Youth Hostel Research and Programming

Capstone Committee:

Capstone R&P: Lisa Phillips Capstone Design: Lauren Baumbach Capstone Advisor: Miyuki Sasada

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Table of Contents 1. Project Objectives............................................................................................................4-11 2. History of Tourism In America........................................................................................13-21 3. Case Studies....................................................................................................................23-53 4. Ergonomical and Technical Criteria...............................................................................55-65 5. Topical Explorations.......................................................................................................67-77 6. Existing Site, Context, Climate, and Zoning..................................................................79-86 7. Program Developement and Documentation..............................................................87-93 8. Building Analysis, Code, Regulations, and Standards..................................................95-101 9. Project Research Summary and Conclusion................................................................102-107 Image Citations............................................................................................................... 106-110 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 109-111

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Project Objectives

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Figure 1

In 2014, 42 percent of Americans took no vacation days off of work.1 This means that almost half of working Americans are missing out on the opportunities, benefits, and experiences of traveling. Traveling not only increases resourcefulness, knowledge, and an opportunity to disconnect from “regular” life for a little bit, but is also a major stress reliever.2 Stress relief is something that all Americans should take advantage of considering 77% of them experience physical symptoms caused by stress.3 13% of these people who did not take vacation days said that they could not afford it.4 Today, with travel coupon sites, group tours becoming more popular, and airfare no longer increasing rapidly, traveling is cheaper than it has been for multiple years.5 Not only can travelers use these resources to travel affordably, but hostels are becoming more popular and more available across the globe. Hostels are not only a more affordable way to lodge but also a more authentic way to be housed while traveling.

Why Hostels?

Hostels sell an experience, Hotels sell beds.

Hostels provide a simplified way of living that can also simplify the connection between the guest and the culture of the destination where the hostel is located.6 Not only does the culture of hostels force guests to immerse themselves in the city, since most of them are privately owned, the design also reflects the city or town it is in.7 Generator Hostels, the fastest growing hostel company in the world, brings in regional architects for each project to help them create a unique and authentic experience.8 They say that “the driving force behind each hostel design in the city itself.”9 This aspect, along with many others, sets them apart from hotels that just aim to house guests, not give them an experience.

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Globally there are only around 3600 hostels, in the US there are only 400 and locally in Philadelphia there are only 3 hostels currently in operation. The deficiency of hostels in the Philadelphia area compared to the large amount of travelers that come to the city proposes a need for hostels in the area.

According to Visit Philly – an organization that aims to bring more tourism into Philadelphia – 34.9 million travelers came to the city just for a leisure overnight trip. 10 And, Philadelphia has the second highest hotel occupancy rate of any North East city, and this only continues to increase. Philadelphia is also a hot spot for Millennials - living and travelling – which goes hand in hand with the fact that most hostel users are between the ages of 18 and 30.11 Hostels in America often house Millennials who are searching for jobs in the area as well as while they are exploring the housing market to move to the city.12 This young city only continues to grow and bring in more revenue and tourism each year, so the hostel industry in Philadelphia must also.

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Design Goals

The goal of this project is to design a hostel that is welcoming for single travelers, groups, families, and people from all across the world. The hostel will aim to encourage social interaction within the space as well as immersing guests in the culture and history of Philadelphia. This will be achieved by researching in depth the demographics of the area it is in and the demographics of the travelers in the area as well as how to make these guests feel comfortable and receive a positive experience. The management and running of hostels will also be researched through books and case studies. Books, case studies, surveys and articles will also contribute to research of the spaces required and design methods that create the best environment for travelers as well as what sets hostels apart from hotels.

Figure 2

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The role of the designer in this project will be to separate this hostel from other lodging opportunities in the area. The designer’s responsibility will be to space plan in a way that encourages social interaction on multiple levels. The designer will also be accountable for making the community dormitory and restroom spaces that turn many travelers away from staying in a hostel comfortable and functional. Along with community dormitory rooms, private rooms will need to be designed which will require knowledge once again on how these rooms will differ from a hotel room.

Likewise the storage and service spaces will be much different than a hotel and will need to be carefully mapped out by the designer.

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Figure 3

Environmental and Sustainability Objectives

The designer is also responsible for responding to the environmental and sustainability objectives of the design. Hostels are designed to be a cheaper alternative to hotels and therefore sustainable and design methods like natural lighting, geothermal heating and cooling, and dual flush and reusable water systems will not only contribute to the affordability of the hostel, but also to the sustainability of the building. Becoming a LEED certified building will also attract environmentally friendly travelers.

Client/Users

The client in this case is a private business owner aspiring to open a new hostel in the city of Philadelphia. The client’s mission is to open a hostel that is unique to the Philadelphia area and will therefore encourage travelers to board here rather than another hostel or hotel.

Figure 4

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Similar to the client, users in this case will be looking for a unique experience that immerses them into the culture and history of Philadelphia. Most users will most likely be between 18 and 30 years of age, but all travelers are welcomed. Some users may be single travelers, requiring either a single bed in a dorm style room or a private room, as well as large groups that could require a large portion of a dorm style room or multiple rooms.

The versatility that the client expects and the users bring to the hostel goes hand in hand with the socio-economic conditions of the project type. Hostels are known for being cheaper and therefore being for backpackers and people on a budget. But, many times backpackers are middleclass or above. Although hostels are very affordable this does not mean that they are targeted for lower income groups of people. Hostels welcome upper, middle, and lower class guests from all over the world and will accommodate everyone. As hostels are unique to the area, they are also unique to the user and therefore have something for every person.

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Footnotes: “Travel Habits of Americans: 42 Percent Didn’t Take Any Vacation Days in 2014.” Skift. N.p., 05 Jan. 2015. Web. 28 Aug. 2016.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 “The Benefits of Traveling.” I Need Motivation.

N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2016.

6 Matsis, Vikki. Inside an American Hostel: A Guidebook for Managers and Aspiring Owners.

Place of Publication Not Identified. CreateSpace.

2012. Print.

7 Wilson, C. (2014). HIGH-DESIGN HOSTELS. The Canadian Architect, 59(3), 24-29. Retrieved https:// ezproxy.philau.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.philau.edu/docview/151563310 7?accountid=28402 8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 “Visit Philadelphia 2015 Annual Report – Visitphilly.com” Philadelphia. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Aug 2016.

11 Ibid.

12 Miyuki.

13 Ibid.

14 Hostelling International.

15 Ibid.

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Figure 5

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History of Tourism in America

Figure 6

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In 1800, tourism as an industry in America did not exist.1 This was partially caused by the early American trend for public authority to keep strict tabs on people coming and going because travelling for a non-business related reason was almost unheard of.2 But, by the 1820s, not only was tourism a large industry of its own, but it was affecting other industries including transportation, literature and entertainment.3 Today, tourism and travel are commonplace in the daily lives of Americans. This section will focus on how tourism evolved specifically in America over the past 200 years to bring us from 1810 to today.

From 1789 to 1791 George Washington took his Presidential tour through the United States of America. This is considered the most important travels in American political history. During these travels he stayed at places called public houses, which were houses that sold alcoholic drinks and rented lodging.

During this time, public houses were widely known as political institutions where political figures and aristocrats would stay and have events.

Figure 7

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It was rare for the general public to stay in these public houses/taverns/inns. If middle or lower class were traveling, they would stay with friends or family, therefore during this time tourism was not recognized as an industry until the events that will be discussed in the rest of the section.4 Tourism - according to Richard H. Gassan – relies on three main components: “A compelling destination with homelike accommodations, a comfortable travel infrastructure, and a cultural infrastructure” that keeps the traveler captivated.5 In the early 1800s tourism in America existed almost completely in the upstate New York and the surrounding Hudson Valley areas because of these three components that the area provided.6 At the time transportation relied heavily on traveling by boat through waterways so in this case the Hudson River provided a “comfortable travel infrastructure” for people to travel by and the area provided many “compelling destinations.”7

Figure 8

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In 1793, the Union Public Hotel was built in Washington DC and was never successful and therefore shut down soon after opening because of the lack of ability for middle class citizens to travel. Then in 1947 City Tavern was transformed into City Hotel and also closed soon after opening for the same reasons. In 1797 Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed a hotel for the city of Richmond but the city denied access to build it because there was no attraction for travelers and therefore no need for the large hotel.8

The first destination that successfully attracted travelers and consumers was Ballston New York. In 1792, many wealthy men were drawn to the area because of the famous natural mineral springs and began building cottages around them. Of these men were Nicholas Low, one of America’s richest men, and Benajah Douglas. Their aristocrat friends, including the President of Yale college and wealthy land owners of the area, often came up to visit and see the springs. So many visitors started coming that Douglas began calling his cabin an inn.

