Lovers of Natural lliflory in their Are Cabinets of Natural Curiofities for Ufo and

By J OHN

0

SONT

Ra!fembles par !es Amateurs de l'Hilloire Narurelle, clans !curs Cabinets de Curiofites Naturelles, pour I' Agrement & l'Utilite; SUIVANT

I.curs Propri<!tcs lotericurcs & Icon Coulcurs Narurcllcs , n'CC lcurs Noms en Ho//1,.d4is, Alltlfla•ti, Antlois, Fr11•f•;, & Lllu11.

Publiec i A Ms TE RD AM, Cb<Z JEAN C II RETIE N SEP P, f\1aidJlud

7 7 3·

• 7 7 3·

Houttuyn also wrote a large natural history of animals, plants, and minerals, following Linnaeus' classification of them.

7- KORN, Johann Friedrich, the elder (.fl. 1797) possible author Sammlung von 50 in Kupfer gestochenen Abdn1cken der vom'iglichsten inlinclischen Laubholzer nebst einer Abhandlung Ober den nuzbaren Anbau des Birkenholzes und einer beigeffigten Anweisung zu Stempel-AbdrOcken. (rule 2 cm.; rule 7 cm.] Breslau, Hirschberg und Lissa in Sod-Preussen 1797 beijohann Friedrich Korn dem £\tern.

8° 19. 5 x 12 cm. *8 16 unnumbered pages and 20 engravings, the first a title-page, the rest holding two or three leaves each.

BINDING: Dark grey paste-paper covers; bound in after leaf 82e of a nature-printed manuscript (see below) .

The engraved title-page echoes part of the printed one, except for the last sentence: Sammlung derer vorzOglichsten innlinclischen Laubholzer (double rule 5 cm.; upper one heavier] In dem natOrl: Abdruck ihrer [vignette of fruit and flowers 4 x 7 cm.] The 19 other plates contain a total of 50 leaves, each one labelled with its German name.

PLATES:

In English the longer title is: A collection of 50 copperengraved prints of excellent native deciduous trees, with an essay on the productive cultivation of birch wood and appended directions on transfer printing.

English title-page dated 1773 French title-page dated 1773

TREES

The manuscript in which this booklet is inserted is: Blatter-Abdrilcke gesammelt Anno r 824. [Leaf-prints collected in 1824].

26. 5 x 20. 5 cm. Leaves 1-82, 82a-82e, then the printed Sammlung and 4 blank leaves. Folios 1 to 82 are filled with nature-printed leaves from trees, shrubs, and herbaceous

J.

plants, several to a page, each one with a hand-written German name.

Contemporary marbled paper-covered boards. Bookplate of Paul Mellon and a round stamp with the letters ESbg on the front fly-leaf and the back cover.

BINDING:

F. KORN

Sammlung von 50 . ..

LaubhS/zer 1797 The engraved title-page Page 6 A maple and two elders

{)n 2m

ยงru-

N

ATURE-PRINTING , using leaves to make impressions on paper, has a long history. Leonardo da Vinci was experimenting with printed leaf skeletons about 1500, and other examples of them have been found in several sixteenth- and seventeenth-century manuscripts. The dried leaves were covered with a mixture of soot and oil, placed between sheets of soft paper, and rubbed hard with a smoothing tool to transfer the image of the leaf to the paper.

In its simplest form the process was well within the scope of amateur craftsmen, as the I 824 album ofleaf prints shows. The anonymous compiler of this collection may have been following 30

Bliitter-Abdriicke manuscript 1824 page 21 Nature-printed leaves of a maple and other plants

TREES

the directions in J. F. Kom's booklet, which is fastened into the album. Korn, one of a family of booksellers and printers in Breslau and possibly the author of the short text, recommended adding a little gum arabic and linseed oil to the mixture covering the leaves, and taking their impressions on damp paper, as in most fine printing. By 1797, the date of this booklet, natureprinting had been used in the production of several books, with the soot mixture replaced by printer's ink and the pressure of a hand tool by that of a flat press. As well as the leaves themselves being used as printing surfaces, their images were sometimes reproduced as copper engravings.

In later, nineteenth-century developments, impressions of the leaves were taken in a soft metal, like lead, which was then given a harder coating to make an intaglio plate used for printing.

Among the eighteenth-century botanical books illustrated by nature-printing, one compiled by another printer and bookseller, J.M. Seligmann, in Nuremberg in 1748, may have been the model for this little one, for it included over thirty prints of the detailed vein patterns ofleaves.

Several larger books with hundreds of nature-printed plates, like those of]. H. Kniphof, C. G. Ludwig, and D . H. Hoppe, were published in Germany from the 1730s to the 1780s, in spite of the difficulties of printing more or less identical plates from a whole series of rather less than identical dried plants. The printed impressions were sometimes coloured by hand, though this often dimmed the detail of the images.

8. KENNION, Edward (1743-1809)

The label on the front cover

An Essay on Trees in Landscape; or, An attempt to shew the propriety and importance of characteristic expression in this branch of art, and the means of producing it: with Examples by the late Edward Kennion, F.S.A. [vignette 8. 5 x l 3 cm. including Elm, Oak, Ash] London: Printed

by T. Bensley, Bolt Court, Fleet Street, for C.]. Kennion; and sold by Messrs. Boydell and Co. Cheapside; John Murray, Albemarle Street; and James Newman, Colourman, Soho Square. 1815.

4° 36 x 29 cm. A 2 (-A2) B4(B1 + b4) C-G4 H 2 (-H2) [2] i ii-x 1 2-48 and 50 uncoloured etchings numbered I to L.

AN

,.

OM

-'..

TREES :tN LANDSCAPE, Bg t/N late ED/YARD KE!VNION,

S. A.

PllJlmllD JOB . C. 1. DIQllOJI; AM'!> 101.D BT •OTDU.L, CR&U'IJDSJ MUDAT, A.L»&llAl.l.I ITU.n'J 0 TBOKPIOW1 IT. JAM&l 1 IT&&ST; •aWMAW, IORO MVAU J ilD ay TU '17.aLH•&&, MO. 51 1 CllASLOTTI AUAT,

Original grey paper-covered boards, pink paper label on front; text uncut and unopened. Bookplates of Major John Roland Abbey (an armorial one) and Paul Mellon.

BINDING:

nTzaoT aau u.a.

C.]. Kennion, Edward's son, signed about half the plates as their engraver as well as their publisher. Most of them are soft-ground etchings, but about half show some aquatint as well. Oaks, elms, and ashes have the

greatest number of examples, but one or two plates apiece are also devoted to walnut, chestnuts, sycamore, lime, beeches, birches, poplar, willows, thorn, acacia, plane, cedars, yew, holly, and firs.

PLATES:

32

KENNION

The title-page vignette showing an elm, an oak, and an ash

T

HE BOOK was edited and published after Edward Kennion's death by his son, Charles ]. Kennion. The artist visited Jamaica twice in the 1760s and began studying botany while he was there. During the next decade he became an artist too, going on several tours with George Barret, RA, including one to the Isle of Wight in l 77 3. After his marriage in I 77 4 he settled in Worcestershire, where he began collecting material for a book on 'Elements of Landscape' in 1784. His sketches of oaks were made as early as 1790, when eight plates were published as a specimen of the whole work. The preface to his Essay on Trees explains the book's development: Mr. Edward Kennion had long projected the publication of a work on Landscape Painting, of the general nature of which he had informed the Public in a Prospectus printed in the Year 1803 ... He had at length made an arrangement which would certainly have enabled him to bring out the First Volume in the course of the Year r 809; and he had begun to prepare it for publication, when he was suddenly arrested by the hand of death ... As an Artist Mr. Kennion's chief merit undoubtedly was a close observation and exact imitation of Nature. In Trees this work will suffice to shew how carefully he had studied and how faithfully he had copied her ... It was his leading principle, that Nature, and Nature only, was to be exhibited-not meaning, certainly, that she was not to be improved, and set off to advantage, by selection and arrangement, and her charms heightened by effect; but that truth of representation was never to be violated for the sake of effect.

This copy of the Essay on Trees is described as number 147 in Life in England in Aquatint and Lithography 1770-1860 ... from the Library of]. R. Abbey (1953).

33

TREES

9. PHILLIPS, Henry (1779-1840) pines and tamarisks frail', translated by F. A. Wright, 1924.] [rule 3.5 cm.] In two volumes. Vol. I. London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-row. 1823.

8° 21 x 13 cm. A4 B-X 8 i-iii iv-vi vii-viii 1 2-336.

Sylva Florifera: the Shrubbery historically and botanically treated, with observations on the formation of Ornamental Plantations, and Picturesque Scenery. [rule 3. 5 cm.]

By Henry Phillips, F.H.S. Author of Pomarium Britannicum, and History of Cultivated Vegetables. [rule 3.5 cm.] Sylva nemus non alta facit: tegit arbutus herbam: Rosmaris et lauri, nigraque myrtus olent. Nee dens:r foliis bu:xi, fragilesque myric:r, Nee tenues cytisi, cultaque pinus abest. Ovid. Ars. Am. ['Low growing shrubs a coppice make And white arbutus stars the brake. Myrtles and bays perfume the breeze, And rosemary and galingale, And mingling their scents with these Boxes and

... Vol. II ...

A 2 B-Y8 i-ii 1 2-3 33 334.

Half calf, marbled paper-covered sides, by D. Dowsing, Ipswich. Signature of T. Theodore Bond on fly-leaf of volume 1.

BINDING:

H

EN RY PHILLIPS was a banker at Worthing, who later lived in London and Brighton.

He was one of the first members of the Horticultural Society when it was established in 1804. The 182os seem to have been his writing years, for during them he also published Pomarium Britannicum (1820), History of Cultivated Vegetables (1822), Flora Historica (1824), and Floral Emblems (1825). Sylva Florifera is dedicated to his wife, with his usual pomposity: 'The dedication of a work is the highest mark of respect that an author has the power of bestowing on an individual. He, therefore, naturally turns towards those, where his reverence, esteem, and affec-

tions are fixed. ' Phillips defined his subject on the first page of his first volume: 'The shrubbery is a style of pleasure-garden which seems to owe its creation to the idea that our sublime poet [sc. Milton] formed of Eden. It originated in England, and is as peculiar to the British nation as landscapeplanting.' Those for whom the word 'shrubbery' evokes an image of dismal clumps of dank laurels and variegated aucubas in neglected Victorian gardens may find it hard to reconcile such an idea with Milton's vision of Eden. 'The author has also tried to make his book an agreeable companion to the traveller, who, as he passes through woods and lanes, may never feel himself solitary, but have his way enlivened by vegetable history and botanical beauties.'

After an introduction full of snippets of history and advice about constructing a shrubbery, abiding by certain 'rules of composition', there are chapters on individual trees and shrubs, packed with literary and historical quotations, as well as descriptions of the plants and their uses and directions for their treatment. Phillips recommended natural-looking shrubberies enclosing flower gardens and separating them from landscaped grounds, and his book gives some idea of the range of suitable plants available for Regency gardeners. Shrubberies with serpentine paths wandering through them, or plantations of shrubs mixed with flowers were used by John Nash in some of his metropolitan schemes and also at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton.

34

PHILLIPS

40

SYLVA

no.urPA-

41

Of all the esotic trees with which we have adorned our Dl&ive gto'el, tbil North Amen. atanda finL We have DO tree that 4

oooeecnted to the gaUUI cl c:bMte love.

The1e proud children o( the daert se not 1smcep&ihle cl the pap wbida Capid ocosiOlll, tmn the mont polilhed inhebitanta cl Europe; nor are *'1 lem delialte in apreitsing their eeutimenta, which. in.tad cl lilltering word., are told by a braoda ol iac:ia in b10880lll. It ia natan1 to MIJl'POl9 tb.t thia seducing langmge ia • well undsltood by the young lllmlge o( the . f'oreA • by the tutored coquette o( the city.

The introduction o( American plmta into Europe made • change in the sylltem o( botany abeolutely __,,. ; for tllmt which Md been arnoged by Tournebt UICI othen, .,.. found imf!C*ible to be applied to the plmta of the new world. Thil tree, when 6nt inwa auf>P<*U to be a lpeciel o( the acacia bown in the mcieat world, became its thorny brancba md winged Ie..es bore resemblance to the F.gyptim thorn, or binding bean-tnie, whida the Greeb called " - • o( ... to lharpen, from wheoee the Llltin ..a.. Bat by the syltem o( u. ll8l!U we dilcover tMt it cannot be ranged in the ume cl-. or order • the true acacia.

It ia tberefure commonly called the £aJ.e -=-cia, while, in America, it is nmned the

=Y•

moreelegantfolilgetblD is pinuated leaves, which appear so Jud1c1ously scattered over the bnuchee that not one obecures it's fellow, and their feathery lightness is ouly smpaaed by the pleasing emerald tints with which they are coloured ; nor are it's bUDches of pendaut papilionaccoW1 bl0$.

80ms less acceptable for succeeding the more gaudy Jabomum, and thua lengthening the charms of spring. 'The sweet perfume with which they scent the surrounding air only makes os regret their short duration ; but to these sncceed pods ofao rich an umber brown, that autumn seems to peep through the veil ii spring, and repay 111 for thel088 of it's oracge-

8ower odour ; whilet the nightingale loves to confide her Dest to thia new inhabitant c( our clim.te, whoee long and strong tborm aeem to insure her family a protection, and lhe deacends to the lower branches to ravish our ean with her sweet melody. " Nor nan! liglata .... but rural sounds

.pn..,-i NlfDre

n.-.r1.....--"

c-n..

We cannot with iuclifrerence behold this tree which the uncivilbed natives of America hare

In this copy there are occasional annotations by a former owner, T. Theodore Bond. Beside Phillips' argument for diminishing poaching by allowing game to be sold, on page 2 54 of volume 1, 'We feel satisfied that if game were allowed to be as publicly sold as venison, we should in a few years hear no more of poachers than we now hear of deer-stealers', Bond wrote firmly: 'You are quite wrong, my dear Sir.'

35

Volume I pages 40-41 A description of the locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia)

J. H. JAUME SAINTHILAIRE Traite des Arbres fores tiers I 824

Frontispiece: H. L. Duhamel du Monceau drawn by Alexis Noel

!it£u-1icl@JJt£Jnccruv. /

'J(/ d

ruttt

ck

If

/Ul/lll{&-

m 700,-411,mb

ck r//r/:ed/ dOL(/u,I

«Ut!J/

tf' 2.'J

twtib tut:t'f.i !Uf'

tbJ

'fJ'2 .

ar![d d

,fQ/Wl/T1Uf .

J.dtrd

tX'

r:tim

IO. JAUME SAINT-HILAIRE, Jean Henri (I772-I845) Traite des Arbres forestiers, ou Histoire et description des arbres indigenes ou naturalises, dont la tige a de trente a cent vingt pieds d'elevation, et sert aux constructions civiles et navales; Par M. Jaume Saint-Hilaire. Ouvrage precede d'une instruction sur la culture des arbres, Par M. Thouin, Professeur au Jardin du Roi, Et ome de figures imprimes en couleur, et retouchees au pinceau. [swelled rule 4. 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez l'auteur, rue Furstemberg, N° 3, Abbaye Saint-Germain. [row of dots 2 cm.] De l'imprimerie de Firmin Didot, rue Jacob, n° 24. [row of dots 1.5 cm.] 1824.

4° 27 x 2I cm. a2 I-34 42 followed by 46 unsigned leaves of text interleaved with the plates and gathered with them

in 8s. iii-iv engravings.

i

2-I20 and a frontispiece and 90 coloured

BINDING: Pink paste-paper-covered boards; uncut.

The uncoloured frontispiece is a portrait of Duhamel du Monceau, drawn by AN (that is, Alexis Noel) and lithographed by Langlume, first used in volume v (I8I9) of the author's Plantes de la France. The stipple engravings, printed in colour and finished by hand, are unsigned, but are based on the author's own drawings, as most of them were also used in the second series of Plantes de la France (I8I9-22), which used his drawings engraved by Dubreuil and Veron.

PLATES:

J

A UME SAINT-HILAIRE was one of the botanists involved in the Nouveau Duhamel (see page I7) and he also produced an encyclopaedic guide to the Plantes de la France in two series from I 80 5 to I 822. Selections from the text and illustrations of this work were used again in two smaller books, a Traite des Arbrisseaux et des Arbustes, published in twenty-two parts collected in two volumes in I 82 5, and the Traite des Arbres forestiers, published in fifteen parts in the previous year. For this reason, although the tree plates are numbered I to 90, the text often refers instead to the plate numbers of the Plantes. The trees are arranged in alphabetical order, from alisier to tulipier, each entry with a description, names in English and Russian, and notes on its cultivation and use. An introduction by the botanist Andre Thouin gives directions on planting and cultivating trees.

II. LOUDON, John Claudius (1783-I843) Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum; or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, Native and Foreign, Hardy and HalfHardy, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described; with their propagation, culture, management, and uses in the arts, in useful and ornamental plantations, and in landscape-gardening; preceded by a historical and geographical outline of the trees and shrubs of temperate climates throughout the world.

By J.C. Loudon, F.L. & HS., &c. Author of the Encyof Gardening and of Agriculture, and Conductor of the Gardener's Magazine. [rule 2. 5 cm.] In eight

volumes: four of letterpress, illustrated by above 2500 engravings; and four of octavo and quarto plates. [wavy line I cm.] Vol. I. History, geography, and science; and descriptions, from to p.

494., inclusive. [rule 2. 5 cm.] London: Printed for the Author; and sold by Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans; the partially coloured and coloured copies, by James Ridgway and Sons. I838.

8° 21 x I3 cm. A 8 [A] 8 a2 a-2c4 2d 2 *B 8 C-H8 I-L• M 8 N4 0-2L8 i-v vi-xxxii *xiii-ccxxx l 2-494.

37

TREES

::E:XPl.ANATORV lltF£RENCJ:S.

xi it

the autumnnl lenvcit ; hetide11 tliu ection1 or the flower11 and fi-uit. These were nll dmwn on for this und, with a few cxceptious, by J, D. c.

Sowerby, Esq., F.L.S., &c. See tlm1 eubject furthcr;,explained in

Volume 1 pages xiii-xiv Signs indicating the size and habit of trees and shrubs

The spccimc1u of foliage placed nt the bottom of tl1c plat.tea of the fuU.

xiv

F.Xrt.ANA1'0RY UEFERF.NCES.

li\l

I ] r-1 "1 f0 f7l W L1J 'l J L1J LLJ l..iJ

o. Climbing

'.'"" ns lhe ck, mnt1111 n111pclop1us, vmc, &c,

DDDDDD

JO. Tmifo1g shrub•, the branches of

of .the tree (generally no onJ wbo only knew the arti1ticnl ilittcrcuces m the aspect of trees), m order to get u more correct idea of what

is cnJled the " touch ."

The portraits of nil the tr<..'CI, both young 11.nJ full grown, were taken chiefly during the months of Augwn, September, and October; but a number were RlRO taken during the winter season, in order to M how the skeleton tree Without ill roJiail[C i IC\'Crnl Spccict being n8 readlly known, t: VCll toll general ol>M:rvcr. when they Rrc nalwd, na when they are clothed with lcnvcs.

AJI the cngruving11 of trees and shrub& given in this Work whether ulong with the text, or in the lrun four volume., have been drawn from rn\turt on purpoiO for it, by com1>etcut artist1, whose ntm1Cj, ru: well WI the numCil or' the pluces, where the trcefl nrc now growing, or grew when their portrniu were taken

IU'C given in the List or Tree• in the Tuble of Contents, P· cliv.; anJ the greatdnumbcr of the original drawings 111oy still be seen in the p<>Mession of the nuthor.

Jn the deacripti,•e pnrt of this Work, under the titles of the chaptel'll anti sometimes under thoilC of tl1 0 sections, nrc given sign!!, intended to u. glo.nce the gcnerul habit o f the trees or shrubs described in that chapter or ACCtion. ThCtlt: represent lo.rgc, small , nnd middlc-aizcd plnnta, nnd arc

nt

adeciduous tree or shrub, the

which he prostru.te on the ground, but do not root into it; such ns mony spt.-eics of willow, l'fstus,&c.

DDQ [J Q D

1 J. Creeping •hrub•, or su'!1 .. ••nJ up shoots from their crt.'Cpmg root.a; rut ma ny species or Spine'a, &c.

The

put before each individual species nnd \'ftricty which

J:[

the Horii.a Brilannfou1, vi:it. : '! Dcciduout tree.

described

t:

! : g:fu:!

.t.. Evergreen creeper.

The sign-' (orl...J, indicating degree or tenJerncse:), added to nny of the nbovc signs in the Table indicates thnt the tree or shnib, in :.he c1imate of London, requires protection during winter, but is considcroJ

of

Rion11 were taken is not stated, the autumn of the ycnr 1834, when the \York wo.s commenced, is to be understood.

All the botanic names throughout the Work nrc accented, nnd hnvc their origin indicated, RI in the Horttrr Briltm11ic111 and the Gartlcru:r'1 Mngfl::inc, The vowcls which are sound<.'tl short Bre marked with nn neutc uccent, thus ('), A'ccras; and those which ore sounded nrc innrked with a grave :tceent, thtll' (•), M A'brus. The origin of each nnmc 111 ind.icntcd thus : where the name hos bocn applied to a plant by the ancients, the first letter i11 in Italic ua Pinu11; where 1t is commcmorntive of some individual, the letters dition:d to the name are in [tnlic, llS Banklin, Lnmbcrtidmr, Douglbii ;

::.

When the name would otherwise be in Italic, as in the case of synonymC! headinr to par11raph11, &c., these distinction1:1 arc of courac rcvcr11eJ, as p;,,,,,' BUM11a, Aillntus. All the other tcienti6c nnmcs, generic or specific, a.re po!ic<l from the Greek or Latin, with the exception of a very few, which ere taken from places: as Arauc8ria, from the country of the Araucanians ; QuCrcus c16ntia, from the estate of A'cer monspelit'!nsis, &c. Further

Grammont;

m. to p. 230., which we recommend the reader to with attention.

In the ooune of tho Work, 11 few exceptions will be found to what is stated

Introduction, p. I. to p. 14., and in Part U. Chap. IV. p.

pcrute

:Jd.:'

where they occur1 or they are considered to be sufficiently obvious.

... Vol. II. From Celastracea:, p. 495., to Apocynacea:, p. 1256., inclusive . ..

11' 2 (-11'2) A4 2M-4M8 4N 8 (-4N6-8) i-iii iv-x 495 4961256. . . . Vol. III. From Asclepiadacea:, p. 1257., to Corylacea:, p. 2030., inclusive ...

A4(±A1, -A4) 4N 8(-4N1-5) 40-6P 8 i-iii iv-v1 1257 1258-2030. ... Vol. IV. From Garryacea:, p. 203 r., to the end .

A4 6Q-8K 8 8L4 i-iii iv-viii 2031 2032-2694. . .. Vol. V. The plates from Magnoliacea: to Leguminosa: inclusive . . .

11'4 i-v vi-viii and 104 plates, 3 of them folding. .. . Vol. VI. The plates from Rosacea: to Oleacea: inclusive . ..

11'4 i-v vi-viii and I IO plates, 3 of them folding.

. . . Vol. VII. The plates from Bignoniacea: to Corylacea: .. .

11'4 i-v vi- viii and 9 5 plates, l I of them folding. . Vol. VIII. The plates from Corylacea: to Cupressma: . . .

A4 B4 i-v vi-viii and 103 plates, 8 of them folding, followed by 1 2-6 7-8 ('General Index to the Plates').

B 1ND ING:

Half green leather, red marbled pa per-covered

boards.

PLATES: Engravings 'Printed from zinc by Day & Haghe', as stated on the plates of volume v and the first few of volume vr, as well as a few later ones. Robert Branston's process for producing relief-etched metal blocks for printing illustrations was used for the large portraits of trees (412 of them) and some of the 2546 text figures. The process has been described by Gavin Bridson

LOUDON by metal as a printing surface, but although it was successfully used in the Arboretum, it seems to have found little favour elsewhere.

in Printmaking in the Service of Botany (1986, page 113).

Branston (fl. 1827-1855) was one of many wood engravers involved in making blocks for printing illustrations.

His process was one of several developed to replace wood xcii

<.:ON'l'EN'l'S.

::5

1

32. sinCnsc Stet. ( t\.

China

•

Tho

Az:ilt•:\.

1h11lrt11i11l1ui1

l.udtl.) • fl".

0 95;, 1149

-

Th e procumb<'nt _.\7..ileo .

J..odJ.

Varieties .:l: l..

and

aw XXIV. LEJOl'ITY'LLUM

Hyb1·ids

" 1149

LJ

2

Torn

.1l 111111,.irsi111· rur1>h , /'11;cllaa StNIJ'/'% .

L ·dmn 1.>u.d.fiJllum llerµ.

A::.ift-1 11111 u,hiflm llmth'l'·

1. /hymifOlium Pt•rs. n..

x. '111t:11• u. uon M'"'· tt.L-J fhr.

fi.!!:· !JG5. 11.J.j.

Th\? 'fhynw.leavNl Liduw l)uri}t'Jiunt lkrg.

I It.()

AJ!.ll NI J.»1rnnt.!. l/ r)rl.

H . d ect\ml..._-n ...

n.

D.111

MS."i . ..:t

. ll!"it}

Lam.

l ,(.f/11·n1.., ·1·11_11ll,.fvb 11m I. IH•rit IJ11JijtHiu l'ur .. h .'<,'amt

A:..1ln1tll'C'u11tl1t"11Mll11r1.

n.

1'1din.n Aur/Nts net yet mlr()(ft((Cd

R.srilltrum

AW

Jtlill.

1l t<Ut"11tr11/•fll,

I l'JO

a L.J m11rrt•H1Jlu Blum.

? R. lrillj:Ji11u1

lJndl.).

(,f, i. 11!1...1

a L.J

ll!>1l

A;;Mru ro>n11r1ri11ijf)lit1 Burm.

R . m 611l!I (;. 1><>11.

L. pro:;tdirrnn

•W

• llSO

A:.ili::111milli1 llluin.

R , l.ourciri1}1111 H. Don . A LJ ... t/Jfe-11m.m:iMt1 l.our.

J.

L. a

1.'u& KALMIA.

• ..,a

( '!ult

·''f/lt't.;trt' Cam .

rari1•/y tt.

1155 • lit.

2

1078. I 151

i:t..

:?. lutifolium . Iii. •

N. Am. f. !)()7. I Jb.i 'flu: broall-lcJ.'""l l..Nlmn. 11r J,a/,nr1/•1J· Trix 1.. lh·t1

Am"ricmi L111t1·d.

N. Amer. f. D5D. 1151

Tho broacl-lcavcr1 Kat min.

J,aurd, Calico Dush. Caliro A mer.

The ('an;ulian L<"llum

K:ilruia.

:.>)

Sheep Lnurd, Amer.

Varir.ty A 2 ovclta Pur:;lt. a

•

1152

Sect. III. ,-, c1\"!f•.10 l).])1111. I l.5G aD •w a.....J !... n. l.. l.......J

•

XXVL VACCl'NIUl\I L. "' • Tun \\'nouT1.1 HrRn\

\" ii i$ idtt•"n T'ourn Afrdl1-. l r llddf'lb1•t•r,._ C.cr.

The glaucous-lcn11ed Kalmia.

0

K. polifuUa Wangh .

Variety n.

- 1152

2 rosmarinifolia Purslt. .._

N. America 1152

.A. L,·nt<r&

Tlw LittJc.!\f1Ttlc./ikt• \\'hort ldx·rrv, or anmH01t

/Jill>t:rru, or JJleabi.:n·g.

•

1157

Variety_..

N. Am. f. 962. 1152

The hairy K/Umla.

K. ct1iaw llartr.

'

I. Myrtmus L .... Europe fi"'. !16!). I lj!i

The wedge.1hapcd-lcaocd Kalmla.

