Cars by Оксана Костюк

CATALOG MARCH • 2020

IT-STEP | TERNOPIL | UKRAINE

CARS

With the Coolest Retro Designs

CAR DESIGN HISTORY

“ For most of us these days, all we have

to do is look outside of our window, and we can see a multitude of different kinds of cars, trucks, and other road vehicles. But where did it all begin? What were people driving 100, 80, 60 years ago? What follows is a brief history of car design through the decades. ” Styles Through the Decades

or a few centuries there were different variations of steam powered vehicles that were early prototypes for the modern car, but the first official automobile–as we know it today– was the 1885 Benz patent motorwagen. As such, Karl Benz is generally accepted to be the inventor of the modern car. By 1908 we had the first Ford Model T, the most widely produced car of the era. It was a four seater, and has an iconic look that is still recognizable today. This takes us into the vintage era of the 1920s This is when the front engine was popularized, and we got a style that looks something like this Bugatti or Lancia. Moving into the pre-war era, we started to see a similar shape of vehicle, but with the edges softened, and the look classed up a bit. From the more simple Ford V-8, as the country pulled itself out of the depression, we saw more vehicles like the Rolls Royce Phantom III. The year 1938 also marked the first Volkswagen Beetle. The post-war era, after World War II, marked a dramatic change in car fashion, and we saw perhaps the biggest change in body style for American automobiles. From the ‘40s through to the ‘70s the roads were dominated by the iconic style that defines ‘50s America. In 1959 we also saw the first Mini. After this post-war period, the modern era began. Cars have developed a lot in the past few decades, and now

we have more variety in body style and car design than ever before. Designers and engineers take inspiration from anything from space to aerodynamics, to current fashion and functionality. Cars like the Toyota Corolla and the Honda Civic have come to define recent decades. For the past few years, and looking to the future, it is clear to see that we are at the start of a new era. One that will undoubtedly be marked by electric vehicles, and eventually fully autonomous cars.

Shelby Cobra

History and development In September 1961, American automotive designer Carroll Shelby wrote to AC asking if they would build him a car modified to accept a V8 engine. AC agreed, provided a suitable engine could be found. Shelby went to Chevrolet to see if they would provide him with engines, but not wanting to add competition to the Corvette they said no. However, Ford wanted a car that could compete with the Corvette and they happened to have a brand new engine which could be used in this endeavor: the Windsor 221-cubic-inch (3.6 L) engine â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a new lightweight, thin-wall cast small-block V8. Ford provided Shelby with two engines. In 1963 to keep production focused on producing cars for Shelby American Inc., the Ruddspeed Ace was discontinued. To supply cars to the European market, AC began to market and sell the Cobra in Europe. Advertisements from the time state that the Cobra was designed to meet the requirements of Shelby American Inc. In 2014, Shelby American announced a limited edition production of 50 cars for the 50th anniversary of the original 427 Shelby Cobra.

50th-anniversary Cobra Limited Edition CSX8000

350 c u in (5.7 L) engine replaced the old 327 cu in (5.36 L) as the base engine in 1969, but power remained at 300 bhp (224 kW). 1969 was the only year for a C3 to optionally offer either a factory installed side exhaust or normal rear exit with chrome tips. The all-aluminum ZL1 engine was also new for 1969; the special big-block engine was listed at 430-hp (320 kW), but was reported to produce 560 hp (420 kW) and propelled a ZL1 through the 1/4 mile in 10.89 seconds. There was an extended production run for the 1969 model year e third generation due to a lengthy labor strike, which Corvette, patterned after the Mako meant sales were down on the 1970 Shark II concept car, was introduced models, to 17,316. 1970 small-block for the 1968 model year and was in power peaked with the optional high production until 1982. C3 coupes feacompression, high-revving LT-1 that tured the first use of T-top removable produced 370 bhp (276 kW). The 427 roof panels. It introduced monikers big-block was enlarged to 454 cu in that were later revived, such as LT(7.44 L) with a 390 bhp (291 kW) rat1, ZR-1, Z07 and Collector Edition. In ing. The ZR-1 special package was an 1978, the Corvetteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 25th anniversaoption available on the 1970 through ry was celebrated with a two-tone 1972 model years, and included the Silver Anniversary Edition and an Indy LT-1 engine combined with special Pace Car replica edition of the C3. Enracing equipment. Only 53 ZR-1â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gines and chassis components were were built. In 1971, to accommodate mostly carried over from the C2, but regular low-lead fuel with lower the body and interior were new. The anti-knock properties, the engine