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After this and the financial partnership of Nicholas Low, they opened a true inn. This eventually expanded into a hotel – now called the Aldridge House - that is considered America’s first resort spa. The growth of these endeavors could not have been possible without Nicholas Low’s influence in the New York community, and his word spread quickly and to the right people who would be able to travel.9 Around the same time in 1803, Gideon Putnam followed the trend of building near springs and built Union Hall a 3 story hotel in Saratoga Springs.10 Although this area was not as well promoted as Ballston, he was able to expand the hotel in 1804 and eventually lay out a small village of lodging houses in 1808. This was accompanied by the Columbian Hotel that was built by Jotham Holmes in the same year.11 Shortly after this, the Boston Exchange Coffee House and Hotel opened in Boston, although this was another hotel that catered to the upper class, it was also published which began promoting the idea of traveling to others.12

Figure 9

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Four years later, the United States declared war on Great Britain. This did not put a halt to the tourism industry, but it did slow down slightly and did not expand at all due to the political and economical unrest.

As things began to settle down again in 1817, professional entertainers began finding jobs doing shows at hotels and began to bring business back to the springs.13 This helped expand the business in Saratoga again when the Pavilion, a hotel with gardens and large advertizing, opened.14 Then, in 1820 literacy was becoming widespread and every household had at least one person who could read a newspaper, which helped spread the word about these hotels and events.15 This, along with the opening of more waterways and the transportation revolution in America contributed to the spread of hotels.16 The Erie Canal opening connected eastern cities including Baltimore which contributed to the reopening of the City Hotel in Baltimore in 1826.17 During this time Philadelphia and Baltimore were in a battle for economic control of the Susquehanna Valley, and therefore Philadelphia joined the hotel race and opened the United States Hotel in 1828.

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Figure 10

By 1830, travelers were in magazines, spreading it widely.19 Writers and artists traveled, were inspired by traveling and began to subliminally promote it in their work, spreading the tourism even more.20 During this time there was a large societal shift in America that molded it into the modern consumer society that it is today. From 1840 to 1880 hotels would begin to create a system and network for travelers.21 For this chunk of years, this society would mature but stay about the same in regards to American lodging and tourism.

By the year 1940, because of all of these changes and the appeal to motels, hotels in New York were lowering their rates by 40% to compete with motels.22 The next considerable change in American tourism and hospitality is around 1930 after the automobile became common and motels began to appear along highways. These were also much cheaper options for lodging, which also stemmed from the Great Depression. Once again, literature was a huge part in the development of motels. In 1937, the International Motor Court Association published the first motel trade magazine, The Tourist Court Journal. It included advertisements, reports, and suggestions for owners.

Figure 1119

During this time motels were dominating the hospitality industry, but tourism was also growing as a whole. Between 1946 and 1953 the amount of motels in America doubled to around 45,000. These small, privately owned businesses that started in the northeast began spreading to resort areas like California and Florida. Likewise, the American working class began following the leisurely trend and by 1950 Americans were spending twice as much on entertainment as they did rent. In 1920 the average worker worked 52 weeks a year with no vacation, by this point in time in 1960, the average worker worked less than 40 hours per week and earned 8 paid vacation days. This was a revolution in American society where traveling for leisure was becoming a very common activity.23

This leads us to today, where tourism is commonplace in the lives of Americans.

This history of traveling and developing the hospitality business has given us the abundance of hotels, motels, inns, and other types of lodging we have in the United States. Now, America is joining in on the new type of lodging that this project focuses on, hostelling.

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Figure 12

Footnotes: Gassan, Richard H. The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790-1830. Amherst: U of Massachusetts, 2008. Print.

2 Sandoval-Strausz, A.K. Hotel: an American History. Yale University Press, New Haven. 2007.

3 Gassan.

4 Sandoval-Strausz.

5 Gassan. Pg 5.

6 Gassan. Pg. 5-8.

7 Gassan. Pg. 5-8.

8 Sandoval-Strausz.

9 Gassan. Pg 9-10.

10 Gassan. Pg 18-28.

11 Gassan. Pg 35-37.

12 Sandoval-Strausz.

13 Gassan.

14 Gassan.

15 Gassan.

16 Sandoval-Strausz. Pg 51.

17 Sandoval-Strausz. Pg. 51.

18 Sandoval-Strausz.

19 Gassan.

20 Gassan.

21 Sandoval-Strausz.

22 Jakle, John A., Keith A. Sculle, and Jefferson S. Rogers. The Motel in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Print.

23 Jakle, Sculle, and Rodgers.

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3 Case Studies

Figure 13

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HI Washington DC Overview:

Hostelling International Washington DC is the city’s largest and most visited hostel, located at 1009 11th Street NW. It is owned and designed by the nonprofit company “Hostelling International” using a medium budget. HI DC has a total of 8 floors and 250 beds for visitors.

The hostel is located one block away from the Washington DC Convention Center, and seven blocks from the White House and the National Mall, placing it right in the center of the city’s main attractions. This is a business district in a higher class urban setting. These factors attract many visitors who are trying to see the main attractions of Washington DC. The majority of visitors who travel to the area and stay in this hostel are individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 years old. Guests are from all over the world, including a large portion from Asia, Australia and Europe. These guests range from individual travelers, to small groups, to families and large organized groups. Along with the guests, users of the hostel include paid employees, as well as volunteer tour guides.

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Because hostels are fairly new in the United States, it is important to look at hostels that have been working in our culture. Hostelling International Washington DC is important to study not only because it is one of the most successful Hostels on the East Coast, but also because it is a small portion of a larger company that is also very successful. Likewise, it is in an urban setting similar to the one that is being proposed Center City Philadelphia. Both areas have many historic and tourist attractions, and are popular places for Millennials to travel, live and work. Looking at this hostel will give a precedent for the types of spaces needed to run a large scale hostel in an urban setting that accommodates a large spectrum of guests.

Design Concept & Style:

The building is a reused historical building. The exterior is the original concrete and brick structure and façade, with just an ADA compliant ramp and a “Hostelling Internationalâ€? awning added to the entry way. On the other hand, the interior has been updated to create an open concept to encourage socialization and promote an energetic environment.

Figure 14

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Figure 15

HI DC has a total of 8 floors, the first 2 being public spaces, and the top 6 being private areas for guest dormitory rooms. The entry way, front desk and front desk offices, guest lounge, library and computer area, are all located on the first floor. The second floor is all designated for guest kitchen, guest eating area, and support areas for preparing and storing supplies for guest continental breakfast.

The upper floors are all guest rooms with a central circulation down the center of the building with rooms on either side. The dormitory rooms range from one bed to twelve beds, and can be male, female or co-ed rooms.

Interior Design:

Overall, the public spaces all have a collagetype aesthetic. The walls are all painted with light colors, but many also have large pictures or murals on them. Chalkboard walls are incorporated throughout the building so the art on them can change depending on seasons and events. The furniture in the lounge area is casual couches, chairs and area rugs of different styles and colors.

Likewise, the lobby area has a multitude of different signs, paintings and colors informing guests on activities, the hostel and the surrounding areas.

Figure 16

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The lobby and lounge areas require furniture for relaxing, socializing, reading, and using computers. The furniture in this hostel is very flexible to allow for different events to happen in the space such as a guitarist playing, group meetings, or individuals to have small gatherings.

The second floor has more permanent and less flexible furniture and equipment. The guest kitchen area requires large commercial sized fridges, stoves, and ovens for multiple guests to be able to store and prepare food during their stay. There is also a pantry area with separate bins or shelves for each guest to keep their food. Tables, chairs, and a long buffet style bar are set up for when guests eat and for daily continental breakfast. This floor is more cohesive in color and furniture than the first floor because it is geared towards one purpose rather than the multiuse first floor.

Moving through the space, the stair and elevator areas are painted an off white color, as well as in the dorm rooms. The dorm rooms also have off white linens, metal twin sized bunk bed frames, and small metal lockers. Each bed has its own locker as well as a small lamp and a charging station with outlets to charge phones and laptops. Some of the larger communal rooms that hold either 10 or 12 guests have curtains 28

between some of the bunk beds to create more privacy for guests. Private rooms come with a bed, locker and charging station like the communal rooms as well as a small desk and chair.

