The Program Discover

The Program Discover By Ian Beardsley Copyright Š 2015 In a vast sea of billions of grains of sand on the Earth alone, and billions of stars in the Galaxy alone, it takes a program like Discover to find its hidden nuances.

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The Theory Behind Goldilocks.c (discover04)

As climate science is a new science, there are many models for the climate and I learned my climate science at MIT in a free online edX course. One can generate a basic model for climate with nothing more than high school algebra using nothing more than the temperature of the sun, the distance of the earth from the sun, and the earth’s albedo, the percent of light it reflects back into space.

The luminosity of the sun is: L0 = 3.9 "10 26 J /s

The separation between the earth and the sun is: !

1.5 "1011 m

The solar luminosity at the earth is reduced by the inverse square law, so the solar constant is:

!

S0 =

3.9 "10 26 = 1,370Watts/meter 2 4 # (1.5 "1011 ) 2

That is the effective energy hitting the earth per second per square meter.

This radiation is equal to the temperature, Te , to the fourth power by the steffan-bolzmann constant, sigma (" ) . Te can be called the effective temperature, the temperature entering the earth.

!

!

S0 intercepts the earth disc, ! !"r , and distributes itself over the entire 2 earth surface, 4"r , while 30% is reflected back into space due to the 2

earth’s albedo, a, which is equal to 0.3, so !

!

S0 !

(1# a) 4 $r 2 (1# a)S0 4 $r 2

"Te 4 =

!

But, just as the same amount of radiation that enters the system, leaves it, to have radiative equilibrium, the atmosphere radiates back to the surface 2

so that the radiation from the atmosphere, "Ta 4 plus the radiation entering the earth, "Te 4 is the radiation at the surface of the earth, "Ts4 . However, "Ta 4 = "Te 4

!

!

and we have: !

!

"Ts4 = "Ta 4 + "Te 4 = 2"Te 4 1 4

Ts = 2 Te S0 (1# a) 4 " = 5.67 $10#8 S0 = 1,370 a = 0.3 1,370 (0.7) = 239.75 4 239.75 4 Te = = 4.228 $10 9 #8 5.67 $10 Te = 255Kelvin

"Te 4 =

So, for the temperature at the surface of the Earth: !

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Ts = 2 4 Te = 1.189(255) = 303Kelvin

Let’s convert that to degrees centigrade: !

Degrees Centigrade = 303 - 273 = 30 degrees centigrade And, let’s convert that to Fahrenheit: Degrees Fahrenheit = 30(9/5)+32=86 Degrees Fahrenheit In reality this is warmer than the average annual temperature at the surface of the earth, but, in this model, we only considered radiative heat transfer and not convective heat transfer. In other words, there is cooling due to vaporization of water (the formation of clouds) and due to the condensation of water vapor into rain droplets (precipitation or the formation of rain).

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Discover 04 (Goldilocks.c) #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main (void) { printf("This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...\n"); printf("And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone\n"); float LC, r, L, HZ, AU, a, root, number, N, answer, C, F; printf("What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second? \n"); scanf("%f", &L); AU=L/3.9E26; HZ=sqrt(L/3.9E26); printf("The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: %f\n", AU); printf("The habitable zone of the star is in AU: %f\n", HZ); r = HZ*1.5E11; LC=L/(4*3.141*r*r); printf("luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: %f\n", LC); printf("What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): "); scanf("%f", &a); N = (1-a)*LC/(4*(5.67E-8)); root = sqrt(N); number = sqrt(root); answer = 1.189*number; printf("The surface temperature of the planet is: %f K\n", answer); C = answer - 273; F = (C*1.8) + 32; printf("That is %f C, or %f F \n", C, F); }

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 running discover 04 (Goldilocks.c) cd jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./Goldilocks This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

3.9E28 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 100.000000 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 10.000000 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603027 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.3 The surface temperature of the planet is: 303.727509 K That is 30.727509 C, or 87.309517 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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Running Goldilocks.c (Disover 04)

jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./Goldilocks This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

2.96E28 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 75.897438 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 8.711913 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603394 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.28 The surface temperature of the planet is: 305.874146 K That is 32.874146 C, or 91.173462 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./Goldilocks This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

1.5E26 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 0.384615 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 0.620174 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603149 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.5 The surface temperature of the planet is: 279.223602 K That is 6.223602 C, or 43.202484 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./Goldilocks This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

2.00E27 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 5.128205 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 2.264554 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603027 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.72 The surface temperature of the planet is: 241.545593 K That is -­‐31.454407 C, or -­‐24.617931 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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Mars habitable zone with the average temperature of the Earth (15 C) jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./Goldilocks This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

9E26 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 2.307692 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 1.519109 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603149 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.436 The surface temperature of the planet is: 287.759338 K That is 14.759338 C, or 58.566811 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./Goldilocks This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

9E26 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 2.307692 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 1.519109 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603149 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.435 The surface temperature of the planet is: 287.886810 K That is 14.886810 C, or 58.796257 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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Discover 08

#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(void) {

float s, a, l, b, r, AU, N, root, number, answer, C, F;

printf("This program calculates the temperature of a planet,...\n"); printf("Given the luminosity of the star and the albedo of the planet,..\n"); printf("What is brightness of the star in solar luminosities? "); scanf("%f", &s); printf("What is the albedo of the planet (0-­‐1)? "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("What is the distance of the planet from the star in AU? "); scanf("%f", &AU);

r=1.5E11*AU; l=3.9E26*s; b=l/(4*3.141*r*r);

N=(1-­‐a)*(b)/(4*(5.67E-­‐8)); root=sqrt(N); number=sqrt(root); answer=1.189*(number);

printf("The surface temperature of the planet is: %f K\n", answer); C=answer-­‐273; F=(C*1.8)+32; printf("That is %f C, or %f F", C, F); printf("\n"); }

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Running Discover 08

jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/descubrir jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir): make discover08 clang -­‐ggdb3 -­‐O0 -­‐std=c99 -­‐Wall -­‐Werror discover08.c -­‐lcs50 -­‐lm -­‐o discover08 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir): ./discover08 This program calculates the temperature of a planet,...

Given the luminosity of the star and the albedo of the planet,..

What is brightness of the star in solar luminosities? 1 What is the albedo of the planet (0-­‐1)? 0.3 What is the distance of the planet from the star in AU? 1 The surface temperature of the planet is: 303.727509 K That is 30.727509 C, or 87.309517 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir): ./discover08 This program calculates the temperature of a planet,...

Given the luminosity of the star and the albedo of the planet,..

What is brightness of the star in solar luminosities? 1 What is the albedo of the planet (0-­‐1)? 0.76 What is the distance of the planet from the star in AU? 0.72 The surface temperature of the planet is: 273.902618 K That is 0.902618 C, or 33.624714 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir):

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 jharvard@appliance (~): cd dropbox/descubrir bash: cd: dropbox/descubrir: No such file or directory jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/descubrir jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir): ./discover04 This program finds the habitable zone of a star,...

And the surface temperature of the planet in the habitable zone What is the luminosity of the star in Joules per second?

9E26 The luminosity of the star in solar luminosities is: 2.307692 The habitable zone of the star is in AU: 1.519109 luminosity constant of star in watts per square meter: 1379.603149 What is the albedo of the planet? (between 0 and 1): 0.618 The surface temperature of the planet is: 261.051056 K That is -11.948944 C, or 10.491900 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir): ./discover08 This program calculates the temperature of a planet,...

Given the luminosity of the star and the albedo of the planet,..

What is brightness of the star in solar luminosities? 2.3 What is the albedo of the planet (0-1)? 0.618 What is the distance of the planet from the star in AU? 1.5 The surface temperature of the planet is: 262.489410 K That is -10.510590 C, or 13.080938 F jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir): ./discover02 what is r1, the radius of the core in km? 1000 what is p1, its density in g/cm^3? 7 what is r2, outer edge of layer two in km? 4000 what is p2, density of layer two in g/cm^3? 6 what is r3, the radius of layer 3 in km? 6000 what is p3, density of layer three in g/cm^3? 1

r1=1000.00, r2=4000.00, r3=6000.00, p1=7.00, p2=6.00, p3=1.00 the core has a mass of 29315999378583335206912.00 Kg thickness of core is 1000.00 layer two has a mass of 678455970821101267714048.00 Kg layer two thickness is 3000.00 layer three has a mass of 33504000254866588958720.00 Kg layer three thickness is 2000.00 the mass of the planet is 741275925418554918174720.00 Kg jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/descubrir):

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We connect the Gypsies to the Stars, Nature, and the Universe, and the Stars, Nature, and the Universe to Stonehenge, an ancient site in Wiltshire, UK with astronomical alignments.

By the transitive property we then say the Gypsies are connected to Stonehenge. How could such a prechristian, pagan relationship exist? The Gypsies are from India and look at their language, candela means bonfire and candela rings of the English word candle. In the Gypsy language God is diver. This rings of the English word divine. Our approach so far, is a computer program called Stonehenge, that runs a model on both word and number. To understand its origins you must first read the short story, Gypsy Shamanism and The Universe, provided in this paper. The program Stonehenge, and sample runnings of it will be presented after that, with a brief introduction to the work of Carl Munck and his discovery of Stonehenge as the reference point in the ancient grid, or ancient method of measuring the Earth.

Ian Beardsley February 5, 2014

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Gypsy Shamanism And The Universe

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Chapter 1 AE-35 I wrote a short story last night, called Gypsy Shamanism and the Universe about the AE-35 unit, which is the unit in the movie and book 2001: A Space Odyssey that HAL reports will fail and discontinue communication to Earth. I decided to read the passage dealing with the event in 2001 and HAL, the ship computer, reports it will fail in within 72 hours. Strange, because Venus is the source of 7.2 in my Neptune equation and represents failure, where Mars represents success.

Ian Beardsley August 5, 2012 It must have been 1989 or 1990 when I took a leave of absence from The University Of Oregon, studying Spanish, Physics, and working at the state observatory in Oregon -Pine Mountain Observatory—to pursue flamenco in Spain.

