Making a Beeline to the Remnants

Making a Beeline to the Remnants

Priscilla Hubbard

Rozenapis ignita 40:1

acknowledgements.

acknowledgment of wadjuk noongar country.

I wish to acknowledge that I have been learning and designing on the unceded lands of the Wadjuk Noongar nation. I am grateful for their enduring land and sea stewardship that has looked after the boodjar of Boorlo and surrounds. This extends to my species of interest this semester - biara (B. attenuata) and in particular the djilyaro (bees). I pay my heartfelt respect and gratitude to elders past, present and emerging for their continued custodianship of country and sharing of knowledge.

wadjela acknowledgments.

Thank you to this semester’s LACH5424 Lecturer, Rosie Halsmith. Rosie’s professionalism, exhaustive network, impressive precedent knowledge, clarity of expectations and processes and all round loveliness has made this unit not only my favourite to complete but has also provided the greatest leap in my learning. I hope our paths cross again during and after my studies. Thanks are also extended to the other guest lecturers and juror’s who also provided feedback throughout the semester.

Thank you to the Town of Victoria Park for offering such an inspiring site and their generous sharing of knowledge, information and time.

I am also indebted to Dr. Kit Prendergast for answering my questions on native bees and providing images and written materials.

Thank you also to Georgia Brashaw for collaborating with me during the research phase of this studio (The birds, the bees and the trees as well as diminishing habitat analysis). Georgia’s passion, energy, knowledge and sense of fun are always appreciated. Finally, thank you to the students of LACH5424 who provided company, advice and technical support when I needed it.

Bee foraging on Jacksonia sternbergiana, George St. Reserve. Bee foraging on Banksia menziesii, Hillview bushland. Bee foraging on Banksia menziesii, Goss Avenue bushland. Banksia attenuata, Jirdarup bushland.

brief, client and design response. brief.

“The animals of the world exist for their own reasons. They were not made for humans any more than Black people were made for Whites or women for men.”

Alice Walker, Pulitzer prize winning author (Spiegel, 1988)

To create a more than-human landscape strategy in the local government area of Victoria Park, that seeks to solve a problem for a non-human resident at this site. The site’s remnant vegetation area (Jirdarup Bushland Precinct) will be the investigation starting point. One, specific non-human resident of the Victoria Park area will be your client. More-than-human strategies will respond to the current, as well as future, conditions in Victoria Park, taking into account changing climate and social conditions. The design process must comprise 1) analysis, 2) strategy, 3) design development and 4) design communication. client.

The native bee, Rozenapis ignita, is the client selected for this folio. Stages 1 and 2 have focused solely on this species, where as Stages 3 and 4 have broadened the focus to native bees of the Perth area in general.

design response - making a Beeline to the remnants.

To provide improved connectivity for native bees between three fragmented remnant banksia woodlands located in the Town of Victoria Park and adjacent City of South Perth. This will support important foraging and reproductive floristic requirements for native bees, while simultaneously ensuring pollination services critical to the survival of the woodland flora. These pollination corridors provide increased cross-pollination, which strengthens the remnant’s genetic diversity, thereby improving resilience. As native bees have a flight range limited to 1km (500m return radius) bee “lines” that provide their specific floristic and nesting requirements at least every 500m between the remnant patches are proposed. Ideally, the key pitstops located at the 500m markers would be human / bee interactive living labs and bee friendly gardens. Temporally, the design would utilise interim infrastructure (bee towers or “motels”) that double as wayfinding guides until mature trees can naturally provide these nesting habitats. The biodiversity positive interventions proposed would require collaboration between both LGAs, key state government agencies whose land access is required and local residents

Precedent 1: Love

I was already moved by this love story. A signed limited edition print graces our wall. Rereading this short story was a timely reminder that even inconspicuous, non-charismatic animals can exhibit sentience and beauty and deserve a place in our urban environments.

Source: Tan (2018, 50-53)

Precedent 3: The Luctsingel, Rotterdam.

Precedent

Source: Publik

Source: Ceccon and Zampieri (2016).