Post Occupancy Survey:

HI DC is one of the largest and most successful hostels in the city. The staff accredits this to its many unique features. One of the main features that employees say works well for the hostel is the HI network standards to keep guests comfortable, like the required height between the bed and the ceiling and distances between beds. Likewise, the number of stoves, fridges and other home like amenities are far greater than most hostels. They also say that the flexibility in public as well as private spaces to accommodate single travelers and groups works extremely well and is very successful to their operation. On the other hand, the aspects that could be improved according to the staff are the size of the bathrooms and elevators being smaller than some people find comfortable, along with the dorm room paint being bland.

Likewise, the paint in the stairways is said to get dirty very easily due to high traffic and luggage.

Figure 17

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First Floor 30

Second Floor

Third Floor 31

Highroad Hostel Overview:

Highroad Hostel is a smaller sized hostel located on 1804 Belmont Rd NW in Washington, DC. This is located in the trendy bar district of Adams Morgan that is located only two miles from the National Mall. This area has a large appeal for younger travelers that are looking for a night life as well as the historical and tourist attractions of Washington, DC. Highroad is not only privately owned and run, but it also designed by the owner with the help of local workers making it unique to the area. The original building is a Victorian Style row home, which inspired the concept to be a modernized Victorian hostel. Because this was originally a historical home and could not be completely renovated it is a low to medium budget project.

Although it is a smaller venue, it holds a total of 93 beds and has 4 full floors. It holds a variety of guests, with the majority ranging from 18 to 30 years old who are traveling from countries accross the world. Because the hostel is located in an up and coming area, many Millenials are inquiring about moving here or somewhere close.

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A large portion of the guests in the hostel are young people who are looking at the housing market. There are also not many large groups that visit this hostel because of the smaller intimate size. This being an adaptive reuse hostel that emphasizes on modernizing the original style of the building while successfully implementing a new program is relevant for the proposed project.

Design Concept and Style:

Highroad Hostel was originally a Victorian Style row home in a row of three red brick homes. Because the building is historically preserved, many changes could not be made and the original structure and faรงade is still intact. The interior structure has been slightly modified to create a more open public space, but does not stray far from the original plans.

The hostel has a total of 4 floors, with the entrance floor being public space, and the basement and upper three levels being dormitory and service spaces. The entry level has the front desk, communal kitchen, lounge, and restrooms.

Figure 18

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The restrooms on the entry level are individual restrooms with a toilet and a sink. The rest are communal restrooms separated by male and female and include toilets, showers, and sinks. The circulation between the floors does not follow a central pattern, and varies from floor to floor. Going from the first floor, upward there are two sets of stairs, and one set of stairs going down. Between the second and top floor there is a central stair case that connects all of the floors and has a sky light in the center of it providing natural light. The natural lighting here is one of the sustainable strategies that the hostel uses.

The hostel is also sustainable because so many of its original structural features were kept and all of the dormitory rooms, except in the basement.

Interior Design:

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Figure 19

The concept of the hostel is a modernized Victorian home, so all of the design decisions are meant to be clean and simple. All of the walls are painted crisp white including the walls that are exposed brick.

All built in fixtures such as doors and cabinetry are black and the countertops and bathroom tiles are white with grey grain. Then, to contrast this color palette there are pops of red in the kitchen and green in the lounge area. In the lounge area the art and decorative elements are all geared toward the surrounding area and culture. These accessories included an entire wall of the current president Barack Obama, as well as photographs of different attractions in Washington DC. All of the furniture are simple, comfortable pieces. The kitchen uses the utensils as accessories by hanging things such as bright red pots and pans on the wall.

To continue with the clean colors and simple decor, the rest of the hostel’s circulation and dormitory rooms also do not have many accessories or decorative elements. The circulation from the third floor and up has a large sky light above creating natural light and a focal point that the circulation revolves around. In the basement, it is the opposite of this and requires more artificial light to illuminate the large sized rooms that are housed on this floor. All large rooms on the basement floor have the same white finishes as the private and smaller rooms.

Figure20

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The only decor in the dormitories are large area rugs that bring color into the rooms, similar to the pops of color in the lounge and kitchen, carrying the same trend throughout the building.

Post Occupancy Survey:

The manager says that the most unique aspect of the hostel is the staff that put it together and runs it. Because the staff is local and was a huge part in the design process gives the hostel a personal and unique atmosphere that incorporates the spirit of the surrounding community. She says that the small, cozy feeling works well to bring guests together during their stay.

On the other hand, because this is a smaller space, the employees say that the hostel is lacking in a few areas. In the public and support areas, there is not enough storage to account for the guests extra luggage that cannot be kept in dormitory areas. In regards to the dormitory areas, the private rooms are often turned down because they do not have private restrooms, and many guests do not want to pay an almost hotel-price for less accommodations. The staff states that although there are some small problems, the hostel functions well overall.

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Evaluation:

Figure 21

Highroad Hostel has different strengths and weaknesses that contribute to the overall success of the design. The hostel is small in size but still has enough dormitory rooms to hold a variety of different sized groups of people from a single room to a room that holds 10 guests.

On the other hand, the public spaces that often make hostels so unique are lacking. Although the design of them is very comfortable and works well, the size of the lounge and kitchen are very small compared to the amount of guests that can stay in the hostel. The kitchen also does not have a separate dining area, but instead only has a large island that can only seat around 6 people at a time and is in the middle of where people would be preparing food. Another aspect that is lacking is the storage. In the entry area there was a large pile of luggage that could not fit into guest rooms and did not have a proper area to hold these items. This not only causes a messy looking area, but is also a risk for theft. Because it is such a small space the storage for laundry and linens is also small, which causes the hostel to have to send out linens for cleaning. This is not always considered a bad thing but could be inconvenient as well as expensive.

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BASEMENT LEVEL FLOOR

THIRD THROUGH FIFTH FLOOR

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40

BASEMENT FLOOR STRUCTURAL GRID

MAIN FLOOR HEIRARCHY

MAIN FLOOR NATURAL LIGHT

THIRD - FIFTH FLOOR NATURAL LIGHT

Bayreuth Youth Hostel

Figure 22

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Overview:

The Bayreuth Youth Hostel was designed and built by LAVA (Laboratory for Visionary Architecture) after winning an international competition to design the project for the Bavarian Youth Hostel Association.1 The hostel is on the larger side of the spectrum with a total of 180 guest rooms, making it a medium to large budgeted project.2 It is located in the center of a large landscape in Bayreuth, Germany, an area that hosts many sporting events.3 Because of this site, the hostel is a centered around hosting sports teams and individuals who travel to the area for sporting events, as well as “sociable Generation Y travelers.�4 LAVA claims that the hostel is going to be a measuring stick for all hostels to come in the future in terms of accessible and unique design, which makes it an important building to study for the proposed project.

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Design Concept and Style: The design concept of the Bayreuth Youth Hostel is to interweave the interior and exterior spaces.5 LAVA made this decision because the hostel is oriented around sports as well as the scenic landscape of Bayreuth that they wanted to incorporate into the design.6 To maximize the amount of natural light in all of the wings, the building is in the shape of the letter ‘Y’.7 This plan also creates a central atrium between all three wings, as well as area for outdoor sports fields between each wing.8 LAVA wanted to create a special and specific identity for the hostel, and a strong visual style and color is seen throughout the entire space.9 “Experience Community” is the hostel motto, which is achieved by ‘loops’ that connect each type of area including inside, outside, entertainment, interaction, comfort, and communication spaces.10 The goal of this interweaving concept is to “set a stage for activities” rather than just provide a place for travelers to sleep.11

Figure 23

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There are a total of two floors that revolve around the large intersecting space in the center.12 The circulation is three strong lines going through the center of each wing stemming from the center atrium.13 On the exterior of the wings there is also a secondary circulation connecting the interior and interior spaces, but once again leading back to the center atrium.14 The center atrium is two stories high and resembles an amphitheatre and can be used for lounging, connecting online, larger events, and movie screenings.15 Stemming away from that towards the wings are other smaller social spaces, and then semi private meeting spaces.16 On the wider wing, there is a kitchen, a bistro, and a terrace that leads outdoors, once again integrating the interior with the exterior.17 Then, the rest of this wing, as well as all of the others are filled with the 180 dorm rooms.18