The Moors, who carved caves into the hills for residence when they were building the Alhambra Castle on the hill facing them, abandoned them before the Gypsies, or Roma, had arrived there in Granada Spain. The Gypsies were resourceful enough to stucco and tile the abandoned caves, and take them up for homes.

Living in one such cave owned by a gypsy shaman, was really not a down and out situation, as these homes had plumbing and gas cooking units that ran off bottles of propane. It was really comparable to living in a Native American adobe home in New Mexico.

Of course living in such a place came with responsibilities, and that included watering its gardens. The Shaman told me: “Water the flowers, and, when you are done, roll up the hose and put it in the cave, or it will get stolen”. I had studied Castilian Spanish in college and as such a hose is “una manguera”, but the Shaman called it “una goma” and goma translates as rubber. Roll up the hose and put it away when you are done with it: good advice!

So, I water the flowers, rollup the hose and put it away. The Shaman comes to the cave the next day and tells me I didn’t roll up the hose and put it away, so it got stolen, and that I had to buy him a new one.

He comes by the cave a few days later, wakes me up asks me to accompany him out of The Sacromonte, to some place between there and the old Arabic city, Albaicin, to buy him a new hose.

It wasn’t a far walk at all, the equivalent of a few city blocks from the caves. We get to the store, which was a counter facing the street, not one that you could enter. He says

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to the man behind the counter, give me 5 meters of hose. The man behind the counter pulled off five meters of hose from the spindle, and cut the hose to that length. He stated a value in pesetas, maybe 800, or so, (about eight dollars at the time) and the Shaman told me to give that amount to the man behind the counter, who was Spanish. I paid the man, and we left.

I carried the hose, and the Shaman walked along side me until we arrived at his cave where I was staying. We entered the cave stopped at the walk way between living room and kitchen, and he said: â&#x20AC;&#x153;follow meâ&#x20AC;?. We went through a tunnel that had about three chambers in the cave, and entered one on our right as we were heading in, and we stopped and before me was a collection of what I estimated to be fifteen rubber hoses sitting on ground. The Shaman told me to set the one I had just bought him on the floor with the others. I did, and we left the chamber, and he left the cave, and I retreated to a couch in the cave living room.

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Chapter 2 Gypsies have a way of knowing things about a person, whether or not one discloses it to them in words, and The Shaman was aware that I not only worked in Astronomy, but that my work in astronomy involved knowing and doing electronics.

So, maybe a week or two after I had bought him a hose, he came to his cave where I was staying, and asked me if I would be able to install an antenna for television at an apartment where his nephew lived.

So this time I was not carrying a hose through The Sacromonte, but an antenna.

There were several of us on the patio, on a hill adjacent to the apartment of The Shamanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nephew, installing an antenna for television reception.

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Chapter 3 I am now in Southern California, at the house of my mother, it is late at night, she is a asleep, and I am about 24 years old and I decide to look out the window, east, across The Atlantic, to Spain. Immediately I see the Shaman, in his living room, where I had eaten a bowl of the Gypsy soup called Puchero, and I hear the word Antenna. I now realize when I installed the antenna, I had become one, and was receiving messages from the Shaman.

The Shaman’s Children were flamenco guitarists, and I learned from them, to play the guitar. I am now playing flamenco, with instructions from the shaman to put the gypsy space program into my music. I realize I am not just any antenna, but the AE35 that malfunctioned aboard The Discovery just before it arrived at the planet Jupiter in Arthur C. Clarke’s and Stanley Kubrick’s “2001: A Space Odyssey”. The Shaman tells me, telepathically, that this time the mission won’t fail.

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Chapter 4 I am watching Star Wars and see a spaceship, which is two oblong capsules flying connected in tandem. The Gypsy Shaman says to me telepathically: “Dios es una idea: son dos”. I understand that to mean “God is an idea: there are two elements”. So I go through life basing my life on the number two.

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Chapter 5 Once one has tasted Spain, that person longs to return. I land in Madrid, Northern Spain, The Capitol. The Spaniards know my destination is Granada, Southern Spain, The Gypsy Neighborhood called The Sacromonte, the caves, and immediately recognize I am under the spell of a Gypsy Shaman, and what is more that I am The AE35 Antenna for The Gypsy Space Program. Flamenco being flamenco, the Spaniards do not undo the spell, but reprogram the instructions for me, the AE35 Antenna, so that when I arrive back in the United States, my flamenco will now state their idea of a space program. It was of course, flamenco being flamenco, an attempt to out-do the Gypsy space program.

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Chapter 6 I am back in the United States and I am at the house of my mother, it is night time again, she is asleep, and I look out the window east, across the Atlantic, to Spain, and this time I do not see the living room of the gypsy shaman, but the streets of Madrid at night, and all the people, and the word Jupiter comes to mind and I am about to say of course, Jupiter, and The Spanish interrupt and say “Yes, you are right it is the largest planet in the solar system, you are right to consider it, all else will flow from it.”

I know ratios, in mathematics are the most interesting subject, like pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, and the golden ratio, so I consider the ratio of the orbit of Saturn (the second largest planet in the solar system) to the orbit of Jupiter at their closest approaches to The Sun, and find it is nine-fifths (nine compared to five) which divided out is one point eight (1.8).

I then proceed to the next logical step: not ratios, but proportions. A ratio is this compared to that, but a proportion is this is to that as this is to that. So the question is: Saturn is to Jupiter as what is to what? Of course the answer is as Gold is to Silver.

Gold is divine; silver is next down on the list. Of course one does not compare a dozen oranges to a half dozen apples, but a dozen of one to a dozen of the other, if one wants to extract any kind of meaning. But atoms of gold and silver are not measured in dozens, but in moles. So I compared a mole of gold to a mole of silver, and I said no way, it is nine-fifths, and Saturn is indeed to Jupiter as Gold is to Silver.

I said to myself: How far does this go? The Shaman’s son once told me he was in love with the moon. So I compared the radius of the sun, the distance from its center to its surface to the lunar orbital radius, the distance from the center of the earth to the center of the moon. It was Nine compared to Five again!

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Chapter 7 I had found 9/5 was at the crux of the Universe, but for every yin there had to be a yang.

Nine fifths was one and eight-tenths of the way around a circle. The one took you back to the beginning which left you with 8 tenths. Now go to eight tenths in the other direction, it is 72 degrees of the 360 degrees in a circle. That is the separation between petals on a five-petaled flower, a most popular arrangement. Indeed life is known to have five-fold symmetry, the physical, like snowflakes, six-fold. Do the algorithm of fivefold symmetry in reverse for six-fold symmetry, and you get the yang to the yin of ninefifths is five-thirds.

Nine-fifths was in the elements gold to silver, Saturn to Jupiter, Sun to moon. Where was five-thirds? Salt of course. “The Salt Of The Earth” is that which is good, just read Shakespeare’s “King Lear”. Sodium is the metal component to table salt, Potassium is, aside from being an important fertilizer, the substitute for Sodium, as a metal component to make salt substitute. The molar mass of potassium to sodium is five to three, the yang to the yin of nine-fifths, which is gold to silver. But multiply yin with yang, that is nine-fifths with five-thirds, and you get 3, and the earth is the third planet from the sun.

I thought the crux of the universe must be the difference between nine-fifths and fivethirds. I subtracted the two and got two-fifteenths! Two compared to fifteen! I had bought the Shaman his fifteenth rubber hose, and after he made me into the AE35 Antenna one of his first transmissions to me was: “God Is An Idea: There Are Two Elements”.

It is so obvious, the most abundant gas in the Earth Atmosphere is Nitrogen, chemical group 15!

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The Stonehenge Program (Discover 05) A Greedy Algorithm

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Carl Munck in his brilliant work, The Code, has made an extraordinary discovery. He has said the way of measuring the earth in ancient times was different, but that found that it was related to our modern methods. He takes Stonehenge and says there were originally 60 stones around the perimeter. He takes the 360 degrees in a circle and multiplies them by 60 to get the number 21,600.

Here is the incredible thing he found: The latitude of Stonehenge in our modern way of measuring the earth is 51 degrees 10 minutes 42.35 seconds. Watch the incredible thing he found, that happens:

(51)(10)(42.35)=21,598.5

Which is very close to the 21,600 he got for the latitude of Stonehenge in what he surmises they used to measure the earth. He next built the ancient grid and shows how it is related to most of the ancient monuments.

Since he found a reference location in space for the ancient grid, I am looking for reference for location in time. He said that Egypt’s Great Pyramid was the prime meridian in the ancient grid. Here is what I have done. The Sothic cycle of the Egyptian Calendar is 1,460 Julian years. A Julian year is 365.25 days. A star rises 4 minutes earlier each night; that is 240 seconds. 60 is not just important because there were 60 stones around Stonehenge, but because there are 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute and 60 degrees are the angles in an equilateral triangle, a shape particularly important in Buckminster Fuller’s Synergetics. Watch what happens if I multiply the Sothic cycle by 60 and divide by the 240 seconds earlier that a star rises each night:

(1,460)(60)/240 = 365 days

There are 1,461 days in a Sothic cycle in Egyptian years. An Egyptian year is 365 days. It is important that I relate everything to 240 seconds, because in my work ET Conjecture, I have shown the Sothic cycle related the square root of two over two, which is the ratio of the side of a square to its radius, to the golden ratio conjugate, six-­‐fold symmetry of the physical universe (five fold is biological), the 240 seconds a star rises earlier each night, all this by the standard reference for concert pitch A440, that the oboe sounds before the orchestra performs to tune their instruments to one frequency. With this, I think we can find where time is zero in Munck’s grid.

Ian Beardsley January 26, 2015

Here is what I wrote in my book:

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Sothic Cycle, Six-­‐Fold Symmetry, Golden Ratio, Square Root Two, A440

My work has lead to approximations to the square root of two over two, which is the ratio of a side of a square to its radius, and the golden ratio conjugate, which is 0.618. I call the former Manuel’s number and the latter Levinson’s number.

I have found that Manuel’s number, M, and Levinson’s number, L, together with standard concert pitch (A440) relate the important square root of two over two and the golden ratio conjugate to the Sothic Cycle of The Egyptian calendar.

