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82801 Features

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Ag: A Hidden Spring Danger The first grasses of spring, poking their picture-perfect, lush, green heads through leftover blankets of snow. Would you ever guess that these grasses can pose such a fatal threat to local livestock? Candice shares her first-hand experience with grass tetany in cows, and just how vital it is to prevent it from happening in your pastures.

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Life: Into the Wide World; Sheridan Travel Tales

Art: Celebrating the Creative Spirit of Sheridan

Humans have always been travelers. And, although Sheridan is one of the coziest places to call home, Kevin sets out to answer the question: Where do locals go, and what do they do when they travel?

The answers just might surprise you.

The Sheridan art community comes together to Celebrate the Arts April 26-30; unveiling new works, engaging the community in new experiences, and cultivating a love of and appreciation for the arts.

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On the Cover: Tulum, Mexico Mayan ruins tower over the sea in Tulum, a town on the Caribbean coastline of Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula.

Known for its beaches and the well-preserved ruins of an ancient Mayan port city, Tulum makes for a great place for Sheridan locals to vacay — affordably.

Into the Wide World; Sheridan Travel Tales umans have always been travelers.

With our feet, then horses, and then boats, we explored and peopled the entire world in prehistoric times. In modern times, we now look to space and the rest of our solar system as another frontier to explore and someday turn into a travel destination.

Modern Americans in particular have restless spirits. The road trip was invented in America and remains a literal means of escape from the mundane, and a symbol of American freedom.

The road trip, in its pure, wandering form, is also a type of initiation; an experience for the young.

Once we’ve grown up and settled down, we save up our vacation time and search for cheap airfare. A trip down the open road is usually just a way to save money on our way to point B.

Residents of Wyoming tend to be quite happy with their choice of home, and they don’t have many of the pressures that push most people to want to

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escape. As the least populated state, we’re not crowded with the hustle and bustle of cities. With our wide-open prairies, towering Rocky Mountains, and abundant wildlife, we aren’t starved for the great outdoors.

So, I was surprised when I set out to answer the question: Where do locals go, and what do they do, when they travel?

It turns out that Sheridan residents of all ages travel often, in a wide variety of ways, to all kinds of places, for many different reasons.

While I assumed that many people traveled primarily to escape the extreme cold and snow of Wyoming winter, that turned out not to be as prominent of a theme as I had thought it would be.

That’s not to say that the climate in many of the common destinations, such as Hawaii, Mexico, and Costa Rica, aren’t attractive in the middle of a Wyoming February (especially one like we’ve just had). Instead, I found that escaping winter

was secondary to other priorities and desires, like experiencing a different culture or visiting friends and family.

According to leading luxury travel experts who attended the recent Virtuoso Travel Week in Las Vegas, multigenerational travel plans are on the rise. In other words, it has become more common for families to plan a trip that brings together parents, children, and grandparents in an exciting locale.

This was the case for Ryan Fuhrman (Wyoming's 2017 Teacher of the Year) and his wife, Leslie Stillwell Fuhrman, when they went with her parents and their kids to California for spring break.

They spent a day at Universal Studios’ Wizarding World of Harry Potter, three days at Disneyland, and the rest of the week at an Airbnb in Newport Beach.

“Airbnb is nice,” Leslie said. “It has a kitchen, so you don’t always have to eat out. It gives you some room to spread out and not see each other if you’re with a large group of people.”

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Their Airbnb had boogie-boards and bikes and beach toys. They didn’t rent a car, but just used Uber to get around. They used FastPass for Disneyland, which allowed them to reserve access to certain attractions and avoid standing in line. They also took a deal at Universal Studios, where they could get into the Wizarding World of Harry Potter an hour early. To further save on costs, they brought snacks for the kids.

Leslie felt that Disneyland was a little bit nicer than Universal Studios. “You never see behind the scenes,” she said. “They make you feel as if you’re in that magical land.”

