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UNIT 5. VERTEBRATES.
SCIENCE 6.
C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
VERTEBRATES are animals with a backbone. They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal column. Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs.
CONTENTS: 1.- Characteristics of vertebrates. 2.– Classification: 2.1.– Fish 2.2.– Reptiles 2.3.– Amphibians 2.4.– Birds 2.5.– Mammals
1.– CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATES: Vertebrates have some common characteristics: 1.– They are multicellular organisms. 2.- They have bones that form a skeleton with a backbone. 3.– They are heterotrophic organisms (consumers). 4.– Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs. 5.– They can be aquatic or terrestrial. 1 2
2.– CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES: Scientists study vertebrates and they classify them depending of some common characteristics. We are going to study them thinking in several aspects like: 1.– Habitat: so they can be terrestrial or aquatic. 2.– Body shape: .– They can be covered by scales, feathers, skin, fur… 3 4 .– Their limbs: fins, wings, legs… 3.– Body systems: We divide VERTEBRATES into five groups: .– Circulatory system: cold or warm blooded… Fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. .– Respiratory system: gills, lungs, skin… 4.– Food: they can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores... 5.– Reproduction: Oviparous, viviparous, undergo a metamorphosis... Habitat
Body shape
Terrestrial Covered by: Scales Aquatic Feathers Skin Fur...
Body systems Circulatory: Cold blooded Warm blooded
Food Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
Reproduction Examples Oviparous Viviparous Metamorphosis
Fish: Reptile: Amphibian: Bird: Mammal:
shark snake frog eagle lion
Limbs: Respiratory: Fins / wings / legs Gills / lungs / skin 5
USEFUL WORDS: .– skeleton .– backbone .– limbs .– aquatic .– feathers .– fur .– fin .– wing .– herbivore .– carnivore .– oviparous .– viviparous .- warm blooded
.– head .– trunk .– terrestrial .– scales .– skin .– limbs .– gill .– lung .– omnivore .– metamorphosis .– cold blooded
2 C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
2.1.– FISH: There are so many species of fish in the planet, that they are very different in many ways (shape, size, way of living and feeding…) But they have lots of important things in common: 1.– Habitat: They live in water, in rivers and lakes (fresh water) or in the seas and oceans. So they are aquatic. 2.– Body shape: They have a body designed to move in the water. They are covered by scales and have fins and a swim bladder to move. 3.– Body systems: .- They have gills to breath. They get oxygen disolved in the water. .– They are cold blooded, so they can’t regulate their body temperature. 4.– Food: some fish eat small particles floating in the water, or algae, and other are carnivore and eat other fish. 5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous, with external fertilisation. They lay lots of eggs in the water, because only a few ones will become adults.. The rest of little individuals will be eaten by other fish.
FISH are aquatic, with fins to move and covered by scales. They have gills to breath, and they are cold blooded. They can be herbivore or carnivore, and they are oviparous. They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal column. Their body is divided into head, trunk and limbs. Habitat
Body shape
Body systems
Aquatic
Covered by scales Swim bladder
Circulatory: Cold blooded
Limbs: Fins
Respiratory: Gills
Food Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
Reproduction Examples Oviparous
Fish: shark
Dorsal fin
Pelvic fins
Pectoral fins
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2
3
4
5
Anal fin
Caudal fin (Tail)
USEFUL WORDS: .– aquatic .– scales .– swim bladder .– fin .– gill .– cold blooded .– oviparous .– herbivore / carnivore / omnivore
3 C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
2.1.– REPTILES: There are many species of reptiles in the planet. They are very different in many ways (shape, size, way of living and feeding…) But they have lots of important things in common: 1.– Habitat: They live in water and on land. So they can be aquatic and terrestrial. 2.– Body shape: There are different types: .– Sauria: with four legs, dry skin formed by scales like lizards… .– Crocodiles: with four legs, very hard scales and a strong mouth plenty of teeth. (crocodiles, aligators…) .– Turtles: With four legs, dry skin and a shell to protect their bodies: turtle, tortoises… .– Snakes: without legs, dry skin formed by scales. Some of them are venomous. 3.– Body systems: .- They have lungs to breath, so they get oxygen from the air. .– They are cold blooded, so they can’t regulate their body temperature, and many of them are inactive during cold weather in winter. 4.– Food: They usually have teeth in their mouth. Most of them are carnivore. 5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous, with internal fertilisation. They lay eggs on land. Some species take care of them and others don’t.
REPTILES are aquatic and terrestrial. Some of them have four legs although others don’t have legs. They are covered by scales or a shell. They have lungs to breath, and they are cold blooded. They can be herbivore, carnivore or omnivore, and they are oviparous. They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal column. Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs. Habitat
Body shape
Body systems
Aquatic and terrestrial
Covered by scales, plates and shell for protection
Circulatory: Cold blooded
Limbs: With /without legs
Respiratory: lungs
Eye
LIZARD
Food Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
Reproduction Examples Reptiles: .- Sauria: lizard, .– Crocodile. .– Turtle .– Snakes
Oviparous
Venom duct
HEAD
Venom duct
Nostrils
Ear
HEAD
Fang
TRUNK
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2
Muscle
Mouth
Venom gland
RATTLESNAKE
Short legs Toes with claws
TAIL
scales
HEAD 3
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Eye
Shell (carapace)
Beak
TURTLE
Neck
USEFUL WORDS: .– lizard .– venomous .– trunk .– limb .– nostrils .– claws .– fang .– rattlesnake
.– shell-carapace .– tail .– venom duct .– plastron
Plastron Legs with claws
Tail
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C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
2.1.– AMPHIBIANS: There are many different species of amphibians in the planet, with different shape, size, way of living, habitat…). But they have lots of important things in common: 1.– Habitat: They live in the water and on land, near rivers and lakes (fresh water) So they are aquatic and terrestrial at the same time. 2.– Body shape: They have four legs and some of them with a tail. They are covered by smooth skin without scales. They need to mantain the skin wet, so they need to live near water and they have glands that produce mucus. 3.– Body systems: .- They have gills when they are young. When adults, they breath with lungs and through wet skin. .– They are cold blooded, so they can’t regulate their body temperature and many of them are inactive during cold weather in winter. 4.– Food: They eat insects, so they are carnivorous. 5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous, with external fertilisation. Females lay lots of eggs into the wáter that are fertilised by males. Eggs produce tadpoles (similar to fish). At the beginning, they breath through gills. Later, they develop legs, lungs and finally they lose their tail. This process is called metamorphosis.