5. hirsuta Walt. •

a:::J 1078. 11 .)6

... l.. l..-l

:i. gla(1ca Ait• .._ N. Amer. f. 961. l IJ2

4. cuncilta Micl1.x. -"'

Am. f. DGI<. l I.')6

3. canndcu. c L odd. ;,,_

2. angustifolia L. • N. Am. f. 960. Ll52 The

N. Amer. f. 966. 115.;

Th e )l.1rsh LC'durn. l..t·du.m. siftosinrmn

11nd :A;::alca

XXI. KA'LMIA L.

1078. I 15J

n.

TnE L.:111·)1 ,

11 00

Specie& qf

flf01mtflf1;,

• 11 1>0

•

XX\:. LE'DlJ:\I L . •

iv. Prnplll(t1tion nnd Cultw·r of I/le half-hardy

I. latifolia L. •

"""'t1.

t1..

.iJ1mJ1,qrtfhu· p>·1)sfr1dn Swt Ly•'•>tl .'HJ'f,

Jl . 1t11f.cim111n Thunh.

R. . mucronri.wm 0. ' "'"'· R. Rnrm:lnnl (i. Don.

North An1crico

. 11:'°

n. f'i'"cm• Tiue . .a i_J

p,.,.,, ,..

1071'. 1154

LEIOl'llYl.1.1 " ·

3 mncriintfmm Oon.'s Jlf;// . ..:k. W

H.

llrit.ain .ind North fig.DU.J,. 11.'.H

I. proc(unhen' /, . "' America

2 baccis albis .»

2. ulimllosum L ..... Europe f. 970. I 157 The bo;;c \\·hortlcberry, or Myrtillu.t Jtrtimli!f Baub.

XXII. MENZIE'SIA Smith. •

1078. 1152

THB J\llJNZlB!IJA.

I. ferrug!nea 8111. !ll N. Am. f.963. 1153 The ru1ty-J101orrrd lllenzl .. ta.

M. urceotari1 Sallib.

2. 'i!obularis Salub. a N. America 1153

3.

v • .Jl. l,y1·1U/m )Uchx.

The tufl.t\(\ \\"horUrlx'rry.

N. America

llSR

Thie t;ak-Uke Whortleht•n,-. \', lfallt1J,.,,,./1Smlth.

AZ<ika pil01a Lam.

M. pildsa Pers.

XXUI. AZA'LEA D. Don. -* THB AZALEA. 1078, Jl53

procVmbclu L . and many

authors.

1lb8

4. ere ·pitosum J.lficf1.r. _,,. N. Amer. I lb 5, galezaH11 Michx. ...

he

.Bilberrg.

Dl'f;f.

6. teLJcllum Ail .... N. Amer. f. 971. 1!5A The delicate Whortleberry.

V. pt!fllf&$Nlt16rtictmt. Lam .

Vcrritty • 1159 7. /igustrinum Mic/..,., ... N. Amer. 11,;9 Tho

Link.

39

Whortleberry·

Volume 1 page xcii A contents page with signs indicating habit

TREES

J

0 H N CLAUDIUS L 0 U D 0 N, the son of a Scottish farmer, made his career south of the border between England and Scotland as a landscape architect, and, almost more important, as a journalist and author, 'the most distinguished gardening author of the age', as Andrew Jackson Downing, his American contemporary, called him. In an overworked life hampered by ill health, the amputation of his right arm in l 825, and many other difficulties, he accomplished far more than most men, even the most energetic Victorian ones. Among his publications the Gardener's Magazine (founded in 1826 and lasting until his death in 1843), the first periodical to concentrate on gardening alone, and the successive editions of his Encyclopcedia of Gardening (first published in l 822) were especially influential in presenting his own well-informed observations on gardens and gardening, collected during his travels in Britain and abroad. The Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, an encyclopaedic description of trees and shrubs growing in Britain, was originally intended to cover all those of the temperate world, but its scope was limited as the book grew 'to more than double the extent originally contemplated'. It was issued in sixty-three

l_. VJlt. •·

Volume v II plate LVIII.E .a. Ulmus americana incisa. The cut-leaved American elm, drawn by H. Le Jeune in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick

I.XI. •·

11.

Tiu t•111-lettt•et/

ih1ll' ritu11

Elin .

200

\tir',t/{lftJIHI,

lJl1111or11111rrir·1i1wi11 c:1t,, ,

'!'Ii(· \1hi1c C'arya, or sl1rll lm rlr llidw1·y Nut.

Volume VII plate Carya alba. The white Carya, or shell bark hickory nut, drawn by L. M artin at Purser's Cross LXI. A.

1.11 ... - . , .....

,,.._._."-·l'On."'-'• ... ,..... l""'-" 1 ... •;ti! U,)

•

..,..,..,..,.'°'",...' "''

LOUDON

monthly parts from January I 83 5 to July I 838, though the preliminary work began at least five years earlier, in 1830, when announcements of its preparation appeared in volume VI of the Gardener's Magazine and the engraving and printing of the illustrations started.

The book begins with a 'general outline of history and geography' before starting on an exhaustive account of each group of trees and shrubs, complete with a full description of each species and variety, its history in Britain, and even notes on remarkable examples growing in individual gardens. 'Portraits of trees in their young and mature state', showing leaves, twigs, fruits, and the outline of leafless, skeleton trees are a special feature of the book. All were drawn from living specimens, many in the Duke of Northumberland's garden at Syon House, not far from Kew Gardens on the southern fringe of London, and the Arboretum is dedicated to the Duke: In dedicating to Your Grace the accompanying Volumes, I am anxious to show how fully I appreciate the encouragement which your ancestors and yourself have always given to gardening pursuits, and more especially to the introduction and cultivation of foreign trees and shrubs. How much the British '-

LXll. ' · . tili.t ,;//)(I, Tile White, or l1 1mt ingtf()tt, Willow.

f11" n.:.tl·lc1Hnl, u,.

:!71

( 'l111r1111h1 1t.

0:11.:.

Volume v II plate L X II. F. Salix alba. T he white, or Huntingdon, willow, drawn by H . W. Jukes on the common at Turnham Green

Volume vm plate Quercus rubra.

T he red-leaved, or champion, oak, drawn

by G. R. Lewis at Syon L XI X. Y.

· - · · .... _........ ...........

4r

... , . . .

..

h

TREES LVI.

B.

Marus nigra.

The black, or common, Mulberry.

Volume vu plate L v1. B Morus nigra . The blackfruited, or common, mulberry tree, drawn by H. Le Jeune in Loddiges' nursery garden at Hackney

H'tt U B•itcl'M.I, 111pw•nW

nld; bi11:l1, wnh fSQ1., 1 i111,tol!: f1 , )

•'"'"" Iii •tem1, 1111d tvl•flU C • ,;:p,,...j.I fr . it,• 00 n

Arboretum is indebted to the noble family of Northumberland, for the introduction of trees and shrubs from America during the last century, is evinced by the Hortus Kewensis, Miller's Dictionary, and other works which record the names of the first introducers of foreign plants; and how various and magnificent are the specimens of foreign trees which exist in the grounds at Syon, the numerous portraits which are given in the Volumes now submitted to the public bear ample testimony.

A number of copies, printed on rather better paper, were issued with the illustrations coloured.

In spite of its quality the book was a financial disaster for Loudon, as his wife explained in the account of his life she published in 1845: Having resolved that all the drawings of trees for the Arboretum should be made from nature, he had seven artists constantly employed, and he was frequently in the open air with them from his breakfast at seven in the morning till he came home to dinner at eight in the evening, having remained the whole of that time without taking the slightest refreshment, and generally without even sitting down. After dinner he resumed the literary part of the work, and continued writing, with me as his amanuensis, till two or three o'clock in the morning. His constitution was naturally very strong, but it was impossible for any human powers to bear for any lengthened period the fatigue he underwent . . . In addition to the large sums in ready money he had paid to the artists and other persons employed during the progress of the Arboretum, he found at its conclusion that he owed ten thousand pounds to the printer, the stationer, and the wood-engraver who had been employed on that work. His creditors, however, did not press him for their money, but gave him a chance of

42

LOUDON

reaping the benefit of his labours at some future time, by consenting to wait until they were paid by the sale.

A second edition appeared in r 844, with two later reprints, while an abbreviated version, An Encyclopcedia of Trees and Shrubs, first appeared in r 842 and was reprinted as late as I 8 8 3. In I 906, in his introduction to the first volume of Elwes and Henry's Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, W T. Thiselton-Dyer, the director of Kew, said of the Arboretum, 'though published more than half a century ago, Ut] must always remain indispensable to any student of the subject.' Eighty years later, that statement is still perfectly true.

867

( 'HAP. X l.11.

Crttl«"!I'•' 1>arvf( blici, C. 1'· fi6ridci . C. p. grossularimfolia, C. virg&W:a, l'. mczictl11a. The smat1.rcnvc<l Thorn, the l'lori<la Thorn, the GooseThorn, th l! Virg ininn Thorn, urnl the L c;.\\'CS un<l fruit of the natnrul size.

Tilorn.

... \

\.

\.

43

,

Volume 11 page 867 The leaves of American hawthorns

AMERICAN TREES

MARIA SIBYLLA

A tulip tree and two butterflies c. 1690

MERI AN

12. MERIAN, Maria Sibylla (1647-1717) [A tulip

tree

(Liriodendron tulipifera) and two butterflies,

38 x 30 cm. Watercolour and gouache on vellum, signed 'M. Sibylla Merlan'.

circa I690.]

A NOTE on the back, 'Tulipifera arbor virginiana catalogus Lugduno Batavo d. Hermans' refers to Paul Hermann's catalogue of the plants in the Leiden Botanic Garden, Horti Academici Lugduno-Batavi Catalogus, which was published in 1687. On page 548 he mentions seeds of the tulip tree sent to him by Jacob Bohart the younger from the Oxford Botanic Garden.

The artist, who lived in the Netherlands from 1685, may have been drawing a tree raised from one of these seeds.

During the years 1699 to 1701 Maria Merian travelled to the Dutch colony of Surinam, where her studies of plants and insects led to the publication of her most famous book, Metamorphosis Insectoru.m Surinamensium, in 1705.

13. FURBER, Robert (c. 1674-1756) [Three Trees, circa I 720.]

Broadsheet. 58 x 47 cm.

{I67I-I740), George I's courtier, on front cover, and that of his decendant Thomas Philip, second Earl de Grey (I 78 I-I 8 59), of Wrest Park, Bedfordshire, on front pastedown, repeating the family coat of arms, with its pair of lively dragons.

BINDING: Bound withfurber's Twelve Months ofFlowers in quarter calf, with contemporary patterned paper boards. Armorial bookplate ofHenry Grey, Duke of Kent

Il 0 BERT FURBER' s nursery garden in Kensington was a leading one of the eighteenth ...n_ century. It is probably best remembered as the source of the flowers and fruit painted so beautifully by Pieter Casteels and issued in the form of coloured engravings-one for each month of the year, showing the flowers or fruits of the season-from 1730 to 1732. In the Oak Spring copy of the Twelve Months of Flowers and the Twelve Plates with Figures of Pru.it the two series are bound together, separated by a broadsheet of three trees, captioned: These 3 Trees Aower'd at the Earle of Pembrokes. The Yollon Tulip Tree at 19 Years old in the year 1720, it bore above 500 Tulips. The White Tulip with ye Fibers green the Leaf ever green with an Aramatic Smel fl.owerd in 9 years but never grows neer so big as the other Tulip tree. The Silke Cotton Tree fl.owerd in l l Years, very beutifull out of the Green Pods the white, not as the Linnen Cotton but bright Shining as Silke, the Cotton when all expanded out of one of these little Pods 47

ROBERT FURBER

A tulip tree, a magnolia, and a silk cotton tree c. 1720

FURBER

takes as much room as a large Walnut, this southern Silke Cotton tree is the first that has flowerd in Europe.

The hand-coloured engraving bears neither an artist's nor an engraver's name.

The earliest European tulip trees (Liriodendron tulipifera) were imported from North America about the middle of the seventeenth century by John Tradescant the younger. Gardeners in England found them hard to propagate, though Furber was more successful. The preface to his 1727 plant catalogue says proudly: I cannot omit mentioning, as being most uncommon, a large Tulip-Tree growing in my Nursery that has blossom'd for several Years very plentifully; from which, notwithstanding some Writers have thought it difficult, I have propagated a great number of Layers, which was never done by any one in England with the like Success; and I have sold several of them which are now thriving, and prosperous.

The so-called 'White Tulip' in the picture is really a magnolia, M. virginiana, another North American import and the first magnolia to be cultivated in Europe, where its almost evergreen leaves and fragrant creamy-white flowers must have made it a desirable new plant. It was sent back to England about 168 8 by the Reverend John Banister, the missionary naturalist, who spent about fifteen years in Virginia before his death in 1692. Many plants native to the region were collected by him for his patron, Henry Compton, the gardening Bishop of London. After the bishop died, in 1713, his gardens and greenhouses at Fulham Palace were neglected and most of his more precious plants were sold, some of them to Furber and other nurserymen.

The third tree, the silk cotton (Bombax ceiba), was introduced from South America in the 1690s. The tree is closely related to the one that produces kapok, and its name comes from the cottony threads that fill the seed-pods.

It seems likely that all three trees were supplied by Furber. Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of Pembroke (c. 1656--1733), whose gardens at Wilton in Wiltshire were the home of the trio of trees, was a great patron of gardening. The 1730 Catalogus Plantarum (see pages 7-8) published by a Society of Gardeners that included Robert Furber, was dedicated to him. He is also listed among the subscribers to Furber's Twelve Months of Flowers: he ordered five sets of the series.

14. GRAY, Christopher (1694-1764) A Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs that will endure the Climate of England. Catalogue d'Arbres et Arbrisseaux Americains qui sa'ccomodent du Climat d'Angleterre. [drca 1737].

39 x 50 cm. A broadsheet with Mark Catesby's engraving of a magnolia (3 I. 5 x 34 cm.) printed between two col-

umns of plant names. A long caption is fitted in below the engraving.

BINDING: Tipped in on page 61 of volume n of Catesby's Natural History of Carolina opposite the coloured plate of the same magnolia there.

49

CHRISTOPH ER GRAY

A Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs 1737

lLT

J

..,

G IA.f/J."JA..I

I

u .

.

• ':.I/, v,;;..,,./J/Mrtt • {. I,:,..E".fl.11t.I.

_,,,,nw

h r11111..1

t j,'11/11U .

.JZ.,,,,,,,{.u.

Jl 7f!JM,,., l lr1,u:umurr , S.,..i·lt •"f..• 'l.tv uJ "'"' /l•t:.r" Jirp'li.r 11.rJr? £,,.1/.bt.I l1mJ. A 'Au.: . • 0

T f.!r1. •. ·.kn.b-. "tr '·"'•·hi"' .?.·fl;:.., 1'JJ u .-.-t

..k .·11 tn;A.//.,..,

7.7; ...Y '

Ir..zdulJ

. --"""·#

:JI..,..•,.:,,

J.u.. ;:..,,_ :;L._t.-...t.·

y ..

J'a-;"J/Jr .L"i'lfl • '

z

J}m,yiM -/,(,. L-.·lh J.·J ,r,;.,.

".Jll/J.•J'ff..ln

....IT./d,·ur

Nr

r•' .k 1";,,.,. ;l.u1:r

Jr/J.·r J'/.1 inJ.r<f.' ;l11u111..r...: ..6.4• /".tl.rl.·-11/ . .lr., ..· Jlllf fdtl A.:Mfrr J,,· .IHl;i'lr/ /I..1LNolk .·11 /.•,, U.'llN ./1"'fW.· bf.-rl/"lt•''1• ' • .•/ /.·. .£• •'•'•' ,.,,-,,.,-•. :JrJ,,/,-.. • 1ltru11J' .

..•

0

4rr.-::

AMERICAN TREES

C

HRISTOPHER GRAY collaborated with Mark Catesby to propagate and sell the American plants Catesby had found during his travels. This catalogue appeared nearly thirty years beforeHortus Britanno-Americanus (1763) later Hortus Europae Americanus (see below), Catesby's own more elaborate account of these plants. Gray's bilingual list was obviously aimed at customers in France and the rest of Europe, as well as England.

The engraving of Magnolia grandiflora, which is clearly based on the same G. D. Ehret drawing as the version in Catesby's Natural History ofCarolina, is signed with the MC monogram of the engraver. The flower described in Gray's caption had been watched carefully by Ehret as the bud grew to its flowering point in the garden of Admiral Sir Charles Wager at Parson's Green, not far from Gray's nursery in Fulham. Ehret 'drew every part of it in order to produce a perfect botanical study', as he said in a letter to his patron, C. J. Trew, on 26 July 1738, and some of these drawings were sent to botanical friends like Trew or Catesby.

Gray's caption makes clear the appeal of the magnolia to eighteenth-century gardeners: Magnolia Altissima &c. The Trunks of these Trees are frequently three feet in diameter and of a proportionate height. They retain their leaves all the Winter. The flowers are White and fragrant, the Colour of the Cone or Seedvessel is red with a mixture of green, and when Mature dischargeth many Scarlet Seeds hanging from the Cone by White threds. This short description with the figure of the Flower and Seedvessel here exhibited gives an Idea I J-.ope Sufficient to determine it the most Elegant Tree that has ever been introduced to Europe. And what adds much to its Esteem is that it endures our Winter Cold in the open Air equally with other Trees, a proof of which is a Tree which in the year I 73 7 produced Blossoms at the Right Honourable Charles Wagers at Parsons greeri, from one of which flowers, the figure here exhibited was drawn in its exact Dimensions.

These Trees with the rest of the Catalogue are to be had of Christopher Gray Nursery Man at Fulham near London.

The rest of the list included, among others, loblolly bay, amelanchier, tulip tree, tupelos, catalpa, dogwoods, sassafras, hickory, walnuts, junipers, oaks, and yuccas, as well as other magnolias and poison ivy. Pairs of letters in the margin direct customers to the Catalogus Plantarum (1730) of the Society of Gardeners, Dillenius' Hortus Elthamensis (1732), and the parts so far published of Catesby's Natural History of Carolina (1729-47). 'The Publisher conceiving it a satisfaction to the Curious has added Marginal references of those Plants in this Catalogue that are deliniated in a few Books ofNaturall History, where may be seen an ample description and figure of them.'

15. CATESBY, Mark (1638-1749) land, and most Parts of Europe, &c. together with Their Blossoms, Fruits and Seeds; Observations on their Culture, Growth, Constitution and Virtues. With directions

Hortus Europa: Americanus: or, A Collection of 85 Curious Trees and Shrubs, The Produce of North America; adapted to The Climates and Soils of Great-Britain, Ire-

52

CATESBY how to collect, pack up, and secure them in their Passage.

Adom'd with 63 figures on 17 copper-plates, large Imperial Quarto. By Mark Catesby, F.R.S. [vignette 4 x 3.5 cm.] London: Printed for J. Millan, near Whitehall.

MDCCLXVII. Price colour'd Il.Ils.6d.

2° 37.5 x 30 cm. 11'2 (-11"2) 211' 2 A-L2 M 2 (-M2) [4] iii-vi 1-41 42 and 17 plates coloured by hand.

B 1N

n 1 N G : Tree calf with gilt borders; rebacked.

Bookplate of Shute Barrington (1734-1826), Bishop of Durham from 1791 and a keen botanist who became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1812. He was the youngest brother of Daines Barrington, one of Gilbert White's correspondents in his Natural History of Selborne.

Most of Catesby's engravings are printed four to a plate, but two plants, Magnolia grandiflora and the cabbage tree, Sabal palmetto, have plates to themselves.

PLATES:

M

ARK CATESBY lived at Williamsburg in Virginia from 1712 to 1719 and visited America again from 1722 to 1726, collecting material for his great Natural History of Carolina, which he published, with difficulty, from 1729 to 1747. His travels and his friends and patrons among London naturalists, including Peter Collinson, Sir Hans Sloane (who made him a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1733), William and James Sherard, and Richard Mead, allowed him to encourage the interest in growing North American trees and shrubs in England. He collaborated with several London nurserymen to propagate and sell his plants. Thomas Fairchild at Hoxton had a fine collection of them, and,. later on, Christopher Gray at Fulham worked closely with Catesby, to the extent of using his large engraving of Magnolia grandiflora as the ¡ centrepiece of A Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs about 1737 (see page 49). This catalogue, using both English and French, makes it clear that the market for American trees and shrubs extended to the rest of Europe, as well as Britain. The original drawing of the magnolia was made by G. D. Ehret from a tree that bloomed in Admiral Sir Charles Wager's garden at Parson's Green (not far from Fulham) in 1737, and versions of it also appeared in the Natural History of Carolina and Hortus Britanno-Americanus, the 1763 first issue of Hortus Europae Americanus. The two issues of the Hortus are identical except for the title-pages; the Library of Congress has a copy of the book that even contains both title-pages.

Catesby was still working on his Hortus not long before he died, but it was not published until fourteen years later, when the printerJohn Ryall issued it with a dedication to Henry Seymer ( 1714-178 5), the Dorset naturalist and a keen cultivator of exotic plants, just like his friends John Fothergill and the Duchess of Portland. When John Millan reissued the Hortus in 1767, changing the title a little to aim it at all Europe and not just Britain, the dedication, signed by Ryall and dated 1763, remained unchanged. The illustrations are closely related to the larger ones of the Natural History of Carolina, but they are not identical, though they seem to have been based on the same preliminary material. The text is also related to the Natural History, but since the Hortus concentrated on plants there was room for more detailed information in the descriptions and the directions for cultivation. The little Hortus has always lived in the shadow of the much more spectacular Natural History of Carolina, but it encapsulated Catesby's knowledge of many new plants, as he said in the preface (pages i and ii):

53

Hortus Europae Americanus 1767 Title-page

MARK CATESBY

HOR TUS EUR OP .LE AMERICA NUS: A

0 R,

Collettion of 8 5 Curious TREES and SHRUBS, _ The

Produce

ADAPTED

The

CLIMATES

IRELAND,

and

TO

of

SoILS

GREAT-BRITA IN,

and mofi Parts of

Their B L o s s o M s, F their CULTURE,

R

EUROPE,

&c.

WITH

TOGETHER

OBSERVATIONS on

A M E R I C A;

of N 0 R T H

uI

T

s and S

E E D

s;

GROWTH, CONSTITUTION and VIRTUES. WITH

DIRECT I 0 NS how to

COLLECT, PACK UP,

Adom'd with 63 FIGURES on

17

and

SECURE

them in their

COPPER-PLATES, large

IMPERIAL

PASSAGE.

Qi!?rto.

By MARK CATESB Y, F.R.S.

L

· Printed for

J.

0

N

D

0

N:

M 1LLA111 near Whltchall. MDCC LXVJI. Price colour'd 1L JJS. 6d.

17b

CATESBY

Hortus Europae Americanus 1767 plate facing page 19 Jove's beard, or the indigo tree, the smilax with red berries, the smilax with briony leaves, the bay-leaved smilax with black berries MARK C ATESBY

By a long acquaintance with the trees and shrubs of America, and a constant attention since for several years to their cultivation here, I have been enabled to make such observations on their constitution, growth and culture, as may render the management of them easy to those who shall be desirous to inrich their country, and give pleasure to themselves, by planting and increasing these beautiful exotics.

Gardeners excited by the descriptions were also told where to buy the plants: 55

AMERICAN TREES

Few people have opportunities of procuring these things from America; wherefore, lest I should seem to treat of what cannot be got at all, or with very great difficulty, it seems proper to mention, that Mr. Gray at Fulham has for many years made it his business to raise and cultivate the plants of America (from whence he has annually fresh supplies) in order to furnish the curious with what they want; and that through his industry and skill a greater variety of American forest-trees and shrubs may be seen in his gardens, than in any other place in England.

16. MARSHALL, Humphry (1722-1801) Arbustrum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States, arranged according to the System. Containing, The particular distinguishing Characters of each Genus, with plain, simple and familiar Descriptions of the Manner of Growth, Appearance, &c. of their several Species and Varieties. Also, some hints of their uses in Medicine, Dyes, and Domestic Oeconomy. [swelled rule 6 cm.] Compiled from actual knowledge and observation, and the assistance of botanical authors, By Humphry Marshall. [swelled rule 6 cm.]

Philadelphia: Printed by Joseph Crukshank, in Marketstreet, between Second and Third-streets. [swelled rule 3 cm.] MDCCLXXXV. 4°19x11 cm. a4 b4c 2 A-X4 Y4(-Y4) (Y2and Y3 bound after a2) i-iv 171 172-174 v vi-xx 1 2-169 170 (index bound with preliminary pages).

BINDING: Modern calf. Signature of William M. Ross on the title-page and occasional notes in the same hand throughout.

H

UMPHRY MARSHALL was a cousin of John Bartram's. He was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he established a botanic garden.at Marshallton in 1774.

William Darlington, Marshall's biographer, described The American Grove as 'the first truly indigenous Botanical Essay published in the Western Hemisphere'. It was dedicated to Benjamin Franklin, at that time president of the American Philosophical Society, and the other members of the Society. The Hunt Institute in Pittsburgh has the copy once owned by Andre Michaux, who continued exploring and cataloguing the range of American trees and shrubs. So great was European interest in these that both French and German translations appeared in 1788.

The book's purpose is described in its preface (pages viii and ix): In this my Countrymen are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered . . . The foreigner, curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for reconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his plantation or garden of our different ornamental flowering shrubs.

Marshall's new plants included the sweet buckeye, Aesculus octandra, an American horse chestnut discovered by him in the Allegheny Mountains in 178 5, and the pecan, Carya illinoinensis, or 'Illinois Hickery . . . said to grow plenty in the neighbourhood of the Illinois river, and

MARSHALL '

'.

ARBUSTRUM AMERICANU M: ':. · 'I:

"

HE

AMERICAN GROVE, OR, AN

ALPHABETICA L CATALOC)VE 0 F

//

FOREST TREES

AND

//

117/u

SHRr/JJS, ./

NATIVES OF THE AMERICAN UNITED STATES, AlllANGED ACCORDING TO Tll£ LllfN.SAN SYSTDI. •

CONTAINING,

The particu lar diJHnguilh ing Charofltrs of each Guros, with plain, fimplc and faw1l iar Defcriptions of the M1J111".er of Growth, Appearance, 6c. of chcir fcveral Srsc1es and V.t.JUBTrEs . ·ALS O, SOME HINTS OF TH£ lll USES IN

MEDICINE, DY E S,

AND

DOMESTIC OECONOM\".

COMPILED FROM ACTUAL OOWLEDG! AND OBSEll.VATro•, UI> THE ASSISTAJllC.I! OF BOTANICAL .AUTHORS,

Bv H U M P H

P ll TL

1\ Y

M A R S H A L L.

A D E L P H I A:

r1INT£J> BY JOSEPH CR.UKSllAIR, Ill lilllUT·STR.EET, BIT'll'EB SECOND .lllD TllllD·STUITI.

other parts to the west'. So far it had been seen only by early explorers in southern and western states. Several of his oaks were new too, among them the post oak, Quercus minor. There is a full account of Franklinia alatamaha too, named by William Bartram in honour of 'that patron of sciences, and truly great and distinguished character'.

Marshall used information from his botanical cousins to supplement Linnaeus: 'The reader is requested to observe that the names of the Species, under which the words Bartram's Catalogue immediately occur, are not found in Linn;eus's Species Plantarum, but are taken from a Sheet Catalogue published by John and William Bartram, Botanists in Kingsessing; containing the names of Forest Trees and Shrubs, growing in, or near their Garden.' In the advertisement on 57

Title-page

AMERICAN TREES

T 0

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Dedication to Benjamin Franklin and the American Philosophical Society

ESQUIRE,

PRESIDENT,

}

JOHN EWING, D. D.