Likewise, the amount of floor to ceiling windows on the long spanning walls and large center skylight provide natural light contributing to sustainable systems.22 The secondary building material in this project was concrete, which allows them to add another sustainable system of heated flooring.23 Because of these methods, the hostel has been called an example and a measuring stick of not only space planning but sustainability.24

All vertical circulation is ramps, as it is a step free building besides stairs used for lounging and recreation.19 The construction is all wood framing, as is the construction of the modular systems used in the dorm rooms.20 Some of this wood is local material, making it sustainable.21

Figure 24

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Interior Design:

Figure 25

Bayreuth Youth Hostel’s location, overall concept, and construction methods all contribute to the interior design decisions.25 First, the wood and concrete structure is not covered up in many areas, and the same wood is used in many non-structural elements.26 In the dorm rooms, all of the furniture is a wooden modular system that either holds 2, 4 or 6 guests, a bathroom and a collapsible desk.27 All of these rooms have a floor to ceiling window to provide natural light as well as a view out onto the sports fields and landscapes.28 Each dorm room also have ramp access and handicap accessible sinks, and twothirds of the rooms have a specially designed bathroom more suitable for wheelchairs.29 The floors and ceilings in these rooms and the public spaces are concrete with an energetic lemon-lime color that keeps one language through the entire space.30

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Evaluation:

From the research I have done, Bayreuth Youth Hostel seems to encompass the idea of hostels being about activity and experience rather than just a place to sleep extremely well.

While the ‘Y’ shape of the plan creates a central space, some of the long spanning hallways to get from this area to a dorm room at the end of a wing may cause problems for some people.

Likewise, in the rooms, the floor to ceiling windows could cause privacy issues considering no shades are discussed or shown. The lack of single rooms could also pose to be a problem since this was something that all owners and managers said was necessary in all surveys I conducted. But, the modular system of beds with built in storage and bathrooms seem to be effective, attractive, and sustainable.

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Footnotes:

Descroll. “Bayreuth Youth Hostel by LAVA – Descroll Design Feeds.” Descroll. N.P., 01 Oct. 2014. Web. 29 Sept. 2016.

2 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.” ArchDaily. N.p., 28 Nov. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Descroll.

6 Ibid.

7 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

8 Descroll.

9 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

10 Descroll 11 Ibid.

12 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

13 Ibid.

14 Descroll.

15 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

16 Ibid.

17 Descroll.

18 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

19 Descroll.

20 Ibid.

21 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

22 Ibid.

23 Descroll.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

26 “Lava Reinvents the Youth Hostel with Sport Oriented Design in Bayreuth.”

27 Descroll.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

Figure 26 47 1

Generator Hostels Overview:

Generator Hostels is the fastest growing hostel company in Europe and has expanded from two properties at the start of the company in 1995 to eight running locations, two under construction and eight more in the planning process in 2015.1 Since 2015, four of these have been opened and they now have a hostel in Stockholm, Rome, Amsterdam, Paris, London, Venice, Barcelona, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Dublin and two in Berlin.2 The company began when Patron Capital invested in two hostels in London and Berlin and the Hotel and Leisure senior advisor Josh Wyatt began to invest in redesigning them to drawl in “free spirited” travelers.3 Generator gears away from attracting the typical “party hostels” and aims to “lure mature travelers with its design consciousbrand centered on memorable materials.”4 This emphasis on design and the size of the company itself means it has a larger income and larger budget projects.

48

DesignAgency is responsible for designing all of the hostels.5 Generator Hostels are noteworthy for this proposed project because they consider all of their hostels to be “design led� which differs from many other hostels that incorporate interior design as a secondary thought.6

Design Concept and Style:

Each hostel is designed based on the city that it is located in.7 Anwar Mekhayeck, the principal of Design Agency says that they source regional architects for each project to contribute to ideas, materials, expertise in local building codes and overall design.8 They also use local artists and locally manufactured furniture to give each hostel a memorable interior that reflects the city.9 The design team also focuses on basing all of the focus on social interaction.10 The dorm rooms have a simple and standard design that is companywide, but the social and public areas are unique to each city.11 These could include a dining hall, a discotheque, a bar or a cafĂŠ depending on the design of the specific hostel and how it relates to the city and site.12

Figure 27

49

Design decisions also come largely from the existing building. All of the Generator Hostels are adaptive reuse projects.13 When looking for a building to transform into a hostel they stray away from former residences or offices but instead look for buildings that have character and hold stories about the city.14 This not only contributes to design decisions, but keeping original structure and aspects is also a sustainable approach. Wayfinding in each hostel is also either local street art, over sized street signs or old refurbished signs that are also unique to the local area.15 All of these aspects contribute to a collage of the character of the city that makes up the design of each hostel.

Interior Design:

The public spaces in Generator Hostels are considered to be “lavishly furnished� compared to the average hostel.16 As mentioned before the furniture is often locally made with textiles and materials that reflects the cities character.17 Most hostels also have some aspect of the original building exposed, whether it be columns, beams, or an original wall material.18 50

For instance, in the London Generator, a wall of glass bricks was kept as part of a bar which is how many guests can identify that the original building was a police station.19 This hostel also has accents of “police tape yellow� throughout all of the public spaces which are a breakfast room, a lounge and a film screening room.20 The lobby of the Generator London is most well known for part of one of the iconic red two level busses protruding from a wall, identifying the hostel very specifically to the area.

When choosing the building to create the next Generator hostel in, the design team looks for a building with opportunity for as much natural light as possible.21 Generator Venice has windows that span across a large portion of the façade that brings in natural light as well as views of the domes in the city.22 Another Generator Hostel uses old fire extinguishers from the building as artificial light fixtures, once again serving a dual purpose of aesthetic and sustainable reuse.23

Figure 28

51

Evaluation:

Figure 28

52

Before doing this research, I stayed in the Generator Hostel in Paris. The hostel was not close to the large bar scene in Paris, so they put their own fairly large bar in the basement making a large majority of the guests stay at the hostel and not travel late at night to go out.

This was a very smart design decision because it encouraged the single travelers and group travelers to meet and talk about their traveling experiences, which is what is supposed to set apart hostels from hotels. But, if they are not designed with the right spaces and intent like this one was, they could miss the mark.

I think that Generator hostels are so successful because of the amount of critical analysis and research done on each city and building. Each project reflects the city but not in a literal way, which is also important because this can become clichĂŠ and more like a hotel.

For instance, the wayfinding in each hostel being street signs or street art is a subtle but thoughtful way to reflect the character of the city. Being a large company, it could be hard to lose site of uniqueness, but I think that Generator does a nice job sourcing out locals and using an abundance of resources to create “design- led hostels.�

Footnotes: Cerys, Wilson. “High-Design Hostels.” The Canadian Architect (2014): n. pag. Ebsco Host. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

2 Generator Hostel. “Generator: More than a Hostel – Design-led Hostels.” Generator.” N.p. n.d.

Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

3 Generator DesignAgency Worldwide. Architectural Record. May 2015, Vol. 203 Issue 5, p. 121.

4 Cerys.

5 Ibid.

6 Generator Hostel.

7 Cerys.

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 Generator DesignAgency Worldwide.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Cerys.

14 Cerys.

15 Ibid.

16 Generator DesignAgency Worldwide.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.

19 Cerys.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid.

1

Figure 29

53

54

4

Ergonomical and Techical Criteria Figure 30

55

A hostel can have many different spaces, requiring a vast amount of furniture and equipment. The proposed project will have dorm rooms, a guest kitchen and cafĂŠ area, a bar, and lounge areas. This section will address the physical needs, clearances, and ergonomic factors that need to be taken into consideration for each space.

Furniture, Finishes and Equipment: The most important requirements for the furniture in all of the spaces are accessibility, stability and comfort. In the dining area seating and tables would be required. In this case, they would be on the less frivolous size because the restaurant/ cafĂŠ area is not the primary function. 1 The tables should have enough leg and knee room for every type of person. 2 The chairs should be stable and sturdy, and if they are cushioned, the cushion should not be too plushy so that everyone can get in and out of them easily.3 This would be more lenient in the lounge area where the furniture and function is more relaxed and therefore may have more plush and free form furniture, but still should have some furniture that can be used by the elderly or handicapped.