AMPHIBIANS are aquatic and terrestrial, with 4 legs and covered by naked skin. They have gills to breath (when young), later, breath through lungs and skin. They are cold blooded. They are carnivore, and they are oviparous. Eggs develop in tadpoles, and later they will change into adults (metamorphosis) Habitat
Body shape
Body systems
Aquatic and terrestrial
Covered by smooth skin
Circulatory: Cold blooded
Limbs: legs
Respiratory: Gills, lungs and skin
ADULT FROG
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2
Food Carnivores
Reproduction
Examples
Oviparous
Amphibians: Frog, toad, salamander
Eggs—tadpoles— adult
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Frog with eggs
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Smooth skin Strong legs for jumping Nostrils Eye Ear
Tadpole
Tadpole (2 legs) Membrane for swimming
USEFUL WORDS: .– smooth skin .– tadpole
.– metamorphosis
Tadpole (4 legs)
5 C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
2.1.– BIRDS: There are many species of birds in the planet, and they are very different (shape, size, way of living, feeding…) But they have lots of important things in common: 1.– Habitat: They live on land, so they are terrestrial. Most of them can fly, but there are exceptions like penguins that can’t fly but can swim or ostriches that can’t fly but they can run very fast. 2.– Body shape: They have a body designed to fly. They have 2 wings, they are covered by feathers (light and strong to support their body in the air). They also have got air sacs and empty bones to be lighter. And they have a beak and legs adapted to get food. 3.– Body systems: .- They have lungs to breath. .– They are warm blooded, so they can regulate their body temperature. 4.– Food: They can be herbivores, (ostriches eat leaves, roots or seeds from plants), carnivores like eagles, or omnivores like sparrows (that can eat insects, seeds…) 5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous with internal fertilisation. They usually build nest to lay eggs, and take care of young individuals for a long time.
BIRDS are terrestrial, with wings to fly, and covered by feathers. They have lungs to breath, and they are warm blooded. They can be herbivore, carnivore or omnivore, and they are oviparous. They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal column. Their body is divided in head, body and limbs (wings and legs). Habitat
Body shape
Body systems
Air sacks
Circulatory: Warm blooded
Limbs: 2 Wings
Respiratory: Lungs
Terrestrial Covered by feathers
SPARROW
Food Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
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Reproduction Examples Oviparous
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Birds: eagles, dove...
TYPES OF BEAKS
head beak
wing
Beak of a carnivore (Eagle)
eye tail
Beak of a seed predator (Dove) breast Beak of an insectivore (Bee-eater)
Legs with claws
belly traquea air sacs lungs
Beak of a fisher bird (White stork) air sacs
5 air sacs
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USEFUL WORDS: .– wing .– air sacs
.– beak
.– nest
6 C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
2.1.– MAMMALS: There are many species of mammals, most of them live on land, but there are some of them (whales) that live in water, or a few of them can fly (bats). They have lots of important things in common: 1.– Habitat: Most of them live on land, only a few can fly (bats) and only a few live in water (dolphins, whales…) 2.– Body shape: Terrestrial ones have 4 limbs with different forms to move or to do other different actions (eating, digging…). They are covered by fur, or skin to keep body temperature. 3.– Body systems: .– All of them have lungs to breath. .– They are warm-blooded, so they can regulate their body temperature. 4.– Food: there are herbivore (horse), carnivore (lion) and omnivore (bear). 5.– Reproduction: they are viviparous, with internal fertilisation. Females develop babies inside their bodies, and later they give bird a new individual. Females have breasts to feed newborns.
MAMMALS are mostly terrestrial, with 4 legs and they are covered by fur. They have lungs to breath, and they are warm-blooded. They can be herbivore, carnivore and omnivore. They are viviparous and females have breasts to feed newborns. They have internal skeleton formed by bones. Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs. Habitat
Body shape
Body systems
Mostly terrestrial
Covered by fur or skin
Circulatory: Warm blooded
Limbs: 4 legs (or 2 arms & 2 legs)
Respiratory: Lungs
DOG
Food Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
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Reproduction Examples Mammals: Terrestrial: rabbit, dog… Aquatic: dolphin, whale Can fly: bat
Viviparous Females have breasts
There are three types of reproduction in mammals: 1.– PLACENTALS: (viviparous). Retain babies into the uterus for long periods of development: lion, giraffe, whale… 2.– MARSUPIALS: (viviparous). Give birth to incompletely developed fetuses, which mature inside their mother’s pouch: kangaroos… 3.– MONOTREMES: (oviparous). Lay eggs: platypus
3.– MONOTREMES: Platypus
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1.- PLACENTALS: Lion 2.– MARSUPIALS: Kangaroo
USEFUL WORDS: .– fur .– breasts .– marsupials .– monotremes
.– skin .– placentals 7