WHITE, D. D. and

Yite-Prifu/mls,

SAMUEL VAUGHAN, Efquire, A N D

TO THE OTHER MEMBERS 0 F

THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, TH IS

ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE 0 F

T HE

FOREST TREES

AND

SHRUBS,

NATlVES of the AMERICAN UNITED STATES, 15 B.ESPECTFULJ.Y DEDICAT&D

BY THE AUTHOR .

page 170 he also offered to supply American plants: 'Boxes of Seeds, and growing Plants, of the Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All orders in this line, directed for Humphry Marshall, of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. Thomas Parke, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to.'

Most of the annotations in this copy concern medicinal uses of some of the plants described, among others barberry, butternut or white walnut, and poison ivy, but a few are comments on specimens seen growing in various gardens.

58

17. MARSHALL, Humphry (1722-1801) Catalogue alphabetique des Arbres et Arbrisseaux, Qui croissent naturellement clans Jes Etats-Unis de l 'Amerique Septentrionale, arranges selon le. Systeme de Linne; contenant Jes caracteres particuliers qui distinguent Jes genres auxquels ils sont rapportes, avec des Descriptions claires & familieres de leur maniere de croitre, de leur forme exterieure, &c., & leurs differentes especes & varietes: on y fait aussi mention de leurs usages en Medecine, & de leur emploi clans !es teintures & l'econornie domestique.

Traduit de l'Anglois, de M. Humphry Marshall, avec des Notes & Observations sur la culture; par M. Uzermes, Adjoint a la Direction des Pepinieres du Roi. [vignette 2 x 2. 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez Cuchet, Libraire, rue & hotel Serpente. [rule 5.5 cm.] M. DCC. LXXXVIIL 8° 22 x 14 cm. '!T4 as b4 A-R 8 S4 i- v vi-vii viii i ii-xxiv 1 2-278 27fr282.

BINDING:

Red paste-paper wrappers; uncut.

CATALOGUE ALPHABETIQUE

DES ARB RES ET ARBRISSEAUX, Q u 1 croilfent naturcllcm<nt dans les Ems-Unis de I'AmC-

rique Septcntrionalc, arranges felon le Syllemcdc LiNNEJ contenant !cs canetercs particulicrs qui diilingucnt Jes genres auxqucls its font rapportes , avec des Dcfcriptions claires & familiCres de leu.r m:initte de croitre , de lcur forme cxtcrieurc , &c. , & !curs dilfercnres cfpeccs &: : on fait auffi !"cnrion de l;urs ufagcs en Mcdecmc ' & de cur cmplot dans !cs tetnrurcs & l' economic domcfbquc.

r.

u rr de rAngZ.u. de M. Hu N l'Hlt :r MA 1t s HA LL, avec des Notts & ObfarYations fur /4 culture; p4r M. LF.z ERM I! s, Adjoint 4 Z..

Dire8ion du Pipinilres du Roi,

:Tlt.tD

• .

.

,

'.A

PARIS,

Chez Cuc RB T ; Li&raire , rue & Mtel Serpcnttl;

.M. DCC. LXXXVIU.

59

Title-page

AMERICAN TREES

T

HE TRANSLATOR, Lezermes, confirmed the interest in American plants among his countrymen: 'Le gout presque general pour les plantations, & l'utilite que doit necessairement procurer une connoissance plus etendue des Arbres & Arbrisseaux de l 'Amerique septentrionale, m'ont determine a dormer au public la traduction du Catalogue de M. Marshall. On y trouvera des especes nouvelles & vraiment interessantes' (page 1). The translation was dedicated to 'Monsieur le Comte de la Billarderie d'Angiviller ... Gouverneur de Rambouillet' who, from 1774, was in charge of Louis XVI's buildings and gardens. He seems to have encouraged the planting of newly imported trees, according to the translator (pages v-vi): Les obligations que le regne vegetal vous a en France, sont connues de taus ceux qui aiment, & qui cultivent la Botanique. C'est a vos soins que sont dues les nombreuses especes d'Arbres utiles & curieux dont elle s'enrichit chaquejour, & qui, transportes de l'Amerique Septentrionale, commencent a se multiplier, tant clans les Pepinieres du Roi, que clans les nouvelles Plantations de Rambouillet, & sous les yeux de Sa Majeste.

The translator also added a note to Marshall's offer to send batches of seeds and plants to buyers overseas: 'Nous savons que plusieurs Particuliers ont deja m;us des envois d'arbres & de graines, expedies par M. Marshall, & qu'ils en ont ete tres-satisfaits.'

An advertisement for Marshall's seeds and plants

A V I S.

M. HUMPHRY

MA RS HALL

de Chclle r t:n Pc::nfylv;.nie , annonce que l'on trouver:i afe pourvoir cJ1e;i; Jui , a Ull prix raifonn aLle , de toutcs !es graincs & plants d'Arbres & Arbriifo•ux qui croifknc foin c!'adrdfer dans les Erats Unis. Ou Jes com millions au Dottcur Thomas P ARKt:, aPhiladeiphic , qui ks lui fera paRer. Nora . No115 favons que phdieurs Paniculieni envois d'arbrcs & de graines, Ont d1•ja expcdic's p::r M. Manllilll, & qu' ib en om

ues-fa1afai1s.

18. MICHAUX, Andre (1746-1802) de la Societe d'Agriculture de Charleston, Caroline meridionale, etc. [swelled rule 8 cm.] A Paris, De l'Imprimerie de Crapelet. An IX-18or.

2° 42.5 x 18.5 cm. '7T 2 l-14 2 i-iv12-78-56 and 36uncoloured engravings.

Histoire des Chenes de l'Amerique, ou Descriptions et Figures de toutes !es especes et varietes de Chenes de l'Amerique Septentrionale, Considerees sous Jes rapports de la Botanique, de leur culture et de leur usage. Par Andre Michaux, Membre associe de l 'Institut national de France,

60

MICHAUX

METHODIQUE

DISPOSITIO

DES CHENES D'AMERIQUE.

l

I,

2.

FEUILLES

lobi.:cs . .. ..

jJJUTIQUES.

Fruits pedoncules. l"ructificalion annuelle. ( bisamwelle dans la 6• es- denlees. · · · J1CCe ).

Clft':NE

c ---

0111' US 1LOll1:.

Pll Jsi; OU A G no s PRU I T .

3. C - - - DLA1'C-AQlTAT1Qt i:.

C: iJ feuilJe, pinnatifiJcs. 4. C - - - JJ - - - - - - - it fcuillcs sinucuscs.

des montagn<s. des lllioois.

Cbcnquapm. \'elu.

--------,---

cntieres...•• 6. CHENE

' ' Enu

de Caroline.

SA UJ,E: a feuilles caduqlles.

- - - - - - - a feuilles persislllntes.

7· CHENE

- - - - - - stoloniJcre.

8. C - - - CENDRil. 9· C - - A LATTES. 10. C - - LAUnrBR:D.fcuillesaiguCs. - - - - i t feuillcs obtuoeo.

FEUILLES A SOJlfllfE1', 0 U COUPURES 1'ERJl11NE'ES l'AR UNE SOIE.

Fruits l'resque sessiles.

Fmctification bisamwelle.

courlcment lobcc>s.

14.

CHf:NE .<Q ATlQUt:.

C - - NOIR. C - - QVERCITRON: a feuilles angnl•uses.

8. feui.llcs gjaUCUS<."S. --C - - TRJLOD i..

16.

CHENE C--

12.

15.

profomlcment 17 . C - 18. C - multifides.

01! BANISTER. YELOUTi:. ut: CATEssv.

NCARLATI!.

l!J.

C---

DES MARAIS.

20.

C--

ROUGE.

from drawings by his brother Henri Joseph (1766-1852).

At this time Redoute was illustrating the work of several leading French botanists. The engravers were Auguste Plee (33) and Louis Sellier (3). In this copy plates 9 and IO are bound in reverse order.

Contemporary half brown calf, patterned paper-covered boards. On the title-page are two stamps, one saying 'U. B. T.' within a laurel wreath, the other 'K. U.B. T. Dublette', that is, duplicate.

BINDING:

PLATES: Of the 36 engravings, 32 are from drawings by Pierre Joseph Redoute (1759-1840) and the other 4 are

61

Page 8 A classification of American oaks

A. MICHAUX Histoire des Chenes de l'Amerique 1801 plate 19 Quercus aquatica, drawn by P. ]. Redoute. 'Found from Maryland to Florida, both in flood plains in Carolina and Georgia, and in dry, sandy places like dunes on the edge of the sea in Florida'

,..,,. 1.1/N .

QUE RC US aquatJca .

MICHAUX

ANDRE MICHAUX was sent to America in 1785 by the French government, which asked him to collect timber trees and plants useful as either food or medicine. Michaux, who had grown up on a farm at Satory belonging to the Versailles estates, was accompanied by his young son, Andre, and a gardener, Paul Saulnier. A nursery garden was established in New Jersey, not far from New York, where Saulnier was to be in charge of a base for collections of plants waiting to be sent back to Europe. During the next ten years thousands of trees collected by Michaux were taken to the royal nurseries at Rambouillet, and a few to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, but the disturbances in France before and during the years of the Revolution meant that relatively few of the new plants survived. Nor could the explorers rely on the promised funds being sent from France to support their work.

A second Michaux nursery was established at Charleston, South Carolina, under the care of Andre until l 790, when he went back to France. Meanwhile his father travelled from Hudson's Bay to Florida and west to the Mississippi in his search for new plants. The Charleston nursery also acted as a centre for the introduction of plants new to America, among them the ginkgo tree.

The elder Michaux returned to France in l 796, surviving a shipwreck on the Dutch coast.

As he received no encouragement for more travels in America, he joined Baudin's expedition to Australia in l 800. On the way south he stopped to explore the botanical riches of Madagascar, where he died in l 802.

By the time his book on American oaks was published Michaux had left France on his last journey. His son, Andre, saw the book through the press, and two forms of it were issued in 1801, the first with only a very short text. The Oak Spring copy is the longer version, illustrating and describing twenty species and sixteen varieties. In the library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, there is a copy with manuscript notes by Andre, as well as proofs and Redoute's original drawings. The botanist Louis Claude Richard also helped to edit the Chenes and Michaux's Flora Boreali-Americana, published two years later after being described in the author's introduction to the book on oaks.

European interest in American oaks was great enough for a German translation to be published in l 802-04 by the Stuttgart botanist Johann Simon Kerner, though he copied only four of the Redoute plates, adding ten of his own. An unillustrated English translation by Walter Wade appeared in Dublin, separately in l 809 and as a section of volume VI of the Transactions of the Dublin Society in l 8 IO. Andre Michaux went back to America in l 802, continuing his father's work as both a collector and a writer by finishing and publishing his Histoire des Arbres forestiers de

l'Amerique septentrionale.

.Pl . .zo .

F. A. MICHAUX

Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l'Amerique 1812 volume 11 plate IO Chamaerops Palmetto, the cabbage tree, a palm 'found farther north than any other species in America', drawn

by Adele Riche

C'HA1'liE.ROPS Palmetto.

19. MICHAUX, Frarn;ois Andre (1770-1855) Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l'Amerique septentrionale, consideres principalement sous les rapports de leur usage dans les arts et de leur introduction dans le commerce, ainsi que d'apres les avantages qu'ils peuvent offrir aux gouvememens en Europe et aux personnes qui veulent former de grandes plantations. Par Andre-Michaux, Membre de la Societe Philosophique americaine de Philadelphie; des Societes d'Agriculture de la meme ville, de celles de Charleston, Caroline meridionale; d'Hollowell, District de Maine; du departement de la Seine, et de Seine-et-Oise. [rule 5. 5 cm.] ... arbore sulcamus maria, terrasque admovemus, arbore exaedificamus tecta. Plinii secundi: Nat. Hist., lib. XII. ['We use trees to plough the seas and bring lands closer together; we use trees for building houses.' rule 5. 5 cm.] Tome I. Paris, De l'Imprimerie de L. Haussmann et d'Hautel. [wavy line 2 cm.] M. D. CCC. X. 8° 25 x 16.5 cm. 11"4 1-184 192 (19:2 + 1) 20-284 29 2 i-viii 1 2-222 223-224 and 24 coloured engravings. ... Tome II. Paris, De l'Imprimerie de L. Haussmann. [wavy line2 cm.] M. D. CCC. XII. 11"2 1-25 4 26 2 (-26:2) 27 2 (-27:2) 27* 4 28-35 4 362 372 (-37:2)

i-iv

1

2-204 [2] 205-278 27ir280 (i.e. 282) and 50 col-

oured engravings. ... Tome III ... M. D. CCC. XIII. 11" 2 1-164 172(-17:2) 17*4 18-214 22 2 (-22:2) 22*4 23-384 392 (-39:2) 39*440-50451 2 i-iv 1 2-126 129-409 410 (i.e.

408) and 64 coloured engravings.

Tree-patterned calf, rebacked, using old spines and labels. All edges gilt. By Zezzio, rue du Fois-S. Jacques, N? 15. Bookplate of Paul Mellon.

BINDING:

PLATES: 138 stipple engravings, printed in colour and finished by hand. The drawings were made by Pancrace Bessa (75), Pierre Joseph Redoute (32), Henri Joseph Redoute (27), Adele Riche (3), and A. Redoute (1), and the originals are now in the library of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. At the time this Histoire was being prepared Bessa and P. J. Redoute were also working on the illustrations for the Nouveau Duhamel (see pages 14, I 7). Many of the engravers concerned-Louis Gabriel (who did the lion's share), R. Bessin, Renard, Boquet and Madame Boquet (Louise Jacquinot), J. N. Joly, Dubreuil, and Cal(l)y-were also working on both books.

A FT ER THE DE AT H

of Andre Michaux his son, Andre, continued to explore ..t-\.. and collect in America. His first visit to the continent was in 178 j, when he accompanied his father and looked after the Charleston garden they established until 1 790, when he returned to France to study medicine and lend his support to the Revolution. On later visits in 1802 and 1806 to 1808 he continued to study the trees of North America. The first fruit of these journeys was his account of his travels west of the Allegheny Mountains, in the states of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, published in French in 1804 and soon after in English and German. In 1805 he produced a Memoire sur la Naturalisation des Arbresforestiers de l'Amerique septentrionale, in which, as well as giving advice on growing North American trees in France, he expressed his anger at the neglect with which the thousands of trees and shrubs he and his father had sent home had been treated in the royal nurseries.

Michaux's major book on North American trees was first published in twenty-four parts, issued in pairs from July 1810 to March 1813, before being collected into three volumes. It was dedicated to the due de Gaete, Minister of Finance, for 'C'est sous les auspices et par les ordres de Votre Excellence, que j 'ai parcouru une troisieme fois les vastes forets de 1J\merique septentrionale.' The first volume is full of pines and firs, walnuts and hickories, the second has over

./'In

Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l'Amerique 1812 volume n plate 22 Nyssa aquatica, the tupelo, drawn by Adele Riche. 'The Tupelo begins to appear in the lower parts of New Hampshire ... but it is most abundant in the southern parts of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It is called indiscriminately Tupelo, Gum Tree, Sour Gum and Peperidge' F. A. MICHAUX

-

Aquati<'a . /

' vJ;'f'(' (,, .

MICHAUX

twenty oaks, with maples, birches, beeches, chestnuts, and nyssas among other groups, while the magnolias are in the third volume, with robinias, the tulip tree, the catalpa, and many others.

Although so many of the plants that the Michaux, father and son, sent back to France were allowed to die when they got there, the observations of both men, collected in this book, made available more information about American trees and their native habitat than any earlier description. For the greater part of the nineteenth century, in its French or English version, it remained the standard account of transatlantic trees . The French version also gave the English names of the trees, and an appendix described the uses of native woods in various parts of the country.

20. MICHAUX, Fram;ois Andre (1770-1855) The North American Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, Considered particularly with respect to their use in the Arts, and their introduction into Commerce; to which is added a description of the most useful of the European forest trees. Illustrated by 156 coloured engravings. Translated from the French of F. Andrew Michaux, Member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia; Corespondent [sic] of the Institute of France; Member of the Agricultural Societies of Charleston, S.C., Philadelphia and Massachusetts; Honorary Member of the Historical, Literary and Philosophical Societies of New York. [rule 5 cm.] ... arbore sulcamus maria, terrasque admovemus, arbore ex:edificamus tecta. Plinii secundi: Nat. Hist., lib.

XII. ['We use trees to plough the seas and bring lands closer together; we use trees for building houses.'] [rule 5 cm.] Vol. I. [oval vignette 3 x 2 cm. showing Michauxia campanuloides] Paris, Printed by C. d'Hautel. [wavy line 2 cm.] 1819.

8° 24.5 x 15 cm. 'TT 2 2'TT 4 1-144 18-33 4 34 2 (-34:2) 35 4 36 4 (-36:4) 37-494 [6] i-iii iv-v vi I 2-112 (numbered 112136) 137-274, 277-385 (numbered 383) 386 and 74 (of 75) coloured engravings, lacking the plate (number 52) and part of the description· (pages 275-276) of the small magnolia.

. . . Correspondent . . . Vol. 11 . .. r-164 172 18-274 28 2 (-28:2) 29-53 4 542 i-iv I 2-417 418 and Sr coloured engravings (numbered 76-156). '!T 2

Half modern brown morocco, marbled paper-covered boards.

BINDING:

stipple engravings, printed in colour and retouched by hand, the artists and engravers as in the edition in French published a few years earlier. Pancrace Bessa contributed all the extra plates, except perhaps one (plate 29, the common European walnut) which is unsigned.

PLATES: r 56

N.

:e. The Engluh

edition of the North American Sylva was an-

nounced in six numb= As it has been judged useful to add a few

figures and descriptions to those at first proposed, it is boped the subsaiberswill not be di.pleased that a difTettnt dh·won bas been adopted; it was othe,,..ise impossible to increase the number of plates, as the lowest price had been fixed upon the work. :O.li°'ing that it would be more agreeable lo the ttadtr to ba.-e the text of an uniform composition, the lint number has been reprinted and is delivettd as a complement to the seventh.

F. A. MICHAUX.

AUGUSTUS L. HILLHOUSE's translation of F. A. Michaux's book on American ..tl.. trees was dedicated to the translator's father, Senator James Hillhouse. As the translator's preface says: 'The author of the North American Sylva has made me the most grateful return in his power, for the pains I have bestowed on his publication, by requesting me to dedicate it to my father.' Augustus Hillhouse also added an account of the European olive (volume II, pages

Volume I A note about the English edition

AMERICAN TREES

.

c:uliaritie1 which

11re

unauthorized hy taste - not r,

PBEPACE. 0111

deference to the critics, but lo th e laws of criticii111.

Volume I pages iv-v An extract from the translator's preface

Our language , in its purity, is copious an<I flcxibk enough to be always susceptible of accuracy and grace.

The aulhor or this valuable work will, I hope , be in. duced to complete it bya practical treatise on the form• tion and management of forests. That branch of economy, which is admirably de\'eloped in Fran ce an<I Ger.

V

formation which he jastly considers as of great practical utility, has executed this edition at an expense which ill comports with the modest fortune of a man of letters.

It would not become us to accept such a present from an individual. While we allow Education among ourselves to loiter in the porch of Science, and consent to receive from strangers that knowledge of our own country which they should receive from us-for our reputaticn - let us, al least, reward their seniccs.

man y, must soon commaod allention in the United Stales. Though three fourths of onr soil arc still vi·iled from the eye of day by primeval forests , the he;t ..,.. terials for building are nearly exhau sted : with oil tht projected improvements in oar inlc.-nal nal'if;:ll.ioa,

Besides his personal merit, the Author of the Syl•a h as hereditary claims upon our gratitude.

A. L . H. Citiua. of the Uni led Slaltt.

whence shall we procure supplies of Limber, fiO y yc>r. h ence, for the <:onlinu.::mce of our marine ? Tht• most urgenl motives call imperiously upon the .government to provide a scosonablr.remedy for the evil : from 0 · go"""" mcut like ours, which is the faithfu l expression or 1b1 public wm' and which has no concern but the pro;pcrity and honour of lbe nation, prospccti"c wi, dom is demanded.

I hu·c no pecuniary interest in this publica1iun , and may tbertfore express my solicituJc for its Sll';ccs . Mr. Michaux-actuated no doubt by a mixed moti,·e-Je;ir· ous of rendering his name familiar to a people who m he respects, and anxious Lo possess them of a borly of in·

50-88) which is concluded with a note: 'The preceding article was written at the request of Mr. Michaux, for whom I seize with pleasure an opportunity of expressing my esteem; justice obliges me to avow that it has not had the benefit of his revision.'

The English edition of the Sylva was originally planned in six half-volumes, but a seventh was added to help accommodate the extra plates and the corresponding text. The hiatus in the pagination of volume r, in which page r r 2 is numbered l l 2- l 36, is explained by the substitution of Hillhouse's shorter translation for the one, presumably Michaux's own, used in the first issue of the book. The gap is bridged by one page bearing the numbers of all the superfluous ones, so that the pagination of the later parts is not affected. The first issue was in three volumes, the seven parts appearing from 1817 to 1819. The text was then divided into only two volumes, with the pages renumbered to reflect the new division.

68

BROWNE

Most of the extra plates and text in the translated edition are explained by the inclusion of common European trees recommended as useful imports into suitable parts of America, though a few new American trees are added too, like 'the Yellow Wood of Tennessee and the Ohio Buckeye'. Michaux offered his readers 'an acquaintance with the properties of the American plants and with the uses of the forest trees' rather than 'the progress of botanical knowledge, and the embellishment of European gardens', which had been the main aims of several earlier botanical explorers in America. His work, based on the collections and travels made by his father as well as himself, remained the standard book on American trees until Charles Singer Sargent's Silva of North America was published from l 89 l to l 902. The Paris editions of Michaux in English were followed during the next half-century by many more printed in America. The first American version, printed in Philadelphia in 1841, had three supplementary volumes by Thomas Nuttall, adding descriptions of trees from Oregon, California, and the Rocky Mountains.

2r. BROWNE, Daniel Jay (.fl. 1804-1861) The Sylva Americana; or A Description of the Forest Trees indigenous to the United States, practically and botanically considered. Illustrated by more than one hundred engravings. By D.]. Browne. [rule 2 cm.] ... arbore sulcamus maria, terrasque admovemus arbore exaedificamus tecta. Plinii Secundi: Nat. Hist., lib. xii. ['We use trees to plough the seas and bring lands closer together; we use trees for building houses.'] [rule 2 cm. ] Boston: Published by William Hyde & Co. M DCCC XXXII. 4° 21. 5 x 13. 5 cm. i42- 514 i-v vi-vii viii 9 l0-408 and a lithographed frontispiece.

Half brown calf, embossed paper-covered boards. Bookplates of Howard Willis Preston and the New York Horticultural Society (Bequest of Kenneth K. Mackenzie, October 1934). Signature of'Edward Appleton, Boston, l 839' on flyleaf.

BINDING:

The frontispiece of a grove among trees, with deer feeding, was drawn by Edwards and lithographed

by Annin, Smith & Co. l IO woodcut figures are distributed through the text.

PLATES:

CELTIS. Polyg:unia

L1sN. HACK BERRY.

Urticcm.

Jc s.

Tonic, a

Celtis crassifolia.

The banks o ware above I mny be conside north-east limit < berry. East of tains it is restri narrow boundari stranger to the of Virginia and t southern state! abundant ou th< the Susquehann the Potomac. It 2 multiplied, in ti Country in all PLATE xrx. that stretch alon1 Fig. I. A leaf.

The fruit. and wherever fertile throughout Kentucky and Tennessee. On th

HE SYLVA AMERICANA was compiled by D. J. Browne to encourage treeplanting, for 'Every tree we plant adds to the entertainment, which we are preparing for future years, for ourselves, our friends and our country.' Farmers were a specific target: 'The

T

Page l 33 'Hack Berry . .. is abundant on the banks of the Susquehanna and the Potomac'

AMERICAN TREES

Page I 56 'Blue Ash .. . is found only in Tennessee, Kentucky and the southern parts of Ohio.

It requires the richest soil to bring this tree to perfection' Page 307 'Downy Lime Tree ... belongs to the southern parts of the United States and the Floridas'

BLUE

Asu.

DowNY LIME TaEE.

Frrn:inus r11u1drangulata.

The Blue Ash i! to the Atlantic pa uited States, am only in Tennessee, an<l the so uthern pa It requires the rid bring this tree to I The blue ash : exceeds GO or 7 height and 18 or in diameter. Its : from 12 to 18 inâ&#x20AC;˘ and are compose three or four pair with an odd or !'LATE XXX. leaflets arc large, Fig. I. A Jcuflet. Fig. 2. TJ1c seed. ovnl-acuminate, toothed and supported by short petioles. The young l

Tlilia pubescen.

The Down: belongs to the of th e United Floridas. It : erence on th rivers and la where the soi fertile, but nc inundation. 1 tiplied, and cc not taken noti inhabitants ; f. and because species of its maritime part: linas and of G l'LA'rE XCVI!.

Fig. J. A lenf. l''ig. 2 Tho fruit. received DO SJ ination, and is simply called Li,me Tree, to which"

author . . . has been anxious to render his work acceptable to the great body of American agriculturalists, whom he most ardently entreats to tum their attention to the delightful and important pursuit of Arboriculture.' Browne himself was a farmer and a traveller, who studied agricultural development in the West Indies, Europe, and South America. In his own country he spent the years from 1853 to 1859 as Agricultural Clerk in the Patent Office, and he wrote several books on various aspects of farming.

His Sylva was dedicated to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 'whose zealous and enlightened efforts have so greatly contributed to the advancement of horticulture in this country' . The Society, founded in l 829, established an experimental garden in l 8 3 3, near Mount Auburn cemetery in Boston. Browne disclaimed any 'high originality', but 'consulted the most judicious ancient and modem works on the subject' to compile an account of individual trees and their wood, each description illustrated by a leaf and a fruit or seed. A short section on vegetable physiology begins the book. Among the authors listed in the note on his sources are Evelyn, Erasmus Darwin (Phytologia), Philip Miller (Gardeners Dictionary), Duhamel, Michaux, and Loudon. He even echoed Michaux's quotation from Pliny on his title-page.

An expanded version of the Sylva, under the name of Trees of America, appeared in three or four editions from 1843 to 1857.

Page 349 Tools for working with trees: a moor planter, a diamond dibble, a mattock, and a planter

a d

PLATE cvm.

INDIVIDU AL TREES

J. DU CHOUL De varia Quercus Historia I 55 5 Binding: actual size

70

DE VARIA Q_VERC

v

S

GLANS l'AGI

-iY

GLANS

GLANS HBMEIUDIS S'VBEBJS

OLAltl INDI£

22.

DU CHOUL,

Jean (fl. 1555-1565)

De Varia Quercus Historia. Accessit Pylati Montis descriptio. Authore lo. du Choul G.F. Lugdunensi. [crest 5. 5 x 4 cm.] Lugduni, Apud Gulielmum Rouillium. [rule 1.5 cm. j l 555· 8°

15

x

IO

cm. a-h 8

BINDING: Brown calf, gilt decoration on front and back within a blind-stamped border.

PLATES: Pages 68 to 7 1 are filled with woodcuts of seeds and leaves of oaks, chestnuts, and other trees, and there are decorated initials and bands of printers' flowers at the start of each section.

1-2 3-109110-126.

73

Page 70 Beechmast and acorns

INDIVIDUAL TREES

J

EAN DU CHOUL, physician, naturalist, and philosopher, lived in Lyons, where his book was printed and published. It was his first production, and also the first to be devoted to oaks alone. In it he collected descriptions of the trees and their symbolic significance from classical authors and later writers, and illustrated them with a few woodcut figures. His description of Mont Pilat, a little south-west of Lyons, was interesting enough to be reprinted in the same year by the Swiss naturalist, Conrad Gesner, in his De Raris et Admirandis Herbis, which also mentioned Mont Pilat in the course of describing luminescent alpine plants and the growth of 'alpinism', that is, climbing for pleasure. Du Choul's account of the mountain was translated into French and reprinted in I 868 by Etienne Mulsant.