56

Figure 31

Many of the dining areas in hostels are self-serve areas including guest kitchens to prepare food and continental breakfasts which would require counter space, ovens, stove tops, microwaves, and sinks accessible to everyone. This area should also have large refrigerators as well as a large area for dry storage with individual bins or shelves for each guest to keep their food during the stay.4

The primary spaces provided by hostels are the dormitory rooms. Unlike hotels these do not require full sized beds, desks, nightstands, dressers or restrooms in the room unless it is a private room. Hostel dormitory rooms instead require only twin size bunk beds that should be metal to avoid bed bugs and last longer, and a small light, charging station, and locker for each bed.5 The restrooms should be communal and should have about one restroom to every 5 beds. 6

Figure 32

57

Ergonomics, Anthropomorphics, and Proximetrics:

All chairs should be at least 16” in both width and depth and have an armrest 7”-8” above the seat to assist guests in getting up as well as for comfort, especially in dining areas.

The UFAS requires 5 percent of restaurant seating to be handicap accessible. This will require 3’0” aisles, 6’0” clearance between parallel, and 4’6” between rotated tables and 5’0” turnaround spaces where needed. For tighter aisles that are not specifically ADA, they should have a 2’6” clearance.7

These clearances should also be used in bar areas and in self service kitchen areas. The self service and bar areas should have a counter height that is accessible to everyone. The part of the bar that supports the counter should be recessed to leave room for guest’s feet as well as guests in wheel chairs to be able to access the counter top without bumping into the lower part of the bar. These areas should be designed around the average human reach depicted in the figures shown.

58

Figure 33

Figure 34

Figure 35 Figure 37

Figure 38 Figure 36

59

In dorm rooms, aisles should have the same clearances and include 5’0� turnaround spaces. These clearances should be cognizant of locker doors, entry doors, and drawers that could come out into the space. The bunk beds in dorm rooms should have three feet of head room, whether that is between the bottom and top bunk, or between the top bunk and the ceiling.

Materials:

Figure 39

Figure 40

60

Once again, hostels being primarily self-service plays a large part in the choice of materials. Materials chosen should be able to withstand heavy wear considering the amount of traffic that comes in and out of the buildings. Unlike hotels, where a bellman transports luggage for guests, guests are responsible for this in hostels. Guests also stay for shorter stays than in hotels. These variables, luggage is more likely to scuff up walls in hallways in stairways, so darker or more durable paint is recommended.8 Likewise, the guest dining area should be able to accommodate different activities, group sizes, and people.

This will require the material of the tables and chairs be easy to move for different functions but still be able to withstand lots of traffic.9 The guest kitchen area should also have durable materials in case of the misuse of different surfaces, since guests will use this area at their disposal.10

Lighting: Public spaces should use as much daylight as possible for a better overall experience as well as sustainability reasons.11 This can be done with windows on the exterior of the building and orienting these spaces towards the south side of the building because it gets the most daylight.12 Skylights should also be used in public spaces, but not in dormitory areas because it is difficult for guests to block the light if it is unwanted.13 Artificial lighting can also be aided by keeping an open space plan to bring light throughout the entire interior. Glass partitions can also create a boundary without blocking day light coming in.14 Lighting should be soft and warm to encourage resting and relaxing. Contrast in lighting also provides a more energetic environment.15 Figure 41

61

In dormitory rooms there should be a light diffuse overall light, as well as a small light source with or on each bed so that some guests can be awake while others can be sleeping and not disturbing one another.16 Light switches should also be labeled to allow guests to know which ones they may adjust and which ones to use during their stay.

Sustainable Design:

First and foremost, the building will be sustainable by using an existing building and reusing as much of it as possible. Norbert Lechner says that one of the most effective ways to be sustainable is to use the basics of reusing and recycling. Even if the original structure cannot be kept, the materials from it can be taken apart and reused.17 Passive cooling and heating should also be used as well as natural light as mentioned before.18 Heating and cooling can also be cut down in dormitory rooms to supplement sustainable design since guests normally do not spend long amounts of time hanging out in dormitories.

62

Acoustic Control:

Acoustic control is most important in the dormitory areas, the dining areas, and any quiet lounge areas. In dormitory rooms area rugs as well as acoustic ceiling materials can be used for acoustic control. Small partitions that break up the room can be used for acoustic control in larger 10 to 12 bed rooms.

In smaller and private rooms acoustic control is not as needed, but single bed partitions that contribute to visual control can also contribute to limiting noise for privacy while sleeping.19

Visual Control:

In dormitory rooms many hostels are creating “privacy pods� which are curtains or other partitions that can be pulled shut around a bunk for privacy when changing or sleeping.

This is favored by some but also discouraged by other hostel owners who say it takes away part of the social part of the hostel.20 If the hostel has a staff kitchen, this will need access to the guest dining room but should not be seen by guests.21 Figure 42

63

The rest of the spaces are public and are meant for socialization and therefore do not need many strong visual barriers. Visual control with different flooring, partitions, and signage will help guests to differentiate different spaces as well as circulation but are not required in the communal areas.22

Wayfinding and Signage: Wayfinding and signage are very important in hostels because many of the functions are self-service. There should be clear indications of public and private spaces, as well as where each space is located. In areas like the kitchen there should be signs depicting where guests can keep and prepare their food.23Also, if there is a computer or lounge area this should have signage indicating what it can be used for – is it a quiet reading area, or is it for large social events?24

64

Security:

Security varies from hostel to hostel and can be handled at multiple different areas of the building in different ways. First, it can be handled at the front door with a requirement for key access to unlock to enter the building. This can be all day or at a nighttime curfew. Other hostels address security by allowing the lobby to have public access but the elevators, as well as certain rooms or areas require a key to enter. Regardless of key required entry, there should be a front desk manned by personnel that can monitor who enters and exits the building for security reasons. If there is more than one entry point, both should be monitored.

Footnotes:

De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning.

N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Hostelling International Washington DC. 5 Vikki Matsis. Inside an American Hostel: A Guidebook for Managers and Aspiring Owners. Place of Publication Not Identified. CreateSpace. 2012. Print.

6 Highroad Hostel.

7 De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik.

8 Highroad Hostel.

9 Hostelling International Washington DC. 10 Vikki Matsis.

11 Ibid.

12 Norbert Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting, Design Methods for Architects, 2nd. Ed., N.p. N.d.

13 Vikki Matsis.

14 Norbert Lechner.

15 Marberry, Sara O., and Laurie Zagon. The Power of Color: Creating Healthy Interior Spaces. New York: Wiley, 1995.

Print.

16 Vikki Matsis.

17 Norbert Lechner.

18 Ibid.

19 Vikki Matsis.

20 Ibid.

21 Hostelling International Washington DC. 22 Ibid.

23 Vikki Matsis.

24 Hostelling International Washington DC. 1

Figure 43

65

66

5

TOPICAL EXPLORATIONS

Figure 44 67

Human Behavior “The size of a space determines perceptions, experiences, and uses of that particular environment.�1 Human behavior in hostels is much different than in hotels because the guests are expecting a much different experience. How a person perceives the environment and behaves is based on both human sociological needs as well as the design of the environment.2 Different aspects in a designed area can cue mental and physical behavior within people, and it is critical to design with this knowledge in mind.

People expect different types of spaces for different types of social interaction. Privacy is something that many humans feel the need for in various situations and spaces. This is normally handled with partitions, or spaces between different areas. In hostels this is often handled differently because privacy is not expected in many of the places that it normally would be in other lodging design. 3

68

Size of spaces also has a direct relationship with how humans behave in it. There is intimate space, personal space, social space, and public space.4 Intimate space is the area directly surrounding someone’s body where social space is the area around them that strangers may enter for temporary social interaction.5 In hostels, spaces need to be designed so that individuals can comfortably socialize with a stranger, but not in an uncomfortably close and intimate space since most travelers do not know one another.

This also provides good opportunity for group social settings, because many people feel more comfortable in a group setting rather than a one on one experience.

Figure 45

Wayfinding is another aspect of design that is important to how humans behave in the built environments. Familiarity is very important to wayfinding.6 People are more likely to respond well to signage that is familiar to them like the typical men and women restroom signs.7 They are also more likely to feel restricted by signs with orange or red colors because of how they are commonly used. 8These human behavior factors should be kept in mind at all times especially when designing a hostel where people will be from all over the world, and universal wayfinding will be beneficial.

69

Color Theory

Color is essential to creating a pleasing experience for guests considering 80 percent of what humans observe and retain is visual.9 Colors do not only set certain moods, but can also be used to direct guests throughout the space.10 Generally, warm colors (red, orange and yellow) are welcoming but also spontaneous while cool colors (blue, green, and purple) are calming and refreshing.11 This section will examine which colors appeal to the young, traveling demographic that are the users of hostels.