compression ratios were lowered which resulted in reduced power ratings. The power rating for the 350 cu in (5.7 L) L48 base engine decreased from 300 to 270 horsepower and the optional special high performance LT1 engine decreased from 370 to 330 horsepower. The LS5 454 cu in (7.4 L) motor was carried over and produced 365 hp (272 kW). Offered in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;71 only was the LS6 454 cu in (7.4 L) big-block featuring aluminum heads and delivering 425 hp (317 kW), highest of the 1970-72 series, and could be ordered with an automatic transmission. For the 1972 model year, GM moved to the SAE Net measurement which resulted in further reduced, but more realistic, power ratings than the previous SAE Gross standard. Although the 1972 modelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 350 cu in (5.7 L) horsepower was actually the same as that for the 1971 model year, the lower net horsepower numbers were used instead of gross horsepower. The L48 base engine was now rated at 200 bhp (150 kW) and the optional LT1 engine was now rated at 270 bhp (200 kW). 1974 models had the lasttrue dual exhaust system that was dropped on the 1975 models with the introduction convertrs.

Chevrolet Corvette

1972 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray 350 V8 Coupe

The Pontiac Chieftain is an automobile which was produced by Pontiac from 1949 to 1958.

In 1949 the A-body Chieftain replaced the Pontiac Torpedo as Pontiacâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s smaller and lower priced model. However, the newly redesigned B-bodied Pontiac Streamliner was now very similar (if not exact) in dimensions, engines, trim levels and options. This was the first time since 1934 that all Pontiacs had the same wheelbase. They had standard automatic interior lighting. The Chieftain was initially introduced with four models: Sedan, Sedan Coupe, Business Coupe, and Deluxe Convertible Coupe. In 1950, a Catalina Coupe was added to the range while a station wagon was added in 1952, with the demise of the top of the line Streamliner wagon. The 1955 model Chieftains featured completely new chassis, body and engine. The engine was the biggest news as this was Pontiacâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first V8. The 287.2 cu in (4.7 L) engine made 173 or 180 horsepower (130 kW) at 4400 rpm depending on which version was ordered (again, the difference was due to changes

“ Rolling work of art ” in compression ratios). Six cylinder models did not return and the 1955 lineup was V8-only. A six-cylinder model had been considered, but Pontiac management decided not to retain it due to slow sales—six-cylinder Pontiacs had accounted for only around 10-15% of volume since 1951. The traditional appearance five-chrome strips running down the hood and trunk were updated with a twin-stripe design. The biggest change for 1956 was again in the engine. The new for 1955 V8 was drastically enlarged to 316.6 cu in (5.2 L). Horsepower made a considerable increase, jumping to 192 and 205 respectively. Otherwise, the 1956 model Chieftains received only minor updates. A padded safety dashboard was added as an option. Sales for 1956 fell off by as much as 20% over record-setting 1955, in part due to tighter credit guidelines instituted by American banks that year.