A year after the book on oaks du Choul published a treatise on ants, flies, butterflies, and spiders, and in I 565 a Dialogue de la ville et des champs, with a supplementary Epistre de la sobre vie.

23. L'HERITIER DE BRUTELLE, Charles Louis (1746-1800) Car. Lud. L'Heritier, Dom. de Brutelle, in Auli Juvam.

Paris. Reg. Consil. Cornus. Specimen botanicum sistens descriptiones et icones specierum corni minus cognitarum. [five classical quotations about Comus printed in parallel columns divided by a vertical rule 5 cm. long; see below for translations] Et saepe alterius ramos impune videmus Vertere in alterius, mutatamque insita mala Ferre pirum, et prunis lapidosa rubescere Coma. [rule 2 cm.] At myrtus validis hasti.libus, et bona hello Comus: (Virg.

Georg.) Apta freti.s abies, bellis accommoda Comus. [rule 2 cm.] Victum infelicem baccas, lapidosque Coma Dant rami. [rule 2 cm.] Conjecto sternit jaculo, volat Itala Cornus. (Virg. JEneid.) [swelled rule 5 cm.] Parisiis, Typis Petri-Francisci Didot. Prostat [bracket 3. 5 cm.] Parisiis, apud [bracket 1. 5 cm.] Ludovicum Nicolaum Prevost, Theophilum Barrois, [bracket I. 5 cm.] vii quam vocant

Quai des Augustins. Londini, apud Petrum Elmsly, Viennae, apud Rudolphum Graeffer, Argentorati, apud Amandum Koenig, [bracket 2 cm.] Bibliopolas. [rule 7 cm.] I788.

I 0 52 x 34 cm. 9 unsigned leaves of text numbered i-ii I-I5 16 followed by 6 engravings in duplicate, the ones coloured by hand followed by uncoloured copies.

BINDING: Bound with L'Heritier's Geraniologia (I78']88) in tan morocco with gilt borders.

PLATES: Three are by Pierre Joseph Redoute, three by Louis Freret (fl. I787-I809). Both artists and all four engravers Uacques Juillet did three plates, Pierre Maleuvre, Hubert, and Devisse one each) were also working on the author's larger book, Stirpes Novae [I785-9I].

O

N.LY A TITLE-PAGE of this huge size could take five quotations without looking crowded. The first two are from Virgil's Georgics II: ' 'Tis usual now, an Inmate Graff to see, with Insolence invade a Foreign Tree: Thus Pears and Quinces from the Crabtree come; And thus the ruddy Comel bears the Plum' and 'The War, from stubborn Myrtle, Shafts receivesFrom Comels, Jav'lins' as translated byJohn Dryden in I697. The other three are all said to come from the Aeneid, but the first of the trio belongs elsewhere, in Claudian De Raptu Proserpince 11: 'There grows the pine, useful for seafaring, the comel-tree for weapons of war.' The other two are from the Aeneid III and IX, also translated by Dryden: 'Comels and salvage Berries of the 74

c AR.

Lu D. L' HE R IT I E R

Dom.

DE

BR.UT ELLE,

in

C. L. L'HERITIER DE

c

u

R N

0

n

S P E C l ?\l E '\

BRUTELLE

0 T

Title-page

S. I C tT :\1

\

· 1sTEXS

DESC RIPTJ O'\ ES ET S P E C J E R {; ;\[

Ft

C 0 G '\ r T \. R L \I.

\Jl'\LS

rnmll'-t impunc- \·Hh:mu ...

Apt<.L frt•ti!.o 11hi("S. hdJi.., afcommo<la ( omu·

Yt.•rtC'rt" in :\hl'riu ... 111al;\l,'u11qth' in-.i1a 111:1h

Ft"rl"C pirut\l. Cl pruni;'> lapidn ... a

...c,•n.•

((,n:a.

\ 'ittlllH

n..-m

lnrdicc•tn

l,1pido ....1quC'

n.,,,,,

r:tn1i.

Coni<.'<'tO .. tc;rnit iat"ulu, ,olou Iuila

< r,

... c...,,,,. J

I S,

P A R I S T Y P J S

p Prostat

I RI' I IS,

Lo'

apucl

I' E T I\ l - l· R \ :'\ C I ;:, C l l. c • 'I

11 o \ 1 c: t ''

il

apud p I· T IL l \I E I. ' " " \ nptul R l u 0 I. l' II '' (; I\ ' !\ T 0 K ,\ ., I ' apu<l \ \ ' I) L' \I

01 r-1,

PR 1' 1· o

\ 1rn1. 1 L \I \I

\ILR<>I', •

\"I >'. l\" ;I'

1: F F E 11 •

A R c;

"

u Ii

'

I (; '

1788.

s T ,

D I D 0 T.

11.1

<1ua1n

Q11ai d,s A11g,11stins.

Cornus r788

INDIVIDUAL TREES

Wood, And Roots and Herbs have been my meagre Food' and 'Fix'd in the Wound th'Italian Cornel stood.'

L'Heritier, an eminent amateur botanist, described and classified many plants new to Europe, as his larger books show. He met the young Redoute at the Jardin du Roi in Paris in 1784 and became both a patron and a teacher, though he was so well aware of the artist's contribution to his books that he described him as 'l'associe inseparable de la tache que j 'ai aremplir'. Of the six species of Cornus (cornels or dogwoods) illustrated and described in this monograph, only one, Cornus canadensis (see frontispiece), is still known by the Latin name he gave it, as the others had been labelled before, mostly by Philip Miller in the eighth edition of his Gardeners Dictionary ( l 768). C. canadensis had been sent back to France about fifteen years earlier from Miquelon, just off Newfoundland, by Louis Le Monnier. The pictures fared better, for five of the six are the first ones on record of the species concerned. The book was actually issued early in 1789, with fascicles of two of L'Heritier's other books, Sertum Anglicum part 1 and Stirpes Novae part v. The Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris has a similar copy with coloured and plain plates, as well as one printed on vellum and another on large paper.

L'Heritier visited Sir Joseph Banks when he was in London during 1786 and 1787 and he followed Banks' example in building up a fine library of natural history. His own books are beautifully printed, often, as in this case, by Pierre Frarn;ois Didot, one of a famous dynasty of printers.

24. RICHE, Adele (1791-1887) Paulownia imperialis [circa 1840]. Watercolour on vellum 41 x 32.5 cm. Signed 'Adele Riche'.

ADELE RI CHE was the daughter of one of the gardeners at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris .1-\.. and studied there with Gerard van Spaendonck, the Dutchman who taught flower-painting at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle and had both Redoute brothers among his students. She contributed drawings of plants to the Annales of the Museum and also a few plates to Michaux's Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l'Amerique (see pages 64, 66). She also exhibited watercolours of flowers at the Paris Salon intermittently from 1819 to 1833 and added about forty studies of plants on vellum to the Museum collection of them, apparently with Pierre Joseph Redoute's approval.

The paulownia (now called P. tomentosa or the empress tree) was introduced from China to Europe in the 1830s and named in honour of Anna Paulowna (1795-1865), daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia. Its flowers, pale lilac in colour and smelling of violets, look rather like those of the catalpa and have made it a popular ornamental tree.

ADELE RICHE

Paulownia imperialis

.

.

'

./

I

.··'.fH Ji.

INDIVIDUAL TREES

25. [FORBES, James (1773-1861)]

An inscription on the fly-leaf recording the Duke of Bedford's gift of this copy to]. C. Loudon

Salictum Woburnense: or, A Catalogue of Willows, indigenous and foreign, in the collection of the Duke of Bedford, at Woburn Abbey; systematically arranged. [rule 3 cm.]-Genus haud unum, nee fortibus ulmis, Nee Salici. Virgil. Georg. II. 83. ['Lotes, Willows, Elms, have diff'rent Forms allow'd,' translated by John Dryden, 1697]. [rule 3 cm.] M.DCCC.XXIX. 4° 26. 5 x l 7. 5 cm. a 4 b 4 c2 B-20 4 2P4( - 2P 4) i-iii iv-xvi xvii-xx 1 l-294 and a frontispiece and 140 other lithographs, coloured.

Dark green morocco, gilt borders and spine; all edges gilt. Bound by]. Leighton, Brewer Street, London. Inscription on fly-leaf: 'To]. C. Loudon Esq. from the Duke of Bedford.' Although Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (see page 37) did not appear until 1838, he was already a leading writer on horticulture. A printed slip stuck to the fly-leaf reads 'Of this work fifty copies only have been printed.'

/

,,...-- - . I

/

r.

-

BINDING:

PLATES:

The folding frontispiece is signed by the artist

H . W Burgess and the printer Charles Hullmandel. The caption reads 'Johnson's Willow, Destroyed by a Storm Apr! 28 l 829' and the book's preface explains that this willow, at Lichfield, was believed to have been planted by Dr Johnson. The other 140 lithographs of willows are all signed by the artist R. C. Stratfold and may have been printed by Hullmandel, though he did not sign them.

J

AMES F 0 RB ES was the Scottish head gardener to John Russell, sixth Duke of Bedford, at Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire. The Duke's interest in natural history led to his election as a Fellow of the Linnean Society in l 8 l 6; his gardener became an Associate of the same Society in 1832. The Duke was also concerned in discussions held during the 1830s on the encouragement of Kew's role as the leading national botanic garden.

Many newly introduced trees were planted at Woburn, and catalogued in Forbes' Pinetum Woburnense (1839) as well as this earlier book on Woburn's willows, described in the author's preface (pages xiii and xiv): The Catalogue comprises all the foreign and indigenous Willows that could possibly be procured in England, many of which are new and nondescript plants; at least, if described, I could not identify the plant with the description of any of the authors to which I had recourse; and descriptions cannot but be sometimes difficult to judge from, owing to the resemblance of many of the tribe to each other ... His Grace, being fully aware of their valuable properties, has laid out two extensive plantations of the most esteemed sorts, besides those that are cultivated in the Salictum in his Pleasure-ground.

Willow wood was used for tools and willow bark for tanning. The young shoots of various willows still provide osiers for basket-making, while the wood of the cricket-bat willow, Salix coerulea, is still used for the best bats.

FORBES Salictum Woburnense 1829 plate facing page 5 I Salix praecox, the earlyftowering willow, a native of Switzerland and the South of France, drawn by R. C. Strat-

J.

fold

INDIVIDUAL TREES

26. WITHERS, William (fl. I826-I842) Y 5 and Y6) 2B 8 2C 4 2D 8 2E 2 i-viiviii-xxxixxxii 1 2-362 *363-*393 *394 363-4I I 412.

The Acacia Tree, Robinia pseudo acacia: its growth, qualities, and uses. With observations on planting, manuring, and pruning. By W. Withers, Holt, Norfolk, author of a memoir on the planting and rearing of forest-trees, etc., etc. London, Longman, Orme, Rees, Brown, and Longmans, Paternoster-row. Holt: James Shalders. I 842.

8° 22.5 x I3-5 cm. a 8 b--c4 B-X 8 Y 8 (+*Y-*2B 8 between

BINDING: Dark green publisher's cloth, blind stamped. from Inscribed on fly-leaf 'LO. Howard Taylor C. S. IO Mar. I 884.'

TI 0 BIN I A PS EU D 0 ACACIA, still known as acacia or false acacia in Britain,

was among the earliest North American trees sent back to Europe, for it was being grown in Paris about 1600 by Jean Robin (1550-1629), the royal gardener, after whom it was given its Latin name. The tree settled down well, for now it has escaped from cultivation and is found in

the wild in many parts of Europe.

In the 1820s William Cobbett encouraged gardeners to plant the tree in England, for the sake of its strong wood, but twenty years later Withers' book was still trying to convert more planters to the cause. It was dedicated to the Duke of Portland and published by subscription, so the author found some support. He had also presented a memoir on the subject to the Society of Arts in l 826- the Society gave premiums for a number of years to those engaged in large-scale tree-planting-and followed this up with letters to Sir Walter Scott and Sir Henry Steuart (see page 129), both great planters in Scotland, though the former is better known as a writer.

The book's preface makes its purpose clear: The Acacia Tree, or as it is erroneously but too commonly called, the Locust Tree of America ... is, notwithstanding all that has been written or said of it, but very imperfectly known in Britain ... The author having long been satisfied ... that the Acacia as a timber-tree is invaluable, and that its absence from our groves and forests is a serious loss to the nation, determined to collect all the evid,ence that lay scattered abroad, to embody it, and to present it to the public in general.

This he did, translating letters and extracts from French writers, including Andre Michaux, and adding to them English observations from Alexander Hunter's edition of Evelyn onwards, supplementing the compilation with an 'Essay on the Planting and Management of Trees'.

Cobbett, the pioneer, was given credit in the introduction (pages xxiv-xxv): The subject of the Acacia has been discussed at length in "The Woodlands," by Mr. Cobbett [see page 134]. The author has drawn largely from this fruitful source; and it is but just to acknowledge, that the information ... is conveyed in language, the zeal of which stamps him, as what in truth he was,

80

w. WITHERS The Acacia Tree 1842 Binding, showing blind-stamped pattern

INDIVIDUAL TREES

the apostle of the cause which he so strenuously advocated. The planter, whatever the prejudiced may say to the contrary, is much indebted to Mr. Cobbett for the truly practical instructions which he has given on this subject, so important in rural economy.

An advertisement for Withers' Letter to Sir Walter Scott EARLY IN

WILL DE PUBLISHBD,

Price 48.

A LETTER TO

SIR WALTER SCOTT, BARONET,

•• REPLY TO CERTAIN PARTS OP UIS LATE

ESSAY ON THE PLANTING OF WASTE LAND: 1uo.,.uco, raoM THI

STATE OF ONE OF THE PUBLIC FORESTS ANO OTllER\VlSE, TUI

GREAT LOSS AND DISAPPOINTMENT OUU.Al.t.'I' ATTUfOUfO TH•

SCOTCH STYLE OF PLANTING, A1'D QIVIJ(O IKVS&AL PAOOfl OP

THE SUCCESS AND CERTAIN PROFIT, " 'hkla lourlablr follo• the

•rad u;atiaral Sy1tcm r«omrntnded b1 the A1tlbor; AND CONTAINll'fO

013SERVATIONS Oft' TUI

DISTANCE AT WIDCH TREES SHOULD BE PLANTJID, AND OOMMUNIOA.TIONS TO THI: AUTHOR, FROM GENTLEMEN OP EXPERIENCE ON THE SUBJECT OF

PRUNING AND THINNING PLANTATIONS, W'ITll

MAXIMS FOR PROFITABLE PLANTING.

BY W. WITHERS. llOLT, P&!ITIU »Y JAHU IBAl.OIU, AlfD !OLD ay MKUU, LOIG,.AI AKO CO, lfOITl&-&0" 1 .LO!U>OJC.

82

27.

WILLIAMS, Edward (fl. 1650)

Virginias Discovery ofSilke-Wormes, with their benefit.

And the Implanting of Mulberry Trees. Also the dressing and keeping of Vines, for the rich Trade of making Wines there Together with The making of the Saw-mill, very usefull in Virginia, for cutting of Timber and Clapboard, to build withall, and its conversion to other as profitable Uses. [vignette of two deer 5.5 x 3.5 cm.; rule] London,

J

Printed by T.H. for John Stephenson, at the Signe of the Sun, below Ludgate. 1650.

4° 17 x 13 cm. A4(-A1) B-K4 Lâ&#x20AC;˘(-L4) i-vi 1-'75 76-78 including 5 unsigned full-page woodcuts of raising silkworms, reeling silk, and building a saw-mill.

BINDING: Contemporary calf. Bookplate of Paul Mellon. Signature of T. Molyneux on page I.

AMES I, King of England, following the French example of encouraging the manufacture of silk, sent a letter to the Lords Lieutenant of the shires of England in November 1608, announcing the distribution of 10,000 mulberry trees to each county town, the trees to be sold to those who wanted them at six shillings a hundred or three farthings a single plant. He also promised 'a plaine instruction and direction' for growing mulberries and breeding silk-worms, probably referring to Instructions for the Increasing ofMulberie Trees, and the Breeding ofSilke-Wormes, for the Making of Silke in this Kingdome, almost certainly by William Stallenge, which was published the following year. The colonists ofJamestown in Virginia followed the King's lead and tried to establish first the necessary mulberry trees and then the cultivation of silk-worms.

Edward Digges presented some Virginia silk to King Charles II in London in 1661. From 1621 for about two hundred years American experiments continued in Virginia, Carolina, Georgia, Connecticut, and other states, but little or no silk was made until about 1830, a few years after the introduction of the silk-worms' favourite mulberry, Morus alba var. multicaulis, in 1826, from China via the Philippines and France. The arrival of this tree was the signal for the start of about twenty years' enthusiastic speculation in both mulberries and silk.

Edward Williams dedicated his book on silk-worms 'To all the Virginia Merchants, Adventurers, and Planters . . . No Countrey under the Sunne is lesse ingratefull then Virginia, if she be but justly courted ... What Riches may not the Silke-worme, Vine, Olive, and Almond afford us?' L. H. Bailey, in his Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits (third edition, 1911, page 128) has shown that the book was actually the work ofJohn Ferrar of Little Gidding, the village in Cambridgeshire where his brother, Nicholas Ferrar, led a community devoted to prayer and charity, which is commemorated in one of T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets, first published in 1944.

Williams certainly wrote another little book on Virginia, two editions of which were published in London in the same year, with the Discovery of Silke-Wormes appended to the second, as well as being issued separately. In spite of his interest in the colony, he may never have visited it.

The book starts with directions for growing mulberry trees and collecting their leaves. 'The lodging of the silke wormes' comes next, with instructions about their treatment, diseases, and

INDIVIDUAL TREES

Page I 4 A rack of leaves and worms

Page 74 'The Saw-mill, an Engine wherewith by force of a wheele in the water, to cut Timber with great speed'

winding silk from their cocoons. A 'Treatise of the Vine' takes up nearly half the book (pages 3 I to 60), beginning with the statement: 'That the use of the Vine is really intended by nature for Virginia, those infinite store of Grapes which crowne the forehead of that happy Countrey are so many speaking Testimonies.' Vines are followed more briefly by olives, especially their oil, nutmeg oil, almonds, figs, pomegranates, quinces, methods of drying fruit (grapes, figs, peaches, and apricots), seasons for sowing seeds, and an explanation of the saw-mill.

28. COBB, Jonathan Holmes (1799-1882) A Manual containing information respecting the growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable directions for the Culture of Silk, in three parts. [rule r.s cm.] By ]. H. Cobb, A.M. [rule 1.5 cm.] Published by direction of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a resolve of the Commonwealth. [rule o. 5 cm.] Ostendens hujus muneris

usum. Vida in Bombyx. ['Look at the silkworm to show the use of this occupation.'] [swelled rule I cm.] Boston, Carter, Henden and Babcock. MDCCCXXXI. r2°r8xri.5cm. r-5 6 64 i-iiiiv-x1112-68 andafrontispiece and 2 other lithographs.

COBB lars and cocoons, and plate III, of mechanisms for reeling silk, are inserted opposite pages 33 and 67. All are signed by [W S. and]. B.] Pendleton of Boston, pioneer lithographers there, and plates I and II are coloured.

BINDING: Quarter cloth, buff paper sides, the front printed with the same wording as the title-page.

Plate II, showing the leaves of three kinds of mulberry, is bound as the frontispiece; plate I, of caterpil-

PLATES:

J

ONATHAN COBB, a lawyer from Dedham, Massachusetts, was an early contributor to the flood of books that accompanied the silk frenzy of the I 830s. 'In preparing this Manual the author has been guided by the personal experience which he has had for several years in the culture of the Mulberry tree, and rearing of Silk Worms in the State of Massachusetts.' His manual was so popular that four editions of it were issued by 1839, and Congress ordered two

/>/.,.17'>: I .

;J

8:, l't,t1 't

"'

I

'°

-

........ /i'41,/

.

}i_f .T

85

Plate I facing page 33 The life cycle of the ¡ silkworm

INDIVIDUAL TREES

thousand copies for distribution. In I 837 he established a silk-spinning mill at Dedham, producing sewing silk and ribbons, but the factory was destroyed by fire in I 844.

The large-leaved, easily propagated Chinese mulberry, Morus alba var. multicaulis, was imported from France in 1826 to the Linnaean Gardens nursery of William Prince and Son, at Flushing, Long Island. The year before Congress had directed attention to silk manufacture. The Secretary of the Treasury and the Senate both published manuals on the subject in 1828, for there was some hope of making silk a profitable export to Europe. The governing bodies of several states discussed the possibility, and public meetings were held to encourage more general interest.

Between I 828 and I 844 nearly twenty books about silk-worms and their food were published, some in several editions. Mulberries to feed the silk-worms were planted wherever peaches were grown, but it soon became clear that mulberry trees were less hardy. By I 840 many of them had been killed by cold and disease, and a severe winter in I 844 destroyed the last plantations in the north, as well as the promise of a growing industry. cocoons generally, if it come otf thick, cold water must be added until the proper temperature be attained. The gum is taken out of the silk by boiling it in soap suds.

Page 59 A footnote about D aniel Webster's curtains. The M assachusetts senator, who is often confused with Noah Webster, the founding father of the great American dictionary, seems to have been encouraging local industry

â&#x20AC;˘ The fringe of the curtJins in tho house of Hon. Dtnie1 Webster of Boston, was m1de by !\fr Brown from silk railed by me and reeled in my filu.ture.- ED.

29. KENRICK, William (1795-1872) The American Silk Grower's Guide; or the Art of Raising the Mulberry and Silk, and the system of successive crops in each season. Second edition, enlarged and improved. [rule 2. 5 cm .] By William Kenrick. [rule 2. 5 cm.] Boston:

Weeks, Jordan & Co., 121 Washington street. 1839.

8°17x10.5cm. 142-u 8 i-iiiivvviviiviii910-167168.

BINDING : Original dark brown cloth. Jonathan Child Rochester N . Y.' inscribed on flyleaf

W

ILLIAM KENRICK inherited the nursery at Newton, near Boston, founded by his father John in 1790. He specialized in fruit, and the last page of the book has an advertisement: 'Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Mulberries, &c. Nursery of William Kenrick. The Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees for 1839 is now ready, and will be sent to all who apply. It comprises a most extensive selection of the superior varieties ... Mulberries, the trees genuine 86

KENRICK

and fine, at prices fair, and varying with the size and the quality which may be desired.' Kenrick also wrote The New American Orchardist (l 833), soon after he had introduced the Beurre Bose pear from Van Mons in Belgium.

The first edition of his Silk Grower's Guide appeared in 1835, for during that decade he and other nurserymen grew quantities of mulberries to meet the demand from those attempting to raise silk-worms. The book summarizes the history of silk and its manufacture, describing the kinds of silk-worm and the varieties of mulberries, whether grown in plantations or hedges.

There are many quotations from French and Italian sources, and a couple of references to Madame Parmentier, the wife of the nurseryman Andre, of Brooklyn. 'Madame Parmentier has found on trial at her late establishment at Brooklyn, New York, that the silk-worms left seven other species of the mulberry to feed on this [sc. the Chinese mulberry, Morus alba var. multicaulis]' (pages 38-39) and 'In Tuscany, ... so fine is their climate, that two crops of silk are annually produced. The same has been effected by Mrs. Parmentier at Brooklyn, on Long Island' (page 13 l) .

Kenrick gives credit to James I's encouragement of planting mulberries and raising silkworms, an enthusiasm transmitted from England to Virginia early in the seventeenth century by the Virginia Company of London. Thereafter, Americans persisted in attempts to make silk: 'At Philadelphia, Dr. Franklin had already established a filature, when the war of the revolution commenced' (page l 53). There are descriptions of contemporary silk mills on page 155, including those at Poughkeepsie, New York, and Northampton, Dedham, and Boston, Massachusetts.

The Dedham factory belonged to Jonathan Cobb (see page 84) and the one at Boston was making braid and from 800 to 1200 bonnets a week.

PIEDMONTESE REEL.

Page 92 A Piedmontese reel

INDIVIDUAL TREES

30. JULIEN, Stanislas, translator (1797-1873) [four Chinese ideograms] Resume des principaux traites chinois sur la culture des muriers et !'education des versa soie traduit par Stanislas Julien Membre de l'Institut Professeur de langue et de litterature chinoises au College de France [rule r. 5 cm.] Publie par order du Ministre des Travaux publics de !'agriculture et du commerce [swelled rule 3 cm.] Paris Imprimerie royale (rule l cm.]

MDCCCXXXVII. 8° 2r.5 x 13.5 cm. A 8 B4 l-14 8 i-vii viii-xxii xxiii-xxiv 1-3 4-224 and 12 engravings, 2 of them folding . · BINDING:

Title-page

covered boards. Label of 'Benjamin Dupont, Libraire de l'Institut, de la Bibliotheque imperiale etc. Langues et Litteratures orientales. Paris, Cloitre-Saint-Benoit, 7'. Inscription on fly-leaf 'A M. Le Ministre de !'Instruction Publique, Hommage du Traducteur, StilJulien'.

PLATES: Of the folding plates, one contains Chinese ideograms, the other a literal translation set out in the same pattern. The IO unsigned, uncoloured engravings at the end of the book, based on Chinese originals, illustrate equipment and processes used in the culture of silkworms.

Quarter red leather, speckled grey paper-

RESUME DES PRINCIPAUX TRAITES CHJNOIS LA

CULTURE DES MURIERS ET L'ED CATIO

DES VERSA

som

PAR STANISLAS JULIEN DE llll(lt'!!\S&l' ll lll!: LANll UE f,l DY,

AU COL L EGE OF. 'fU.NCP'

PU81,lf PAR 01\01\t DC MINISTl\E OE D1 1: AGl\lf.Ul.Tl RF.

£T

na

Tf\A\AUX

<:0\1\IF.RCE

PARlS li\IPRIMERTE ROYALE MDCCC'XXXl'll

88

JULIEN

Plate 3 Baskets to carry mulberry leaves and an instrument for chopping them

AC C 0 RD ING to the introduction, the text is part of a large treatise on¡ agriculture, in ..tl. which the best-known instructions on cultivating mulberries and raising silk-worms were collected, but the translation was amended to take account of developments since its publication. The book was commissioned by the French government in an effort to improve the silk industry in its own country. The introduction contributed by Camille Beauvais, who had been experimenting with Chinese methods, makes it clear that further exploration of them ought to benefit practice in France, as the Minister in charge hoped.

The translator, Stanislas Julien, though unacquainted with either agriculture or the culture of silk, concentrated on producing a faithful version of his literary sources, most of which were written in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. The cultivation of mulberry trees, with a description of the more important kinds, takes up the first section of the book, followed by the treatment of silk-worms, a description of the insects in the wild, and an explanation of the contents of the plates. An Italian translation of his book was published in the same year.

INDIVIDUAL TREES

31. [MINISCALCHI, Conte Aloysius] Mororurn libri III. Carminum liber. [vignette of mulberry twigs 7.5 x 10.5 cm.] Veronae MDCCLXVIII!. [heavy rule 8 cm.; rule 5 cm.] Apud Haeredem Augustini Carattoni Typographum Seminarii; Superiorem Auctoritate.

4° 24.5 x 17.5 cm. A-Z4 2A6 i-viii 12-186187-188 including 8 etched vignettes.

Contemporary vellum; all edges red. Inscription on fly-leaf from Marcantonio Miniscalchi, the author's son, to Conte Giambattisto Giovio 'in segno di rispetto & di vera arnicizia' dated 1769.