The Sothic Cycle is a cycle of the Egyptian Calendar, which is the time between helical risings of the brightest star, Sirius, when it coincides with the annual inundation of the Nile River. It is 1,460 Julian Years (365.25 days). Here is how it is done:

I say six-­‐fold symmetry is 11/6. I relate six-­‐fold symmetry to standard concert pitch (A440), Levinson’s number, Manuel’s number, and the 240 seconds in which time the earth rotates through one degree. Then we show that is 4 minutes and 4 minutes times the 365 day year is the Sothic cycle.

This says while a star rises four minutes earlier each day, that is 240 seconds earlier each day. However notice:

360 360 !

11 6 +1 = 6 360 L = 621; M = 0.708534622

2 2 A440 ML 11 = =

240 240 6 24hr 60 min year 1440 year = = 4 min/ day day hr 360! day 360 240sec 1min = 4 min/ day deg 60sec ! = 0.618

4 min 365day = 1, 460 = sothic _ cycle day year

Ian Beardsley January 07, 2014 L " 1000! ; M "

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Munck refers to the 19.5 degrees of the angle of inclination of Jupiter’s red spot that Richard C. Hoagland talks about. I think I have found the source of the 19.5 degrees.

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the program stonehenge #include <stdio.h> int main (void) { printf("60 times 360 = 21,600\n"); printf("There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour\n"); printf("The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec\n"); printf("The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600\n"); printf("This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid\n"); printf("The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number\n"); printf("The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...\n"); printf("The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5\n"); printf("The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color\n"); printf("We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5\n"); printf("The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years\n"); printf("Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations\n"); float amount; printf("Amount owed: "); scanf("%f", &amount); float cents = 100.00*amount; float stonehenge=0.00, manuel=0.00, gold=0.00, silver=0.00, manolin=0.00; while (cents>0) if (cents>=60) { cents=cents-60.00; stonehenge=stonehenge+1; } else if (cents>=15.00) { cents=cents-15.00; manuel=manuel+1; } else if (cents>=9.00) { cents=cents-9.00; gold=gold+1; } else if (cents>=5.00) { cents=cents-5.00;

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silver=silver+1; } else if (cents>=1.00) { cents=cents-1.00; manolin=manolin+1; } printf("%.2f sthng, %.2f manuel, %.2f gold, %.2f silver, %.2f manolin\n",stonehenge,manuel,gold,silver,manolin); }

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 running stonehenge jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5 The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 0.72 1.00 sthng, 0.00 manuel, 1.00 gold, 0.00 silver, 3.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5 The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 1.72 2.00 sthng, 3.00 manuel, 0.00 gold, 1.00 silver, 2.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color

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We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5 The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 72 120.00 sthng, 0.00 manuel, 0.00 gold, 0.00 silver, 0.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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Running Stonehenge for 10, 100, and 1000 jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5 The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 10 16.00 sthng, 2.00 manuel, 1.00 gold, 0.00 silver, 1.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5 The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 100 166.00 sthng, 2.00 manuel, 1.00 gold, 0.00 silver, 1.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5

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The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 1000 1666.00 sthng, 2.00 manuel, 1.00 gold, 0.00 silver, 1.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

31

In an effort to find patterns in mathematics, nature, and the universe, I have decided to undertake writing a computer program, called Discover, that searches for them in the hopes that from these patterns a theory of everything can be established.

The program discover01, written in C, asks the user how many numbers they want averaged, gives their sum, and finds the average, then, asks for two numbers and finds their harmonic and geometric means.

The program discover02 models the composition of a planet or natural satellite based on its composition in three layers.

The program discover03, which converts the right ascension and declination of two stars, star systems, or celestial objects in general, to degrees and calculates their separation in degrees, then compares that separation to the entire circumference of the celestial sphere. Running for HD26961 and NGC 6738 gives ratio of golden conjugate.

I have already had some success. I have found a relationship pertaining to silicon circuitry, perhaps even AI. I wrote: If the golden ratio conjugate is to be found in Artificial Intelligence, it should be in silicon, phosphorus, and boron, since doping silicon with phosphorus and boron makes transistors.

We take the geometric mean between phosphorus (P) and Boron (B), then divide by silicon (Si), then take the harmonic mean between phosphorus and boron divided by silicon:

Arithmetic mean of these two numbers: (0.65 + 0.57)/2 = 0.61. 0.61 is the first two digits of the golden ratio conjugate.

32

In the following pages I present the programs in C for discover01 and discover02 with sample runnings of them.

Ian Beardsley January 31, 2014

!

!

!

The arithmetic mean is the midpoint, c, between two extremes a, and c:

a+c

b= 2

The harmonic mean is not necessarily the midpoint between two extremes but is the value that occurs most frequently:

2ac

b= a+c

The geometric mean, b, between a and c, is the side of a square that has the same area as a rectangle with sides and c:

b = ac

The following relationship holds:

a + c 2ac a: :: : c 2 a+c

!

33

34

35

36

37

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discover 03 (star.c) #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(void) { float num[6], a, b, c, d, e, A, B, D, E, F; for (int i=0; i<=5; i++) { printf("%d enter an int \n", i); scanf("%f", &num[i]); } printf("%.2f hours\n", num[0]); printf("%.2f minutes\n", num[1]); printf("%.2f seconds\n", num[2]); printf("%.2f deg\n", num[3]); printf("%.2f min\n", num[4]); printf("%.2f sec\n", num[5]); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); a=num[0]*15; b=num[2]/60; c=b+num[1]; d=c/60; e=a+d; printf("RA For Star One = %.2f deg\n", e); A=num[3]; B=num[5]/60; D=B+num[4]; E=D/60; F=E+A; printf("Dec For Star One = %.2f deg\n", F); float dig[6], h, i, j, k, l, H, I , K, L, M; for (int j=0; j<=5; j++) { printf("%d enter an int \n", j); scanf("%f", &dig[j]); } printf("%.2f hours\n", dig[0]); printf("%.2f minutes\n", dig[1]); printf("%.2f degrees\n", dig[2]); printf("%.2f deg\n", dig[3]);

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printf("%.2f min\n", dig[4]); printf("%.3f sec\n", dig[5]); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); h=dig[0]*15; i=dig[2]/60; j=i+dig[1]; k=j/60; l=h+k; printf("RA For Star Two =%.2f deg\n", l); H=dig[3]; I=dig[5]/60; K=I+dig[4]; L=K/60; M=L+H; printf("Dec For Star Two = %.2f deg\n", M); float dif, ratio; dif=sqrt(((e-l)*(e-l))+((F-M)*(F-M))); ratio=dif/360; printf("The separation between star one and star two is %.2f\n", dif); printf("The ratio of separation to 360 is %.2f\n", ratio); }

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running star.c for HD 26961 and NGC 6738 jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): make star clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror star.c -lcs50 -lm -o star jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./star 0 enter an int 4 1 enter an int 18 2 enter an int 15 3 enter an int 50 4 enter an int 17 5 enter an int 44 4.00 hours 18.00 minutes 15.00 seconds 50.00 deg 17.00 min 44.00 sec

RA For Star One = 60.30 deg Dec For Star One = 50.30 deg 0 enter an int 19 1 enter an int 2 2 enter an int 1 3 enter an int 11 4 enter an int 37 5 enter an int 28 19.00 hours 2.00 minutes 1.00 degrees

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11.00 deg 37.00 min 28.000 sec

RA For Star Two =285.03 deg Dec For Star Two = 11.62 deg The separation between star one and star two is 228.03 The ratio of separation to 360 is 0.63 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

The result is close to the golden ratio conjugate and levinson’s number. Here is why I have run the program for these two stars:

42

Five-­‐fold Symmetry: The Biological

360 288 8 8 9 = 72;360 ! 72 = 288; = ; +1 = 5 360 10 10 5

Six-­‐fold Symmetry: The Physical

360 240 2 2 5 = 60;360 ! 60 ! 60 = 240; = ; +1 = 6 360 3 3 3

Alternate Six-­‐fold: The Physical

360 300 5 5 11 = 60;360 ! 60 = 300; = ; +1 = 6 360 6 6 6

9/5: 5, 14, 23, 32,… and 1.8,3.6, 5.4, 7.2,… an = 7.2n ! 4

5/3: 8, 13, 18, 23,… and 1.7, 3.3, 5, 6.7,… an = 3.3n + 3

11/6: 6, 17, 28, 39,.. and 11/6, 11/3, 11/2, 22/3,…

! + " = 3.141+1.618 = 4.759; 7 = (5 + 9) / 2

! + e = 3.141+ 2.718 = 5.859;9 / 5 = 1.8

We Have Three Equations

36 33 x = t ! 4; y = t + 3; z = 9t ! 5;set _ t = 0 5 10 5x + 20 10y ! 30 z + 5 5 10 1 10 = = ; x ! y ! z + = 0 36 33 9 36 33 9 11 5 10 1 "f = # , ! , ! $ 36 33 9 a = 5 / 36;b = !10 / 33;c = (5 / 36)2 = (10 / 33)2 = 0.3328;d = !1 / 9

tan ! = b a;! = 65.358! ;tan ! = d c; ! = !18.46! !65.35! /15! / hour = !4.3572hr;24hr ! 4.35hr = 19.6428h RA :19 h38m34 s

DEC : !18!27'36 '' = my _ signal RA :19 h 22 m 24.64 s DEC : !26!25'17.01'' = SETI _Wow!_ Signal 43

Eliminating t In Our Three Equations

5 20 10 30 1 5 t= x + ;t = y ! ;t = z + 36 36 33 33 9 9 5 20 10 30 x+ = y!

36 36 33 33 5 10 145 x! y+ =0 36 33 99 10 30 1 5 y! = z+ 33 33 9 9 10 1 145 y! z! =0 33 9 99 5 20 1 290 x! y+ z+ =0 36 33 9 99 5 20 1 "f = # , ! , $ 36 33 9

5

2

36

+ 20

2

33

= 0.01929 + 0.3673 = 0.62176 % L = levinson's _ number

0.62176 is the magnitude of the right ascension vector that points to the constellation Aquila. Where have we seen this?