“Love”, Tales from the Inner City, Shaun Tan

Precedent 2: Melbourne Pollination Corridor The Melbourne Pollination Corridor was designed and managed by The Heart Gardening Project. This project seeks to link Westgate Park to the Melbourne Botanic Gardens for the movement of native bees and other insects. Planting 18,000 indigenous plants in 200 gardens are proposed by the end of 2024. especially like that it is being driven by a grassroots charity.

The Luctsingel is a 400m long wooden pedestrian bridge that connects central and northern Rotterdam. The project was designed by ZUS Architects in 2015. I like the signature yellow colour and that it was mostly paid for by crowdfunding.

4: Interpretative signage. Local company Publik designs great examples of interpretative signage. The images above comprise Midland Railway Square, Yoganup Park Place of the Wild Dog and Alkimos trail.

uncertainty / patterns / insights

clarity / focus

sense of place - location.

LACH5424 study area denoted in red

spatial scope broadened to

Design

include Hillview Community Bushland and Goss Avenue Bushland

Kaarta Garup Remnant Banksia Woodland

Jirdarup

Goss Ave.

Hillview

Kaarta Garup Derbal Yerrigan

Kaarta Garup Derbal Yerrigan

Boorlo

Matagarup

Curtin University

sense of place - transect walk.

Causewaycarfumes

Kangaroomovement

Reservegates

Cockatoomovements

Jirdarupwatertrough

Jirdarup-redtailedcockatoo

Binarycode-lackofmicrobialdiversity

Snake’sperspectiveofplaygroundpencilsculptures

oodsourcesusingultra-violetspectrum

Jirdarupbirdseyeperspective

1.Jirdarup-redtailedcockatoo

3.MSak

Blackswanmovement

Riverforeshore

Riversoundwaves

5.DerbSachini

.BillMmaMa

Cockatoosoundwaves

4.CaGeorg

6.Heirisso

bushland

Jirdarup bushland

Remnant vegetation

(Public Open Space / Golf Course)

Location of Public Open Spaces

N N N 1953 1974 1995 2023 bushl bus bus bus Making a Beeline to the Remnants - 3

bushland

NOTE: Data sourced from DPIRD-093 and DBCA019 datasets and tracing of aerial images by G Brashaw and P Hubbard LEGEND

Derbarl

Yerrigan

Earlier shape of Jirdarup.

The Birds, the Bees and a Tree.

Merops ornatus, Rozenapis ignita and Banksia attenuata

Migratory

Insectivorous

Flight Pollinators

No predator/ prey relationship

Solitary not colony

Co-evolution relationship with flowers of Fabeaceae family

Nests in hollow tubes of 7mm diameter sealed with resin

Rainbow Bee Eater (Merops Ornatus)

Native Resin Bee (Rozenapis ignita)

Candlestick Banksia (Banksia attenuata)

Creates burrowed nests in the soil / open habitat of Banksia woodlands

Consumes insects attracted to Banksia spp.

Neither pollinate Banksia spp

Once abundant on Swan Coastal Plain

Keystone species

Threatened Ecological Community

Uses Banksia flowerhead tormentose for nest building

White, yellow, brown or pale red sand

Inter-relationships between the three species.

010 20406080 100km

Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain, EPBC Threatened Ecological Community (endangered status)

Image credit: G. Brashaw (flowerhead only), P Hubbard (leaves)

Rozenapis ignita 1:1 and 25:1

Rozenapis ignita specialised floristic requirements

Jacksonia sternbergiana, J. furvellata and J. sericea Pollen and nectar used for food. Flowering: J.st. all year, J.f. Aug.-Mar., J.sericea Dec.-Feb.

Various sp. Cavities created by boring insects

Banksia attenuata Indumentum from tormentose floral bracts used for nest cells

Eucalyptus sp. / Corymbia sp. Resin used to seal nest cavity from predators

Rozenapis ignita umwelt (2:1)

1km(500mradius)

Egg Pupae

Larvae

1km (500m radius)

Female

Male

1-6 nesting cells sealed in resin

Larvae

Gaster uptiids

Jacksonia sternbergiana

opportunities and constraints - analysis

Urban Forest Strategies

Extensive established urban forest network in both LGAs.

ToVP - 10% UFS canopy, targeting 20%. CoSP - maintain their 20% canopy coverage.