BINDING:

PLATES: The twigs on the title-page are unsigned. The dedication medallion is by Francesco Lorenzi (17231787), a local history painter, and possibly engraved by Lorenzo Lorenzi, who was both engraver and priest. Two vignettes are attached to each book of the mulberry poem, all engraved by Dionigi Valesi (fl. 1737-1766) of Parma, who also drew the three on pages 1, 41, and 83 showing tree-planting, tending young trees, and picking mulberries. The other three, showing branches and tools, are all signed by 'Dom. Cignaroli', possibly a relation of Gianbettino Cignaroli (1706-1770?), another local painter.

T

HE BOOK is dedicated to Maximilian Joseph, Duke ofBojaria. About two-thirds of it (as far as page 125) are taken up by a poem on mulberry trees, followed by several shorter pieces of occasional verse on subjects ranging from weddings and funerals to the death of a pet dog. The main virtue of the verse is the opportunity it gave for an elegant piece of printing, accompanied by attractive little vignettes. A copy in the Library of Congress has these etchings coloured, but it seems a pity to add colour to these delicate little drawings.

Page 37 A mulberry branch and tools, drawn

by D. Cignaroli

90

MO RO RU M LIB R . I

I I I.

CAR MIN UM L I

B E R.

I

V ER 0 NAE a1 :::> 1 :::> ca L x

v r I r r.

Apud Haeredem Auguftini Carattoni T1Posraphum Seminar ii ; S1'ptrior11.m Auctorit11 tt.

CONTE A. MINISCALCH I

Mororum . . . I 769 Title-page with a vignette of mulberry twigs

PLANTIN G

SY LV A Or

JOHN EVELYN

Sylva

1670 Title-page

A D I SC

b UR.SE Of

FOREST-TREES, AND THE

Propagation of Timber in His 1

MAJESTIE S Dominions.

As it was Deliver'd in the ROTAL SOCIETT the

1Cvtli of Otioher, CI8I::>CLXl I. upon occafion of certain !l!!.tries propounded to that Ifluftrious AJ{embl], by the Hol101<rable the Principal Officers, and Com,.iJ!iantrsof the N""J•

To which is annexed PO M 0 N A; Or , An A,pmJix Fruit·Trm in rclati:>n to CIDER The Mai:fng, and fever all waycsof OrJering iu

i

p,,b/ifo1J b7 •xpref[t Order of the R 0 YA L S 0 CI ET Y. ALSO

zt.l.LERDJIRJ.'VM ROR:rERSE; Or, the GarJ'-s ..ilmHU: Dire&ing Jrhat he Mi to do MOtUbl7 throughout rhe T•11r.

All which fcveral Trwifes are in this SECOND E DlT ION much I11/11rr.1c and Improt11J BT

J0 H N

E V E L Y N Efq; Fellow of the ROTAL SOCIETT. --7.lll;m 1111ti911alouilul:7 ar1i1 a11f• ml•Jtr• f0111ti1.

lfWttliw,

tll,,,.,

Virg.

LONDON,

Printed for Jo,M11r1111,and J•.AUejlrJ,Printe rs tothe RoJ11l SuciltJ MDCLXX.

32. EVELYN, John (1620-1706) Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. As it was Deliver'd in the Royal Society the xvth of October, MDCLXII. upon occasion of certain Qmeries propounded to that Illustrious Assembly by the Honourable the Principal Officers, and Commissioners of the Navy. [rule] To which is annexed Pomona; Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit-Trees in relation to Cider; The Making, and severall wayes of Ordering it. Published by expresse Order of the Royal Society. Also Kalendarium Hortense; Or, the Gard'ners Almanac; Directing what he is to do Monthly throughout the Year. [rule] All which several Treatises are in this Second Edition much Inlarged and Improved by John Evelyn Esq; Fellow of the Royal Society. [rule]-Tibi res antiqme laudis & artis Ingredior, tamos ausus recludere fonteis. Virg. [Georgics 11. 'For thee my tuneful Accents will I raise, And treat of Arts disclos'd in Ancient Days: Once more unlock for thee the sacred Spring,' translated by John Dryden, 1697) [rule; coat of arms of the Royal Society 9.5 x 8.5 cm.; rule] London, Printed for Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society. MDCLXX. 4° 30 x 19.5 cm. '11' 2 a-12 C 2 D-Y4 Z4(Z3+*Z1) 2A-2I4 2K2 i-xlviii 1-44 53-172 171-247 248 (i.e. 242; no text is missing).

tion to Cider, The Making, and several ways of Ordering it. [rule] Virg. Eclog. ix. -Carpent tua Poma nepotes. ['Thy Children's Children shall enjoy the fruit,' translated

by John Dryden, 1697) [rule; vignette 4 x 4 cm. with motto 'Thou shalt labor for peace & plentie'; rule) London, Printed by John Martyn and James Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society. MDCLXX. A 2 B-I4 K 2 i-iv 1-67 68.

Kalendarium Hortense: or The Gardners Almanac; Directing what He is to do Monethly, throughout the Year.

And what Fruits and Flowers are in Prime. [rule] The Third Edition, with many useful Additions. ByJohnEvelyn, Esq; Fellow of the Royal Society. [rule] Virg. Geo. 2. -Labor actus in orbem. ['Much labour is requir'd in Trees,' translated by John Dryden, 1697) [rule; vignette 4 x 2.5 cm.; rule] London, Printed by John Martin and James Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society, MDCLXIX. 2A4 B4 2C-2D4 2E2 1-4 5-33 34-36 (2E2r lists errata for all sections of the volume).

BINDING:

Halfleather, rebacked, brown boards. Armo-

rial bookplates of Sir Edward William Watkin (18191901), a railway promoter and Liberal MP for Manchester, on front paste-down, and Sir Henry Mainwaring, Bart. on back paste-down. Bound by E. Bartons, London.

Each later section has its own title-page and pagination: Pomona, or an Appendix concerning Fruit-Trees, In rela-

J

OHN EVELYN's Sylva has been described by Blanche Henrey as 'the first important book to be published in this country [i.e. Britain] on forest trees'. In 1662, after the Restoration, the Commissioners of the Navy consulted the newly founded Royal Society (established in 1660 and named by Evelyn in print in 1661) about encouraging the replacement of depleted stocks of trees to provide timber for ships. As a founder member with a profound interest in gardening, among many other subjects, Evelyn was one of four Fellows of the Society asked to comment on the problem; one of the others was John Winthrop the younger (16o<r1676), Governor of Connecticut. Evelyn was also given the task of making a book of the material collected, supplemented by his own observations. The result was so favourably received that its printing was ordered, an operation delayed until late in 1663, when the Royal Society chose its

95

PLANTING

Sylva page 22 The 'German-devil', a contraption for removing stumps

Pomona page 66 The cider press recommended to the Royal Society by Robert Hooke

printers. The first edition appeared early in 1664, complete with the Society's imprimatur to launch its first book, and enlarged by one appendix on fruit trees and cider-making (once again prompted by the Society's discussions) and another which was the first version of Kalendarium Hortense, a gardener's almanac, later published separately over and over again. During the author's life Sylva went through four expanding editions, followed by a fifth in l 729. The fourth one ( l 706) changed the spelling of the title from Sylva to Silva .

Although the title-page of the second edition is dated 1670, it was published late in 1669, for Evelyn's diary records giving the Royal Society its copy on 8 December of that year. The book's success was thoroughly appreciated by its author, as he makes clear in the extended dedication to King Charles II in the second edition, dated from Says-Court, Evelyn's house at Deptford, 24 August l 669: This Second Edition of Sylva, after more than a Thousand Copies had been Bought up, and dispers'd of the First Impression, in much lesse time than two Years space (which Book-sellers assure us is a very extraordinary thing in Volumes of this bulk) comes now again to pay its Homage to your Serene Majesty .. . It has been the sole Occasion of furnishing your almost exhausted Dominions, with more (I dare say) than two Millions of Timber-Trees; besides infinite Others that have been Propagated within the three Nations, at the Instigation, and by the Direction of this Work; and that the Author of it is able (if need require) to make it out, by a competent Volume of Letters, and acknowledgments, which are come to his hands from several Persons of the most eminent quality.

Pomona, dedicated to the Lord High Treasurer, Thomas Wriothesley, fourth Earl of Southampton (1607-1667) was not much less influential, according to a note in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dated l 5 November 1669, welcoming the second edition, for

EVELYN

it 'hath already encourag'd the plantation of many hundreds of nurseries, or orchards in England, which by this time begin to reward the industrious owners with a salubrious liquor, perhaps more agreeable to our English temperament, than the grapes of some countries do afford'. The other contributors to Pomona include Dr John Beale, a native of Herefordshire and a constant champion of his county's apples and cider.

During the 1650s Evelyn had occupied himself with a great gardening encyclopaedia, Elysium Britannicum, which was never published, though sections of it were extracted to adorn successive editions of Sylva. Kalendarium Hortense was the first of these. Its second edition of 1666 was a separate one and carried a dedication to Abraham Cowley (1618-1667), poet, physician, gardener, and another early Fellow of the Royal Society. This dedication, to which Cowley's poem The Garden was a response, was incorporated in all later editions of the Kalendarium, though in this third edition it remains uncorrected and still refers to 'This Second Edition'.

Evelyn's advice to gardeners was practical enough, even in the introduction: 'As Paradise (though of Gods own Planting) was no longer Paradise, thou the man was put into it, to dress it and to keep it; so nor will our Gardens (as near as we can contrive them to the resemblance of that blessed Abode) remain long in their perfection, unless they are also continually cultivated.'

The 1669/70 Sylva, with the author's full name on the title-page (the first edition had only his initials there though the dedication was signed ']. Evelyn') also contains other borrowings from parts of the Elysium manuscript, in particular the long section on groves of trees and their symbolic or religious significance. Acetaria, Evelyn's 'discourse of sallets' published separately in 1699 and tacked on to the fourth edition of Silva in 1706, was still another section of the Elysium.

Sylva page 76 From the chapter on the birch: tapping the sap of the tree as a basis for birch wine, 'a most rich Cordial, curing (as I am told) Consumptions, and such interior Diseases as accompany the Stones in the Bladder or Reins'

97

EVELYN & HUNTER

Silva 1786 volume I frontispiece: John Evelyn drawn by Francesco Bartolozzi

33. EVELYN,John (1620-1706) and HUNTER, Alexander (1729-1809) Silva: or, A Discourse of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in his Majesty's Dominions: As it was delivered in the Royal Society On the 15th Day of October, 1662, Upon Occasion of certain Qmeries propounded to that illustrious Assembly, by the Honourable the Principal Officers and Commissioners of the Navy.

Together with An Historical Account of the Sacredness and Use of Standing Groves. [rule] ByJohn Evelyn, Esq; Fellow of the Royal Society. With Notes by A. Hunter, M.D. F.R.S. [rule] A New Edition. To which is added the Terra: A Philosophical Discourse of Earth. [rule] Volume I. [double rule] York: Printed by A. Ward for ]. Dodsley, Pall-Mall; T. Cadell, in the Strand;]. Robson, New Bond-Street; and R. Baldwin, Pater-noster-Row, London:]. Todd, York. [rule 3 cm.] M.DCC.LXXXVI. 4° 30 x 23 cm. a-f4 A-2R4 2S 2 i-xlvi 1 2-311312-324 and an uncoloured frontispiece, 28 engravings coloured by hand, and a folding table. ... Volume II ...

A-2X2 2Y2 (-2Y2) i-iv 1 2-343 344-354 and 13 engravings coloured by hand, and a folding table.

11' 2

Terra has its own title-page and pagination: Terra: Philosophical Discourse of Earth. Relating to the Culture and Improvement of it for Vegetation, and the

Propagation of Plants, as it was presented to the Royal Society. By J. Evelyn, Esq; F.R.S. With notes By A. Hunter, M.D. F.R.S. [double rule, upper one heavier] York: Printed by A. Ward, for J. Dodsley, Pall-Mall; T. Cadell, in the Strand; ]. Robson, New Bond-Street; and R. Baldwin, Pater-noster-Row, London: J. Todd, York. [rule 3 cm.] M.DCC.LXXXVI. a4 A-K4 i-viii 1 2-'74 75-78 and an engraving coloured by hand and a folding table.

Tree calf with gilded borders, decorated spines. Signature and armorial bookplate ofJohn Riddell.

BINDING:

PLATES: Volume 1: the frontispiece portrait ofJohn Evelyn is drawn and engraved by Francesco Bartolozzi, the 28 engravings of trees by John Miller. The folding table lists the parts of fructification of the trees described in the book. Volume 11: 9 of the engravings are drawn and engraved by John Miller, 2 of the Greendale Oak are drawn

by S. H. Grimm and engraved by A. Rooker and Thomas Vivares, and the others are unsigned. All the engravings in both volumes are dated 1January 1776. Another copy of the table at the end of volume 1 is included in volume 11.

Terra has its own folding table of sands and days, as well as an engraving of the Tartarian Lamb or Barometz, drawn and engraved by J. Halfpenny.

T

HE VALUE of Silva as a treatise on arboriculture, backed up by historical details to supplement the advice on cultivation, was confirmed yet again by the version with annotations by Alexander Hunter first published in York, Edinburgh, and London in 1776, with four later editions between 1786 and 1825, when the wars with France had once again strained the resources of British forests to provide wood for ship-building. Hunter was a Scottish doctor who settled in York in 1763. There he helped to establish a lunatic asylum and became the

institution's physician in 1777, as well as carrying on his private practice. He also helped to found

the Agricultural Society of York in 1770, and published some of the papers read to this society, several by himself, in four volumes of Georgical Essays from 1770 to 1772, with a later edition, enlarged by many more of his own essays, in 1803 and 1804.

Hunter's version of Silva added extensive notes, and virtually doubled the size of Evelyn's text, with about forty engravings of trees to add to its attractions. References to the best eighteenth-century authorities lead the reader to the work of Linnaeus, Stephen Hales, Richard Bradley, Philip Miller, William Hanbury, Duhamel du Monceau, Buffon, and Pehr Kalm.

99

r,,.,$,

EVELYN & HUNTER

Silva 1786 volume 1 plate facing page I 7 5 White beam tree drawn

by John Miller. 'This tree rises to the height of thirty feet, and grows naturally upon the chalky hills of Kent, Surry, and Sussex'

,

J.

EVELYN AND HUNTER

Hunter's friend, William Speechly, sent an account of the Duke of Portland's planting at Welbeck (dated 16 June 1775) which is printed on pages 86--96 of volume I, though the same author's method of raising pineapples, promised in Hunter's preface, was not 'inserted at the end of the second Book'. Perhaps Speechly decided to save this for his own Treatise on the Culture of the Pine Apple, first published in 1779 in York, where Dr Hunter apparently kept an eye on its printing.

The book is dedicated to John Evelyn's great-great-grandson, Sir Frederick Evelyn of Wotton, and a portrait of the original author, drawn and engraved by Francesco Bartolozzi, forms the frontispiece. Most of the other illustrations are engraved byJohn Miller (that is, Johann Sebastian Muller) from his own originals. Two of the drawings of the Greendale Oak in volume 11, engraved by A. Rooker and Thomas Vivares, are by Samuel Hieronymus Grimm, the Swiss landscape painter who spent the latter part of his life in England. Grimm drew the Greendale Oak at Welbeck, the Duke of Portland's estate, in 1775, according to the Duke's head gardener, William Speechly. Grimm's other commissions in England included one from Gilbert White, and his drawings adorn the first edition of The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (l 789).

Coloured copies of the first edition of Hunter's Silva are very rare; the British Library has no coloured one, though the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris does. Coloured second editions, though still not common, are a little less rare.

William Boutcher, in his Treatise on Forest-Trees (I775; see page u7) welcomed the prospect of Hunter's Silva and echoed once more the general opinion of Evelyn's work: I must here express the sensible pleasure I feel, from hearing a fine impression of his Silva, with notes by some gentlemen of approved learning, and knowledge of gardening, is now printing .... The additions and remarks ... with the other essential improvements that will apparently be made, must render it the most valuable book on the subject ever appeared. His just encomiums on the pleasures and advantages arising from well-cultivated plantations, if attentively read by young men of education and fortune, must animate all but the most tasteless and dull to the pursuits of gardening.

The second edition of Hunter's version added Evelyn's Terra, which had first been printed in the third edition of Sylva in I679.

34. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, Henri Louis (1700-1782) Des Semis et Plantations des Arbres, et de leur culture; ou Methodes pour multiplier et clever les Arbres, les planter en Massifs & en Avenues; former les Forets & les Bois; les entretenir, & retablir ceux qui sont degrades: Faisant partie du Traite complet des Bois & des Forets. Par M. Duhamel du Monceau, de l'Academie Royale des Sciences; de la

Societe Royale de Londres; de l'.Academie Imperiale de Petersbourg; des Academies de Palerme et de Honoraire de la Societe d'Edimbourg & de l'.Academie de Marine; Inspecteur General de la Marine. Ouvrage enrichi de Figures en taille-douce. [decoration I x 3. 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez H.L. Guerin & L.F. Delatour, rue Saint

IOI

A

ll

'

"-

-

Des Semis et Plantations des Arbres I 760 plate v r between pages 252 and 253 Packing and planting young trees

H. L . DUHAMEL

n

-

i, '

.....

--

D

Pi9.

D

7"'

n

D

-

I

ol

Des Semis et Plantations des Arbres 1 760 plate x II between pages 326 and 32 7 Training trees and burning ground H. L. DUHAMEL

F[_17 . llf .

I

PLANTING Jacques, a Saint Thomas d'Aquin. [double rule, upper one heavier, 7 cm.] M . DCC. LX. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. 4° 25 x 19.5 cm. 7r 2 a-k4 A-3B4 a-c4 d 2 a 2 b4(-b4) [4] i ii-lxxx 1-383 384 1-27 28 I-IO and 17 folding engravings. (The two separate sequences of page numbers at the end refer to the supplements to the Traite des Arbres et Arbustes (1755) and the Traite de la Physique des Arbres (1758) issued with this volume.)

BINDING :

Half dark green leather, green cloth.

All but one of the unsigned engravings illustrate the propagation, planting, and training of trees, as well as designing plantations and building arbours. The last one, 'Chamaerhododendros', belongs to the addition to the Traite des Arbres et Arbustes. There is also an engraved vignette of tree-planting in progress at the beginning of the preface.

PLATES :

D

UHAMEL gave the comprehensive title of Traite complet des Bois et des Forets to a series of books describing all aspects of trees and their cultivation. The series began in l 7 55 with the two volumes of his Traite des Arbres et Arbustes (see page 8), followed in 1758 by two more on La Physique des Arbres, that is, their natural history, one on Semis et Plantations in 1760, another pair De ['Exploitation des Bois in 1764, and the last part, Du Transport, in 1767-eight volumes in all. Duhamel's tree-planting on both his own estates and his brother's provided the practical experience behind his books, as he explained in the preface to Semis et Plantations: L'Ouvrage que je presente aujourd'hui au Public n'est pas le fruit de l'imagination, ni une suite de consequences tirees d'une theorie trap generale, qui pourroit se trouver en defaut clans une infinite de cas particuliers: ce sont des routes que nous n'avons tracees, qu'apres en avoir suivi nous-memes taus les detours; ce sont des pratiques que nous avons eprouvees, ou qui ont ete executees avec succes par d'autres que nous, mais sur lesquelles on peut compter ... Mais la position de nos terres qui sont sur la rein de la foret d'Orleans, nous a mis a portee, depuis plus de trente ans que nous meditons ce travail, de semer beaucoup de bois, & de faire quantite d'experiences, d'apres lesquelles nous parlons presque toujours.

The sections of the book discuss the soil, the climate, and the choice of trees; their propagation; nursery gardens; planting; forests, and maintenance and re-afforestation, with all instructions based firmly on the author's long experience of forestry.

Page 17 A dolphin tailp1ece

106

35. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, Henri Louis (1700-1782) Du Transport, et de la force des bois; Ou l'on trouvera des moyens d'attendrir Jes Bois, de leur dormer diverses courbures, sur-tout pour la construction des Vaisseaux, et de former des pieces d 'assemblage pour suppleer au defaut des pieces simples. Faisant la conclusion du Traite complet des Bois et des Forets; Par M. Duhamel du Monceau, de l'Academie Royale des Sciences; de la Societe Royale de Londres, de la Societe des Arts de la m eme Ville; de l'Academie lmpfoale de Petersbourg; de l'Institut de Bologne; des Academies de Palerme & de Besam;on; Honoraire de la Societe d'Edimbourg, & de l'Academie de Marine; de plusieurs Societes d'Agriculture, lnspecteur General de la M arine. Ouvrage enrichi de Figures en tailledouce. [decoration r x 3. 5 cm.] A Paris, Chez L. F. Dela tour, rue Saint Jacques, a S. Thomas d'Aquin. [double

rule, upper one heavier, 8cm.] M . DCC. LXVII. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. 4° 26 x 20 cm. TI 2 * 2 b-d4 A-3Z4 4A 2 i-v vi-xxxii 1 2-556 and 27 folding engravings. c: Quarter brown leather, patterned papercovered boards, by ]. Macdonald Co., Norwalk, Connecticut.

Br No 1 N

PLATES : The 27 unsigned engravings illustrate ways of packing and moving wood, then cutting and bending it for boat-building, and finally the construction of boats.

An engraved vignette of a ship-building scene at the start of the preface is signed by B. L. Prevost as both artist and engraver.

Page 368 A flower tailpiece

D

UHAMEL' S appointment as lnspecteur general de la Marine, added to his scientific work on plant physiology, gave him opportunities for studying the strength and preservation of wood, its transport, and its use in ship-building. These are the subjects he covered in this final volume of his Traite complet des Bois et des Forets, once again using his own observations and experiments to guide his readers, as the preface explains: La place que j'occupe clans la Marine m'ayant donne occasion d'assister a beaucoup de recettes de Bois, & d'en voir employer une immense quantite de differentes especes, je desirai d'acquerir sur ce point le plus de connoissances qu'il me serait possible ... Ce n 'est pas ici un edifice etabli sur des hypotheses; toujours en garde contre les vraisemblances & Jes probabilites, je ne presente que Jes observations & des experiences, en un mot des faits bien constates.

The eight volumes making up the Traite complet des Bois et des Forets have an obvious family resemblance, with the same woodcut tail pieces and bands of printers' flowers appearing in all of them.

107

Du Transport . .. r767 plate 1 facing page 48 Transporting wood by land and sea H. L. DUHAMEL

36. KERGARIOU, - de (fl. 1773) Description d 'une machine propre a transplanter de grands arbres. Brest, 1773¡ Manuscript 32 x 20. 5 cm. containing 4 leaves of text with one small pen-and-ink sketch and 4 separate drawings of

,/J

,

various sizes, some coloured, two with plans of a cart for moving trees, the other two of wheel-barrows, one for moving earth, the other for raking paths to make them even.

f''

Ian n , c !cva!ion1

Q

rlimu Plan et Elevations d'une Machine Propre a Transporter de Grands Arbres c. 1773

H arhi1ie , !:f7.of" "C ' il ''!t._r111.'lifat1trr 1)

( fr{rr,I .

)

109

PLANTING

M

ONSIEUR DE KERGARIOU, a member of a noble Breton family, is describing an improved version of two carts for moving large trees described in volume 4 (1735) of Machines et Inventions approuvees par l'Academie royale des Sciences (pages 107-13 and plates 250-52). The first of these, invented by Pere Sebastien, was in use before 1699, while the second was developed by the Marquis de Coetnisan in 1724 and 1728. Sebastien's cart moved trees placed on it horizontally, a method useful, according to Kergariou, if they had to be taken through gates, but M. de Coetnisan designed a kind of scaffold on wheels, to which trees could be tied vertically and moved with less disturbance. Kergariou's version came somewhere between those of his two predecessors, moving upright trees on a cart less mechanically complicated than that of M. de Coetnisan. The new machine had been used to move almost a thousand trees about forty-five feet high and not one was lost in the process, 'il n'en a pas peri un Seul.'

Designing a landscape garden or remodelling an earlier one to conform with changing fashion often needed the rearrangement of many trees. If large ones could be moved without being damaged, the effect was obviously more pleasing than the sight of flocks of seedlings, so the persistent interest in ways of moving trees had a practical purpose. Many eighteenth- and nineteenth-century books on planting, in both Britain and France, described their authors' favourite methods of handling this problem.

37. HANBURY, William (1725-1778) A Complete Body of Planting and Gardening. Containing The Natural History, Culture, and Management of Deciduous and Evergreen Forest-Trees; With Practical Directions for Raising and Improving Woods, Nurseries, Seminaries, and Plantations; and the Method of Propagating and Improving the various Kinds of Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs and Trees proper for Ornament and Shade. Also Instructions for Laying-out and Disposing of Pleasure and Rower-Gardens; Including the Culture of Prize-Rowers, Perennials, Annuals, Biennials, &c.

Likewise Plain and familiar Rules for the Management of a Kitchen-Garden; Comprehending the newest and best Methods ofRaising all its different Productions. To which is added, The Manner of Planting and Cultivating FruitGardens and Orchards. The whole forming a Complete History of Timber-Trees, Whether raised in Forests, Plantations, or Nurseries; as well as a General System of the Present Practice of the Rower, Fruit, and Kitchen Gardens. [rule] By the Rev. William Hanbury, A.M. Rector of Church-Langton, in Leicestershire. [rule] In two volumes. [rule] Vol. I [rule] Thou, Lord, hast made me glad

through thy works: and I will rejoice in giving praise for the operations of thy hands! Psalm xcii.4. [double rule] London: Printed for the Author; And sold by Edward and Charles Dilly, in the Poultry. MDCCLXX. 2° 41 x 26 cm. 'IT 2 2'1T 2 a-f2 B-10Q2 [4] iii-iv iii-xx 1 2-885 886-888 and a frontispiece and 12 engravings. ... Vol. II. . . . MDCCLXXI. A-B2 C-30 2 (30 repeated) 3Q-10H2 10J2 (-1012) i-iv 1-3 4-236 233-236 241-832 833-858 and a frontispiece and 8 engravings.

BINDING:

Modern quarter chemical calf; marbled paper

sides.

PLAT ES: The frontispiece to volume 1, showing Britannia and her lion in a landscape, with pot-plants, a roller, and a watering-can, and five plates bearing the Arabic numerals 18, 12, 16, 15, 9, all unsigned, also appeared in John Dicks' New Gardener's Didionary (published in parts from 1769 to 1771), the figures of which were copied from John Hill's Eden (1757). The Hanbury and the Dicks books may well have been produced by the same

110

A

c

p

M

0

L

T

E

F

0

GARDENING.

and

PLANTING

D

0

E

CONTA I N iiJ C

T he

and

C u LT URE ,

l-11 s TO RY ,

NATURAL

MA!-t ACE M F.N T

of

F 0 R E S T-T R E E S ;

EVERGR EE N

D E C I D U 0 U S and

VVith PraCticil DircCt:ions for R AI SI NG and h1 raov rn c

WOODS, NU R SER I ES, SEM I NAR I ES, and PLJ\NTATIO NS; M ethod of Propaglting and Improving the various Kinds of Drcrnuous and i VERGREEN S1rnuas and T REES proper for 0 RNA l\1£NT and S1t,\ t: .

PLEASURE

LA

y

c- 0 u

I N

0

S

L

A

ln firuetion.s fo r

n I s I' c s I

and

T

<: o f

FLOW E R- GAP. DENS ;

and

Including the Culture of Prize.Flowers, Perc111:iJls, Amrna!s, n:c nnials, &c.

E W I SE

I. I !., LA I N

;?nJ

R u 1.ES for the MA N;.-: .: ;.1c 'T cf

F A M JLfAR

TCHEN-GAR

K

Comprehending the

N E \-VCS l'

and

N·,

E

Productions.

of R::ifir.g :'I ll i s

M ET HODS

BES T

:i

D

T O WH I CH J S A D DED,

T he Manner of P

F

RU I

T llE W JIO LE

C O MPLETE

A I

Rev. Retlor

N

or

N v R S tR1 E s ;

G AR D E N

K I T C H E N

T W 0

V

in

L E r c i. s Tt RS llJRE.