As far as the weather, Leslie said, “If you’re a kid from Wyoming, then the weather is fine.”

Her daughter Myra was in the water every day.

Sometimes she got cold, but she could come right back up to the house and warm up.

To find a good deal, Ryan watched airline ticket prices and, of course, at the very end, after entering everyone’s information, when it was time to pay, the price had gone up by $200. Ryan took screenshots of the original offered price and spent an hour on the phone with customer service to get them to honor the original price.

The kids’ favorite part was the Wizarding World of Harry Potter and, according to Leslie, adults who love Harry Potter will have a great time, too. That wasn’t her favorite part, though. “I think I just want to get an Airbnb on the beach for a week next time,” she said.

Another multigenerational meet-up occurred recently in Florida. My mother, Susan Clinch Cannon, traveled to Florida to visit old friends who used to live in Dayton: Mischa and Georgia Hausserman. The Haussermans agonized over the decision to leave Wyoming, but Georgia’s highly successful career as a scuba instructor led them to Key Largo.

Susie certainly doesn’t mind having someone in Key Largo to visit. It also makes a great meeting point for her and her daughter, who lives in New York.

She used frequent flier miles for this trip, which resulted in a less than straightforward itinerary, but she had no problems along the way.

The Haussermans’ home is right on the water, and so far, has been steadfast during hurricane season. They have at least three stray cats who frequent their stoop for handouts.

In the week that she was there, Susie spent a lot of time on the water in a variety of boats. She paid

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to ride, along with other passengers, on an airboat.

The highlight of that trip was the guide seemingly presciently locating a large turtle and lifting it out of the water to show it off to the tourists.

Her favorite excursion was on Mischa’s personal boat along the Florida Keys. There was a little more room than on the tourist airboat and she could really feel the wind in her hair. Another highlight was visiting the supposed “southernmost point” in the U.S. at Key West. Susie admitted that

the actual southernmost point was in Hawaii.

Another recent trend in travel has been termed “transformational travel.” As Matthew D. Upchurch, chairman and CEO of Virtuoso said, “We tend to talk about luxury travel, adventure, family... all these different travel niches. When it comes down to it though, it's the transformative nature of travel that is the single biggest motivator.

When you travel, it pushes you out of your comfort zone, and it fundamentally changes your perception

Deli Spain – Erin Hanke

of yourself, your place in the world, of others. It fosters greater understanding and awareness because travel is all about celebrating the differences and recognizing what makes us all similar."

Sheridan residents Joan and Jeff Huggins just went to Hawaii for the third time. They’ve gone to Maui, Oahu, and this time they went to the Big Island.

Joan says it’s on her bucket list to visit every island.

They say the Big Island is the cheapest way to see Hawaii. The first time they went they were guests at a

condo, and they got hooked. Now they save money by using Vacation Rentals by Owner (VRBO).

To find the reservation they wanted, they booked 6 months in advance. Joan says that way the plane ticket is the most expensive part.

Jeff and Joan visited the actual southernmost part of the U.S. at the South Point Complex. They tried to see lava, and they did see some, but nasty weather stopped them from making it to the summit of Kilauea where they would have had the best view into the crater.

Christmas Market Germany – Erin Hanke

Their rental was in a rainforest, with a view of the ocean, and it rained daily. Jeff used a garbage bag to stay dry, but he couldn’t convince his wife or daughter to take up the fashion.

For Jeff, the highlight of this trip was swimming with manta rays. “They take you out at night on a boat and use lights,” he said. Manta rays are attracted to the lights and enjoy swimming with humans.

For Joan, the best part is that, “You meet people from all over the country and all over the world, and the wide range of experiences you can have.” She says the Big Island is highly agricultural and even has dude ranches.

According to Peg Martin at Brittain World Travel, the majority of her customers travel to Hawaii, Mexico, or Disneyland.