Red conveys excitement, passion, strength, and danger. 12 Some shades of this color like burgundy has been known psychologically to stimulate appetite as well as conversation.13 This color can be beneficial in a hostel because it conveys vitality and youthfulness and is often linked to energetic lifestyles and personalities.14

70

Figure 46

Orange is a warm, energetic, playful color.15 This color can seem outdated, but certain hues such as a yellow-orange can be seen as friendly and bright.16 It is often associated with safety because it draws attention.17 Orange in particular is recommended to be used in accents because of the fatigue it causes on the eye as well as its association with safety, making it useful to direct the users eye.18

Yellow is known as the happiest of colors.21 It is associated with sun, cheerfulness, and optimistic, all qualities that are appreciated by the young energetic users of hostels.20 Similarly to orange, yellow causes fatigue on the eye. This is because warmer colors have longer wavelengths and it takes more energy to view them, which is important to remember when deciding how much to use these colors.

Yellow can be used sporadically to provide energy and grab users attention.22

Figure 47 71

Green is known as the color of nature.23 This gives people a feeling of 24 tranquility, calmness, and growth.

Psychologically, green has been proven to relieve symptoms of anxiety and leaves people feeling refreshed.25 Green, along with the other cool colors, has shorter wavelengths making them easier for the eye to view and making them calming colors.26 These attributes are important in hospitality because often people travel to relax, making green appropriate for certain aspects of a hostel.27

Blue is another cool color that has similar effects on users.28 Blue is known to be one of the most popularly liked colors because it conveys feelings of reliability and belonging as well as calming and soothing users. Because it conveys a trustworthy and dependable feeling it is often used in the welcoming strategy of hotels and hostels to make guests feel comfortable.29 This can be especially important for guests travelling alone to convey a sense of trust and calmness.

72Figure 48

Violet signifies wealth and dignity but also is seen as whimsical and mystical.30 Certain shades of purple are seen as quirky and creative, which is reflective of a large portion of hostel users.31 Fuscia is also considered a very energetic color.32 Hotel Executives say that younger, excited guests respond well to vibrant magenta as well as other vibrant variants of cool colors.33

Together, these colors should chosen in a way that they create a harmony. Warm colors are welcoming and spontaneous while cool colors are calming and refreshing.34 They can be used to both compliment and contrast one another to convey a certain mood in the space.35 Light colors also give the illusion of a more open space, where dark colors make a space seem smaller and more serious. In the case of a hostel vast amounts of dark colors should be avoided in the tighter dorm areas to keep the rooms feeling spacious.36 Lastly, colors do not have to be one dimensional.

Metallic finishes add depth that humans are naturally attracted to because it catches the eye, and reminds people of water which is naturally sought out by the brain.37 Figure 49 73

Why Do People Explore?

Children are often told that not one person on the earth is like another. The differences that vary between us range from appearance, to language, to preferences, one being – the want/need to travel. Why is it that some people cannot stay in the same place without getting restless while others will be happy staying in the same place they were born for their entire life? The urge to explore can be explained through psychology as well as a shocking gene nicknamed “The Wanderlust Gene� that some humans posses.

The urge to travel has most popularly been explained by the psychological reasons.

Many people travel to relax and to have fun.38 Psychologists have also identified that being physically farther away from things you are worried about makes you mentally farther away from them and gives you clarity.39 Many people seek travel out as a type of therapy every now and then.

74

But there is also a type of person that seeks out travel because they have an inexplicable feeling of restlessness and need for travel and adventure. Scientists have identified that people who have a strong curiosity and passion for travel have a gene called “The Wanderlust Gene.� This gene is a mutation of the gene DRD4, where the variation that causes wanderlust is called DRD47R.40 This gene is associated with dopamine levels in the brain.41 The DRD4-7R is also closely linked to ADHD, hence the restlessness.42 This gene is possessed by 20 percent of the population, and it makes the more likely to take risks, explore new places, ideas and even food.

43

Speculation as to how this gene originated dates back to civilizations that began migrating in the early ages.44 Some apes may have possessed this gene also, but humans had the means to travel with longer legs, and more developed brains, making them more inclined to travel and explore.45 This is similar to today, often times genes and culture have to both influence the person to travel. 46

Figure 50

75

Most people who carry the gene have a history of traveling, which makes them more inclined to do so rather than a person with the DRD4-7R gene who have not travelled before.47 Likewise, the gene is found primarily in cultures and civilizations that diverged farther away from Africa, the origin of human life, which are therefore the cultures that have history of travel.48

Now, as with other genes, DRD4-7R does not hardwire a person for traveling.49 But, it does give them the urge to explore as well as the motivation to try new things.50 The genetic mutation paired with the means and ability to travel, and a culture that encourages travel creates an explorer.

76

Figure 51

Human Behavior and the Interior Environment. Alaska Indigenous. N.p. N.d. October 30, 2016.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Li, Rui and Alexander Klippel. “Wayfinding Behaviors in Complex Buildings: The Impact of Environmental Legibility and Familiarity.” Sage Journals. Pg. 1-29. N.d. October 30, 2016.

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.

9 Locke, Amy. The Vocabulary of Color: What Colors Mean & How They Affect Your Guests. Hotel Executive. N.p. N.d.

10 Ibid.

11 Sutton, Tina, and Bride M. Whelan. The Complete Color Harmony: Expert Color Information for Professional Color Results.

Gloucester, MA: Rockport, 2004. Print.

12 Locke, Amy. 13 McAllister, Colin and Justin Ryan. 2013. “Colour Theory; Taking some Home-Décor Inspiration from a Hotel that Isn’t Shy about Going Big on Bold and Brilliant Hues.” The Vancouver Sun, Mar. 22.

Proquest.

14 Sutton, Tina, and Bride M. Whelan.

15 Locke, Amy. 16 Sutton, Tina, and Bride M. Whelan.

17 Ibid.

18 McAllister, Colin and Justin Ryan.

18 Sutton, Tina and Bride M. Whelan.

19 Locke, Amy. 20 Sutton, Tina and Bride M. Whelan.

21 Locke, Amy. 22 Ibid.

23 Ibid.

24 McAllister, Colin and Justin Ryan.

25 Sutton, Tina and Bride M. Whelan.

26 McAllister, Colin and Justin Ryan.

27 Locke, Amy. 1

McAllister, Colin and Justin Ryan.

Locke, Amy. 34 Sutton, Tina and Bride M. Whelan.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 Locke, Amy. 38 Lehrer, Jonah. “Why We Travel.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 13 Mar. 2010. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.

39 Ibid.

40 Pippin, Scott. “The Wanderlust Gene: Why Some People Are Born To Travel.” Elite Daily The Wanderlust Gene. Elite Daily. 25 Oct. 2016. Web. Ibid.

41 Dobbs, David. “The New Age of Exploration.” Restless Genes. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.

42 Pippin, Scott.

43 Dobbs, David.

44 Ibid.

44 Ibid.

45 Pippin, Scott.

46 Ibid.

47 Dobbs, David.

48 Ibid.

32 33

77

78

6

Existing Site, Context, Climate and Zoning

Figure 52

79

The Farm Journal Building is located at 230 W. Washington Square in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia is known for its visual arts, music, and performing arts. This can be seen in the street art and murals, multiple theaters throughout the city as well as the vast amount of art schools in the city. Philadelphia currently has a population of 1,567,442 people, according to the US Census. The population of the city is dense, with 11,379 people per square mile, and all of these people fitting into 134 total square miles.

Located in the North East, the weather in Philadelphia varies from season to season but is moderate. The average temperature is 54.3 degrees Fahrenheit. Its average low is in January, with an average of 33 degrees Fahrenheit, and the highest being July with an average of 76 degrees Fahrenheit. The average wind is 9.5, and the average humidity is 67.1

80

Figure 53

The demographics are largely diverse.

45% of the population is Caucasian, 44% is African American, and 7% are Asian along with multiple other races.2 When Philadelphia was founded by William Penn, it was a refuge from religious prosecution in the area, which is a Pennsylvania Dutch and Quaker region.3This lead many Quakers and Mennonites to relocate to Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also a port city, making it easy for immigrants to relocate to the city.4 Today, this can be seen in the various neighborhoods in Philadelphia. Today, there is still a “Chinatown,� an Italian neighborhood with an Italian market, as well as many other culturally specific neighborhoods.