10(0.062) = 0.62 ! ! = _ golden _ ratio _ conjugate(0.618)

Let us consider a random walk to the star alpha centauri = 4 light years in 10 jumps of one light year each:

7 3 10! ! 1 $ ! 1 $ # & # & = 0.1171875 ' 12% (7!)(3!) " 2 % " 2 %

Assume exponential growth: (t=40 years)

12 = e kt = e k 40 ;log12 = 40k(log 2.718) k=0.0621=growth rate constant

Thus k is same as magnitude of RA vetor pointing to Aquila and is related to ! in the same way. (log 100)=(0.0621)t(log e) and t=74 years. 1969+74=2043. 1969 is the year humans first set foot on the moon.

But where do we see 0.0621?

Use Sheliak Version on the online timewave calculator to compute novelty for Mckenna Timewave for the year human first set foot on the moon: 44

!

Input:

Target date: August 04 1969 9 hours 53 minutes 38 seconds

Output:

Sheliak Timewave Value For Target:

0.0621

Let us ask, how many miles are in a kilometer: Answer: 0.621 miles = 1 kilometer

N! n1 n 2 W N (n1 ) = p q n1!n 2!

Evaluated at n1=7.

N is 10 steps.

And n1 is the number of steps towards Alpha Centauri, n2 those away from it.

And, p is the probability that the step is towards Alpha Centauri, and q is the probability that the step is away from Alpha Centauri.

N = n1 + n2

And m = n1-­‐n2 is the displacement

And q+p=1

To land at 4 light years from earth, with 10 one light year jumps, one must go away from Alpha Centauri 3 jumps of a light year each then 7 jumps toward it of one light year each, to land on it, that is to land at +4, its location. So n1 is 7 and n2 is 3. The probability to jump away from the star is 1/2 and the probability to jump towards it is 1/2. That is p=1/2 and q=1/2. There are ten random jumps, so, N=10.

Using our equation:

(10!) 1 7 1 3 3628800 1 1 120 15 ( ) ( ) = = = = 0.1171875 " 12% (7!)(3!) 2 2 (5040)(6) 128 8 1024 128

We would be, by this reasoning 12% along in the development towards hyperdrive.

!

45

!

12% = e k(40)

log 12 = 40k log 2.718

0.026979531 = 0.4342 k

k=0.0621

We now can write:

x(t) = e(0.0621)t

100% = e(0.0621)t

log 100 = (0.0621) t log e

t = 74 years

1969 + 74 years = 2043

Our reasoning would indicate that we will have hyperdrive in the year 2043.

Study summary:

1. We have a 70% chance of developing hyperdrive without destroying ourselves first.

2. We are 12% along the way in development of hyperdrive.

3. We will have hyperdrive in the year 2043, plus or minus.

Sierra Waters was handed the newly discovered document in 2042.

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47

48

49

50

51

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NGC 6738, listed as an open cluster in the constellation Aquila, recent work suggests that it is not an actual open cluster, but rather is a mere asterism, collection of stars not gravitationally bound and moving together. That is some are further away than others. There is hint in my research that it might be important. Read my work Frequency 440.

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Choosing One Star Out Of The Billions Leonard knew Alpha Centauri was the closest star system to earth, and that it was a triple system some 4.2 light years away. He also knew the primary, Alpha Centauri A, was a G2V main sequence star, which makes it the same kind of star as the Sun; similar in size, luminosity, and temperature. He noted that as seen from the Earth, the star had an apparent magnitude of zero. He had found that stars of absolute magnitude zero on the main sequence, which are blue and hotter than the sun, were important.

He knew that the sun had an absolute magnitude of 4.83, which was its brightness from ten parsecs. He knew a parsec was important because it was the parallax of an object given by the earth-­‐sun separation. In addition, he knew 10 was important, because humans have 10 fingers, and that probably had something to do with the base 10 counting system. Again, he began to see the importance in main sequence stars of apparent magnitude zero. Therefore, he asked, how far should a zero absolute magnitude main sequence star be from the earth to appear the same as the brightness of the sun at 10 parsecs from the earth?

He rounded the absolute magnitude of the sun to five. A difference in five magnitudes is 100 solar luminosities. Absolute magnitude zero stars were close to 100 solar luminosities.

To reduce the brightness of a star 100 times what it was at 10 parsecs meant by the inverse square law it had to be 10 times further away, because 10 squared is 100. His hypothetical star was then 100 parsecs distant. He knew a parsec was 3.26 light years, so it was then 326 light years from him.

The galaxy had some two hundred billon stars in it and was some 100 to 200 thousand light years across and some 1000 light years thick Therefore, he had to choose a constellation. Since Perseus was the radiant of the most spectacular meteor shower on earth whose maximum was around August 12 (called the Perseid Meteor Shower), he went to the Bright Star Catalogue and looked under the listings for Perseus for a star that met his criteria.

The star that came up was called HD 26961, which had apparent magnitude of 4.60 close enough to the absolute magnitude of the sun of 4.83, an absolute magnitude of –0.35, close enough to zero, a distance from earth of 318 light years, close to his 326 light years projected in his calculation, and a spectral class of A2V, the roman numeral V meant main sequence, or a “normal star” like the sun, on the curve right up the middle of an HR Diagram an S shaped curve that had on either side of it Red Giants and White Dwarfs, which are off the main sequence, the HR diagram being a sort of plot of luminosity of stars versus their temperature. Leonard made the following table and entered it in his journal:

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55

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running three discover programs together jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./stonehenge 60 times 360 = 21,600 There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour The lattitude of Stonehenge is 51 deg 10 min 42.35 sec The 51 times 10 times 42.35 is 21,598.5 is close to 21,600 This tells us Stonhenge is the reference for the ancient grid The Earth rotates through 15 degrees in an hour and is Manuel's number The ratio of gold to silver is 9 to 5 and,...

The ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius is 9 to 5 The sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color We say stonehenge = 60, Manuel = 15, manolin = 1, gold = 9, silver = 5 The Earth precesses through one degree in 72 years Let us run a greedy algorithm on these denominations Amount owed: 1.72 2.00 sthng, 3.00 manuel, 0.00 gold, 1.00 silver, 2.00 manolin jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./discover01 How many numbers do you want averaged? 5 1 enter a number: 2 2 enter a number: 3 3 enter a number: 0 4 enter a number: 1 5 enter a number: 2 sum of your numbers are: 8.00 average of your numbers is: 1.60 enter two numbers: give me a: 8.00 give me b: 1.6 harmonic mean: 2.67 geometic mean: 3.58

Notice that the average of the numbers is 1.60, the golden ratio

jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./composition iron core density Fe=7.87g/cm^3 mantle density Ni=8.91g/cm^3 lithosphere density Si=2.33g/cm^3 earth radius r=6,371km earth mass m=5.972E24kg try r1=2000, r2=5000, r3=6371

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what is r1, the radius of the core in km? 1 what is p1, its density in g/cm^3? 7.87 what is r2, outer edge of layer two in km? 1.6 what is p2, density of layer two in g/cm^3? 8.91 what is r3, the radius of layer 3 in km? 8 what is p3, density of layer three in g/cm^3? 2.33

r1=1.00, r2=1.60, r3=8.00, p1=7.87, p2=8.91, p3=2.33 the core has a mass of 32959560155136.00 Kg thickness of core is 1.00 layer two has a mass of 8060057681920.00 Kg layer two thickness is 0.60 layer three has a mass of 2558011654537216.00 Kg layer three thicknes is 6.40

the mass of the planet is 2599031276568576.00 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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The Gaia Fractal By Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2014 by Ian Beardsley

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From my earlier studies where I began to learn about fractals, and subsequent studies in Biology, and Climate Science, I have finally been able to put into words a primitive notion I had that was sparked by learning of the the Gaia Hypothesis of Lovelock and the similar, but different, idea of Gaia put forward by Isaac Asimov in his science fiction conclusion to his Foundation Trilogy, Foundation And Earth. A primitive notion is defined in Spacetime, Geometry, And Cosmology by William L. Burke as:

A fundamental element in a physical theory that is not defined within the theory but is presumed to be known, either by description or from a more fundamental theory.

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Energetic Equilibrium and Gaia The Fractal

Life is that which self-­‐generates negative entropy. That is, it acquires the energy it needs to sustain its necessary biological functions, such as metabolism, photosynthesis, and homeostasis. Living things are organized and they can’t maintain organization without energy. Healthy life is that which is in energetic equilibrium, which is to say it loses as much energy as it gains. We say this because if an organism does not burn the energy it acquires, it will store the excess energy as fat, which produces a strain on the heart because it has to pump blood through more weight. The earth is similar in this respect in that a healthy earth is one that is in energetic equilibrium as well because if the earth gains more energy from the sun than it is losing, then it is warming which dries up reservoirs, and kills crops. Interestingly, when life on earth is in energetic equilibrium, the earth tends towards energetic equilibrium, because life living in excess produces a strain on the planet’s natural processes that interrupts its functionality like regenerative cycles such as the water cycle and carbon cycle. In this sense we see that animal and plant life mirror the way the physical aspects of the planet function in such a way that we can say life is but a part of a greater whole. The basic unit of all of life is the cell, which is constructed of non-­‐living molecules. However, cells combine to form tissues, tissues form to make organs, and organs work together to make organ systems. Just as cells are part of life, life is part of the physical earth; if plants did not do photosynthesis, then carbon dioxide levels would rise.

Carbon dioxide is a heat retaining gas. Too much of it and the earth would fail to lose as much heat as it receives from the sun, would be out of energetic equilibrium, the arctic ice caps would melt, decreasing the albedo of the earth, causing less sunlight to be reflected back into space (creating a feedback loop), and reservoirs, rivers, and crops would dry up.

This connection of life, the biosphere, to the physical (atmosphere and water) that makes the earth like one giant organism, is called Gaia. In a sense the organization of cells into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, goes beyond the organism. The organisms make populations, the populations make communities, the communities interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems, and the the ecosystems make the biosphere. We could say Gaia is a fractal, but in idea not physical geometry, because the idea behind the planet is similar to the idea behind its life components, and the life components display self-­‐similarity as we move from simple to complex, single cell to organized structures, but expanded. Fractals have self-­‐similarity as one of their properties.