As for some of the recent frightening Mexican travel advisories, Peg says, “Use common sense. I’ve been going to Mexico for 35 years, everyplace has a good side and a bad side.”

My father, Bill Knapp, just returned from Mexico. He has traveled there on three occasions; once to the heart of Mayan pyramid territory, and twice to Kino Bay for fishing.

On his first trip, he used a time-share program he had bought into. This was before Airbnb, so the only other option would’ve been a hotel in Cancun or Playa Del Carmen.

Bill spent two weeks on the Yucatan Peninsula and visited many Mayan archaeological sites.

While the most popular pyramid among tourists is Chichen Itza, he preferred to visit some of the lesser-known ones. Specifically, Coba, Tulum, and Ek Balam.

At the ancient Mayan city of Coba, he marveled at how well-kept the grounds were, and at the level of access afforded to visitors. The main pyramid, Ixmoja, is the tallest in Central America, and the only one you are still allowed to climb. A rope stretching along the center of the giant staircase helps provide purchase for a trip to the top and the spectacular view that awaits.

While tourists are allowed to roam at will through the site, there are actually a remarkable number of amenities available. There are three hotels, one campsite and seven restaurants scattered throughout the complex. Bill’s favorite part was the men with bicycles modified to accommodate a seat on the front, who would pedal you around the primitive paths for a small fee.

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For the past two years, my father’s Mexican excursions have been all about fishing. He still hasn’t had to pay for a hotel, as he has a friend who owns a condominium in Kino Bay, a small village included in the municipality of Hermosillo.

Locals differentiate between Kino Viejo ('Old Kino', the site of the original village) and Kino Nuevo ('New Kino'). The latter refers to the homes, motels, RV parks, and restaurants that have been constructed recently along the coast for several miles north west of Kino Viejo.

There are no docks at Kino Bay to accommodate easy access for fishermen. Bill and his host found their way around this by paying a local captain more than he would normally make in a day to take them out and guide them to good fishing.

These days people aren’t interested in cookie cutter vacations. They want a unique experience.

Kelly Walton, also at Brittain World Travel, says that Costa Rica, Viking river cruises, and Europe have been trending as recent destinations for locals.

As the internet has become more and more central in our daily lives, some have predicted that travel agents will become a thing of the past. Contrary to those predictions, Peg Martin has seen a resurgence in travel agent use, especially by millennials.

“There’s so much info on the Internet,” Peg said, “and it’s always changing.” She says that their $35 fee is a bargain for the years and years of knowledge and experience that they bring to the table.

“We’re here from the beginning to the end of your trip,” Martin says. For example, on the day I talked to her, she had just helped a client with some last-minute changes on a flight to Vienna due to an airline workers’ strike.

Martin encourages anyone interested in travel to get into the business, and says they are always hiring these days. “It’s been a great career,” she added.

Some people, however, have fully embraced the internet’s ability to provide total control over one’s own vacation. Dr. Erin Hanke, Director of the Whitney Center for the Arts and Sheridan City Councilwoman, said that it has never occurred to her to use a travel agency.

“It’s so easy now,” Hanke said. She uses a combination of apps, including Google Flights, Kayak, and Momondo, to find good prices on airplane tickets. “I do everything online,” she said.

Recently, Erin went to Paris with a friend in their 60s, and she took care of all the arrangements.

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“It hardly took any time to book the tickets, and it was not a source of stress,” Erin said. Regardless, her friend was very grateful that she had taken care of everything.

In December, Erin visited her sister who is in the U.S. Navy and is stationed in Spain. They also visited Germany together. She said that the Christmas market they visited there was the “happiest place in the world.”

Erin also visited Paris in January. She took the opportunity to go with a friend when she was able to find “super cheap” tickets. “I’ll take any chance to go

to Paris. I’m not a planner.”

Erin finds herself vacationing in cities more often than not. “The city is anonymous. Here, we are under a microscope because we all know each other. I find it to be a relief to be anonymous sometimes.”