Residential gardens and verges

As LGA land is exhausted for planting, private gardens and verges can be utilised. Private gardens can be quite homogenous biotopes. They represent an opportunity to implement diverse, waterwise and bee attracting additional habitats. The ToVP offer verge plant giveaways and $500 grants for gardens. (D Boston, personal communication, May 1, 2023)

Collier golf course

36.4Ha of vegetation patches between fairways. Utilised by Carnaby cockatoos for roosting. Located on Bassendean soil. Established matrix of established trees (e.g. Pinus sp., Eucalyptus sp.)

Jirdarup Bushland Precinct buffer

Land surrounding Jirdarup remnant bushland suitable for additional native bee habitat. Land use generally compatible.

George St. Reserve is a designated contaminated site (Parcel ID: 13212), as is the Kensington Sand Pit (ID: 71752) which has been remediated for “restricted use”. Harold Rossiter Reserve represents additional potential understory flowering plant habitat.

Nearby Banksia Woodland

Remnants

Remnant bushland located nearby at Hillview Community Park in ToVP (1.6km from Jirdarup) and Goss Ave. in CoSP (2.4km from Jirdarup). Increased cross-pollination strengthens genetic diversity.

Research institutions / Education

Curtin University, Tafe, CSIRO, DBCA, Dept. Agriculture and Food as well as a number of schools occur in the area. Opportunity exists for living lab sites that are monitored and maintained , or even sponsored by these institutions.

Urbanisation / Infill

Fragmented matrix of suitable habitat and often reduced quality. ToVP anticipates an extra 19,300 dwellings required by 2050, while CoSP estimates 6000. Available public space for planting will plateau.

Niche floristics

Low diversity / exotic urban landscape doesn’t meet floristic requirements. Private property trees continue to be removed (CoSP estimates by 20% in UFS, 2018).

Climate change

Rainfall in the SW has decreased by 15% since 1970’s (BoM, 2022). Climate change will affect vegetation and thermal tolerances of bees (e.g. US study found 1oC increase resulted in 41% decrease in bee abundance (Ayers and Rehan, 2021).

Image credit: BOM, 2022.

Flight range

Due to their size native bees are constrained to ~0.5km foraging radius (1km flight range). As an oligolectic forgarer, R. ignita’s specialised flora must be within this flight zone.

Plant heightvehicle visibility / CPTED and bird safety around traffic

T. of V.P. advise <700mm for plants near roads for vehicle and pedestrian visibility. (D Boston, personal communication, May 1, 2023).

Phytophthora cinnanomi

Dieback is a root rot fungus that causes plant disease and death. Mid-story trees such as Banksia’s typically show signs of wilting when first infected (Davieson, 2014). Banksia cluster root systems can make them vulnerable. Ecologic (2014) indicates B. attenuata, E. marginata, X. preissii etc in Jirdarup reserve expected to “reliably express disease symptoms”

Image credit: Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania

Melifera apis

Exotic plants gives the generalist European bee competitive advantage. Treatment of Varroa mite and viruses may pose a threat to native bees. Image credit: G. Brashaw

opportunities and constraints. 1:10,000

Town of Victoria Park Street trees Legend

Remnant bushland (DPIRD_093)

Jirdarup 0.5km Buffer (native bee flight radius)

Bassendean soils (DPIRD_027)

Spearwood soils (DPIRD_027)

Public Open Space (traced 2023 aerial image)

Banksia sp. Corymbia sp. Eucalyptus sp.

Three nearby remnant bushlands all on Bassendean sands

Bee flight ranges (500m radius) around remnant cores do not overlap, reducing cross-pollination opportunity

Kent Street arterial road and Playfield Reserve includes some of the key plant species required by R. ignita

the problem and a solution.

1:10,000 Problem - stranded remnant Banksia woodlands with limited connectivity for native bees and their pollination services. Solution - “Beeline” corridors that provide native bee’s food and reproductive floristic requirements within 500m flight ranges, while concurrently promoting cross-pollination between the Banksia woodlands.