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Homeostasis And Metabolism Of The Gaia Fractal

We face a crisis known as the anthropocene, wherein humans are altering the environment in such a way that they are adding a new, but different, layer to the geologic record. Rapid deforestation and increase in greenhouse gases are putting the Earth out of energetic equilibrium, such that the carbon grid is saturated, which means the mechanism which syncs heat retaining carbon dioxide is over taxed, and the earth is warming. The key to healing the Earth is in understanding the homeostasis and metabolism of Gaia, which is founded in the fractal nature of Gaia, that is we need to know what the proper structure of the Gaia fractal should be, that is from its basic structure starting with single cellular life to their organizations into organisms, to the organization of organisms into systems of organisms, and all into the planet, which includes the physical, such as the composition of the atmosphere. Just as cells are composed of non-­‐living molecules, the physical aspects of the earth, composed of biological entities, is such that the whole planet is alive. Thus the key words to understand are metabolism and homeostasis:

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell, and homeostasis, is the maintenance of internal conditions that allow metabolic processes to occur. Thus we must make sure the homeostasis of Gaia is such that its metabolic processes can be carried out so that life on earth is sustainable. Thus we need to know how the Gaia Fractal should be structured.

Ian Beardsley October 18, 2014

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Model

As climate science is a new science, there are many models for the climate and I learned my climate science at MIT in a free online edX course. One can generate a basic model for climate with nothing more than high school algebra using nothing more than the temperature of the sun, the distance of the earth from the sun, and the earth’s albedo, the percent of light it reflects back into space.

The luminosity of the sun is:

L_0=3.9E26 J/s

The separation between the earth and the sun is:

1.5E11 m

The solar luminosity at the earth is reduced by the inverse square law, so the solar constant is:

S_0=3.9E26/4(pi)(1.5E11)^2 = 1,370 watts/square meter

That is the effective energy hitting the earth per second per square meter. This radiation is equal to the temperature, T_e, to the fourth power by the steffan-­‐bolzmann constant, sigma.

T_e can be called the effective temperature, the temperature entering the earth.

S_0 intercepts the earth disc, (pi)r^2, and distributes itself over the entire earth surface, 4(pi)r^2, while 30% is reflected back into space due to the earth’s albedo, a, which is equal to 0.3, so

(sigma)(T_e)^4 = (S_0/4)(1-­‐a)

from (1-­‐a)(S_0)(pi)(r^2)/4(pi)(r^2)

But, just as the same amount of radiation that enters the system, leaves it, to have radiative equilibrium, the atmosphere radiates back to the surface so that the radiation from the atmosphere, (sigma)(T_a)^4 plus the radiation entering the earth, (sigma)(T_e)^4 is the radiation at the surface of the earth, (sigma)(T_s)^4. However,

(sigma)(T_a)^4=(sigma)(T_e)^4

and we have:

(sigma)(T_s)^4=(sigma)(T_a)^4 + (sigma)(T_e)^4 = 2(sigma)(T_e)^4

T_s=(2^(1/4))(T_e) 66

(sigma)(T_e)^4=(S_0/4)(1-­‐a) sigma = 5.67E-­‐8 S_0=1,370

(1,370/4)(1-­‐0.3)=(1,370/4)(0.7)=239.75

(sigma)(T_e)^4=239.75

(T_e)^4 = (238.75)/(5.67E-­‐8) = 4.228E9

T_e=255 degrees kelvin

So, for the temperature at the surface of the Earth:

(sigma)(T_s) = 2(sigma)(T_e)^4

T_s=(2^(1/4))T_e

or

T_s = 1.189(255) = 303 degrees Kelvin

Let’s convert that to degrees centigrade:

Degrees Centigrade = 303 -­‐ 273 = 30 degrees centigrade

And, let’s convert that to Fahrenheit:

Degrees Fahrenheight = 30(9/5)+32=86 Degrees Fahrenheit

In reality this is warmer than the average annual temperature at the surface of the earth, but, in this model, we only considered radiative heat transfer and not convective heat transfer. In other words, there is cooling due to vaporization of water (the formation of clouds) and due to the condensation of water vapor into rain droplets (precipitation or the formation of rain).

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Summary

The incoming radiation from the sun is about 1370 watts per square meter as determined by the energy per second emitted by the sun reduced by the inverse square law at earth orbit. We calculate the total absorbed energy intercepted by the Earth's disc (pi)r^2, its distribution over its surface area 4(pi)r^2 and take into account that about 30% of that is reflected back into space, so the effective radiation hitting the Earth's surface is about 70% of the incoming radiation reduced by four. Radiative energy is equal to temperature to the fourth power by the Stefan-­‐boltzmann constant. However, the effective incoming radiation is also trapped by greenhouse gases and emitted down towards the surface of the earth (as well as emitted up towards space from this lower atmosphere called the troposphere), the most powerful greenhouse gas being CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and most abundant and important is water vapour. This doubles the radiation warming the surface of the planet.

The atmosphere is predominately Nitrogen gas (N2) and Oxygen gas (O2), about 95 percent. These gases, however, are not greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gas CO2, though only exists in trace amounts, and water vapour, bring the temperature of the Earth up from minus 18 degrees centigrade (18 below freezing) to an observed average of plus 15 degrees centigrade (15 degrees above freezing). Without these crucial greenhouse gases, the Earth would be frozen. They have this enormous effect on warming the planet even with CO2 existing only at 400 parts per million. It occurs naturally and makes life on Earth possible. However, too much of it and the Earth can be too warm, and we are now seeing amounts beyond the natural levels through anthropogenic sources, that are making the Earth warmer than is favorable for the conditions best for life to be maximally sustainable.

We see this increase in CO2 beginning with the industrial era. The sectors most responsible for the increase are power, industry, and transportation. Looking at records of CO2 amounts we see that it was 315 parts per million in 1958 and rose to 390 parts per million in 2010. It rose above 400 in 2013. Other greenhouse gases are methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). Agricultural activities dominate emissions for nitrous oxide and methane. A healthy earth is one that is in radiative equilibrium, that is, it loses as much radiation as it receives. Currently we are slightly out of radiative balance, the Earth absorbs about one watt per square meter more than it loses. That means its temperature is not steady, but increasing.

Ian Beardsley July 11, 2014

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Economics And The Gaia Fractal

Because Capitalism looks for the cheapest way for a person to turn the Earth’s resources into profit, it goes against the optimal method of maintaining the Earth’s ability to sustain life. Communism does not do any better. We have said we need to understand the nature of the Gaia Fractal, so that we can make sure we do not interrupt the natural process it needs to carry out to function as an organism. We need to make sure it can maintain homeostasis. The political structure of a society determines its economic strategies, and the economics adopted by a people determines perhaps, more than any other factor, the homeostasis of the Gaia Fractal. Much to the credit of some great minds, we do have an economic theory that would seem to serve such ends; it is called bioeconomics.

Bioeconomics is easy to understand, it simply uses biology to determine how we can use natural resources in such a way that they maximize the well being of life on earth in a sustainable way, as opposed to concentrating their value into a few hands in the form of money that represents them, which would not sustain life very long.

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When The Terrestrial Vitality Is In Decline

The visionary H.G. Wells came up with an important phrase, or wording: Terrestrial Vitality, in his work Mind At The End Of Its Tether. Further he said it was in decline and that it could be that hard imaginative thinking is no longer able to keep pace with the increasing complexity of human problems. Let us try to think of all the ways we can that the terrestrial vitality is in decline:

1. The rotation of the earth is slowing so the days (albeit very slowly) become longer, and thus the earth warmer.

2. The Sun, albeit extremely slow of a phenomenon, is getting warmer.

3. Human caused global warming from burning fossil fuels threatens the health of our food crops and water supplies.

4. Poor treatment of the ecosystem seems to be driving bee populations into decline, thus threatening the pollination of fruit bearing crops.

5. Deforestation and destruction of plankton on the ocean surface threatens the production of breathable oxygen and interrupts the carbon cycle.

6. The more time goes by, the higher the odds of being hit by an asteroid or large meteor that would kick up enough dirt in the atmosphere to block the sun’s rays thus interrupting photosynthesis and causing the food crops to die off and all the vegetation that farm animals feed on.

7. We could come out of the interglacial and enter an ice age.

8. The Earth's Magnetic Field becomes weaker, thus decreasing its ability to shield the earth from the solar wind.

We can make this list much longer, and it is pretty incredible that all the necessary factors for the success of humans remained stable for more than the 5 million years it took them to evolve from primitive hominids. I list these threats to the terrestrial vitality, so that in clarifying them in our mind, we can address them and thereby come up with clear solutions that can be derived from the sciences. I think any advanced civilization and intelligent life form, would rather than ignore these threats, would put their minds to finding viable solutions.

Ian Beardsley July 24, 2014

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The Human Situation

The reality of the human situation is clearly one where humanity is poised between going in two different directions, one outlined by H.G. Wells in Mind At The End Of Its Tether and the other as outlined by Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick in 2001: A Space Odyssey:

H.G. Wells: Humans must go steeply up or down. If he goes up so great is the adaptation required of him that he must cease to be a man. Ordinary man is at the end of his tether, and the odds seem all in favor of him going down and out.

Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick: Humans end their reliance with technology and become the starchild. Humanity spreads its wings and flies through the Universe.

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AP Biology 01

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The Setting

In the beginning, billions of years ago, there were only microorganisms. The animals and plants came into existence about 200 million years ago. Humans appeared about 2 million years ago, and anatomically modern humans have been around for about 200,000 years.

Most of the mass of life consists of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur: CHNOPS

AP Biology 1.1 Properties of Water And Carbon

You should know:

1) Water forms polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds which gives it its properties that allow it to sustain life: a) adhesion b) cohesion c) surface tension d) high specific heat e) bonding not just between atoms, but between molecules lower density in its solid phase f) solubility (means a solute like NaCl will break up into Na+ and Cl-­‐ with Na+ attaching to the negative O2 in H2O and Cl-­‐ attaching to the H+ in H2O).