Erin added, “Someone once said to me, ‘My two favorite things about Sheridan are leaving Sheridan and coming back to Sheridan.’” She agrees and, in her experience, returning home to Sheridan always makes her appreciate where we live even more.

Christmas Market Germany – Erin Hanke

By: Kevin M. Knapp for 82801

APRIL 26 - 30, 2018

CEL EBRA T E TH E A RT S SheridanPublicArts.com Ongoing installation of new Sheridan Public Arts on loan sculptures including Rabbit Reach by Tim Cherry

THURSDAY, APRIL 26 Jazz at Sheridan College • whitneyarts.org 3:30-5p • Open Workshop with Ben Markley • free 7p • Concert Ben Markley with SC Jazz • free

FRIDAY, APRIL 27 BJ Thomas concert at the WYO Theater • 7:30p • wyotheater.com • (ticket required)

SATURDAY, APRIL 28 Art on Grinnell • 10a-3p • Grinnell Plaza • free Hot Tamale Louie sculpture unveiling and dedication • 1p • Grinnell Plaza • free Sheridan College Juried Art Opening and awarding of first Waddell print prize • 5-7p • whitneyarts.org • free Mariela Shaker, lecture + violin • 7p • Whitney Center for the Arts • whitneyarts.org • free

SUNDAY, APRIL 29 Lineage & Legacy: The Imaged Horse • Drawing & Photography Workshop12-2:30p (RSVP 307-7372291)• Artists' reception and talks 3-5p • Ucross • ucross.org • free

MONDAY, APRIL 30 Dining for a Cause to benefit Celebrate the Arts at Frackelton's • frackeltons.com • 11a-2p and 4-10p

Allan Houser Opening Reception • 5 - 7p • SAGE Community Arts • artinsheridan.com • free

Celebrating the Creati

he Sheridan Public Arts Council, Whitney Center for the Arts, SAGE Community Arts, as well as UCross, the WYO Theater, and Frackelton’s are coming together to host Sheridan’s Celebrate the Arts event April 26-30; unveiling new works, engaging the community in new experiences, and cultivating a love of and appreciation for the arts.

It’s a community-wide celebration too large to cram into just one weekend! Not to mention, most events during Sheridan’s Celebrate the Arts are free.

“Sheridan has an especially collaborative, passionate, and committed community of artists, arts organizations, and patrons,” said Kim Love, Sheridan Public Arts committee chair. “We are proud to partner with our fellow creators and lovers of art to spread the joy and value of the arts throughout Sheridan.”

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“Sheridan has an especially collaborative, passionate, and committed community of artists, arts organizations, and patrons.”

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ive Spirit

of Sheridan

After a six-year hiatus, Love resurrected the Celebrate the Arts event as a one-day celebration in 2017. At the time, her aim was to commemorate the opening of SAGE Community Arts’ new space in the Montgomery building downtown, alongside the unveiling of Allan Houser’s Interconnection sculpture downtown, and the launch of Frackelton’s Dining for a Cause.

Now, paired with the ongoing instillation of new Sheridan Public Arts on loan sculptures including Rabbit Reach by Tim Cherry, as well as workshops, concerts, an artist reception, and more, the celebration only continues to grow in both size and stature. Similar growth is apparent throughout Sheridan’s art scene.

According to Sheridan Travel & Tourism, the arts economy generates as much as $20 million in local economic impact each year, while artists and art exports serve as tremendous ambassadors and advertisements, respectively, for the community.

During the 2017-18 season, the Whitney Center for the Arts at Sheridan College has already drawn more than 10,000 locals and visiting guests into its concert hall, gallery, and classrooms for exhibits, shows, lectures, and performances.

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Rabbit Reach

by Tim Cherry.

Additionally, more than 300 students are currently enrolled in Sheridan College arts programs.