U

L

0

L.

M

E

S.

I.

LoR D , H A'i1' MADE M E OJ. A D THROUGH THY WOJlKS : AND

I

WILi. !ltjO I CE JN CIVI XC

P R AISE F OR

1-'falm

Tll E orEKA'flOl\' 5 ot• T HY H ANDS !

LONDON :

l'rint<d

the

for

.A r.cl folJ by EnwARP and

A U T H 0 R;

CHAR LES

MDCCLXX.

s.

A. M.

H A N ll U R Y,

W I L L I A M

O

PRACTICE

TH '£

o fC1-1tr R CH-LANC Tos,

V

T nou,

T I M B E R - T R E E 81

I' _, ESE N T

of the

and

F R U I T,

the

of

WE L J. A. I

0 f

By

F ORMING A

foR.t.ST S, PLANT,\TIO NS,

GENER AL SYSTEM

F L 0 W E R,

0 R C H A R D S.

and

H IS T 0 RY

'Whethe r r::iifcd in

A

s a and C t ' 1. ·r 1 v AT 1 u a

L ,\ N T 1

'f - G A R D E N S

D1LL Y, in th:: Poultry.

x cii • .; .

w. HANBURY A Complete Body of Planting and Gardening I 770 volume 1 Title-page

PLANTING anonymous printer. Plates r to VII of volume r were engraved by John Lodge, though he copied two, the custard apple, Annona, and the strawberry tree, Arbutus, from Philip Miller's Figures of the Most BeautifUl, Useful, and Uncommon Plants described in the Gardeners Dictionary

fruit and flowers, a gardener leaning on a spade, and a roller and watering-can, was drawn by Samuel Wale and engraved by Isaac Taylor. The eight unsigned engravings numbered II, 10, 17, 20, 8, 13, 14, 19, each one showing three plants, are all duplicates of the ones in the Dicks book.

(1755-60).

The frontispiece of volume

II,

showing Cybele with

W

ILLIAM HANBURY, after his education at Oxford, became rector of Church Langton, a parish near Market Har borough, Leicestershire, in l 7 53. He used his interest in gardening for the benefit of his parishioners by establishing plantations and gardens on a large scale, using the proceeds of annual sales of the plants propagated to support the local church, its organist, the village schoolmaster, and other projects governed by the foundation's board of trustees. Hanbury's later schemes included plans for a public library, a picture gallery, and a new college at Oxford, but these ideas were not put into practice.

The whole project was described in print in Hanbury's Essay on Planting, and a Scheme for making it conducive to the Glory of God and the Advantage of Society, published in Oxford in 1758,

AN

An Essay on Planting l 7 58 Title-page

E S S A Y 0

N

PLANTING, AND

A

SCHEME For making it conducive to the

G L 0 R Y of G 0 D, AND

THE

Advantage of S 0 C I E TY. By the Rev. Mr. WILLIAM HANBURY, ReClor of

CHURCH LANGTON

in Lnujltr/hirt.

Confukr tht LiQia if tht Fu/ti; lww U,., tr""': tb./ Iii/ llli, ..nth<r th tb<J ffi•: Anti Jd I /llJ ""'' ,..., thtn twn s,;.,,,.,. i• aU his Gt.r, wos arrtlJid lih - if theft.

MATT, vi. 28, 29.

"°'

ftMar•, qit1, 0, Protrios

A:rim6, frolluf'I"• /,,.,,

:,,,,,.a1;,,, 4ifci11 ""'"'•

,,,.u;,, "'-"·

V1ao. Geor. Lab. ii •

................................................

0

X

F

0

R

D,

J. Rrv1scros in PottnNj/n- /Ow, L.iuit11.

Printed for S. PARKER: And fold alfo by

and

J. FLETCHU.

112

II

/ 'F.-ITE I".

w. HANBURY A Complete Body of Planting and Gardening r 770 volume I plate v Calycanthus fioridus Carolina allspice, engraved by John Lodge-'a shrub that seldom grows, at least with us, to more than about five feet in height ... It is a native of Carolina, where, from its aromatic odour, the inhabitants have given it the name of Allspice'

'

./'L .-1 TN JD,

--4

:I

'}

(1) w, HANBURY A Complete Body of Planting and Gardening 1770 volume 1 plate m Compound leaves engraved by John Lodge

f/

7

'

/{ /I

t

"

HANBURY

which also encouraged landowners to plant more trees and even hinted at the need for a national policy on forestry. By this time the value of his own plantations was said to be at least 10,000 pounds. Funds were augmented even further by a series of choral festivals organized by Hanbury from 1759 to 1763 to bring Handel's music, starting with the Messiah, to the people of Langton, Leicester, and Nottingham. The foundation survived until 1863, when the trustees altered it to allow the remaining endowment to be used for the benefit of the three Langton parishes.

In the preface to A Complete Body ofPlanting (page ii) Hanbury described his enterprise again: Gardening is a science for which I have ever had a natural inclination, that very early in life put me upon the practice of it, and induced me to join with it the study of philosophy .... How far I have succeeded in these pursuits, my extensive nurseries have given sufficient proof to the world. They were raised with a design to establish a charity, which, by the blessing of God, has prospered; and to render this more general there was no part of gardening which I omitted. I not only raised all curious foreign trees, shrubs, tender exotics, perennials, and annuals, but fruit-trees of all sorts, forest-trees, and every article in the kitchen way. My extensive correspondence abroad enabled me to procure every sort of seed; my extensive nurseries, ten in number, standing upon near forty acres of ground, and in four different parishes, afforded a proper situation in one or other for most of them; and my success in the whole has been so great, that many hundred thousand trees, shrubs, and plants, have been raised, and everyone who has seen them has given testimony oftheir excellence, luxuriance, and beauty.

One of his suppliers of seeds and plants from North America was the London merchant, Peter Collinson, a central figure in this traffic.

Hanbury's huge book was dedicated to George III and published in 146 sixpenny weekly parts from December 1769 to August 1773, the parts then being collected into two volumes. A note at the end of volume II mentions the hazards of serial publication: 'The Publication of this Work in Weekly Numbers requiring it to be printed in great haste, and the Author by living at a great Distance from the Press, not having the Opportunity of seeing all the Proof-Sheets, many Errors may have escaped, which it is hoped the Intelligent Reader will remark with Candour, and correct.'

The author, according to his preface (page iv) 'omitted no circumstance which I thought likely to render this an entertaining as well as useful book'. Volume 1, after defining technical terms and the Linnaean system of classification, deals with deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, and climbers, and perennial flowers, while volume i1 covers annuals and biennials, greenhouse plants, the kitchen garden, including pineapples, melons, strawberries, 'and all low sorts of fruit', ending up with fruit trees, their planting and management, and the best ways of gathering and keeping their fruit. The arrangement of the book was in contrast to Philip Miller's Gardeners Dictionary, by then in its eighth edition. Hanbury disapproved of its organization:

115

PLANTING

Another performance has appeared under the form of a Dictionary, though nothing can be more injudicious than to compose a book of this nature dictionary-wise: for to arrange the various genera, so widely different in their natures, in an alphabetical order, is very bad; but to continue all the species, of what kind soever, under their respective genera, must be still worse. One species of a genus may, perhaps, be an annual, the next a perennial, the third a tree, and the fourth an useful esculent for the table.

Still, two plates copied from the book of figures that accompanied Miller's Dictionary found their way into Banbury's book, which remained firmly in the shadow of Miller's.

Among the drawings in the Oak Spring Garden Library are two dated 1777 by William Emes, showing ground plans and sections of 'a Hot House design'd for Will':1 Hanbury The T-shaped range has two 'Succession-Houses', one on each side of a square entrance hall with fire-places, and a 'Fruiting House' thirty feet long, forming the vertical stroke of the T. A label on one of the sections defines a 'Succession House, or exotick House or for blowing of Roses & flowers', apparently a shelter for plants once they have started to bloom. The plans are on a scale to match Banbury's huge plantations, but his death in 1778 may have prevented the construction of the building. Emes (1729-1803) was a landscape gardener who worked in the style of 'Capability' Brown.

Hot House designed

by William Emes for William Hanbury I 777 Section of the Fruiting House

116 II

HANBURY

Hot House designed

by William Emes for William Hanbury r777 Section of the Succession Houses

Srdio11 <!}the Succe_}

- -

Lon

1101.'fas.

1.Scalc of Feet.

N

I

/10

38. BOUTCHER, William (.fl. 1734-1781) A Treatise on Forest-Trees: containing Not only the best Methods of their Culture hitherto practised, but a variety of new and useful Discoveries, the result of many repeated

experiments: as also, Plain Directions for removing most of the valuable kinds of Forest-Trees, to the height of thirty feet and upwards, with certain success; and, On the

117

WILLIAM BOUTCHER

A Treatise on Forest-Trees I 77 5 Title-page

fft·i//;, / / I

-·

BOUT CHER same principles, (with as certain success) for transplanting Hedges of sundry kinds, which will at once resist Cattle: to which are added, Directions for the Disposition, Planting, and Culture of Hedges, by observing which, they will be handsomer and stronger Fences in five years, than they are now usually in ten. By William Boutcher, Nurseryman, At Comely-Garden, Edinburgh. [rule] Who then shall grace, or who improve the soil? Who plants like Bathurst, or who builds like Boyle. 'Tis use alone that sanctifies expense, And splendor borrows all her rays from sense. Pope. [rule] Edinburgh: Printed by R. Fleming, and sold by the Author, by J. Murray, No. 32. Fleet-

street, London, and the other Booksellers in Great Britain. [double rule 3.5 cm.] M.DCC.LXXV. 4° 28. 5 x 22 cm. '11" 2 a-fâ&#x20AC;˘ A-2K 4 1-3 4 i ii-xlviii 1 2-2 59 260-264 and a second, engraved title-page.

BINDING: Original grey boards, rebacked in buff paper, with original label. Armorial bookplate of Thomas N. Parker.

PLATE: The engraved title-page is found in only a few copies. As well as the details of title and author it bears a circular vignette (15 cm. in diameter) signed by Cowan, and showing an avenue of trees with a fountain in the middle, and two men working on trees in the foreground.

W

ILLIAM B 0 UTCHER was the son of a nurseryman of the same name, who made garden designs for several estates in Scotland. The younger Boutcher carried on the family nursery garden in Edinburgh, concentrating on trees and writing one of the best eighteenth-century guides for planters, at a time when a new wave of large-scale tree-planting was developing in Scotland. For example, the fourth Duke of Atholl, 'the planting Duke', worked his way through over fourteen million larches and thirteen million other trees between 1774 and 1826. Lesser landowners also joined the craze for trees, encouraged by several societies of 'improvers' and, from 1765, by the Society for the Importation of Foreign Seeds, led by John Hope, the professor of botany at the University of Edinburgh. In its first year this society imported three collections from North America, from Quebec, Carolina, and Philadelphia, followed by another from Quebec in 1768, with maples, elms, hickory, butternut, and other interesting novelties.

Boutcher's book is dedicated to Henry Scott, third Duke of Buccleuch, 'who, from the earliest dawn of manhood, has invariably and industriously pursued every measure tending to support the decaying honour, and promote the real interest of your country'. The book contains accounts of individual trees, deciduous and evergreen, and their management, as well as advice on grafting, propagation, moving trees, and organizing hedges and forests. It was reprinted by literary pirates in Dublin almost immediately, in 1776; a second Edinburgh edition followed in 1778 and a third, also from Dublin, in I 784. The influence of the book lasted well into the next century, and Boutcher was praised by other writers on planting, among them Sir Henry Steuart in 1828 (see page 133).

The list of subscribers to the Treatise on Forest-Trees is huge, over four hundred names, many of them well known: Joseph Banks, already on his way to becoming the central figure of natural history in Britain, Robert and Andrew Foulis, printers to the University of Glasgow, John Murray, the first of that name in a long line of publishers, and quantities of Scottish peers and lawyers. Boutcher's text was addressed to his fellow nurserymen too, trying to persuade them 119

PLANTING

to raise good, healthy trees rather than only the cheapest ones. The gentleman planters were given sound advice, beginning with some on choosing gardeners (preface, page vii): A great man bestows from fifty to a hundred pounds a year on a French cook; for a British gardener, seldom more than from twenty to forty. I despise all national reflections, and esteem an honest Frenchman of any profession, but in a particular manner a French cook; yet I can by no means think him intitled to so great an advantage above the other. Every body knows the best cook cannot furnish out a handsome table without the assistance of a good gardener; and perhaps there is as much judgment required in raising materials of the best quality, as in dressing them well.

39. MEADER, James (fl. 1770-1780) The Planter's Guide: or, Pleasure Gardener's Companion.

Giving plain directions, with observations, For the proper Disposition and Management of the various Trees and Shrubs for a Pleasure Garden Plantation. To which is added, A List of Hardy Trees and Shrubs for Ornamenting such Gardens: concisely exhibiting at one view The Genera, Class, Order, and Species of each Kind; the Countries they are Natives of; the Height each usually grows to; their Foliages, Rowers, Fruits, and Seeds; the Soil they thrive best in; and their Propagation. The whole alphabetically digested. With a catalogue of the principal varieties of each kind. Embellished with Copper-Plates proper to the Subject. By James Meader, late Gardener to

his Grace the Duke of Northumberland. London: Printed for G. Robinson, No. 25, Paternoster-row. 1779.

12° in 6s. 16.5 x 29.5 cm. A 6 B-H6 (H6+1) 98 unnumbered pages and 2 folding engravings (see pages 122-23).

BINDING:

Original grey boards, rebacked in buff paper;

uncut.

PLATES: The two folding plates were both engraved by John Lodge. One shows deciduous trees and shrubs, the other evergreens. They are simply rows of silhouettes, from the largest trees at the top to the smallest shrubs at the bottom, each outline (complete with shadow) with its name written beneath.

J

AMES MEADER was gardener to the Earl of Chesterfield (before 1771) and later the Duke of Northumberland (before 1779) at Syon, near Kew, before leaving England to work for Catherine the Great at Peterhof, near St. Petersburg. In 1771 he published The Modem Gardener, allegedly based on the manuscripts of Thomas Hitt, which he had inherited, but also borrowing heavily from Abercrombie's Every Man his own Gardener, by then in its fifth edition.

The Planter's Guide escaped an accusation of plagiarism. It begins with a section 'On Plantations and Planting', saying firmly 'The reason why many plantations, after eight or ten years planting, appear unsightly, is owing to an improper intermixture of plants; whereas had they been rightly disposed, we should not see so many hollows or openings, nor bottoms of trees with decayed branches, but the whole would be covered with verdure down to the very front, in an easy theatrical manner, and in summer scarce a stem visible.' Then there are tables of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, and climbers, arranged in sizes, with details of height, foliage, flowers, fruits, soil, and propagation for each species. Plenty of North American plants are included, among them walnuts, oaks, catalpa, liquidambar, tulip tree, magnolias, sumachs, 120

MEADER

robinia, witch hazel, viburnums, pines, and kalmias, reflecting eighteenth-century interest in botanical imports from the New World. A catalogue of principal varieties and an index of English names completes the book.

40. HAYES, Samuel (c. 1743- 1795) Dublin Society; And Sold by Allen & West, I 5, Paternoster Row, London. MDCCXCIV. 4° 19 x 11.5 cm. 7T4 a2 (-a2) B-2A4(-2B4) i-v vi-ix x-xii 1 2-189 190 and 5 engravings, one of which is an wummbered vignette.

[engraved title-page] A Practical Treatise on Planting and The Management of Woods and Coppices By S.H. Esq. M. R. I. A. and Member of the Committee of Agriculture, of the Dublin Society, &c. &c. [vignette 7. 5 x 5. 5 cm. showing a rustic summerhouse between two trees] Dublin, Printed by Wr;: Sleater Dame Street, Printer to the

THI!

BINDING:

Contemporary tree calf. Gilt coat of arms

FOLLOWING

PRACTICAL ESSAY ON

PLANT IN G9 AND ·r11 1! MANAGEMENT OF

vVooDS

CoPPIC.ES,

AND

IS DEDICATED WITH GREAT REGARD,

TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE AND HONORABLE

'3tbe l!Dublin THI 1MP10V£MlNT

H

U S B A N

or

D R

Y,

AND OTUEJlt.

U S E F U L

A R T S.

9.3y .thu',,, m{t .Anti

o&:dunl

.A;ocUi4 ef. ,7C'.

121

Dedication

. . . . ...

-. ., • • ••• • e• •• • 'M((iif)

.mtt!1 JfPu

.1.u1/..u.1Y{f'

.1.Piy•N11//-!l

•uu-.!fiir

C1

.wn-:1u;/Mr,,r

/,IJ/fdl",[

"?,_!ff

-!'!"!'/"MW

.-,.;-..,r

,.,,YP.'Wl""l""I/

••••••

VN!p)C.tll(£

,,././/Al

'T

r!4 ff H.1.Ulff ..

/'f/d.(Vt,J •...U..VIV/ ...

/.U/1'17/Lll'•

.HU

f""W"'l}'

.yJf!;J

J.IJ .yJU/IU-!/f

/.l(AmT

Ji

""!(

·"'1.t'd11J

"i

.µ#1,IJ,F

/>.4-U/)IU'

.n:>g

• •

/jJMl1'7

"':_-'V

-'J.£ AHAt.to..A..

IUI[S

///,/,,//

s.,><}.cL ./0 A :'OI..Zb'OJSI(b

. . . . . .. -. . . . . . ., -·.

•-'""'7' • • • ., • • . • • • .•..

-.

-.

-·-. .

•......

• ............

• • • --. • •

"lllf?/!'INt

.6'-?""1£

...·1(1.-,,,.qr

....

"""l/:V-fMI

"".ll.¥-'*'-'h.<f

'T

-+

UkMLtlf'I?"""'!/'

fUY.P""'<I

JUWUV"rf

""

-

P.IJU-UJ

¥'$'

Jl§nP,JKJZ..-?J

"'"!!''>""IE

./""'-1'77P1!"'<1'

"'4'·"'2""/'

:VQ,WyJ

A:/.Nlf'/

;.vuv4.V;(i·

..,,....,,

...,.,.."'!!"

"''?/Nf

J"'-';'V

""": ...-.Al'h7

JA.Q /.4"::a_T

¥7' 11'"/VJ/rf7Y

lVJ//f'IUo//

- .

?/>V

NIU,UJIR/i'//.VUV¥/ mm/JIJul[/

f'JUUh(J'

.<Vfflif.

"-?.P.'i"'!'!W

,,..,.,....JI: -.1

?JtW/:.t";-w

1"""""V,,..,g,,

'J!.U?./L::.::."'J!J,t'

-.

P.>.1£

Wfl

,,.,,,....,K

47(P"'.H.i.U"VPJ!ll

l!'/?ut'/7

,,

,/o

s .JJ.lJ.,

-7MIV"'¥/ .M:Lty['

jl.U".7

.!\tO I.LISOdSL (/?

SJnu h s .fo1· //

J'/,1/r. / .

MEADER The Planter's Guide 1779 plate r Deciduous trees and shrubs, engraved

by John Lodge

J. /'Jr .l'/n/t.t'

.AbnNL

t.

_.,.,,...,,

AuA6?J.-n;y

·'l

N°Mb.v

«t_

l"NJil.;,ALnt Md-.r hY,.

Flrt/t . '2 .

,;.,;,,r

t

..ltrNrr/

.,"(lyrrn

J uhip,.,.

../1nNr(¢lUr,u·

l'brh('!n/ f,,nJU'Y'?

'-

l'h1A

·¥,,;.up....,,.. ;r;,/7'11#' ..1"#1'1',,.,.

@_ £,,,.,,,,/

-'irl"•/l'!y

&1Mvi+Nn

"-

'-

/h/.-rhr? //d(•

lilni·

17fa't4Ar •.t;,";, JqP,f/M'

...

.1;,,.w,,.,,.

.

@_

J;;.,.,.,,,,,..,., h.i-A-(,;>t.lor

(Jr,;,,,,,,,

,.,r,4.11/W

,.:;.v.vw.-......,.

/;•·,...,;.,...,. 1;..tu-

(l;r.,.,-p

Ar,,,..w- Ud,(·

Av·

.J)Mi<rVA

y..,..

11m-,.1,-,,,;r n,,..1 &n/fl1H/

.//p,..wr><\.:t

HP/(1

,I

ni.'J./-?"r

r*(Tlm'nl.....

A_11

Plate 2 Evergreen trees and shrubs, engraved

by John Lodge

PLANTING (with the motto Semper fide/is) on front and back.

Bookplate bearing the same motto, with a litter of books, telescopes, compasses, a violin, a flute, and an ink-pot surrounding the same coat of arms.

PLATE s:

The vignette on the title-page is signed by the engraver William Edsall, whose work is found in many Irish books of the second half of the eighteenth century.

He also signed the engraved vignettes on pages 45, 67, 85, 96, 141, 157, and the one opposite page 69 (which is

!:_lg tr-'/'--'.- - - -

the same as the one on page 85). Those on pages 67 and 105 are also signed 'S.H. ', so the author provided at least some of the original drawings. The vignettes on pages l and 58 (identical) and those on pages 105 and 109 lack signatures, as do the four numbered engraved plates. The first of these, a folding one, shows a cart for moving trees, the other three various sorts of hurdles, fences, and gates to be made from the thinnings of woodland trees.

- - - - ---

Plate 1 facing page 46 A cart for moving trees

124

--¡ -

--

HAYES

S

AMUEL HAYES of Avondale, Wicklow, wasamemberoftheRoyallrishAcademyand the Dublin Society, to which the book is dedicated. The Dublin Society, like similar societies in London and Edinburgh, encouraged tree-planting, offering bounties for it from 17 40. Those . awarded from 1783 to 1791 for timber trees propagated and sold are listed on pages 183 to 185.

Premiums were also offered to nurserymen for the greatest number of fruit or timber trees raised.

Page 58 A vignette with trees and tools

41. NICOL, Walter (d. 18u) The Practical Planter, or, A Treatise on Forest Planting: comprehending the culture and management of planted and natural timber, in every stage of its growth: also, on the culture and management of Hedge Fences, and the construction of Stone Walls, &c. [swelled rule 2. 5 cm.]

By Walter Nicol, Author of "The Forcing and Kitchen Gardener;" and "Essay on Gardening," drawn up by Desire, and for Consideration of the Board of Agriculture; and Member of the Nat. Hist. Society of Edinburgh.

[swelled rule 2. 5 cm.] Edinburgh: Printed for the Author. [rule I.5 cm.] 1799.

8° 22 . 5 x 14 cm. 1T 6 A-2D 8 i-vii viii-xi xii 1 2-430 431432.

Original grey boards; uncut. The signature of Redmond Barry, brother of the James Barry, is on the title-page and there is a pen-and-ink drawing of a tree on the front paste-down.

BINDING:

W

ALTER NI C 0 L was trained by his father at Raith, near Kirkcaldy in Fife, and then became head gardener to the Marquess of Townshend at Raynham, Norfolk. Later he returned to Scotland to become head gardener at Wemyss Castle, Fife, before settling in Edinburgh as a garden designer and a writer on arboriculture and horticulture. His first book, The Scotch Forcing Gardener, later The Forcing, Fruit, and Kitchen Gardener, went through four editions from 1797 to 1809, and his Villa Garden Directory another four from 1809 to 1823. The Planter's Kalendar; or The Nurseryman's and Forester's Guide, finished and edited by the Edinburgh nurseryman Edward Sang, was published posthumously in 1812, with an enlarged second edition in 1820.

125

PLANTING

In I 803 The Practical Planter also went into a 'corrected and improved' second edition. An advertisement following the title-page in the first edition sums up Nicol's skills as a designer: 'The Author surveys, and gives Designs for Gardens, Hot-Houses, Shrubbries [sic], Parks, Approaches, &c. in the most approved taste. Also, gives Advice and Examples for Thinning and Pruning of Neglected Plantations, in every Stage of their Growth, according to Locality of Situation; with proper Memorandums, relative to their future Culture.'

The advertisement following the title-page

ADVERTISEMENT.

TH£

Author SURVEYS, and gives Designs for Gar-

dens, H_?t-Houscs, Shrubbries, Parks, Approaches, &c. 'in the most approved taste.

Also, gives Aovrci::

and EXAMPLES for Tbint1i11g and Pruning of NEGLEC· TED PLANTATIONS, in every Stage of their Growth, according to Locality of Situation ; with proper Memorandums, relative to their future Culture.

Terms, ONE GUINt:A per Day; wit.ii Travelling Charges on Horseback, or by Stage Coach .

• .• Letters addressed to W. N1coL, Surveyor and Planner, Spring-}itld, Leith W11lk 1 Etlinbu,.gb,

will be dtdy attended to.

42. PONTEY, William (fl. 1780-1831) The Profitable Planter. [double rule I. 5 cm.] A Treatise on the Cultivation of Larch and Scotch Fir Timber: showing that their excellent quality (Especially that of the former) will render them so extensively useful, as greatly to promote the interests of the Country. With Directions for Planting, in various soils and situations, by a new and expeditious method; also, for the management of plantations. To which are added, Useful Hints, in regard to Shelter and Ornament. [swelled rule I. 5 cm.] By W Pontey, Nurseryman and Planter. [swelled rule I. 5 cm.] Huddersfield: Printed for the Author, by Sikes and Smart; and

sold by Vernor and Hood, and Mawman, London; Todd, and Tesseyman, York; Binns, Leeds; Edwards and Son, Halifax; and Hurst, Wakefield. [ l 800] 4° 21 x 13 cm. A 2 B-G4 I- N 4 0 2 1-3 4-96 and an engraved frontispiece showing a mattock and a planting tool.

Bound with Le Turc's Barriere d'une nouvelle construction, I78l, in modem red buckram, with binder's title Larch Planting etc. Bookplate of F. William Cock, M.D., F.S.A., of Appledore, Kent.

BINDING:

126

PONTEY The Profitable Planter: a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Planting Forest Trees, in every description of soil and situation; more particularly on elevated sites, barren heaths, rocky soils, &c. including directions for the planting and management of Permanent Screens; with useful hints on shelter and ornament. Fourth edition, enlarged, with an appendix. By William Pontey, Ornamental Gardener, Author of the Forest Pruner, and Planter and Forest Pruner to the late and present Duke of Bedford. [double

rule, lower one heavier, 3. 5 cm.] London: Printed for J. Harding, 36, St. James's-street. I814.

8° 2I x I3 cm. a4 B-S 8 T2 i-iiiiv-viii 12-267268-276 and an unsigned, engraved frontispiece showing a mattock, three planting tools, and a section.

BINDING: Contemporary dark green calf. Armorial bookplate of Charles Napier Gordon of Hallhead.

W

ILLIAM PONTEY was one of a family of Yorkshire nurserymen, with members in Leeds, Huddersfield, and Lepton in Kirkheaton, where he lived. During the early 1780s he spent some time as head gardener to the Grimston family at Kilnwick, near Beverley.

His encouragement for planting larches and Scotch pines, by then both favourite trees for Scottish planters, was successful enough to need later editions, a second one in Huddersfield in 1808, and a third and fourth in London in 1809 and 1814. The later ones added more general observations on a greater variety of trees and their timber, and their success must have been helped by that of Pontey's Forest Pruner, first published in Huddersfield in 1805. Each book was advertised in successive editions of the other.

Another advertisement in later editions of The Profitable Planter informed readers that 'The Author gives Directions and Designs in every department of Landscape and Ornamental Gardening; and likewise, Instructions for the Management of Timber Trees generally.'