2) Carbon has four valence electrons, which allows it to form into a high diversity of chains or ring structures known as hydrocarbons.

3) Isomers are critical to structure and function of biological molecules.

4) Be able to identify what property a molecule has based on its functional groups.

Types Of Functional Groups:

Methyl Hydroxyl Carbonyl (Ketone) Carbonyl (Aldehyde) Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate

AP Biology 1.2

Using the carbon backbone (hydrocarbons) combined with functional groups we make repeating units known as monomers, that form macromolecules. The monomers combine by dehydration synthesis to form polymers, long complex chains of repeating units. The polymers can be broken back down into monomers by hydrolysis. There are four classes of macromolecules: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids.

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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reactions): A water molecule is removed from the monomers by breaking the bond to leave a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen ion. So you remove a water molecule and form a bond.

Hydrolysis: We break a water bond splitting it into a hydroxyl group and hydrogen ion, and put them back on the monomers, making them separate again. This is the process of digestion. So you add water and break a bond.

Dehydration Synthesis is used to build polymers out of monomers.

Macromolecules

1) Carbohydrates

Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, simple sugars made up of 3, 5, or 6 carbons. All sugar names end in “ose”. That is how you can tell it is a carbohydrate. These monomers are in ring shape structures. Two monomers come together in dehydration synthesis making a dysaccharide. In a carbohydrate this is called glycocitic linkage.

Combing a glucose with a fructose monomer makes sucrose (table sugar). We make maltose by joining two glucose monomers and we make lactose by joining glucose and galactose. Multiple monomers make polysaccharides, like starch. This is used for energy storage in plant tissue. Some of these polymers can be used for energy storage, others for structural purposes.

2) Lipids

Triglycerides (fats): Made up of three fatty acid chains and one glycerol molecule. They form in dehydration synthesis to make bonds called ester linkages where water is removed: a hydroxyl group from the fatty acid and a hydrogen ion from the glycerol. Fats store twice as much energy than carbohydrates. There are saturated fats like, butter and lard,(linear linkages) and unsaturated fats (that have one double bonded carbon). They are commonly called oils because they are liquid at room temperature.

Steroids and Phospholipids: Steroids are made up of four carbon rings and examples are, cholesterol and cortisol. Phospholipids are glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group. These are key components of cell membranes.

3) Nucleic Acids

It is a monomer nucleotide, a five carbon sugar, with nitrogen base on carbon 1, phosphate group on carbon 5, and is bonded with what are called phosphodiester bonds in dehydration synthesis of the phosphate of one nucleotide and carbon 3. The two main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA it is ribose.

DNA is double helix, RNA single is a single strand. DNA stores and copies information and RNA transmits information.

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4) Proteins: There are thousands of different proteins and they can have many different functions like, be enzymes, antibodies, receptors, structural, motor, storage, and communication. There are 20 different amino acids and they are responsible for all the different proteins and all their different structures. They are found in all organisms. It is their R groups which are responsible for the structure of the proteins. Proteins can take a helix or pleated shape. Protein shape is crucial to the proper function of biological processes in the cell. An R group is a side chain attached to the backbone that makes up a large molecule.

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Appendices

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The program elements.c contains data and allows the user to find the data they want by typing in the key. That is it is a search program. In this case the user gives the atomic number, and the molar mass is given back.

The program sort.c asks the user for a number of numbers, then the user gives them to the computer and it sorts them out returning them listed in ascending order. It is a sort program.

#include <stdio.h> int main (void) { int i; int search=0; int found=0; int elements[5] = {1,2,3,4,5}; float molar[25]= {1.01,4.00,6.94,9.01,10.81}; printf("Type element number: "); scanf("%d", &search);

for (i=0; i<=5; i++) { if (search == elements[i]) {found=1; break; } } if (found) printf("%.2f\n", molar[i]); else { printf("That element is not listed\n"); } }

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Running elements.c

jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./elements Type element number: 1 1.01 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./element Type element number: 2 4.00 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./element Type element number: 3 6.94 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./element Type element number: 4 9.01 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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Sort.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main (void) { int nums[100], c, n, d, swap; printf("How many numbers do you want to sort?: "); scanf("%d", &n); for (c=0; c<n; c++) { printf("%d enter number: ", c); scanf("%d", &nums[c]); }

for (c=0;c<(n-­‐1);c++) { for (d=0;d<(n-­‐c-­‐1);d++) { if (nums[d]>nums[d+1]) { swap=nums[d]; nums[d]=nums[d+1]; nums[d+1]=swap; } } } for (c=0; c<n; c++) { printf("%d\n", nums[c]); } }

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Running sort.c

jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./sort How many numbers do you want to sort?: 8 0 enter number: 35 1 enter number: 24 2 enter number: 67 3 enter number: 58 4 enter number: 47 5 enter number: 98 6 enter number: 75 7 enter number: 62 24 35 47 58 62 67 75 98 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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Also, 0.621 is the amount of miles in a kilometer and 0.0621 is the novelty for the year humans first landed on the moon (1969) in the McKenna Timewave.

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The Sequences

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We considered the ratio nine to five, then the proportion and found it in Saturn Orbit to Jupiter orbit, Solar Radius to Lunar Orbit, Gold to Silver and if flower petal arrangements.

It is left then to consider the whole number multiples of nine-fifths (1.8) or the sequence: 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2,… in other words, and we look to see if it is in the solar system and find it is in the following ways: 1.8 Saturn Orbit/Jupiter Orbit Solar Radius/Lunar Orbit Gold/Silver 3.6 (10)Mercury Radius/Earth Radius (10)Mercury Orbit/Earth Orbit (earth radius)/(moon radius)= 4(degrees in a circle)(moon distance)/(sun distance) = 3.7 ~ 3.6 There are about as many days in a year as degrees in a circle.

(Volume of Saturn/Volume Of Jupiter)(Volume Of Mars) = 0.37 cubic earth radii ~ 3.6 The latter can be converted to 3.6 by multiplying it by (Earth Mass/Mars Mass) because Earth is about ten times as massive as Mars.

5.4 Jupiter Orbit/Earth Orbit Saturn Mass/Neptune Mass 7.2 10(Venus Orbit/Earth Orbit)

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The Neptune Equation If we consider as well the sequence where we begin with five and add nine to each successive term: 5, 14, 23, 32…Then, the structure of the solar system and dynamic elements of the Universe and Nature in general are tied up in the two sequences: 5, 14, 23, 32,… and 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2,…

How do we find the connection between the two to localize the pivotal point of the solar system? We take their difference, subtracting respective terms in the second sequence from those in the first sequence to obtain the new sequence: 3.2, 10.4, 17.6, 24.8,…

Which is an arithmetic sequence with common difference of 7.2 meaning it is written 7.2n – 4 = a_n The a_n is the nth term of the sequence, n is the number of the term in the sequence.

This we notice can be written: [(Venus-orbit)/(Earth-orbit)][(Earth-mass)/(Mars-mass)]n – (Mars orbital #) = a_n We have an equation for a sequence that shows the Earth straddled between Venus and Mars. Venus is a failed Earth. Mars promises to be New Earth.

The Mars orbital number is 4. If we want to know what planet in the solar system holds the key to the success of Earth, or to the success of humans, we let n =3 since the Earth is the third planet out from the Sun, in the equation and the result is a_n = 17.6. This means the planet that holds the key is Neptune. It has a mass of 17.23 earth masses, a number very close to our 17.6.

Not only is Neptune the indicated planet, we find it has nearly the same surface gravity as earth and nearly the same inclination to its orbit as earth. Though it is much more massive than earth, it is much larger and therefore less dense. That was why it comes out to have the same surface gravity.

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The Uranus Equation I asked what needs to be done to solve My Neptune Equation, by going deep with the guitar in Solea Por Buleras. I found the answer was that I didn’t have enough information to solve it.

Then I realized I could create the complement of the Neptune equation by looking at the Yang of 5/3, since the Neptune equation came from the Yin of 9/5.

We use the same method as for the Neptune equation: Start with 8 and add 5 to each additional term (we throw a twist by not starting with 5) 5/3 => 8, 13, 18, 23,…

List the numbers that are whole number multiples of 5/3: 5/3n = 1.7, 3.3, 5, 6.7,…

Subtract respective terms in the second sequence from those in the first: 6.3, 9.7, 13, 16.3,…

This is an arithmetic sequence with common difference 3.3. It can be written: (a_n) = 3 + 3.3n This can be wrttten: Earth Orbital # + (Jupiter Mass/Saturn Mass)n = a_n Letting n = 3 we find a_n = 13 The closest to this is the mass of Uranus, which is 14.54 earth masses. If Neptune is the Yin planet, then Uranus is the Yang planet. This is interesting because I had found that Uranus and Neptune were different manifestations of the same thing. I had written: I calculate that though Neptune is more massive than Uranus, its volume is less such that their products are close to equivalent. In math: N_v = volume of Neptune N_m = mass of Neptune U_v = volume of Uranus U_m = mass of Uranus (N_v)(N_m) = (U_v)(U_m)

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The Earth Equation We then sought the Yang of six-fold symmetry because it is typical to physical nature, like snowflakes. We said it was 5/3 since it represents the 120 degree measure of angles in a regular hexagon and we built our universe from there, resulting in the Uranus Integral, which was quite fruitful. Let us, however, think of Yang not as 5/3, but look at the angles between radii of a regular hexagon. We have: 360 – 60 = 300 300 + 360 = 660 660/360 = 11/6 We say Yin is 9/5 and Yang is 11/6 and stick with The Gypsy Shaman’s 15 (See An Extraterrestrial Analysis, chapter titled “Gypsy Shamanism And The Universe”) and build our Cosmology from there.