The WYO Theater’s concerts, plays, operas, and special events also pulled in more than 10,000 guests last year alone. And, since its launch in 2003, the Sheridan Public Arts Council has acquired 59 sculptures and displayed dozens more on loan throughout downtown Sheridan.

Hot Tamale Louis sculpture unveiling and dedication Saturday, April 28.

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“The art we create and celebrate is an expression of our identity and curiosity,” said Erin Hanke, Whitney Center for the Arts director. “For five days straight, we’re inviting the entire community to immerse themselves in the Sheridan arts scene, and learn more about how the arts enhance our lives and our local economy.”

Celebrate the Arts culminates Monday, April 30 with the Houser exhibition at SAGE

Community Arts, and Frackelton’s Dining for a Cause program to benefit Celebrate the Arts in Sheridan.

By: Stephanie L. Scarcliff for 82801

Source: Content for this article was provided for by Whitney Center for the Arts Director Erin Hanke, as seen on sheridanwyoming.org, a product of Sheridan Travel and Tourism.

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Grass tetany is typically seen when cooler weather is followed by a warming pattern and animals are grazing on lush pastures.

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A Hidden Spring Danger ll of the moisture from the cooler weather pattern had greened up the grass in our pasture and our “girls” were happily grazing away while their babies sunned themselves on a beautiful spring day following a nasty spring storm. It was the kind of day that weather-weary ranchers dream about when they’re busting through the ice on frozen stock tanks and feeding on frigid mornings.

It was mid-afternoon when my husband burst through the door in a panic.

“Something is wrong with Number 18, she’s down and I need to go get Dad.” Number 18 happened to be one of my husband’s favorite cows. Now he’s the first one to chastise me when I start naming, or getting attached to the animals, but this ol’ girl was different and just had a special personality that happened to capture a salty rancher’s heart.

No sooner than I saw him, and before I could say a word, he was gone. Leaving a cloud of dust as he sped off on the four-wheeler. I said a little prayer, not fully understanding what was happening and started racking my brain — wondering if she got into something. The first thought that came to mind was, “Death Camus”. We had noticed some over in another pasture, but we didn’t think it had made it over to the pasture near the house. Death

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Camus, obviously by its name, is not a good thing to have around. But it turns out that the plant that resembles a wild onion that greens up early in spring and is highly toxic to the cattle, sheep, and horses that find it so palatable, was not responsible for what was, ultimately, Number 18’s death.

IT CAUGHT US OFF GUARD, IT HAPPENED SO QUICKLY. Less than 15 minutes had transpired from the time he found the cow down, bloated, and bellowing in pain, to returning with my father-in-law to help, and finding that she had expired, apparently in an excruciating way. Surrounding her body were marks on the ground. She had been “paddling”, her legs stiff, and thrashing back and forth as she died.

Just four short hours prior, he had taken notice of her as he was driving by to do his daily checks, and she was grazing along with the herd and appeared completely normal.

Stunned, he hauled her off, and returned with her ear tag, quietly setting it on the counter in our mudroom. A sentimental reminder of “one of the good ones”. He spent the remainder of the evening in silence on his laptop, researching her symptoms (or lack thereof ), and trying to find an answer as to how and why we just lost one of the best cows in our herd.

grass tet·a·ny noun 1. a fatal metabolic disease of livestock caused by magnesium deficiency Grass tetany is a metabolic disorder of cattle, also known as the spring tetany, grass staggers, wheat pasture poisoning, winter tetany, lactation tetany, or hypomagnesaemia — related to the deficiency of magnesium (MG).

THE LUSH, RAPIDLY GROWING GRASS POSES THE GREATEST THREAT. Grass tetany is typically seen when cooler weather is followed by a warming pattern and animals are grazing on lush pastures. Fast-growing spring pastures are high in potassium (K+) and nitrogen (N+) and low in magnesium (Mg++) and sodium (Na+), additionally the nutrients are diluted as a result of the high moisture content of the forage.