Legend

Remnant Banksia woodlands

Native bee beelines (foraging / reproductive corridors)

500m (minimum) native bee “motel” floristic pitstops

LGA Boundary

Roundabout

Beeline 1 - For the Bees and transient humans

3.2km beeline between Jirdarup and Goss Avenue remnant bushlands. Requires collaboration bewteen two LGAs. Utilises urban forest matrix from golf course and street trees, as well as recent T.of V.P. ecozoning. Additional planting proposed. The Collier Park Golf Course and Government agencies on this beeline route could play sponsorship / custodian role in the form of a living lab.

Urban Forest

ToVP new shrubbery

Proposed shrubbery ecozoning

Beeline 2 - For the Bees and local humans

1.5km beeline on Etwell Street (existing gateway to Jirdarup) between Jirdarup and Hillview remnant bushlands. Exclusion zone for European bee hives. Utilises verges, street trees, public open spaces and T.of V.P. ecozoning. Propose to leverage off existing T of V.P. $500 garden grant and native plant giveaway programs. LGA demonstration gardens and educational material would further support native bee attracting gardens. Residents and local schools on this beeline route could play sponsorship / custodian role.

Buildings - Residential (Etwell Street)

Public Open Space

Proposed shrubbery ecozoning

Beeline 3 - For the Bees only

2km beeline between Hillview and Goss Ave. remnant bushlands. Utilises verges, street trees, public open space and T.of V.P. ecozoning. This beeline would be more fluid as it is the bee’s navigation choice. Curtin University, South Metropolitan Tafe and Technology Park on this beeline route could play sponsorship / custodian role. Playfield Reserve is a well positioned junction point for Etwell Street and this beeline.

Public Open Space

Proposed shrubbery ecozoning

Collier Park Golf Course (36.4Ha existing trees between fairways)

design guidelines and branding.

Sample bee profile. Each native bee found in Per th to have an equivalent information sheet.

1. Endemic flora only planted. Plant selection must meet both foraging and reproductive needs, preferably for a broad range of native bee species

2. Less than 500m between interventions as this is the limit of most native bee’s flight return radius

3. Cater for both cavity nesting and burrowing native bees

4. European bees proactively excluded via avoidance of exotic planting and removal of feral bees nests

5. Health and safety to humans prioritised through maintaining vehicle and pedestrian visibility, CPTED principles and minimise risk of bee stings

6. L 6. Learning opportunity to promote significance of native bees to the unique flora of the SW Australian ecoregion

7. Design for native bees is not at expense of other species (e.g. cockatoo strikes from vehicles)

8. Obvious wayfinding while on trail

Logo proposed to support branding of the Beeline and assist wayfinding.

bee motel chain / wayfinding markers and materials palette.

Materials Bee motel / wayfinding poles

A “motel” chain of 50 bee hotels located along the three beelines is proposed. A prototype / pilot program of the design would be recommended prior to full implementation to ensure effectiveness of design. The DBCA Lving Lab site would be the ideal pilot site to assess the effectiveness of different bee towers.

The motels comprise untreated, weather resistant jarrah posts of varying heights. Holes of 3-12mm diameters, to accommodate different bee species, would be drilled into the posts. These holes are revisited by the bees who originally hatch there. Other bees also occupy the nests inbetween these times. Most solitary bees are happy to live in a community beside each other. Larger animals such as other insects or lizards may inhabit larger holes.

Over time, nest holes can be infested with mites, fungal spores and pathogenic bacteria (Prendergast, n.d.). Use of cardboard nest tubes or periodic cleaning is recommended. If the pilot program indicated this is required an option could be for parties sponsoring the living labs to take on this role. This can be completed late winter prior to bees becoming active. Alternatively, the hotel structure could be redesigned or the total number reduced if too maintenance intensive.

The posts should be in sunny positions, as shade makes the posts harder to find for the bees. Human traffic can also spook bees so it is preferable to keep some separation. This also minimises bee sting risk.

The bee motels would double as way finding markers. A signature yellow metal with the Beeline logo would wrap around the posts.

The posts may ultimately be removed once planted trees are mature enough to support borers who naturally create the burrows utilised by native bees.

Information poles

Posts with QR codes would be located a “safe” distance from the hotels. Solitary bees are not overtly aggresive as they are not protecting their colony.

The QR scan codes profile each of the different native bees found in Perth.