â&#x20AC;&#x2122;52 PONTIAC MISCHIEF

he Ford design studio ultimately produced the winning design in the intramural contest, under Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash, Gale Halderman, and John Foster. This design was called the Cougar by the design team. Oros states: “ I then called a meeting with all the Ford studio designers. We talked about the sporty car for most of that afternoon, setting parameters for what it should look like — and what it should not look like — by making lists on a large pad, a technique I adapted from the management seminar. We taped the lists up all around the studio to keep ourselves on track. We also had photographs of all the previous sporty cars that had been done in the Corporate Advanced studio as a guide to themes or ideas that were tired or not acceptable to management. “ In a 2004 interview, Oros recalls the planning behind the design: “ I told the team that I wanted the car to appeal to women, but I wanted men to desire it, too. I wanted a Ferrari-like front end, the motif centered on the front — something heavy-looking like a Maseratti [sic], but, please, not a trident — and I wanted air intakes on the side to cool the rear brakes. I said it should be as sporty as possible and look like it was related to European design. ” The idea for a fastback originated with Joe Oros as well, and was designed in Charlie Phaneuf’s studio. An additional 4-door model was designed by Dave Ash as a clay model, but was not considered.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; 1969 was the benchmark year for Ford Mustang in its proliferation of performance names and engines â&#x20AC;&#x153;

S p e c i f i catio n Year : 1969 M a k e : F ord Must ang B od y St yl e : F ast b ac k

1969 FORD MUSTANG FASTBACK (SPORTSROOF)

First-ever Corvette Produced Hereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the story of how we got herew

A true marriage of Chevrolet Design and Engineering, the first Corvette was an inspired idea. It was crafted largely with components from the full-size Chevrolet car, including a straight-six engine, a two-speed automatic transmission, and a solid-axle rear end. Performance was at least comparable to other sports cars of its day, and its looks absolutely stopped traffic. The crusade to help the Corvette go as fast as it looked was led by engineer Zora Arkus-Duntov, who was so moved by the sight of the Motorama Corvette that he applied for a job at GM just to work on it. One of the biggest single improvements was the addition of an optional small-block Chevy V8 in 1955. Fuel injection would be offered two years later, providing one horsepower for every cubic inch of displacement, a major milestone.

’57 CORVETTE “FAMILY AFFAIR”

ord produced three cars between 1932 and 1934: the Model B, the Model 18, and the Model 46. These succeeded the Model A. The Model B had an updated four cylinder and was available from 1932 to 1934. The V8 was available in the Model 18 in 1932, and in the Model 46 in 1933 & 1934. The 18 was the first Ford fitted with the flathead Vâ&#x20AC;&#x2018;8. The company also replaced the Model AA truck with the Model BB, available with either the four- or eight-cylinder engine. Rather than just updating the Model A, Ford launched a completely new vehicle for 1932. The V8 was marketed as the Model 18 in its initial year, but was commonly known as the Ford Vâ&#x20AC;&#x2018;8. It had the new flathead V8 engine. The Model 18 was the first low-priced, mass-marketed car to have a V8 engine, an important milestone in the American automotive industry. The 221 cu in (3.6 l) V8 was rated at 65 hp (48 kW), but power increased significantly with improvements to the carburetor and ignition in succeeding years. The V8 was more popular than the four-cylinder, which was essentially a variant of the Model A engine with improvements to balancing and lubrication.

32 FORD ROADSTER

Cadillac de Ville series The first Cadillac “Coupe de Ville” was shown during the 1949 Motorama. It was built on a Cadillac Sixty Special chassis and featured a dummy air-scoop, chrome trim around front wheel openings, and a one-piece windshield and rear glass. The interior was black and trimmed in gray leather, including the headliner, to match the roof color. It was equipped with a telephone in the glove compartment, a vanity case and a secretarial pad in the rear armrest, power windows and highly decorative chrome interior trim. The prototype “Coupe de Ville” was used by GM President Charles E. Wilson until 1957 when he presented it to his secretary. At some time during this period it acquired a dark Vicodec roof. The prototype “Coupe de Ville” was found again and beautifully restored in the 2nd decade of the New Millennium; it is currently (2016–17) in a private collection in London, Ontario, Canada.

Custom Boxed stock frame on Ride Tech

The new name brought the DeVille into line with Cadillac's Art & Science-era nomenclature, which saw the Seville renamed to STS and the Catera replacement called the CTS.

â&#x20AC;&#x2122;64 CADILLAC COUPE DEVILLE