43. PONTEY, William The Forest Pruner; or, Timber Owner's Assistant: being A Treatise on the Training or Management of British Timber Trees; whether intended for Use, Ornament, or Shelter: Including an Explanation of the Causes of their General Diseases and Defects, with the means of prevention, and remedies where practicable:- also, An Examination of the Properties of English Fir Timber; With Remarks on the Defects of the Old, and the Outlines of a New System for The Management of Oak Woods. [decorated rule I cm.] With eight explanatory plates. [double rule, upper one heavier, 3 cm.] By William Pontey, nurseryman and ornamental gardener, author of the Profitable Planter; and Planter and Forest Pruner to the late and present Duke of Bedford. [double rule, lower one heavier, 3 cm.] Huddersfield. Printed, for the Author, by T.

(fl. 1780-1831)

Smart: sold also by White, & Mawman, London; Constable & Co. Edinburgh; and all other Booksellers in the United Kingdom. I805 4° 22.5 x I3-5 cm. A 4 B-2M4 1-3 4-277 278-280 and a frontispiece and 7 engravings.

BIN o ING: Light brown cal£ Signature of W. Scott on the title-page.

PLATES: The frontispiece of the Woburn Beech, with indications of the measurements of its straight, bare trunk, is signed by the engravers Butterworths of Leeds; so is plate 8, which shows four smaller trees. Plates 2 and 3 are coloured, folding ones showing timber; plates 4 and 5 show tree shapes to guide pruning; and plates 6 and 7, also coloured, show wood grains. All these are unsigned.

127

The Forest Pruner r So 5 Frontispiece: The Woburn Beech, drawn

by R. Ruflhead 'In order to give a clear¡ idea, of what may be expected from a good method of training timber, the annexed frontispiece is introduced; being a drawing of a Beech in Woburn Park; to which, the Grandfather of the present Duke of Bedford is said to have paid very particular attention. It has evidently been a favourite; as the trees all around it have been cleared, for about twenty-six yards, to give it space. - We may observe also, that the stem is in no place either .fiat, or farrowed; a sufficient proof that the branches were taken off at no late period. - It is now in full health and vigour, and likely to continue so, for a century to come.' (From page 150)

W. PONTEY

PONTEY . . . The second edition. London printed: Sold by J. Harding, 36, St. James's Street; J. White, Aeet Street; and J. Mawman, Poultry. [rule 1 cm.] 1gog. go 21x13 cm. a4 b 2 B-S 8 [7) 4-277 278-280 and a front-

ispiece and 7 engravings as in the first edition .

Contemporary dark green calÂŁ Armorial bookplate of Charles Napier Gordon of Hallhead.

BINDING:

P

ONTEY dedicated this book to his patron John Russell, the sixth Duke of Bedford, presumably in thanks for being allowed to use the Woburn Beech as his frontispiece. The advertisements at the end of the first edition describe 'protectors' designed to guard fruit trees on walls from the effects of frost. It was proposed to publish the detailed description in a pamphlet, if enough subscribers expressed interest, but this encouragement was not offered.

An 'Advertisement to the second edition' inserted before the preface explains why the book is virtually the same as the earlier one, except for its preliminary pages: 'In sending a Second Edition of this work into the world, the Author has great satisfaction in announcing the very favourable reception the first has met with .. Little seemed to require correction, except a few inaccuracies, and some trifling errors of the press.' The 'advertisement' goes on with praises of the book from the Society of Arts, which encouraged tree-planting with premiums and publications. Charles Taylor, the Society's secretary, wrote to Pontey on 30 October l 806, saying: 'The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, have directed me to return you their Thanks, for the present of your valuable and useful Publication, called the Forest-Pruner.' The Society's Transactions (February 1807, vohnne 24, page 8) published more approving comments: The mischief and damage arising to plantations in general, from a bad system of Pruning, or neglect, induced the late public-spirited Duke of Bedford to direct a series of experiments to be made, at his expence, by W. Pontey of Huddersfield, on his extensive plantations in the neighbourhood of Woburn. Mr. Pontey has shewn great industry and judgment in his selection of specimens, and in the dear detail relative to pruning Forest Trees, which he has communicated in a publication, intitled the Forest-Pruner.

44. STEUART, Sir Henry, baronet (1759-1836) The Planter's Guide; or, A Practical Essay on the best method of giving immediate effect to wood, by the removal oflarge trees and underwood; being an attempt to place the art, and that of general arboriculture, on phytological and fixed principles; interspersed with observations on general planting, and the improvement of real landscape; originally intended for the climate of Scotland. By Sir Henry Steuart Bart. LL.D. F.R.S.E. &c.

[rule 2. 5 cm.] Irnitetur ars Naturam, et quod ea desiderat inveniat, quod ostendit sequatur. Cic. ad Herenn. III. ['Let art imitate nature, find out what she wants, and follow her directions.'] Second edition. Greatly improved and enlarged. Edinburgh: John Murray, Albemarle Street, London. M.DCCC.XXVIII. go 22. 5 x 14 cm. a4 b-c8 d4 (-d3) A-2K 8 [g] i ii-xxxvii xxxviii 1 2-527 528 and a frontispiece and 5 engravings.

129

PLANTING

Dedication to King George IV

TO

THE KING; TllE MUNIFICE NT AND I.JBERAL PATRON OP ALL THE ART S,

AND OF THE ART OF

CREATING REAL LANDSCAPE IN PARTIC UL AR,

IN WHICH HIS MAJESTY HAS Cl VEN SO SPLEND ID A N EXAMP LE IN HIS OWN PRACTICE;

THIS TREATISE, BEING AN ATTE)IPT TO APPLY

THE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY TO

GENERAL AND PRACTICAL ARBORICULTURE, IS APPROPRIATELY AND RESPECTFULLY D.t::DICATED,

BY HIS MAJESTY'S MOST FAITHFUL SUBJECT AND SERVANT,

THE AUTHOR.

Original boards and label (price 21s.). Uncut, part unopened. Bookplate of Paul Mellon.

BINDING:

PLATES: The frontispiece and three of the engravings were drawn by William Turner and engraved by either

W Miller or]. Swan; the remaining two are unsigned.

Four of the plates show wooded views of the author's estate, complete with resettled trees; one of the others shows a tree being moved, and the last the framework used to transport it.

130

STEUART

THE

PLANTER'S GUIDE; OB,

A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE BEST METIIOD OF

GIVING IMMEDIATE EFFECT TO WOOD,

BY Tit£ RE:\10\"AL OF

. LARGE TREES

UNDERWOOD;

BEl:SG A:S ATTEl1PT TO PLACE THE ART, A:SD TIL.\.T OP GE!\"ERAL AJtBORlC UL TURE,

ON PHYTOLOGICAL AND FIXED l:S-TE RSP E RSED WITU

OBSERVATIOXS ON GENERAL PLANTIKG, A.XD THE

OF R EAL LAXDSCAPE;

ORIGINALLY INTENDED FOR THE CLIMATE OF BY

Sm HENRY STEUART

BART.

LL.D. F.R.S.K. &c.

lrnitttur an Naturam. ct quod •1uod ott.endit sequtur.

e. deli'1uat Cle.. 4D

Hsa&!C!lf.

UI.

SECOND EDITION. GREATLY 1:\IPROVED AND ENLARGED.

EDINBURGH: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET,

LONDON. M.DCCC.XXVIII.

IR HEN RY STEUART, of Allanton House, Lanarkshire, prided himself on developing a 'preservative system' for moving large trees, based on a study of their physiology, balancing the quantity of branches and roots, transporting carefully selected trees slowly and gently on an appropriate vehicle, and watering and composting the trees in their new situations. His

S

131

Title-page

PLANTING 1 ·1•• ' r1-; ///.

Plate m facing page 2 5 1 'View of the Machine in Motion, and of a tree during transportation', drawn by William Turner

10'1'1{>

•

'SIJO

method grew from his own experience: 'The present is one of the few English books on Wood, which has been "written from the real experiments of a Planter, for the benefit of Planters" ...

I have laid down no rule, and recommend no practice, that has not been "proved in my own Park".' The process, described at length in his Planter's Guide, was used successfully in England and Ireland, as well as Scotland, but James Main, the gardener who reviewed the book in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine (volume IV, l 828, pages l l 5-26) thought the method less original than the author claimed.

Main refers to the work of'Mr. Ireland, thenforeman to Mr. Lapidge, one of the successors to the business of the celebrated Brown', at Bulstrode and Chalfont House, and later work 'under the immediate directions of Mr. Repton then in the zenith of his fame' at these places and at Shardeloes and Cassio bury, all in the late 1790s or early l8oos. Large trees were often involved, 'particularly a white poplar, at least 60 ft. high, and 14 in. in diameter'. Main himself, at Repton's direction, moved trees to newly purchased land beside the old park at Chalfont, so that it could 'be dressed in the same livery with the rest of the estate' with an 'immediate effect of wood'.

132

STEUART

Another reviewer of the book was Sir Walter Scott, in the Quarterly Review, though he used the chance to write a short history of gardening. In his journal, after meeting Sir Henry inJanuary 1829, he was more direct in his response: 'Sir Henry is a sad coxcomb, and lifted beyond the solid earth by the effect of his book's success. But the book well deserves it.'

Andrew Jackson Downing, America's leading landscape gardener, mentioned the book in his column in the Horticulturist in January 18 50: Sir Henry St[e)uart's process, though it fills a volume, may be compressed into a paragraph. First, the greatest respect for the roots of a tree, and some knowledge of the functions of the roots and branches; second, a pair oflarge wheels, with a strong axle and pole; third, practical skill and patience in executing the work ... Sir Henry's mode has rather fallen into disrepute, and is looked upon as an impracticable thing for this country ... The main cause of the failure, here, of the Scotch mode of transplanting, lies in the difference of climate.

The Planter's Guide was dedicated to King George IV, 'the munificent and liberal patron of all the arts, and of the art of creating rear landscape in particular, in which His Majesty has given so splendid an example in his own practice', especially at Windsor. Both the first and second editions were published in 1828, and a third, posthumous one in 1848, with a dedication to Queen Victoria and an anonymous memoir of the author.

Sir Henry acknowledged the value of earlier books on planting, particularly that of William Boutcher (pages 398-99 of The Planter's Guide; see also page 117 of this book): Boutcher . . . made an attempt, about threescore years since, to improve Scottish Arboriculture, and to convince the public of their injudicious anxiety for low-priced articles in our line. Had his merit been rewarded with that encouragement, which it so eminently deserved, Arboriculture would indeed have been improved.... Boutcher was undervalued by the ignorance of his age. He was suffered to languish unsupported for years at Comely Garden, and died at last, in obscurity and indigence.

45. CRUICKSHANK, Thomas (.fl. 1830) The Practical Planter: containing directions for the planting of waste land, and management of wood: with a new method of rearing the oak. By Thomas Cruickshank, Forester at Careston. William Blackwood, Edinburgh: and T. Cadell, Strand, London. MDCCCXXX. 8° 22. 5 x 14 cm. '11' 8 A-2E 8 i-v vi-xvi 1 2-448.

Original grey boards; uncut. Four pages of advertisements bound in, listing 'Books recently published by Whitaker, Treacher, and Co., Ava-Maria-lane, London', among them the fourth series of Our Village,

by Mary Russell Mitford, and Edward Griffith's translation of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom.

BINDING:

133

PLANTING

ARESTON, the estate on which Thomas Cruickshank worked, is near Brechin, Fife.

Its owner was the Earl of Fife, to whom his forester dedicated The Practical Planter, as it was 'the result of experience chiefly acquired in his lordship's service'.

In the Gardener's Magazine (volume VI, 1830, pages 448-71) the book was dissected and condemned, first in a note by 'E.D.G.' (pages 448-52) then in a long review by the editor, John Claudius Loudon (pages 452-71). 'E.D.G.' began the process: 'Had the author not informed us

C

41S

Page 413 Catalogue of forest trees

No. III.

CATALOGUE OF THE

MEDIUM PRICES OF FOREST TREE THROUGHOUT SCOTLAND FOR THE YEAR

..

£

..

0 0

2 6

P•1c• J1'ft"

J;

Ash, Common, I year seedling, :1 year do. transpL G to 12 inches,

16 to 2 feet, 2 to a feet, 3 to 4 feet, 6 to G feet, Ash, Mountain, I year se..'<lling, 2 year do. tran'r.1. I to 2 eet, 2 toll feet, 3 to 4 feet, 4 lo 6 feet, Alder, I year •c'C<lling, 2 year do. tran•(.I. I to 2 eel, 2 to :1 feet, 4 lo G feet Ileeeh, I year •eedling, 2 year do. transpl. G to 9 inches, 9 to 12 incht!S, I to 2 feet, 2 to 3 feet , 3 to 4 feet, 1 tn 5 feM ,

0 0

Birch. Common, I year .._'edling, 2 year <lo. l r•nspl. 6 to 12 inches, I to 2 feet, 2 to a feet, 3 to 4 lect, 4 to 6 feet, Birch, W eep:it I year se ·ng, 2 year do. lrnnspl. 6 to 12 inches, 1 to 2 feet.

2 to 3 feet, a to 4 feet, 4 to 6 feet, Chesnut, Horse, I yeur seedling, 2 year do. transpl. G to 12 inches, 1 to 2 feel, 2 to 3 lect.,

2 G 1000 3 0

0 2 6 0 3 0 0 18 0 I 0 0 I :; 0 I 16 0 0 2 6 0 3 6 0 7 6 0 14 0 1 () 0 0 2 0 3

G G

"

6 7 0 12 0 18 0 0 0 I l it 0

0 0 0 0 I

Pal ('S

d.

0 7 6 0 II 0 0 14 0 I 0 0 2 6 0

... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ...

...

... ...

... ...

... ... ...

3 to 4 foc t, 4 to 5 feet, 0 lo a feel , 0 to 7 feet, 7 to B feet, Chesnut, SJJ3nish, I year seedling, 2 year do.

I I

134 II

1830.

d.

G 0

0 10 0 0 16 0 0 18 0 I 0 0 I 6 0

0 3 0 6

6

0 7 0 16 I 0

6

I

6

I 10 0 0

4

0 0 0 0

6

G 0

0 7 0 10 0 15

I I I I 2

0

G 0 0 0

0 6 0 10 0 16 0 0 0

0 10 0 0 JO 0

per

1000

... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

COBBETT

to the contrary, we should have said that most of the matter in his book, on general planting, was a desultory collection from the Planter's Kalendar', that is, Walter Nicol's Planter's Kalendar, edited by Edward Sang and published in l 812. The second part of Cruickshank's book was equally derivative, copying large parts of Sir Henry Steuart's Planter's Guide (see page 129).

Loudon's review was just as firm. Cruickshank was setting forth claims to originality for what had been recommended a century before.... Sang's edition of Nicol's Planter's Kalendar, in our opinion by far the best work on practical planting which Scotland has produced, and which contains all that is of most value in the work before us, is only slightly noticed .... What Mr. Cruickshank calls "a new method of rearing the oak" ... in order that they may be sheltered during their infancy ... which, as it has long been practised at Welbeck in Nottinghamshire, and in the New Forest in Hampshire, is, at least, not new in England.... This, indeed, is the sin of the book, an affectation of originality where there is none.

46. COBBETT, William (1762-1835) The Woodlands: or, A Treatise On the preparing of ground for planting; on the planting; on the cultivating; on the pruning; and on the cutting down of Forest Trees and Underwoods; Describing The usual growth and size and the uses of each sort of tree, the seed of each, the season and manner of collecting the seed, the manner of preserving and sowing it, and also the manner of managing the young plants until fit to plant out; The Trees Being arranged in Alphabetical Order, and the List of them, including those of America as well as those of England, and the English, French, and Latin name being prefixed

to the directions relative to each tree respectively. [double rule, upper one heavier, 7.5 cm.] By William Cobbett. [double rule, lower one heavier, 7. 5 cm.] London: Printed and Published by William Cobbett, No. 183, Fleet-street. [rule 1cm.]1825 [-1828].

8° 22.5 x 14 cm. A 8 B-X8 Y4 344 unnumbered pages, including 2 woodcuts of a planting diagram between sections 17 and 18 and a diagram of roots facing section 74.

BINDING:

Modem half brown leather, tan cloth sides;

uncut.

C

0 BB E TT announced the publication of the first part of this book in his newspaper, the Political Register, on 3 December l 82 5. The other six parts were delayed for just over two years, appearing from 9 February to 29 March 1828. This long pause accounts for the discrepancy between the date on the title-page and the later ones mentioned in the text, for example, in section l 7 l about the American cedar, where the author says: 'I sowed a parcel in March, l 826, and they came up early in March, 1827, having been sent from America in the early part of 1826.'

Cobbett's experiments in his gardens at Barn Elms and Kensington were probably among the reasons for his hesitation, for in the Political Register of IO November l 827 he confessed, 'The truth was . . . I still wanted a good deal of experience in . . . rearing the trees from the seed.'

The book's dedication, dated l December 1825, is to William Budd (1758-1840), 'Clerk 135

PLANTING

of the Peace for the County of Berks.', who had introduced Cobbett to the work of the eighteenth-century agricultural innovator, Jethro Tull. Thereafter, the book is arranged in a series of numbered sections, like Loudon's Arboretum thirteen years later. The preface sums up the book's purpose pretty briskly: Some writers give you the mere botany of the tree; others its qualities as timber, others tell you what ground it delights in; others treat of the act of planting; others of pnming and cultivation; but no book that I ever yet saw told me every thing that I ought to know, from the gathering of the seed, to the rearing up and cutting down of the tree ... This is what I shall endeavour to do for my readers in the course of this work; and, as I proceed, I shall, I trust, take care, in all cases where it may be found necessary, to give the reasons for doing that which I advise to be done. Rules, without reasons, have not a thousandth part of the weight which they have when accompanied with reasons. They savour of arbitrary commands, and are seldom received with any great degree of docility or attention.

General directions fill the first quarter, as far as section 9 l; then come 'The Trees, arranged in alphabetical order, with the instructions relative to each', up to section 6oI. The order is that of the common English names, each with its botanical characteristics and generic description, then the individual species, beginning with the native or main one, with details of its cultivation, followed by the others, with notes on specific differences. American trees are well to the fore, reflecting Cobbett's zeal in importing them. When he is describing American trees he often refers to the English version of Michaux (see page 67), not without a tart comment on the translator's father in section 412, of which the subject is the ash-leaved maple: The translator of Michaux was a son of an American senator, and I have not Michaux in French at hand. Mr. James Hillhouse (the translator) ... dedicates the translation to his father, whom I had personally the honour to know, as the most long-winded and pointless speech-maker that I ever happened to hear of, save and except our own Mr. Brougham.

The locust or false acacia, that is, Robinia pseudoacacia, was Cobbett's great favourite among American trees, and forty-eight pages are devoted to it, including letters from friends in America about the value of its wood. This treatise begins with section 323: This is, in my opinion, the tree of trees; it was, at any rate, my desire to see this tree introduced into general cultivation in England, that induced me to import the seed and to sell the plants here; and that led, also, to the writing and publishing of this work. I shall, therefore, leave in this article nothing unsaid that I know upon the subject; and I believe I know as much on this subject, and perhaps more, than any man in the world, and particularly as to the propagation of the tree, which, when I have given the fullest account of the valuable properties of the tree, I shall make it as easy to the reader as is the rearing of cabbages or turnips.

One of Cobbett's converts to this cause was his friend Lord Folkestone, later the third Earl of Radnor, who planted quantities of robinias on his estate of Coleshill, near Faringdon, in l 824.

136

COBBETT

Another may have been William Withers, who published his own book on the tree in l 842 (see page 80).

After an earlier stay in Nova Scotia as a soldier, Cobbett emigrated in 1792 to Philadelphia, where he taught English, opened a bookshop, and began to produce political pamphlets and periodicals. Later on he moved to New York, before returning to England in 1800. His knowledge of American conditions, and the ways in which they differed from English ones, encouraged

him to make an appropriate adaptation of William Forsyth's book on the Culture of Fruit Trees in 1803. The process was reversed with his own book, The American Gardener (1821), written after his second visit to the country from 1817 to 18 l 9, and later adapted to become The English Gardener, first published in 1829, with several later editions. Cobbett's early years included a short spell of work at Kew, and his interest in farming and gardening lasted throughout his life.

Among the multitude of his activities after his second return from America, he established a nursery in Kensington, where he grew and sold large numbers of North American trees as cheaply as possible, among them locust and honey locust, white and black oaks, black walnut, hickory, tulip tree, occidental plane, and catalpa. This attempt to add to the stock of useful and beautiful plants was typical of Cobbett's determination to improve anything that engaged his attention, from politics to planting. A Catalogue of American Trees, Shrubs and Seeds for Sale by Mr. Cobbett was printed in 1827 in the Political Register, in which his Rural Rides also made their first appearance from 1820 to l 830. John Claudius Loudon seems to have been one of his readers, for the publication of the Catalogue of American Trees was followed by a visit from Loudon and a description of the Kensington nursery in the Gardener's Magazine (1828, volume 3, pages 363-364): We found the veteran writer sitting in his garden-house, by a wood fire made in one of his cast-iron American stoves, a table beside him covered with newspapers, and a few books behind him on a shelÂŁ The garden contains about four acres of deep sandy loam, admirably adapted for raising seedling trees, and almost the whole of it is so occupied . . . Tree Seeds and Grafts. Mr. Cobbett imports these from America in casks, packed with sand; the locust and catalpa seeds in their pods.

We measured a pod of the latter near 18 inches long, containing perfectly fresh seeds.

An advertisement following the index at the end of The Woodlands offered' AMERICAN AND SHRUB SEEDS'

TREE

for sale, in mixed batches:

I propose to put complete assortments of the seeds up in boxes, and to sell each box for Five Pounds.

There will be in the whole upwards of fifty different sorts of seeds of Trees and Shrubs, to which will be added about twenty sorts of Garden Seeds. Amongst the tree seeds will be Walnuts, Hickory Nuts, seeds of the Sassafras, of the Birch, of the Plane, of the Red Cedar, of the Maple, of the Tulip, of the White Elm, and amongst the shrubs, seeds of the Pinckneya (Georgia Bark), the Cornus Florida, the Kalmia Latifolia, the Kalmia Angustifolia, the Spice tree, Oaurus benzoin), the Magnolia Glauca, the 137

PLANTING

Magnolia Tripetala, the Magnolia Grandiflora . . . I shall put into each box, two pounds of fine American Locust Seed. These two pounds contain about twenty-four thousand seeds; and, if the instructions which I have given in the "wooDLANos" be strictly adhered to, in the sowing of these seeds, almost every seed will produce a tree; and a tree too, fit to go into a plantation next autumn.

Ai\ffill.ICAN TREE A:"lD SHRUll SEEDS.

An advertisement on the last leaf, offering American tree and shrub seeds for sale

I now offer the!'e Seeds for sale. I propose to 11ut comr.Ietc a.ssortm cnt!i oC the scc1ls up in boxes, tmJ to sell each box fur Five Tht·rc will he iu the whole upw1mh1 of fifcy different li0r1'i or sce1li. uf 111111 Sh rnl.d ; to which " 'ill he Atltle1l about twenty SOrt.i or Garden Sef'd.S. Amon:st the tree JCeds will be /Yub1uh, H illltory NHIK, 1etd.i ur the llirrh, of the Pltwe, u( the Htd Cedar, of the1'Juplt, of tLf' Pi11f:/t.of or the Tulip, of the 11?.ite Elm., n111l a111n11:;-1a. the shrnb.!I, m•yf1. (<;eurgiu llor.._), tlic Comu,, .Florirffl, the Kulmit• l,,(1lifoli(1, the K11tmia Afl8UJilijnlin, the 'JliCt: ll"ttt:, (IBurus heu1.1>in ) , lht• Jflu;ptolia Clm11.Y1, the Jflagnolin 1Wpd111n 1 the Al11;;11A/i1t Cmndijlnm. I hnvc 111 eu1iooed the 11IK1\'l'• :u par1,.or the trCl'!I niul 11hrubi. I s hall put into t'!ach hox, tu:o pouHt!6 or Aue llmuicnn Lncutl 5'u1I. Tbcst: two poumls cuutaiu ahout t wcuty.rour thuuSDn,I seed§; nud, i( th(' iustructiuus "hicl1 I hnve gh•c11 in the 11 Woout.\NO.il" be stricdy IU1hereJ to, in the IOWin; 0£ these ICtd'i, almoiL C\cry 1eed will ptolhu.·e n tree; and a lrft': too, fit lu goo ioto n p1autatiou nest autumn.

Amongst the lt'n.rJcn seed-c, there will be several 11ort1 or Sq11usli or J/tgtlflble /ffurruw i;eed,; two lkJrl of Jl/tlo" scellJ, one ot least of f '11cumbt11' nnd D pint or th rte clilfen.out sort• (a pint or each) or Ku111C!/ beans; hesidcs ,ort• or 011i<m Scl•tl1, nml A1parng1u scetls. which there will he

ever l>0'4H:,.seJ >>\it my,clr. There is aho lJrtrk, which never ha" hecu in England IJcfore, uce1't Pi11dtnrv"or In 'yenr, "'hen I Auwetl on1c of it, and renred n great uumbt"ror plaut1.

which uo man in

early Indian torn; some while a1ul tome yellow.