Hole diameters 3-12mm wide, most bees prefer 7mm Tunnel length at least 50mm, but preferably 100-200mm long

Varying tower heights

Colour study

Rozenapis ignita

Red / brown rear

R: 167

G: 97

Banksia attenuata

Yellow flowerhead

Bassendean sands For Bassendean vegetation complex flora and burrowing bees.

Stabilised granitic material For new pathways. Colour choice tribute to R. ignita.

Untreated wood Preferably jarrah. Sandstone boulders For sit spots, primarily at Living Lab sites.

Metallic yellow For information posts and wayfinding.

Information pole with QR scan

Wrap around yellow wayfinding marker could be modified to deflect rain

Footing to have small footprint. More design consideration required into ant-proofing.

plant palette.

Image

Species name

Banksia attenuata Candle Banksia

Banksia menziesii Firewood Banksia

Dimensions

Flowering habits

4-8m (H) Yellow candle like flowers (5-26cm long, 3.5-5cm wide), Flowering September to October. Takes up to 10y to flower (George, 1987)

2-6m (H) Pale pink to deep red with silvery indumentum ovoid-cylindrical flowerhead (4-12c long, 7-8cm wide). Flowering February to August. Flowers from 6-10y from seed (George 1987).

Brachysome iberidfolia* Swan River Daisy 0.3 - 0.5m (H) 0.2 - 0.3m (W)

Calothamnus sanguineus* Silky-leaved Blood Flower

Calytrix angulata* Yellow starflower

White, blue, purple, black flower spring and summer

2m Red flowers March to November

1m

Conostylis candicans Grey cottonhead 0.3-0.8m (H) 0.3-0.8m (W)

Star shaped yellow /cream flowers Aug-Dec,

Campanulate, globular yellow flower on terminal heads winter to summer.

Corymbia calophylla Marri 30-40m (H) Abundant cream / white flowers buds and fruits in terminal clusters. Flower Jan. - May.Buds pear shaped on long, slender stalks.

Eucalyptus marginata Jarrah

Jacksonia furcellata Grey stinkwood

Jacksonia sericea Waldjumi

Jacksonia sternbergiana Green stinkwood

Gastrolobium capitatum* Bacon and eggs

10-40m (H) Buds cylindrical, caps conical. Umbers 7-17 held on slender peduncles.Creamy white filamentous flowers Jun.-Jan.

3m (H) Branchlets crowded, yellow pea flowers August to March.

0.6m

5m

1m

Gastrolobium nervosum* 0.5m

Hardenbergia comptoniana Native wisteria

0m (climbing)

Hemiandra pungens Snake bush 1m

Hypocalymma robustum* Swan River myrtle 1m

Melaleuca scabra* Rough honey mrytle

Endemic bee attracting flora (Prendergast n.d x APACE Bassendean vegetation complex)

Species level substitues denoted by * (same genus on both lists)

0.5 - 1.5m

Melaleuca seriata* 0.6m

Melaleuca thymoides* 0.4 - 2m

Melaleuca tricophylla* 0.3-0.8m (H) 0.6-2m (W)

Pultenaea reticulata 2m

Regelia inops* 2.5m (H) 1.5m (W)

Xanthorrhoea preisii Grasstree 4-7m (H) 2-4m (W)

Orange pea flowers December to February

Yellow orange pea flowers most of the year

Red and yellow pea flowers June to September

Red and yellow pea flowers Jult to September.

Purple pea flower July to October

Mauve / white flowers Jan to December

Pink wax flowers June to October

Purple September to December

Pink filamentous flowers August to December.

Yellow / creamflowers September to January.

Pink, red flowers in spring and summer.

Yellow / orange pea flower August to December

Purple / pink flower october to January

Long flowering scape. Inconspicuous white-cream flowers Jun. or Aug.-Dec. every few years. Spike length 1.5-2.5 m. flower longer than spike.

masterplan 1:7500.

Legend

Remnant Banksia woodlands

Existing path network (converted to Beeline)

New path Beeline path

Bee’s choice route

Bee motel network (x50 to represent each native bee found Greater Perth)

New bee friendly vegetation

Existing trees

beeline 1 - roundabout perspectives.