It is important to note that low levels of blood magnesium are almost always in conjunction with low levels of blood calcium in cows in late pregnancy, and in cows who have recently calved.

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Older cows in early lactation, as was Number 18, are at the highest risk for the syndrome, as they appear less capable of accessing their magnesium reserves in their bones (which are very small amounts to begin with) than the younger cows in the herd with their first or second calves. Grass Tetany often affects the best cows in your herd.

Environmental factors such as wind, rain, and a sudden temperature change are also important contributing factors to note.

Death resulting from grass tetany occurs rapidly, and unfortunately, it is often too late to do anything when ranchers first observe an animal in distress. Needless to say, we were caught completely off guard by how rapidly she declined.

If you are fortunate enough to catch it early, this is what you can expect.

GRASS TETANY SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND PROGRESSION

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Milk is decreased and the animal is nervous in mild cases.

The animal may stop grazing suddenly, be uncharacteristically alert – perhaps staring, with their heads and ears erect.

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The cow may stagger and have twitching skin (most notably on their face, ears, and flanks), lying down and getting up frequently (restlessness).

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They are easily excited at this point and stimulation of any kind can lead to a startled reaction, including continuous running or bellowing, followed by a staggered gait pattern, and collapse.

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Once down, the animal’s muscles stiffen, and with their heads pulled back, they go into violent, jerking convulsions (thrashing and paddling).

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Between these convulsions, they may appear relaxed. At this stage, any stimulation such as sound, or touching the animal (administering treatment) could result in a violent reaction, and the animal usually dies during or after a convulsion (unless treatment is successfully administered.)

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Sadly, in many cases, symptoms are never noted and the only evidence you are left with, is a dead cow or cows. For us, we were fortunate in this case that only one animal was affected by the syndrome.

SAFEGUARDING AGAINST GRASS TETANY – SALT IS NOT ENOUGH Research has shown that the negative effects of high potassium that is often present in early spring grass cannot be overcome by the addition of large quantities of salt. Those lucky enough to only feed salt have the minerals available in their soils and forages that meet the specific needs of their animals.

According to Dr. Michelle Arnold, DVM and University of Kentucky Ruminant Veterinarian, there are many factors that contribute to the ability of the rumen (stomach) wall to absorb magnesium.

The dissolved magnesium is actively transported across the rumen wall to the bloodstream through primarily through a “pump” mechanism.

When potassium is high and sodium is low, the “pump” doesn’t work as the electrical potential that is crucial in driving it is changed. As such, adding salt to the ration improves magnesium transport when sodium is low in forage.

Too much salt increases urination and results in the loss of magnesium in the urine. As with any substance, too much salt can be dangerous and even fatal.

Salt alone is not enough, however a high rumen magnesium level, achieved by feeding high magnesium mineral mixes, will allow magnesium to passively flow into the bloodstream of the cow without the need for the active transport pump.

Supplementation with high magnesium mineral should begin at least 30 days prior to calving.

MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENTS Cows require 20 grams of magnesium daily or 4 ounces per day of a 15% magnesium mineral mix during the late winter and early spring. Mineral feeders should not be allowed to be empty because consistent intake is important for clinical disease prevention.

MINERAL MIX RECIPE Commercial mineral mixes that are high in magnesium are readily available for purchase. Alternatively, a mix can be made at home, which also features a selenium supplement, with the following recipe. Cattle should eat about one-fourth pound of the mixture daily.

consider when actively decreasing your Grass Tetany risk, including:

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Soil testing and fertilizer application based on test results. Grasses are luxury consumers of potassium so take care to use no more potassium than recommended.

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Legumes are naturally high in magnesium and can work to offset the problem.

Unfortunately, in late winter, their growth is often limited.

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During susceptible periods, if possible, limit grazing to 2-3 hours per day, and feed small amounts of grain or hay to your animals on lush pasture.