Now, that part of these Reeds which I shall sow, l ' hall 1nakc gro w; aud

any othu per,,011 may do the 1ame if he will , by rcrcrriur; 10 the iusiruc· tiou1 contnmed in the 0 WOODLANDS." I 1hull, into each box of st•c<ls, uf its coulC"uts; nud opposite the name or n11y tree or put a I shall Hy," See shrub mentioned in the instance, opposite to the seetl or the U1w.cu, I aludl 1ny, ' 1 Sec the Wuou· LANOI, par:igrnph 1!'13." Then, wheu I come to that rare plant, 1.hc 1'1sc.:or Cr.01to1A 11ANa.:, or w the KA LMIA, t 1hnll uy al o, "See the Wuuopa.ro.graph 153 ;" hecause all these 1«rl.s are to be 1owu anti m;iI h:ul ue,·er done nny thinf;' in my life hut rendered it no ea1y matter to raiM? the Uirch from seetf, which neithe-r M1LLER nor nny olber g-ardt>ner e'•er 3c •

.

sowed not only that seed, but the seeil or the GP.OMO IA

BAR1',

the K,u., 1r'A,

muJu the A#'. ALIA, the R11ooonP.NDRo:o1, nntl nurny olhcu, iu \'aiu. to the R1 RC11, there WA! uo longer auy difliculty this thscu,·ery with wilh rc::ml to auy or thue, which, as Clpcrieuced gnrdcuers '"ell kuow, nrc from seetl, but by mere luck. never w he

II

INDEX

INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations or their captions

Abbey, J. R. 9, 32, 33 acacia 8, 22, 27, 32, 80 bastard 27; false 80, 136

see also Robinia pseudoacacia Acacia Tree, The 80-82, 81, 137 Acer striatum xxiv Acer Virginianum 9 Acetaria 97 Aesculus octandra 56 alder 22 Allanton House 131-32 allspice, Carolina 113 almond 83, 84 amelanchier 52

American Gardener, The 1 37 American Grove, The see Arbustrnm Americanum American Philosophical Society 56, 58

American Silk Grower's Guide, The 86-87, 87 Angiviller, Charles Claude de la Billarderie, comte d' 60 Annin, Smith & Co. 69 apple 22, 97 Appleton, Edward 69 apricot 84

Arboretum et Frnticetum Britannicum xxii, xxii, 18, 3743, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 136 Arbustrnm Americanum xxiii, 56-58, 57,58 ash 8, 22, 32, 33 blue 70 Atholl, 4th Duke of see Murray, John, 4th Duke of Atholl azalea xxiii

B Bailey, L. H. 83 Banister, John 49

Banks, Sir Joseph 76, 119 barberry 22, 58 Barrington, Daines 53 Barrington, Shute, Bishop of Durham 53 Bartolozzi, Francesco 98, 99 Bartons, E. 95 Bartram, John 56, 57 Bartram, William 57 bay 20, 22 loblolly 52 Beale, John 97 Beaufort, Duchess of see Somerset, Mary, 1st Duchess of Beaufort Beauvais, Camille 89 Bedford, 6th Duke of see Russell, John, 6th Duke of Bedford beech 22, 32, 67, 73, 127, 128, 129 Bentinck, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Portland 53 Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland IOI Besler, M. R.: Gazophylacium Rernm Naturalium 22 Bessa, Pancrace xxii, 13, 14, 17, 19, 65,67 Bessin, R. 6 5

Betula alba 24 bignonia 8 birch 22, 29, 32, 67, 97, 137 silver 24 blackthorn 22 Bliitter-Abdriicke 3o, 31 Bohart, Jacob, the younger 4 7 Bojaria, Maximilian Joseph, Duke of 90 Bombax ceiba 49 Bond, T. Theodore 34, 35 Boquet (engraver) 65 Boquet, Mme 6 5 Boston: botanic garden 70 141

Boutcher, William xxv, 119, 133

Treatise on Forest-Trees, A

IOI,

117-20, 118 Boutet de Monvel, Maurice xv box 22 Boyle, Richard, 3rd Earl of Burlington 3 Bradel, A. P. 14, 15 Bradley, Richard 99 Branston, Robert 38, 39 Bridson, Gavin: Printmaking in the

Service of Botany 39 Brighton: Royal Pavilion 34 Brisseau-Mirbel, C. F. 17, 20 Browne, D. J. 70 Sylva Americana, The 69-70, 69, 70; Trees of America 70 Buccleuch, 3rd Duke of see Scott, Henry, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch buckeye, sweet 56 buckthorn, purging 22 Budd, William 135-36 Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de 99 Bulstrode 132 Burgess, H. W 78 Burlington, 3rd Earl of see Boyle, Richard, 3rd Earl of Burlington butternut 58, 119 Butterworths (engravers) 127

c cabbage tree 53, 64 Cal(l)y (engraver) 65

Calycanthus .fioridus 113 Careston 133, 134

Carya alba 40 Carya illinoinensis 56-57 Cassio bury 132 Casteels, Pieter 4 7

INDEX

Catalogue alphabetique des Arbres et Arbrisseaux 59, 59-60, 60 Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs, A xxii-xxiii, 49, 50-51, 52, 53

Catalogue of American Trees, Shrubs and Seeds, A 137 Catalogus Plantarum xxi, 3-8, J, 4, 5, 6, 49, 52

catalpa 22, 52, 67, 76, 120, 137 Catesby, Mark xxi, xxii, 8, 52, 53 Hortus Britanno-Americanus 52, 53; Hortus Europae Americanus 52-56, 54, 55; Natural History of Carolina, The xxii, 8, 49, 52, 53 Cavendish-Bentinck, William Henry, 4th Duke of Portland 80 cedar 32 American 22, 135, 137; Bermuda 4 Chalfont House 132 Chamaerops Palmetto see Sabal

palmetto Charles II, King 8 3, 96 Charleston 63, 65 Chelsea Physic Garden see London: Chelsea Physic Garden cherry 22 chestnut 22, 32, 67, 73 horse 22, 56 chestnut blight xxv Child, Jonathan 86 Chiswick House see London: Chiswick House Church Langton 112 cider 96, 96, 97 Cignaroli, D. 90, 90 Cignaroli, Gianbettino 90 Cobb, J. H. 85, 86, 87

Manual of the Mulberry Tree, A 84-86, 85, 86 Cobbett, William 80, 82, 135, 137

American Gardener, The 1 37; Catalogue of American Trees, A I 37; English Gardener, The 137; Rural Rides I 37; Woodlands, The So, I35-38, 138 Cock, F. William I26

Cockerell, Sir Sydney 9 Coetnisan, marquis de I IO Coleshill I 36 Collection du Regne vegetal 20, 21, 22 Collinson, Peter 53, 11 5 Commentarii ... Dioscoridis 8-9, 1 o, 11, 12

Complete Body of Planting and Gardening, A xxv, IIO-I6, 111, 113, 114 Compton, Henry, Bishop of London 8, 49 conifers xxv, 4, 19, 20, 21 cornel 22, 74, 76 Cornus (title) frontispiece, xxiii, 74-

76, 75

Cornus canadensis frontispiece, 76 Cornus fiorida 1 37 Cowan (artist) 1 I9 Cowley, Abraham 97 Garden, The 97 Cruickshank, Thomas xxv Practical Planter, The I33-35, 134 currant 27

Downing, A. J. 40, 133 Dowsing, D. 34 du Chou!, Jean 74

De Vtiria Quercus Historia xxi, 72, 73, 73-74

Du Transport title-page, I06, I07, 108 Dublin Society 63, 121, 121, I25 Dubreuil (engraver) 37, 65 Duchesne, Jean-Baptiste: Guide de la culture des bois 22; Herbier forestier 22, 23, 24 Ducq, J. F. 20, 21 Duff, James, 4th Earl of Fife I34 Duhamel du Monceau, H. L. xxv, 9, I3,J6, 70, 99, 106 Des Semis xxvi, 13, IOI, 102-03, 104-05, I06, 106; Du Transport title-page I06, I07, 108; E/emens d'Agricu/ture 12; Nouveau Duhamel xxi-xxii, 13-20, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19; Traite comp/et des Bois 9, 12-13, I06, I07; Traite des Arbres xxi, 8-13, 9, 10, 12, 17, 106 Dulac, Edmund xv

D Darlington, William 56 Darwin, Erasmus: Phytologia 70 date palm 14 Day & Haghe 38 de Belder, Robert I 4 de Grey, Thomas Philip, 2nd Earl 47 De Vtiria Quercus Historia xxi, 72, 73, 73-74

Des Semis et Plantations des Arbres xxvi, I3, IOI, 102-03, 106, 106 Description d'une Machine propre a transplanter de grands arbres 109, I09-IO Devisse (engraver) 74 Dicks, John: New Gardener's Dictionary I IO, I I2 Didot, P. F. 76 Digges, Edward 83 Dillenius, J. J.: Hortus Elthamensis 52 dogwood frontispiece, xxiii, 22, 52, 76

E

Eden 1IO Edsall, William 124 Edwards (artist) 69 Ehret, G. D. 52, 53 elder 30 elm 22, 32, 33 American 40, 119, 137 elm disease xxv Elwes, H. J.: Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 43 Elysium Britannicum 97 Emes, William II6, 116, 117 empress tree 76 Encyclopaedia of Gardening 40 Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs 43 English Gardener, The 137 Essay on Planting, An 112, 112 Essay on Trees in Landscape, An 32-

33, 32, 33 Evelyn, John 70, 97, 98 Acetaria 97; Elysium Britannicum

INDEX Evelyn, John (cont.)

97; Kalendarium Hortense 95, 96, 97; Pomona 95, 96, 96-97; Silva 96, 97, 98, 99-IOI, 100; Sylva xxiii, xxv, 94, 95-97, 96, 97; Terra 99, IO I

F Fairchild, Thomas 53 Ferrar, John 83 Fife, 4th Earl of see Duff, James, 4th Earl of Fife fig 84

Figures of the . . . Plants described in the Gardeners Dictionary I I 2, II6 fir 4, 20, 21, 32, 65, 127 Fletcher, Henry 3, 5, 5, 6 Flora Boreali-Americana 63 Folkestone, Lord see PlaydellBouverie, William, 3rd Earl of Radnor Forbes, James 78 Pinetum Woburnense 78; Salictum Woburnense 78, 79 Forest Pruner, The 127-29, 128 Forsyth, William I 37 Fothergill, John 53 Foulis, Andrew 1 I 9 Foulis, Robert II9 Franklin, Benjamin 56, 57, 58, 87 Franklinia alatamaha 57 Freret, Louis 74 Furber, Robert xxii, 3, 7, 8, 47, 49 Three Trees 4 7-49, 48; Twelve Months of Flowers 4 7, 49; Twelve Plates with Figures of Fruit 47 G G., E.D. 134, 135 Gabriel, Louis 65 Gaete, M.M.C. Gaudin, due de 65 Garden, The 97 gardeners xxv, 8, 120 Gardeners and Florists Dictionary 7 Gardeners Dictionary 7, 70, 76, I 12, II5-16

Gardener's Magazine 40, 41, 132, 134-35, 137 gardens: 'American' xxiii; landscape xxiii, xxv, no, 132, 133 George III, King I I 5 George IV, King 130, 133 Georgia bark I 37 Georgical Essays 99 Gesner, Conrad 74 ginkgo 63 Gordon, C. N. 127, 129 grape-vine 83, 84 Gray, Christopher xxii, 3, 8, 52, 53, 56

Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs, A xxii-xxiii, 49, 50-51, 52, 53 Greenaway, Kate xv Grey, Henry, Duke of Kent 47 Grimm, S. H. 99, IOI Grimston family 127

H hackberry 69 Hales, Stephen 99 Halfpenny, J. 99 Hanbury, William xxv, 99, I 12, II5, II6, 116, 117

Complete Body of Planting and Gardening, A xxv, II0-16, 111, 113, 114; Essay on Planting, An II2, 112 Handel, G. F. II 5 hawthorn 22, 32 American 43; Virginian 6, 43; yellow-berried 8 Hayes, Samuel 12 5

hickory 52, 65, n9, 137 Illinois 56-57; shell bark 40 Hill, Sir John: Eden 1IO Hillhouse, Augustus L. 67-68, 68, 136 Hillhouse, James 67, 136

Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l'Am&ique xxiii, xxiv, 63, 64, 65-Q7, 66, 76

Histoire des Chenes de l'Am&ique xxiii, 60-63, 61, 62

Historia Plantarum Rariorum 5 Hitt, Thomas 120 holly 22, 32 Hooke, Robert 96 Hope, John I 19 Hoppe, D. H. 32 hornbeam 22 Horticultural Society: Chiswick garden 40 Hortus Britanno-Americanus 52, 53 Hortus Elthamensis 52 Hortus Europae Americanus 52-56, 54, 55 hot-houses I I 6, 116, 117 Houtkunde 25-29, 26, 27, 28, 29 Houttuyn, Martinus 25, 29 Houtkunde 25-29, 26, 27, 28, 29 74 Hubert, Huerne, Joseph van 20, 21, 22 Hullmandel, Charles 78 Hunt Botanical Library xxvii Catalogue of Redouteana 13, 14 Hunt Institute 9, 56 Hunter, Alexander xxv, 99 Georgical Essays 99; Silva 80, 98, 99-IOI, 100 Huysum, Jacob van 4, 5, 6, 7

Practical Treatise on Planting, A xvii, 121, 121, 124, 124-25, 125 hazel 22 Hazen, Herr 2 5 Henrey, Blanche xxvii, 9 5 Henry, Augustine: Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 43 Herbert, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke 7-8, 47, 48, 49 Herbier forestier 22, 23, 24 Hermann, Paul 4 7

143

!cones Lignorum 25, 28 indigo tree 55

J Jacquinot, L. F. 65 James I, King xxiii, 83, 87

INDEX Jaume Saint-Hilaire, J. H. 17 Plantes de la France 37; Traite des Arbres forestiers 36, 37; Traite des Arbrisseaux 37 Johnson, Samuel 7S Joly, J. N. 65 Josephine, Empress lJ, lS, 18, 20 Jove's beard 55 Juillet, Jacques 74 Jukes, H. W. 41 Julien, Stanislas S9

Resume des principaux traites chinois sur la culture des muriers 88, SS-S9 juniper 19, 52

]uniperus communis 19 ]uniperus oxycedrus 19 K

Kalendarium Hortense 95, 96, 97 Kalm, Pehr 99 kalmia 121, 137 Kennion, Charles]. 32, 33 Kennion, Edward 33 Essay on Trees in Landscape, An 32-33, 32, 33 Kenrick, John S6 Kenrick, William S6-S7

American Silk Grower's Guide, The S6-S7, 87 Kent, Duke of see Grey, Henry, Duke of Kent Kergariou, Monsieur de: Description d'une Machine . .. 109, 109-10 Kerner, J. S. 63 Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens xxv, 63, 7S, 137 kidney bean tree S Kilnwick 127 Kirkall, Elisha 4, 5 Kniphof, J. H. 32 Korn,]. F. 32

Sammlung von 50 Abdrf4cken der LaubhSlzer 29-JO, 30, 32 L

Langlume (lithographer) 37 larch l 19, 127 Le Berryais, Rene l 7

Lejeune, H. 40, 42 Le Monnier, Louis 76 Le Notre, Andre xxv leaves, compound 114 Ledoulx, P. F. 20 Leiden: botanic garden 47 Leighton, J. 7S Leonardo da Vinci 30

Letter to Sir Walter Scott, A So, 82 Lewis, G. R. 41 Lezermes (translator) 59, 60 L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L. 76 Cornusfrontispiece, xxiii, 74-76, 75; Sertum Anglicum 76; Stirpes Novae 76 Liberate, Giorgio S, 9, 11 Liger (wood engraver) 9 lime tree S, 10, 11, 22, 32, 70 Linnaeus, Carolus 5, 57, 99 liquidambar xxiii, 120 Liriodendron tulipifera 47, 49 see also tulip tree Little Gidding S3 locust tree 35, So, 136, 137, l3S

see also Robinia pseudoacacia Loddiges family 42 Lodge, John n2, 113, 114, 120, 122-23

Loiseleur Deslongchamps, G.L.A. 13, 17 London: British Library 101; British Museum 7; Chelsea Physic Garden xxv, 5, S, 20; Chiswick House 3; Fulham Palace 49; Horticultural Society garden 40; nursery gardens 3, 42, 47, 52, 56, 137; Parson's Green 52, 53; Turnham Green 41 see also Kew, Syon House Lorenzi, Francesco 90 Lorenzi, Lorenzo 90 Loudon, J. C. xxii, xxv, l S, 40, 42, 70, 7S, 78, 134-35, 137

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum xxii, xxii, lS, 37-43, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42. 43, 136; Encyclopaedia of Gardening 40; Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs 43 Ludwig, C. G. 32

144

M Macdonald, J. 107 Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 69 MacPhail, Ian l 4 magnolia, American xxiii, 48, 49, 50-51, 52, 67, 120, lJ7-3S Magnolia altissima see Magnolia

grandiflora Magnolia glauca l 37 Magnolia grandiflora xxii-xxiii, l 2, 50-51, 52, 53, lJS

Magnolia tripetala l 3S Magnolia virginiana 49 Main,James 132 Mainwaring, Sir Henry 95 Maleuvre, Pierre 74

Manual . . . of the Mulberry Tree, A S4-S6, 85, 86 maple 12, 30, 31, 67, l 19, 137 ash-leaved 136; field 22; striped xxiv; Virginian 9 Marshall, Humphry xxi, 56, 5S, 60

Arbustrum Americanum or The American Grove xxiii, 56-5S, 57, 58; Catalogue alphabetique des Arbres 59, 59-60, 60 Martin, L. 40 Martyn, John: Historia Plantarum

Rariorum 5 Massachusetts Horticultural Society 70 Mattioli, P. A.: Commentarii . . .

S-9, 10, 11, 12 Mead, Richard 53 Meader, James 120

Modern Gardener, The 120; Planter's Guide, The 120-21, 12223

medlar 22 Mellon, Paul xvi, 25, 30, 32, 65, S3, 130

Memoire sur la Naturalisation des Arbres forestiers 6 5 Merian, Maria Sibylla xxii, 46, 47 Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium 47 Meyerpeck, Wolfgang S, 9, 11 Michaux, Andre xxiii, 56, 63, 65, 67, So

INDEX Michaux, Andre (cont.)

Flora Boreali-Americana 63; Histoire des Chenes de l'Amerique xxiii, 60-63, 61, 62 Michaux, 65

Andre xxiii, 6 3,

New York Horticultural Society 69 Nicol, Walter xxv, 125, 126 Planter's Kalendar, The 125, 135; Practical Planter, The 125-26, 126; Scotch Forcing Gardener, The 125;

Villa Garden Directory

Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l'Amerique xxiii, xxiv, 63, 64, 6567, 66, 70, 76; Memoire sur la Naturalisation des Arbres forestiers 65; North American Sylva xxiii, 67-69, 67, 68, I36 Michel, Etienne I3, 13, I4, I7 Traite du Citronier I7 Millan, John 53 Miller, John 99, 100, IOI Miller, Philip 3, 5, 7, 99 Gardeners Dictionary 70, 76, I I2, II5-I6 Millet, W. I 30 Miniscalchi, Aloysius, conte: Mororum ... xxiii, 90, 90, 91 Modern Gardener, The 120 Molyneux, T. 83 moose wood xxiv Mororum ... xxiii, 90, 90, 91 Morus alba var. multicaulis 83, 86, 87

Morus nigra 42 Moller, Johann Sebastian see Miller, John mulberry xxiii, 42, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 89, 90, 90, 91 Mulsant, Etienne 74 Murray, John (publisher) I I9 Murray, John, 4th Duke of Atholl II9

I25

Nissen, Claus xxvii, I4, 25 Noel, Alexis 36, 37 North American Sylva xxiii, 67-69, 67, 68, I36 Northumberland, 4th Duke of see Percy, Algernon, 4th Duke of Northumberland Nouveau Duhamel xxi-xxii, 13-20, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19

nurserymen 127 American 57, 63, 86, 87; London 3, J, 5, 7, 137; Scottish xxv, II9 nutmeg 84 Nuttall, Thomas 69 Nyssa 67

Natural History of Carolina, The xxii, 8, 49, 52, 53

Natural History of Selborne, The 53, IOI

nature-printing 29, 30, 30, 31, 32 Nee, F. D. I7 New Gardener's Dictionary I IO, II 2 New Kreiiterbuch 8

2 I,

122-23

Planter's Guide, The (Steuart) 119,

Nyssa aquatica 66

129-33, 130, 131, 132, IJS

0 oak xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 22, 32, 33, 73, 73, 74, I35 American xxiii, 52, 57, 61, 62, 63, 67, I20, IJ7; Greendale 99, IOI; post 57; red-leaved 41 Oak Spring Garden Library xvxvii, xxi olive 67-68, 83, 84 olive press 17 Oxford: Botanic Garden 47 Ozanne, N. 9,9, 12

N Napoleon I, Emperor 14, I8, 20 Nash, John 34

peach 84, 86 pecan 56-57 Pembroke, 8th Earl of see Herbert, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke Pendleton, J. B. 85 Pendleton, W. S. 85 Percier, Charles 17 Percy, Algernon, 4th Duke of Northumberland 41-42, 120 Peterhof I 20 Phillips, Henry 34 Sylva Florifera 34-35, 35 Pilat, Mont 74 Pillement, Victor I 7 Pinckneya I 37 pine 65, I2I Scotch 127 pineapple IOI Pinetum Wobumese 78 plane tree 32, I37 Planter's Guide, The (Meader) 120-

p

painting, landscape 33 Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale 76, IOI; Jardin des Plantes 63, 76; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 65, 76 Parker, Thomas N. I I9 Parmentier, Mme Andre 87 Paulownia imperialis 76, 77 Paulownia tomentosa 76

145

Planter's Kalendar, The 125, I35 Plantes de la France 37 planting see tree-planting plants: alpine 74; introduction 5, 78, I3, 58, u9; nomenclature 5,

57 Plee, Auguste 61 Plesch, Arpad I4 Pleydell-Bouverie, William, 3rd Earl of Radnor !J6 Poiret, J.L.M. I7 poison ivy 52, 58 Political Register 135, 137 pomegranate 84 pomona 95, 96, 96-97 Pontey, William 12 7 Forest Pruner, The I27-29, 128; Profitable Planter, The 126-27 poplar 22, 27, 32 Portland, Duchess of see Bentinck, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Portland Portland, 3rd Duke of see Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland

INDEX Portland, 4th Duke of see Cavendish-Bentinck, William Henry, 4th Duke of Portland Potter, Beatrix xv Practical Planter, The (Cruickshank) 133-35, 134 Practical Planter, The (Nicol) 125-26, 126

Practical Treatise on Planting, A xvii, 121, 121, 124, 124-25, 125 Preston, H. W. 69 Prevost, B. L. 107 Prince, William 86 printing, colour 4, 5, 14, 37

Printmaking in the Service of Botany 39

privet 22

Profitable Planter, The 126-27 pruning 127, 128, 129 publication, serial 115 Purser's Cross 40

Q Quercus aquatica 62 Quercus minor 57 Quercus rubra 41 see also oak quince S4

R Rackham, Arthur xv Radnor, 3rd Earl of see PleydellBouverie, William, 3rd Earl of Radnor Rambouillet 60, 63 Redoute, A. 65 Redoute, H.J. xxiv, 14, 61, 65, 76 Redoute, P. J. frontispiece, xxii, xxiii, 13, 14, 16, 17, 61, 62, 63, 65, 74, 76 Renard (engraver) 65 Repton, Humphry xxiii, 132

Resume des principaux traites chinois sur la culture des muriers 88, SSS9 rhododendron xxiii Richard, L. C. 63 Riche, Adele 64, 65, 66, 76, 77

Riddell, John 99 Robin, Jean So Robinia 22, 67, 121

Robinia pseudoacacia 35, So, 136-37, 13 S see also acacia, locust Rolet, Mlle (engraver) 17 Rooker, A. 99, 101 rose 22, 27 Ross, William M. 56 Royal Society 7, 94, 95-96, 96, 99 Ruffhead, R. 128 Rural Rides 13 7 Russell, John, 6th Duke of Bedford xxiii, 7S, 78, 127, 128, 129 Ryall, John 53

s Sabal palmetto 53 Salictum Wobumense 7S, 79 Salix 12, 7S see also willow Salix alba 41 Salix coerulea 7S Salix praecox 79 Sammlung von 50 Abdrllcken der LAubMlzer 29-30, 30, 32 Sang, Edward 125, 135 Sargent, C. S.: Silva of North America 69 sassafras 52, 137 Saulnier, Paul 63 saw-mill 84, S4 Scotch Forcing Gardener, The 12 5 Scott, Henry, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch 119 Scott, W. 127 Scott, Sir Walter So, 82, 13 3 Sebastien, Pere 110 Seligmann,]. IV,1. 32 !cones Lignorum 25 Sellier, Louis 61 Sepp, J. C. 25 Sertum Anglicum 76 service tree 22 Seymer, Henry 53 Shardeloes 132 Sherard, James 53 Sherard, William 53 ship-building 107

shrubbery 34 shrubs 40, 41 American xxi, xxiii, 52, 53, 55, 56, 121, 137-3S; habit 38, 39; introduction xxi, xxiii, S, 41, 56, 5S, 60, 121 silk S3, S7, SS, S9 in America xxiii, S3, S5-S6, S7 silk cotton tree 47, 48, 49 silkworms S3-S4, 84, 85, S7, S9 Silva So, 96, 97, 98, 99-101, lOO see also Sylva

Silva of North America 69 Sloane, Sir Hans 7, S, 53 sloe 22 smilax 55 Society for the Importation of Foreign Seeds 119 Society of Arts So, 129 Society of Gardeners xxi, xxii, xxiii, 3, 5, 7, 49 Catalogus Plantarum xxi, 3-S, 3, 4, 5, 6, 49, 52 Somerset, Mary, 1st Duchess of Beaufort S Southampton, 4th Earl of see Wriothesley, Thomas, 4th Earl of Southampton Spaendonck, Gerard van 76 Speechly, William 101 spice tree 13 7 spindle tree 22 Stallenge, William S3 Steuart, Sir Henry xxv, So, 13 3 Planter's Guide, The 119, 129-33, 130, 131, 132, 135 Stirpes Novae 76 Stratfold, R. C. 7S, 79 Strutt, J. G. xxii Stuartia pentagyna 16 sumach 120 Swan,J. 130 sycamore 22, 32 Sylva xxiii, xxv, 94, 95-97, 96, 97 see also Silva Sylva Americana, The 69-70, 69, 70 Sylva Florifera 34-35, 35 Syon House 41, 41, 42, 12.0

INDEX

T Taylor, Charles I 29 Taylor, I. 0. Howard 80 Taylor, Isaac rr2 Terra 99, IOI Thibaud, J. T. I 7 Thiselton-Dyer, WT. 43 thorn see hawthorn Thouin, Andre 37

Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 43 Trew, C. J. 52 tulip tree xxii, xxiii, 7, I2, 22, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 67, I20, I37 Tull,Jethro I36 tupelo 52, 66 Turner, William I 30, 132 Twelve Months of Flowers 47, 49 Twelve Plates with Figures of Fruit 47

Tilia 10, 11 tools xvii, 70, 90, 125 Tradescant, John, the younger 49 Traite complet des Bois 9, I06, I07 Traite des Arbres et Arbustes xxi, 8I 3, 9, 10, 12, I7, I06 see also

Nouveau Duhamel Trait{ des Arbres forestiers 36, 37 Traite des Arbres fruitiers I 7 Traite des Arbrisseaux 37 Trait{ du Citronier I7 Treatise on Forest-Trees, A IOI, rr720, 118 tree-planting xxiii, xxv-xxvi, 95, 96, 99, IOI, 103, I I2, II 5, I20, I29 in America 69-70; in England 80; in Ireland 125; in Scotland xxv, 80, rr9, I27, I33, 134, I35 trees xxv, 40-4I, I06, 122-23 American :xxi, xxii-xxiii, xxv, 7, 80, 65, 53, 55, I2, rr9, I20-2I, 136, I37-38; habit 38, 39; introduction :xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv, 7-8, 4I, 56, 58, 60, 65, 69, 78, 80, I2I; in landscape 32-33, IIO, I32; stumps 96; transplanting xxv, 109, I09-IO, 124, IJO, I3I-32, 132, I33; transport 103 Trees of America 70

u Ulmus americana incisa 40

v Valesi, Dionigi 90 Valgrisi, Vincenzo 8, I2 Veillard (botanist) I7 Verbrugge, J. C. 20 Verbrugge, Jeanne 20 Veron (engraver) 37 Versailles xxv, 63

Virburnum

I2 I

Victoria, Queen I 33 Vienna: National-Bibliothek I4 Villa Garden Directory I 2 5 Virginia :xxi, 83, 87

Virginias Discovery of SilkeWormes 83-84, 84 Vivares, Thomas 99, IOI

Watkin, Sir Edward William 9 5 wayfaring tree 22 Webster, Daniel 86 Webster, Noah 86 Welbeck IOI, I35 Weymss Castle I25 White, Gilbert: Natural History of Se/borne, The 53, IOI whitebeam 1 oo Willebeek Le Mair, Henriette xv, xvi Williams, Edward 83

Virginias Discovery of SilkeWormes 83-84, 84 willow xxiii, I2, 22, 32, 78, 79 cricket-bat 78;Johnson's 78; white 41 Wilton _7, 49 Windsor Castle I 33 Winthrop, John, the younger 95 witch hazel I 2 I Withers, William 80 Acacia Tree, The 80-82, 81, I37; Letter to Sir Walter Scott, A 80, 82 Woburn Abbey xxiii, 78, I27, 128, I29 wood 25, 26, 27, 28, 84, I07, 108, I27 robinia 80; willow 78 Woodlands, The 80, I35-38, 138 Wriothesley, Thomas, 4th Earl of Southampton 96

y

w Wade, Walter 63 Wager, Sir Charles 52, 53 Wale, Samuel I I2 walnut 22, 32, 52, 65, I20, I37 black 137; white 58 Washington: Library of Congress 90

147

yew 27, 32 yucca 52

z Zezzio (binder) 65

DESIGNED, COMPOSED, AND PRINTED BY MERIDEN-STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG, VERMONT BOUND BY ACME BOOKBINDERY, CHARLESTOWN, MASSACHUSETTS. THE PHOTOGRAPHY IS

BY GREG HEINS