Philadelphia was built on a grid system, with City Hall in the center, and the four surrounding squares around it. The squares are separated by Broad Street going North to South, and Market Street going East to West and converging at City Hall. Each section has a square of green space. In the southeast quadrant, the open space is Washington Square. The Farm Journal Building is one of the historical buildings located on the street surrounding Washington Square.

Figure 54 81

Washington square is right in the center of three converging neighborhoods in Philadelphia. The surrounding neighborhoods are Washington Square West, Society Hill, and Independence Mall. Washington Square West is known for being heavily residential with smaller trendy shops and restaurants.5

This area has 19th and 20th century architecture, as well as some newer architecture as you move towards City Hall.6 Society Hill, on the other hand has almost entirely older architecture from the 18th and 19th century.7 Then, Independence Mall is also older and historical architecture. Independence Mall is an extremely historical site, and draws many tourists to see attractions like Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell.8 The Farm Journal Building sits on the corner of W. Washington Square. Across the street from it is the square that is full of greenery, walkways and seating areas. Next to it on either side are more brick buildings that vary from around three to five stories high. All of the buildings on Washington Square were built between the 1880s and the 1930s, all varying in styles.

82

They are all either brick or masonry. The buildings on the Walnut Street side of the square begin to get larger and newer. Directly surrounding the Farm Journal Building are older row homes and smaller buildings that were originally built for small offices or businesses. One of the older buildings was the original W.B. Saunders Publishing Co., built in 1888, and one of the newer buildings was built in 1928 and has an art deco style.9

Hostels focus on immersing their guests into the unique culture of the city that they are located in. This location is located in one of the most historic neighborhoods in Philadelphia, making it accessible to guests interested in the history of the city. It is also surrounded by trendy restaurants and shops that are frequented by the millennial generation. Because Philadelphia has such a young demographic, it also attracts the younger travelers that stay in hostels.

Figure 55

83

Site Analysis

The Farm Journal Building is located on the southwest corner of Washington Square. This part of the road is one way, with the direction going clockwise. There is no parking, however, there is an abundance of public transportation in the area. There is a SEPTA bus stop directly across the street on Washington Square that can be seen from the building making it very accessible for users. The east most part of the building that faces this SEPTA station has views of Washington Square from all floors. The rest of the sides of the building only have views of the buildings surrounding from the top two floors, which is not as appealing as the views from the entry side.

84

Figure 56

The east side, which is the entry side, has the most exposure to noise pollution from the street, pleasing views, and sunlight on all floors. Although there is traffic on this street, it is not as heavy or noisy as some of the surrounding streets. The noise and views of the buildings across from the square are partially blocked by the trees and greenery of Washington Square which

Figure 57

85

Footnotes: Zone, Climate. “Climate Information for United States – Climate Zone.” Climate Information for United States – Climate Zone. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

2 Bureau, US Census. “Census.gov.” US Census Bureau.

N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

3 “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.” Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

4 Ibid.

5 “Society Hill Civic Association in Philadelphia, PA.” Society Hill Civic Association in Philadelphia, PA. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

6 “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.”

7 “Society Hill Civic Association in Philadelphia, PA.” 8 Ibid.

9 “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.”

1

86

7

Program Development and Documentation

Figure 58 87

Name Qty Square Footage Total S.F. Adjacency Entry/vestibule 1 40 +/40 +/Front Desk Front desk 1 40 +/40 +/Entry/Vestibule, Guest Storage Admin offices 3 100 +/300 +/Front Desk Lounge 1+ 500 +/500 +/- Computer/Library, Restrooms, Vending Computer/Library 1 200 +/200 +/Lounge Dining Room 1+ 500 +/500 +/- Guest Kitchen, Staff Kitchen, Restrooms Guest Kitchen 1 250 +/250 +/Dining Room, Staff Kitchen Staff Kitchen 1 150 +/150 +/Bar Bar 1 300 +/300 +/Staff Kitchen Dormitories 10+ 22 sq ft per bed varies Restrooms Restrooms 1 per 5 beds 60 +/varies Dorms, Lounge, Dining room Guest Storage 1 100 +/100 +/Front desk Laundry 1 200 +/200 +/Dorm rooms Vending 1 40 +/40 +/Guest lounge, employee lounge Janitorial Closets 1 80 +/80 +/General Storage Employee lounge 1 180 +/180 +/Vending Data Closet 1 100 +/100 +/Mechanical Room Mechanical room 1 100 +/100 +/Data Closet General Storage 1 100 +/100 +/Janitorial Closet

88

Lighting Equipment and Furniture Ambient n/a G Ambient, and task Desk, monitors, phone Ambient and task Desks, monitors, phone, storage Ambient, Daylight Variety of seating, tables, and flexible furniture Bright c Ambient and task Computer desk/seating, shelving Ambient, Daylight Flexible and easily cleaned chairs and tables durable, Ambient, daylight Large fridges, ovens, microwaves, storage, cooking equip. durable, ambient and task Small kitchen appliances, storage durable, Ambient, daylight Cold storage, seating areas, Du Ambient, individual guest lighting Bunk beds, lockers, outlets, small lights Dura Ambient toilets, showers, sinks, counter space Ea n/a lockers or cubbies Task Laundry machines, counter space n/a vending machine n/a n/a Ambient, Daylight Counter space, seating C n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

89

niture

Name Entry/vestibule Front desk hone Admin offices e, storage Lounge flexible furniture Computer/Library , shelving hairs andDining tablesRoom Kitchen torage,Guest cooking equip.

Staff Kitchen s, storage Bar g areas, Dormitories s, small lights Restrooms unter space Guest Storage es nter spaceLaundry Vending ne Janitorial Closets ating Employee lounge Data Closet Mechanical room General Storage

90

Finishes Qty Square Footage Total S.F. Adjacency Perception 1Glass for visual 40 +/Front Desk control 40 +/Welcoming, safe 1 40 +/40 +/Entry/Vestibule, Durable Welcoming Guest Storage 3 100 +/300 +/n/a n/aFront Desk 1+colors, comfortable 500 +/- seating 500Relaxing, +/- Computer/Library, Restrooms, Vending Bright welcoming, energetic, friendly 1 200 +/200 +/Lounge comforable Quiet, user friendly 1+ heat resistant, 500 +/500 +/- Guest Kitchen,clean, Staff Kitchen, Restrooms durable, easy to clean Friendly, welcoming, customizable 1 heat resistant, 250 +/250 +/- Organized, Dining Room, Staff Kitchen durable, easy to clean clean, welcoming 1 heat resistant, 150 +/150 +/Bar durable, easy to clean Organized, clean 1 300 +/300 +/- Energetic, fun, Staff Kitchen Durable, easily cleanable welcoming 10+ 22 sq ft perneutral bed variesClean, semi-private, Restrooms Durable, long lasting, comfortable 1 perEasily 5 beds 60 +/Dorms, cleanable, non-slip varies Clean, Lounge, private Dining room 1 100 +/100 +/Front desk n/a Organized 1 Easily cleanable 200 +/200 +/Dorm rooms Organized, clean 1 40 +/Guest lounge, n/a40 +/n/a employee lounge 1 80 +/General Storage n/a80 +/n/a 1Comfortable, 180 +/180 +/Vending soothing Relaxing, quiet 1 100 +/100 +/Mechanical Room n/a n/a 1 100 +/100 +/n/a n/aData Closet 1 100 +/100 +/Janitorial Closet n/a n/a

ENTRY/VESTIBULE FRONT DESK ADMIN OFFICES LOUNGE

major adjacency

COMPUTER/LIBRARY

secondary adjacency

DINING ROOM GUEST KITCHEN STAFF KITCHEN BAR DORM ROOMS RESTROOMS GUEST STORAGE LAUNDRY VENDING JANITORIAL CLOSET EMPLOYEE LOUNGE DATA CLOSET MECHANICAL ROOM GENERAL STORAGE

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92

RESTROOMS SF: 1,000

DORMITORY ROOMS SF: 5,160

93

94

8

Building Analysis, Code, Regulations and Standards Figure 59 95

The Farm Journal Building was built in 1911 on West Washington Square in Philadelphia, PA to house the production of the Farm Journal Magazine founded

by Wilmer Atkinson.1 It is 83,000 square feet spread over 8 floors, with an atrium going through the center.2 Underneath the building is a small one story parking garage.