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Graze your less susceptible or nonlactating animals on the higher-risk pastures.

Ingredient

Trace Mineral Salt Dicalcium Phosphate Selenium-600 Magnesium Oxide Dry Molasses Ground Grain

High Magnesium % Lb 22.5 50 22.5 50 10 2.2 22.5 50 22.5 50 22.5 50

Sources: Homemade Mineral Mixes for Beef Cattle, Livestock Update, April 1995, Mark Wahlberg, Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech

When late spring rolls around and the water content of the forage has decreased, the grass is more mature and temperatures reach above 60°F, the high magnesium mineral may be discontinued.

MORE THAN MAGNESIUM? There are several management factors outside of supplying supplemental magnesium to

TREATING GRASS TETANY – TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE

a simple deficiency of magnesium and is usually observed in conjunction with a calcium deficiency, therefore, straight magnesium supplements are oftentimes ineffective when used as a sole treatment.

Did you know? Cows that have grass tetany are more likely to get it again later in the season or in future years.

The treatments provided by some veterinarians include intravenous injections of chloral hydrate or magnesium sulfate to first calm excited animals and then follow with a calcium-magnesium gluconate solution. If given too rapidly, intravenous injections can result in heart failure and therefore, should only be administered slowly by a person with proper training.

Once treated and on the road to recovery, the animal should be immediately removed from the tetany-producing pasture and fed hay and concentrates. In addition, approximately 30 grams of Mg sulfate should be given daily.

Most importantly, when dealing with the dangers of Grass Tetany, your best option is to take the steps to prevent it rather than treating it.

By: Candice E. Schlautmann for 82801

Treatment of cows in the early stages of grass tetany can be effective if administered within one to two hours of the onset of symptoms, so time is of the essence. It is imperative that the animal be handled quietly and gently, producing the least stress and exertion possible. Driving or roping the animal can result in immediate death.

When a veterinarian is not available immediately (which, realistically is most often the case) and the cow has advanced symptoms of the disease, the Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences suggests that a precautionary treatment can be applied by saturating a pint of water with Epsom salts and injecting up to 10cc of this solution in multiple locations of the muscle at least four inches apart. Again, this treatment is precautionary, it’s important to remember that Grass Tetany may not always arise from

Sources: Arnold, Michelle. “What Is ‘Grass Tetany’ and When Are Cattle Most Likely to Have It?” Ohio BEEF Cattle Letter, The Ohio State University, 2 Mar. 2016, 08:12 a.m., u.osu.edu/ beef/2016/03/02/what-is-grass-tetany-and-when-are-cattlemost-likely-to-have-it/.

Arnold, Michelle. “Beware of Dr. Google: Grass Tetany Myths Debunked.” Drovers, 14 Apr. 2015, 09:29 a.m., www.drovers.com/ article/beware-dr-google-grass-tetany-myths-debunked.

Bridges, Allen, et al. “SPRING PASTURES - GRASS TETANY AND BLOAT.” Purdue University Departments of Animal Sciences and Agronomy.

Funderburg, Eddie. Prussic Acid, Nitrate Poisoning and Grass Tetany in Beef Cattle. “PDF.” Noble Research Institute. www.noble. org/globalassets/docs/ag/pubs/soils/nr-so-17-02.pdf Mosley, Jeff. “MSU Extension Warns Livestock Owners to Be Aware of Death Camas.” Montana State University, 29 Apr. 2016.

Strickland, Lew. “Tips for Handling Grass Tetany.” Drovers, 22 Mar. 2018, 07:39 a.m., www.drovers.com/article/tips-handlinggrass-tetany.

Wahlberg, Mark. “Homemade Mineral Mixes for Beef Cattle.”

Virginia Cooperative Extension Newsletter Archive, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Apr. 1995, www.sites.ext.vt.edu/ newsletter-archive/livestock/aps-95_04/aps-25.html.

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