Driver’s perspective Gateway entrance to three Beelines

Bees eye view

False bee colour view of Hardenbergia comptoniana (L) and Jacksonia sericea (R)

Adapted from Lunau et al 2021.

beeline1 (Kent St. / DBCA Living Lab.) - plan 1:200.

Legend

New aggregate pathway

Bee motel for cavity nesting bees / wayfinding marker

Information marker

Bassendean sands for burrowing nesting bees

New vegetation in varying sizes

Existing trees

Boulder seat

Recent T.of V.P. ecozone planting

DBCA Head Office Kent St.

DBCA / Kent Street Living Lab

beeline 1 (Kent St. / DBCA) - perspective.

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kent Street, Kensington

Bee education / science Living Lab. (native bee monitoring and bee hotel trials) Image credit - Interpretative sign adapted from Publik.

Cavity bees

Burrowing bees

Burrowing bees

Cavity bees

Cavity bees

BEELINE

beeline 3 (Playfield Reserve public open space) - plan: 1:250

Legend

New aggregate pathway

Bee motel for cavity nesting bees / wayfinding marker

Information marker

Bassendean sands for burrowing nesting bees

New vegetation in varying sizes

Existing trees

Mural wall and seated area

Highvoltagepowerline

RSL Hall

Victoria Park and South Perth Branch

PlayfieldAvenue Hillview Terrace

RamsdenAvenue

beeline 3 (public open space) - section: 1:200

Playfield Reserve, East Victoria Park

Bee friendly garden in repurposed public open space

RSL Hall

RSL Memorial

beeline 3 (public open space) - perspective

Playfield Reserve, East Victoria Park

Bee friendly garden in repurposed public open space

Contemplation seating reflects RSA memorial curve

drawings explained.

1:7500 Master Plan

1:100 @A2 section - Kent St / Hayman Rd. roundabout.

Roundabout redesigned to be gateway to the Beelines.

Existing Phoenix canariensis removed. Eucalyptus / Corymbia avoided to discourage foraging by nearby cockatoos to minimise potential for bird vehicle strikes. Mulchless to provide habitat for burrowing bees. Lower plants on edges to preserve vehicle visibility. Groundwater -3-4m AHD.

beeline 2

Perspective 1: Kent St / Hayman Rd. roundabout. The round about is unlikely to be accessed by pedestrians. As such, the main humans to use it will be drivers and nearby pedestrians. A drivers perspective will be only seconds long as they maintain focus on the road.

Perspective 1: Kent St / Hayman Rd. roundabout. Bee’s perspective with false bee view colour of Hardenbergia comptoniana and Jacksonia sericea

Source: Lunau et al, 2021.

Perspective: 34 Etwell Street Demonstration Garden

This corner block makes the ideal demonstration garden for Beeline 2. It is within 500m from Jirdarup and has room to plant larger bee attracting shrubs on the private open space. It has recently sold, so is likely to be redeveloped. https://www.realestate.com.au/sold/property-house-waeast+victoria+park-141658932.

1:200@A2 section - Kent St

This cross section spans the City of South Perth and Town of Victoria Park LGAs. The latter has recently planted native shrubbery in a mulched area. Both sides of the road can be used for bee habitat. Groundwater -3-4m AHD.

beeline 3

1:100@A2 section - Kent St

As a DBCA sponsored Living Laboratory, this site can be used for educational and science purposes. Low height planting next to Kent Street.

Perspective

This site is between Kent St. and the DBCA offices. As an environmental agency it would make an ideal Living Lab. sponsor. The existing C. callophylla’s would be retained. A new aggregate path would connect the Kent St / Hayman Rd roundabout to DBCA. The boulder sit spot and interpretative signage are intentionally away from bee foraging and nesting flora.

1:250@A2 plan - Playfield Reserve dedicated Bee garden

This plan was originally drawn at 1:200 but the scale was adjusted to 1:250 to include the RSL hall as the memorial wall became relevant to the overall design. This present-day grassed area has an established bush edge. Established trees are on site. The grass is not used for sport and could successfully be repurposed into a bee friendly native garden. The Reserve is only 1Ha in size (including the RSL building). The site is 350m from Hillview Community Bushland.