The exterior of the building is brick with stone around the windows and the large statement door. The façade is described as Georgian Revival, with symmetrical rectangle windows, and full length windows on the second and top floor with curved tops.3 The building still has the original façade today but was expanded behind it in 1997 by its new tenant Pennsylvania Hospital that filled it with doctor’s offices.4

The structural system is still traditional in the front, original portion of the building, with columns on a grid system, and then becomes a little more scarce and abnormal through the back where additions were made. Keeping this original structural system and façade is a sustainable strategy, as well as updating from the older air units to an overall climate control system.

96

Figure 60

97

STRUCTURAL GRID

98

SOLID VS. VOID

Codes Project Data: Project Name: Farm Journal Building Address: 230 W. Washington Square Philadelphia, PA, 19107 Date of Completion of Original: Number of Stories: 8 total (2-3 used for project) Total Gross Sq. Ft.: 83,000 (30,188 for 2.

47,876 for 3) Applicable Building Code Information: Zoning Ordinance: City of Philadelphia Fire Code: International Fire Code 2009 Building Code: International Building Code 2012 Energy Code: International Energy Conservation Code 2009 NATURAL LIGHT

Use Group Classification: Residential Group R-1 Means of Egress: Sprinklered: Protected/sprinklered Dead End Limit: 50’-0�

99

Means of Egress: Sprinklered: Protected/sprinklered Dead End Limit: 50’-0�

Gross Sq. Ft.: 83,000 Assembly Group A-3 (Restaurant/cafeteria/ nightclub/bar) 10,000 Residential group R-1: 17,000 Business area: 2,000 SF per occupant: Assembly Group A-3: 7 net Residential Group R-1: 200 gross Business area: 100 gross Number of occupants: Assembly Group A-3: 1,100 occupants Residential Group R-1: 85 occupants Minimum corridor width: 44 inches Number of Exits: 3 Exit Access Travel Distance: 200 feet without sprinklers 250 feet with sprinklers

100

Sanitation: Business: WC Male: 11 WC Female: 11 Lavatories Male: 8 Lavatories Female: 8 Residential: WC Male: 5 WC Female: 5 Lavatories Male: 5 Lavatories Female: 5 Fire Protection Requirements: Fire Exit Enclosures: 2 hours Shafts and elevator hoistways: 2 hours Tenant space separations: 2 hours Smoke barriers: 30 minutes Corridor fire resistance rating: 30 minutes Incidental use areas:

Footnotes: “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.”

Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d.

Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

2 ibid.

3 “Society Hill Civic Association in Philadelphia, PA.” Society Hill Civic Association in Philadelphia, PA. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

4 ”Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.”

1

Figure 61

101

9 Project Research Summary and Conclusion

Figure 54

Figure 62

The research collected in this book including how hostels are designed, operate, and affect and benefit travelers, has compiled a large amount of information that will contribute to the design and function of the proposed capstone project. The research reveals that hostels are unique because they capture some part of the spirit of the place they are located.

Although hostels are much smaller and vary more than hotels, they are known to sell more of an experience and give off a different mood than hotels. The research done in this book explores the different ways these moods can be achieved through case studies, color studies, and topical explorations.

The topical explorations that include color and why people are inclined to adventure will contribute largely to the furthering of the design and concept of this project. The demographic of people who stay in hostels was largely researched in this book and will be very important for designing the hostel.

104

The colors and spaces that appeal to the demographic of people inclined to travel to new places, alone, at a young age, and on a budget are critical for the design and concept of the project.

This research has lead me to think more toward a broader concept, or a combination of concepts rather than one overall concept for the entire building. Many of the case studies will be used as precedents and examples of how to give each area its own identity while being cohesive. The research done on the area and the building will be critical for developing a concept to immerse the guests into the culture of Philadelphia.

Overall, the research shows that the space should not be a homogenous concept or design to attract the demographic that stays in hostels. It needs to be energetic, welcoming and, reflective of the culture and spirit of the city it is in all at once.

Figure 63 105

Image Citations Figure1: The Contemporist. No Title. http://www.contemporist.com/you-can-sleep-behind-a-wall-of-booksin-this-hostel-in-tokyo/ Figure 2: http://divisare.com/projects/319574-estudioods-joao-morgado-hostel-conii FIgure 3: Mitsuwaya Hostel Beds. http://www.archilovers.com/projects/180424/gallery?1594069 Figure 4: Generator Hostel London. Generator Hostels Inc. Web. https://generatorhostels.com/ Figure 5: Unknown Artist. “Rendez-Vous.” http:// www.zeutch.com/cool/rendez-view-55-78353#.VP1Ws3yG--U Figure 6: http://interioresminimalistas. com/2015/10/09/toc-hostel-sevilla-un-moderno-albergue-urbano-disenado-por-gca/

Figure 11: Generator Hostel London. Generator Hostels Inc. Web. Figure 12: Generator Hostel London. Generator Hostels Inc. Web. https://generatorhostels. com/ Figure 13:Hocker, Paige G. HI DC Hostel. July 2016.

Figure 14:Hocker, Paige G. HI DC Hostel. July 2016.

Figure 15:Hocker, Paige G. HI DC Hostel. July 2016.

Figure 16: Hocker, Paige G. HI DC Hostel. July 2016.

Figure 17: Hocker, Paige G. Highroad Hostel Entry. July 2016.

Figure 7: http://www.archilovers.com/projects/179366/gallery/gallery?1583273

Figure18: Hocker, Paige G. Highroad Hostel Entry. July 2016.

Figure 8: Unknown Artist. “The Road Ahead.” http:// www.zeutch.com/cool/rendez-view-55-78353#.VP1Ws3yG--U

FIgure 19: Hocker, Paige G. Highroad Hostel Entry. July 2016.

Figure 9: http://www.uniqhotels.com/9-hours-capsule-hotel

106

Figure 20: Hocker, Paige G. Highroad Hostel Entry. July 2016.

Figure 21: Hocker, Paige G. Highroad Hostel Entry.

July 2016.

Figure 22: “Bayreuth Youth Hostel.” LAVA. 2014.

Web. Figure 23: “Bayreuth Youth Hostel.” LAVA. 2014.

Web. Figure 24: “Bayreuth Youth Hostel.” LAVA. 2014.

Web. Figure 25: “Bayreuth Youth Hostel.” LAVA. 2014.

Web. Figure 26: “Bayreuth Youth Hostel.” LAVA. 2014.

Web. Figure 27: http://www.archilovers.com/projects/179366/gallery/gallery?1583273 Figure 28: http://www.uniqhotels.com/9-hours-capsule-hotel Figure 29: http://divisare.com/projects/319574-estudio-ods-joao-morgado-hostel-conii Figure 30: Figure 31:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

Figure 34:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

Figure 35:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

FIgure 36:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

Figure 37:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

Figure 38:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

Figure 39:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print.

107

Figure 40:De Chiara, Joseph, Juluis Panero, and Martin Zelnik. Time Savers Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. N,p.: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

Print.

FIgure 41:http://www.archilovers.com/projects/179366/gallery/gallery?1583273

Figure 50: Artist Unkown. “Gypsea Lust” http:// www.zeutch.com/cool/rendez-view-55-78353#.

VP1Ws3yG--U Figure 51: Artist Unknown. “Young Traveler in Paris”

Figure 42: http://www.uniqhotels.com/9-hours-capsule-hotel

Figure 52: “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.” Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

Figure 44: Generator Hostel Germany. Generator Hostels Int. 2014.

Figure 53: “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.”

Figure 45: Generator Hostel London. Generator Hostels. Int. 2014.

Figure 54:”Independence Hall” Unknown Artist.

2012.

Figure 46:Locke, Amy. The Vocabulary of Color: What Colors Mean & How They Affect Your Guests.

Hotel Executive. N.p. N.d.

Figure 55:Zone, Climate. “Climate Information for United States – Climate Zone.” Climate Information for United States – Climate Zone. N.p., n.d.

Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

Figure 47:Locke, Amy. The Vocabulary of Color: What Colors Mean & How They Affect Your Guests.

Hotel Executive. N.p. N.d.

Figure 56: “City Hall, History” Unknown Artist.

Philadelphia Inquirer. Web.

Figure 48: Dobbs, David. “The New Age of Exploration.” Restless Genes. National Geographic, n.d.

Web. 25 Oct. 2016.

Figure 57: Google Maps.

Figure 49:Dobbs, David. “The New Age of Exploration.” Restless Genes. National Geographic, n.d.

Web. 25 Oct. 2016.

Figure 59: “Historic Philadelphia Tour: Washington Square.”

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Figure 58: “Generator Paris” Generator Hostels Int.

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