We already built The Neptune Equation from 9/5 and used it with 5/3 to derive the planet Europia, but let us apply 11/6 in place of 5/3: 11/6 => 11/6, 11/3, 11/2, 22/3,… = 1.833, 3.667, 5.5, 7.333,…

11/6 => 6, 6+11 = 17, 17+11=28, 28+11=39, … = 6, 17, 28, 39,…

Subtract the second sequence from the first: 4.167, 13.333, 22.5, 31.667,…

Now we find the common difference between terms in the latter: 9.166, 9.167, 9.167,… (a_n) = a + (n-1)d = 4.167+(n-1)9.167 = 4.167 + 9.167n – 9.167 = 9.167n-5 Try n=3: 9.167(3) – 5 = 27.501 – 5 = 22.501 (works) Our equation is: (a_n) = 9.167n –5 We notice this can be written: [(Saturn Orbit)/(Earth Orbit)]n – (Jupiter Orbital #) = (a_n) The Neptune Equation for n=3 gave Neptune masses, the Uranus equation for n=3 gave Uranus masses. This equation for n=3 gives close to the tilt of the Earth (23.5 degrees) in a form that is exactly half of the 45 degrees in a square with its diagonal drawn in. In the spirit of our first cosmology built upon 9/5, 5/3, and 15, we will call this equation The Earth Equation.

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The Unification Of Pi and Phi by Nine-Fifths All that is left to do is to consider pi, the circumference of a circle to its diameter, and phi, the golden ratio, since they are two most important, if not most beautiful ratios in mathematics.

I have found nine-fifths occurs throughout nature in the rotation of petals around a a flower for a most popular arrangement, in the orbits of jupiter to saturn in their closest approaches to the sun, in the ratio of the molar masses of gold to silver, and in the ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbit. I now further go on to say that this nine-fifths unifies the two most important ratios in mathematics pi and the golden ratio (phi), in that pi + phi = 3.141 + 1.618 = 4.759 Because the numbers after the decimal in the sum (the important part) are 5 and 9 and 7, the average of 5 and nine.

I should also like to point out that the fourth and fifth numbers after the decimal in pi are 5 and 9 and in phi the second and third numbers after the decimal are one and eight where nine-fifths divided out is one point eight, and, further, the first and second numbers after the decimal in phi add up to make 7, the average of 9 and 5, and subtract to make five, and the second and third digits after the decimal add up to nine. So not only does the solar system unify pi and phi through nine-fifths, pi and phi taken alone express nine-fifths in the best possible ways.

Â

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Summary About Nine-Fifths In Summary, this most beautiful constant in Nature, of nine-fifths, which unifies pi and the golden ratio, the two most beautiful ratios in mathematics, is the most popular arrangement of petals around a flower, and is in the ratio of the molar masses of gold to silver, the most precious of the metals. One could only guess that such would be noticeable throughout the universe and would be noticed by other intelligent life in the universe, and, as such the relationship would be ideal for transmission of a message by other intelligent life forms in the universe to say to the receiver: “I am here and have noticed it”. The curious thing is that it exists in our solar system in the ratio of the orbit of Saturn at its closest approach to the sun compared to the orbit of Jupiter at its closest approach to the sun, mystically putting the Earth at one unit from the Sun (Jupiter and Saturn being the largest and most massive in the solar system, the Earth that planet which harbors intelligent life in the Solar System), and in the ratio of the Sun’s radius to the orbital radius of the moon (moon-earth separation). The question is why does this relationship for pi and the golden ratio of nine-fifths not just exist throughout the Universe in gold, silver, and perhaps flower petal arrangements, but more locally in our solar system? Does it mean humans have some kind of divine specialness in the cosmos?

While we can know that the nine-fifths phenomenon would be represented by gold and silver throughout the universe, we currently cannot know whether the inhabitants of other star systems have it in their sun (star) they orbit and a moon that might orbit their planet or in the ratio of the orbits of the largest planets in their star system putting their planet at one unit from their star. The answer to this enigma, I think, must be of extraordinary profundity.

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(pi) and (e) I have talked about how 9/5, which I have found exists in Nature and the Universe, unifies pi and the golden ratio (phi): (pi) + (phi) = 3.141 + 1.618 = 4.759 because the first three numbers after the decimal are 7, 5 and 9. Seven is the average of nine and five, and the second number is our 5 in nine-fifths and the third number is the 9 in nine-fifths.

It would seem 9/5 unifies eulerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s number, e, and pi, as well: (pi) + (e) = 3.141 + 2.718 = 5.859 The second number after the decimal is the 5 in nine-fifths, and the third number after the decimal is the 9 in nine-fifths. The first number after the decimal is eight. This is significant because the 8 is the 8 in 1.8, which is 9/5 divided out. The one will take you all the way around a circle, what is left is 0.8.

Ian Beardsley January 17, 2013

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90 Â

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The Wow! Signal

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We have the Neptune Equation: 7.2x –4 We have the Uranus Equation 3.3x + 3 And now with our alternate cosmology we have The Earth Equation: 9x-5 With three equations we can write the parameterized equations in 3-dimensional space, parameterized in terms of t, for x, y, and z. We can write from that f(x,y,z) and find the gradient vector, or normal to the equation of a plane in other words, and from that a region in space.

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36 t "4 5 33 y(t) = t + 3 10 z(t) = 9t " 5 5x + 20 10y " 30 z + 5 = = 36 33 9 5 10 1 10 x " y " z+ =0 36 33 9 11 #f = $5 /36,"10 /33,"1/9%

a=5/36 b=-­‐10/33

c = (5 /36) 2 + (10 /33) 2 = 0.0918 + 0.019 = 0.3328

d=-­‐1/9

tan " = b /a x(t) =

!

!

" = #65.358 !

tan $ = d /c

!

$ = #18.46 !

-­‐65.358 degrees/15 degrees/hour =-­‐4.3572 hours

24 00 00 – 4.3572 = 19.6428 hours

RA: 19h 38m 34s Dec: -­‐18 degrees 27 minutes 36 seconds

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The projection by my calculation through my cosmology of yin, yang, and 15 for the origin of my message from extraterrestrials was somewhere in the easternmost part of the constellation Sagittarius. This happens to be the same place where the one possible alien signal was detected in the Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). It was called “The Wow Signal” because on August 15, 1977 the big ear antenna received something that seemed not like star noise, but exactly what they were looking for in an extraterrestrial signal. Its name is what it is because the astronomer on duty, Jerry R. Ehman wrote “Wow!” next to the numbers when they came in. Incredibly, it lasted the full 72 seconds that the Big Ear antenna listened for it. I say incredible because I have mentioned the importance of 72, not just in my Neptune equation – for which my location in space was derived in part – but because of its connection to the Gypsy Shaman’s AE35 antenna and its relation to 72 in the movie “2001: A Space Odyssey”. The estimation of the coordinates for the origin of the Wow signal are two: 19h22m24.64s 19h25m17.01s With declination of: -26 Degrees 25 minutes 17.01 s That is about 2.5 degrees from the star group Chi Sagittarri It is very close to my calculation for an extraterrestrial civilization that I feel hid a message in our physics, which I calculate to be near HD 184835 and exactly at: 19h 38m 34s -18 Degrees 27 minutes 36 seconds The telescope that detected the Wow Signal was at Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, Ohio called The Perkins Observatory.

Ian Beardsley May 6, 2013

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I have written three papers on the anomaly of how my scientific investigation shows the Universe related to the science fiction of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke. In my last paper, “The Levinson-­‐Asimov-­‐Clarke Equation” part of the comprehensive work “The Levinson, Asimov, Clarke Triptic, I suggest these three authors should be taken together to make some kind of a whole, that they are intertwined and at the heart of science fiction. I have now realized a fourth paper is warranted, and it is just the breakthrough I have been looking for to put myself on solid ground with the claim that fiction is related to reality in a mathematical way pertaining to the Laws of Nature. I call it Fiction-­‐Reality Entanglement.

In my paper Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke Intertwined With An Astronomer’s Research, I make the mathematical prediction that “humans have a 70% chance of developing Hyperdrive in the year 2043” to word it as Paul Levinson worded it, and I point out that this is only a year after the character Sierra Waters is handed a newly discovered document that sets in motion the novel by Paul Levinson, “The Plot To Save Socrates”.

I now find that Isaac Asimov puts such a development in his science fiction at a similar time in the future, precisely in 2044, only a year after my prediction and two years after Sierra Waters is handed the newly discovered document that initiates her adventure. So, we have my prediction, which is related to the structure of the universe in a mystical way right in between the dates of Levinson and Asimov, their dates only being a year less and a year greater than mine.

Asimov places hyperdrive in the year 2044 in his short story “Evidence” which is part of his science fiction collection of short stories called, “I, Robot”.

This is a collection of short stories where Robot Psychologist Dr. Susan Calvin is interviewed by a writer about her experience with the company on earth in the future that first developed sophisticated robots. In this book, the laws of robotics are created and the idea of the positronic brain introduced, and the nature of the impact robots would have on human civilization is explored. Following this collection of stories Asimov wrote three more novels, which comprise the robot series, “The Caves of Steel”, “The Naked Sun”, and “The Robots of Dawn”.

“I, Robot” is Earth in the future just before Humanity settles the more nearby stars. The novels comprising “The Robot Series” are when humanity has colonized the nearby star systems, The Foundation Trilogy, and its prequels and sequels are about the time humanity has spread throughout the entire galaxy and made an Empire of it. All of these books can be taken together as one story, with characters and events in some, occurring in others.

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Hyperdrive is invented in I, Robot by a robot called The Brain, owned by the company for which Dr. Susan Calvin works when it is fed the mathematical logistical problems of making hyperdrive, and asked to solve them. It does solve them and it offers the specs on building an interstellar ship, for which two engineers follow in its construction. They are humorously sent across the galaxy by The Brain, not expecting it, and brought back to earth in the ship after they constructed it. This was in the story in “I, Robot” titled “Escape!”.

But Dr. Susan Calvin states in the following short story, that I mentioned, “Evidence”:

“But that wasn’t it, either”…”Oh, eventually, the ship and others like it became government property; the Jump through hyperspace was perfected, and now we actually have human colonies on the planets of some of the nearer stars, but that wasn’t it.”

“It was what happened to the people here on Earth in last fifty years that really counts.”

And, what happened to people on Earth? The answer is in the same story “Evidence” from which that quote is at the beginning. It was when the Regions of the Earth formed The Federation. Dr. Susan Calvin says at the end of the story “Evidence”:

“He was a very good mayor; five years later he did become Regional Co-­‐ordinator. And when the Regions of Earth formed their Federation in 2044, he became the first World Co-­‐ ordinator.”