1:200 section - Playfield Reserve dedicated Bee garden

Groundwater is -13-14m AHD. The lawn is not used for organised sport. A 9m E. marginata is located at the front of the RSL. Established Corymbias, Casuarinas, Eucalyptus’, Melaleuca’s fringe the grassed area. These all provide nesting opportunities for the cavity bees.

Perspective - Playfield Reserve dedicated Bee garden Playfield Reserve is located adjacent to the RSL Hall. A beautiful, sculptural memorial wall exists. The proposed design replicates this shape to provide connection to the RSL. Out of respect, approval to replicate this design would be required from the RSL and the original designer/artist. Its exterior would include a bee themed mural, while a curved seated area on the interior is proposed to observe the bee garden.

1:200@A2 plan - Kent St / DBCA living lab Plan view of City of South Perth and Town of Victoria Park Kent Street verges. Comprises two bee friendly gardens. City of South Perth / DBCA land is proposed for a Living Laboratory garden.

references.

ABC News. 2022. “Scientist Discovers a Native Bee with a ‘Snout’ in a City Park and Names It after Her Dog,” https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-05/native-bee-species-discovered-perth-kings-park-snout/101616420.

Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. 2023. “Biodiversity Positive Design POsitin Statement”. AILA. https://www.aila.org.au/common/Uploaded%20files/_AILA/Resource%20library/AILA%20Biodiversity%20Positive%20Position%20Statement.pdf

Atlas of Living Australia n.d. “Species: Megachile Ignita.” Accessed April 14, 2023. https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https:/biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/a2665ace-ee67-4396-8f4d-f2497e9550f4#overview.

APACE. 2019. “Revegetation Catalogue Bassendean Vegetation Complex” APACE Aid Inc. Bassendean-grey-12-pages.pdf (apacewa.org.au)

Aussie Bee. 2023. “THE VARROA MITE CRISIS IN NEW SOUTH WALES’. https://www.aussiebee.com.au/varroa-mite-crisis.html

Aussie Bee. n.d. “Native Bees and Varroa Mites.” https://www.aussiebee.com.au/varroa-mite-crisis.html.

Australian Native Bee Association. n.d. “Hive foster program - Varroa Response.” Accessed April 14, 2023. https://www.anba.org.au/varroa-response/.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. “Victoria Park Latest release 2021 Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people QuickStats”. 2021 Victoria Park, Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics (abs.gov.au)

Ayers, A. and Rehan, S. 2021. Supporting Bees in Cities: How Bees are influenced by Local and Landscape Features. Insects. Vol.12(128): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020128

Barrett, R. and Tay, E.P. 2016. Perth Plants. Clayton South. CSIRO Publishing.

Brundrett, M. C. 2021. “One biodiversity hotspot to rule them all in southwestern Australia” Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 104: 91–122, 2021

Ceccon, P. and Zampieri, L. 2016. Paths, Tracks and Traails - designing for pedestrians and cyclists.Shanghai: images Publishing.

City of South Perth. n.d.. “Welcome to the City of South Perth population forecasts.” Informed Decision. https://forecast.id.com.au/south-perth.

City of South Perth. 2022. “Green Plan.” Microsoft Word - Greenplan Report.doc (southperth.wa.gov.au)

City of South Perth. 2021. Local Planning Strategy. city-of-south-perth-local-planning-strategy.pdf (southperth.wa.gov.au)

City of South Perth. n.d. Greening Our Streets Street Verge Landscape Guidelines. street-verge-landscape-guidelines.pdf (southperth.wa.gov.au)

City of South Perth. 2018. Urban Forest Strategy 2018-2023. urban-forest-strategy.pdf (southperth.wa.gov.au)

Craig (Owner 10 Anketell Street Kensington), unpublished interview, April 7, 2023

CSIRO and BoM. 2022. State of the Climate. Commonwealth Scientific Industry Research Organisation and Bureau of Meterology http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/2022/documents/2022-state-of-the-climate-web.pdf

Davison, E.M. 2014. “Resolving confusions about jarrah dieback - don’t forget the plants”. Australasian Plant Pathol. 43:691–701. DOI 10.1007/s13313-014-0302-y

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