It is from that statement that I get my date of 2044 as the year Asimov projects for hyperdrive.

Ian Beardsley March 17, 2011

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I watched a video on youtube about Terence McKenna where he lectured on his timewave zero theory. I found there was not an equation for his timewave zero graph but that a computer algorithm generated the graph of the wave. The next day I did a search on the internet to see if a person could download timewave software for free. As it turned out one could, for both Mac and pc. It is called “Timewave Calculator Version 1.0”. I downloaded the software and found you had to download it every time after you quit the application and that you could not save the graph of your results or print them out. So I did a one-­‐time calculation.

It works like this: you input the range of time over which you want see the timewave and you cannot calculate past 2012, because that is when the timewave ends. You also put in a target date, the time when you want to get a rating for the novelty of the event that occurred on that day. You can also click on any point in the graph to get the novelty rating for that time. I put in:

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Input:

Begin Date: December 27 1968 18 hours 5 minutes 37 seconds End Date: December 2 2011 0 hours 28 minutes 7 seconds

McKenna said in the video on youtube that the dips, or valleys, in the timewave graph represent novelties. So, I clicked on the first valley after 1969 since that is the year we went to the moon, and the program gave its novelty as:

Sheliak Timewave Value For Target:

0.0621

On Target Date: August 4, 1969 9 hours 53 minutes 38 seconds

I was happy to see this because, I determined that the growth rate constant, k, that rate at which we progress towards hyperdrive, in my calculation in my work Asimovian Prediction For Hyperdrive, that gave the date 2043, a year after Sierra Waters was handed the newly discovered document that started her adventure in The Plot To Save Socrates, by Paul Levinson, and a year before Isaac Asimov had placed the invention of hyperdrive in his book I, Robot, was:

(k=0.0621)

The very same number!!!

What does that mean? I have no idea; I will find out after I buy The Invisible Landscape by Terence McKenna, Second Edition, and buy a more sophisticated timewave software than that which is offered for free on the net.

Ian Beardsley March 19, 2011

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There is a common thread running through the Science Fiction works of Paul Levinson, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke.

In the case of Isaac Asimov, we are far in the future of humanity. In his Robot Series, Asimov has man making robots whose programming only allows them to do that which is good for humanity. As a result, these robots, artificial intelligence (AI), take actions that propel humanity into settling the Galaxy, in the robot series, and ultimately save humanity after they have settled the Galaxy and made an empire of it (In the Foundation Series).

In the case of Paul Levinson, scholars in the future travel through time and use cloning, a concept related to artificial intelligence (it is the creating of human replicas as well, but biological, not electronic), and the goal is to save great ancient thinkers from Greece, and to manipulate events in the past for a positive outcome for the future of humanity, just as the robots try to do in the work of Asimov.

In the case of Arthur C. Clarke, man undergoes a transformation due to a monolith placed on the moon and earth by extraterrestrials who have created life on earth. The monolith is a computer. It takes humans on a voyage to other planets in the solar system, and in their trials, humanity goes through trials that result in a transformation for the ending of their dependence on their technology and for becoming adapted to life in the Universe beyond Earth. That is, the character Dave Bowman becomes the Starchild in his mission to Jupiter.

The artificial intelligence is the ship computer called HAL.

So, the thread is the salvation of man through technology, and their transformation to a new human paradigm, where they can end their dependence on Earth and adapt to the nature of the Universe as a whole.

At the time I was reading these novels, I was doing astronomical research, and, to my utter astonishment, my relationships I was discovering pertaining to the Universe were turning up times and values pivotal to these works of Levinson, Asimov, and Clarke. Further, I was interpreting much of my discoveries by developing them in the context of short fictional stories.

In my story, “The Question”, we find Artificial Intelligence is in sync with the phases of the first appearance of the brightest star Sirius for the year, and the flooding of the Nile river, which brings in the Egyptian agricultural season. It is presumed by some scholars that because the Egyptian calendar is in sync with the Nile-­‐Sirius cycle, theirs began four such cycles ago.

I then relate that synchronization to another calculation that turns up the time when the key figure of the Foundation Series of Asimov begins his program to found a civilization that will save the galaxy. We later find his actions were manipulated into being by robots, in order to save intelligent life in the galaxy by creating a viable society for it called Galaxia.

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In the case of Paul Levinson, I was making a calculation to predict when man would develop hyperdrive, that engine which could take us to the stars, and end our dependence on an Earth that cannot take care of humans forever. That time turned out to be when the key scholar in the work by Paul Levinson, began her quest to help humanity by traveling into the past and using cloning, in part, to change history for the better. I can now only feel her quest to save humanity is going to be through changing history to bring about the development of hyperdrive, so humanity will no longer depend on Earth alone, which, as I have said, cannot take care of life forever.

Finally, where Arthur C. Clarke is concerned, I find values in the solar system and nature that are in his monolith, and I connect it to artificial intelligence of a sort, that kind which would be based on silicon.

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I had tried to predict mathematically when we would develop hyperdrive, and it came out just a year after the character, Sierra Waters, in the science fiction piece by Paul Levinson titled “The Plot To Save Socrates” was handed a newly discovered document at the beginning of the book that got the whole story rolling. I wrote in my piece “Forecast For Hyperdrive: A Study In Asimovian Psychohistory:

It is a curious thing that the Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the third brightest star in the sky is the closest to us and very similar to the sun in a galaxy of a rich variety of stars. This closest star to us is a triple system known as Alpha Centauri A, B, and Proxima Centauri. Alpha Centauri A is, like our Sun a main sequence spectral type G star. Precisely, G2 V, just as is the Sun. Its physical characteristics are very close to those of the Sun: 1.10 solar masses, 1.07 solar diameters, and 1.5 solar luminosities. It is absolute magnitude +4.3. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is +4.83.

If ever the option existed for humans to travel to the stars, this situation speaks of it, whether or not Alpha Centauri has an earth-­‐like planet in its habitable zone.

It has been said that the base ten place significant system of writing numbers stems from the fact we have ten fingers to count on. In so far as science can save us, it can destroy us in that science is not dangerous, but humans can be.

Traveling to the planets is possible with chemical fuel rockets, but traveling to the stars is another story, because of their immense distances from us, and from one another.

What are the odds that our development in technologies will take us to the stars before we destroy ourselves first? In other words, what are the intrinsic odds for humankind to develop the hyperdrive before without bringing about its own end first?

We do a random walk to Alpha Centauri of 10 one light year jumps. We make 10 equal steps randomly of one light year each, equal steps that if all are towards Alpha Centauri we will land beyond it. If 10 are away from it, we are as far from it as can be. And, if 5 are towards it, and five are away from it, we have gone nowhere.

In this allegory we calculate the probability of landing on Alpha Centauri, in 10 random leaps of a light year each, a light year being the distance light travels in the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun, light speed a natural constant.

(continue to the next page)

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!

The probability of making n steps in either direction forms a bell shaped curve. After 10 randomly made steps the odds of going nowhere is highest and, is represented by five in the bell curve corresponding to 0. Let us round the distance of Alpha Centauri to four light years, giving humans the benefit of the doubt. The number positive four in the bell graph has written above it the number 7. Seven out of ten times 100 for effort gives a 70% chance of making it to the stars without becoming extinct first. I believe the percent understanding of our technological development towards hyperdrive, where we have just entered space with chemical rockets and developed fast, compact, computers, is given by:

N! n1 n 2 W N (n1 ) = p q n1!n 2!

Evaluated at n1=7.

N is 10 steps.

And n1 is the number of steps towards Alpha Centauri, n2 those away from it.

And, p is the probability that the step is towards Alpha Centauri, and q is the probability that the step is away from Alpha Centauri.

N = n1 + n2

And m = n1-­‐n2 is the displacement And q+p=1

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The trick to using this equation is in knowing the possible combinations of steps that can be made that equal 10. Like five right, five left with a displacement of 0 or, 10 right, 0 left with a displacement of 10 or, 7 left, 3 right with a displacement of negative 4.

To land at 4 light years from earth, with 10 one light year jumps, one must go away from Alpha Centauri 3 jumps of a light year each then 7 jumps toward it of one light year each, to land on it, that is to land at +4, its location. So n1 is 7 and n2 is 3. The probability to jump away from the star is 1/2 and the probability to jump towards it is 1/2. That is p=1/2 and q=1/2. There are ten random jumps, so, N=10.

Using our equation:

(10!) 1 7 1 3 3628800 1 1 120 15 ( ) ( ) = = = = 0.1171875 " 12% (7!)(3!) 2 2 (5040)(6) 128 8 1024 128

We would be, by this reasoning 12% along in the development towards hyperdrive.

Ian Beardsley June 2009

If human technology has ever been anything, it has been exponential, growing in proportion to itself. In other words, two developments beget 8, eight beget 16, and sixteen begets 32. My grandfather rode a horse when he was a child, as a young man he drove a car, and when I knew him as a child, he saw humans land on the moon.

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!

! !

It wasn’t long before we made computers small enough that people could keep in their homes that did more than computers did in the 60’s that filled an entire room.

Having calculated that we are 12% along in developing the hyperdrive, we can use the equation for natural growth to estimate when we will have hyperdrive. It is of the form:

x(t) = x 0e kt

t is time and k is a growth rate constant which we must determine to solve the equation. In 1969 Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. In 2009 the European Space Agency launched the Herschel and Planck telescopes that will see back to near the beginning of the universe. 2009-­‐1969 is 40 years. This allows us to write:

12% = e k(40)

log 12 = 40k log 2.718

0.026979531 = 0.4342 k

k=0.0621

We now can write:

x(t) = e(0.0621)t

100% = e(o.0621)t

log 100 = (0.0621) t log e

t = 74 years

1969 + 74 years = 2043

Our reasoning would indicate that we will have hyperdrive in the year 2043.

Study summary:

1. We have a 70% chance of developing hyperdrive without destroying ourselves first.

2. We are 12% along the way in development of hyperdrive.

3. We will have hyperdrive in the year 2043, plus or minus.

Sierra Waters was handed the newly discovered document in 2042.

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