Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Jessica Grove-Smith Passivhaus Institut ° Darmstadt, Germany www.passiv.de Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt: • Private research instituteMay 19th, 2009 • Quality assurance & certification of buildings and components Thessaloniki • Dissemination of information • Annual international conference
CONTENTS
• What is a Passive House? • How does the concept work in the Mediterranean Climate? – Cooling – Dehumidification – Thermal mass
What is a Passive House? A Passive House is a highly energy efficient building... ...the standard achieves high thermal comfort and indoor air quality with a minimal energy requirement Building stock Heating system, 10 kW
air 21°C
surface 9°C outside -12°C
Passive House Small reheater, max 1 kW
air 21°C
surface > 17°C outside -12°C
What is a Passive House? How to achieve this standard...... • A good building envelope one insulation layer Use the ‚pencil rule‘ to create an uninterrupted airtight layer and thermal envelope around the building.
avoid thermal bridges air-tight construction
• Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in the winter • Optimised solar gains In summer: limit solar gains e.g. with exterior blinds
heat recovery active bypassed
What is a Passive House? 1991: 1st Passive House
Wolfgang Feist, Darmstadt, Germany Architects: Bott, Ridder, Westermayer
Heating energy demand kWh/(m²a)
What is a Passive House?
90%
existing building
lowenergy house
CEPHEUS Passive Houses
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate The building has to suit the local climatic conditions! Average annual global radiation in Europe
Source: Meteotest; database Meteonorm (www.meteonorm.com)
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate A note on thermal comfort...
inner comfort range
extended comfort range
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
A detailed study by thermal simulation
12 - Palermo
11 - Naples
10 - Campob.
09 - Venice
08 - Torino
07 - Nice
06 - Carpentras
05 - Bordeaux
04 - Madrid
03 - Seville
02 - Porto
01 - Lisbon
00 - Mannheim
Heating/Cooling Demand [kWh/(m²a)]
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Conventional construction: Heating and cooling demands 350
300
250
200
150
100 Heating Latent Cooling Sensible Cooling
50
0
-50
-100
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Example Passive Houses for selected locations (conditioning over solely air-supply is possible) Madrid
Seville
25 35 20 0.72 0.7 no 15.6 0 0
20 25 15 0.72 1.2 yes 14.8 0.8 2.3
10 25 6 0.72 1.2 no 12.7 0.4 0
8 20 0 1.6 1.2 no 4.6 4.2 0
construction determined by winter conditions
floor slab not insulated
Palermo
Torino
Insulation wall [cm] Insulation roof [cm] Insulation basement [cm] U window frames [W/(m²K)] U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] Humidity control for cooling Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)]
Mannheim
insulated frame & double low-e glazing for thermal comfort
roof always well insulated
6 20 0 1.6 1.2 yes 3.1 7.2 7.2
significant cooling required
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Torino
Madrid
Seville
Palermo
Insulation wall [cm] Insulation roof [cm] Insulation basement [cm] U window frames [W/(m²K)] U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] Humidity control for cooling Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)]
Mannheim
Example Passive Houses for selected locations (conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)
25 35 20 0.72 0.7 no 15.6 0 0
20 25 15 0.72 1.2 yes 14.8 0.8 2.3
10 25 6 0.72 1.2 no 12.7 0.4 0
8 20 0 1.6 1.2 no 4.6 4.2 0
6 20 0 1.6 1.2 yes 3.1 7.2 7.2
no dehumidification required
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Passive House prototype performance in Seville during hot period Cooling Capacity: ~ 8 W/m²
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Passive House passive cooling, light colour, night flushing, no HR mostly sufficient, sometimes up to 30 째C
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Standard insulation passive cooling, light colour, night flushing, no HR up to 37 째C
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Dynamics with active cooling Significant peak demands
Seville: Existing building
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Dynamics with active cooling Seville: Passive House
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Torino
Madrid
Seville
Palermo
Insulation wall [cm] Insulation roof [cm] Insulation basement [cm] U window frames [W/(m²K)] U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] Humidity control for cooling Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)]
Mannheim
Example Passive Houses for selected locations (conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)
25 35 20 0.72 0.7 no 15.6 0 0
20 25 15 0.72 1.2 yes 14.8 0.8 2.3
10 25 6 0.72 1.2 no 12.7 0.4 0
8 20 0 1.6 1.2 no 4.6 4.2 0
6 20 0 1.6 1.2 yes 3.1 7.2 7.2
dehumidification required!
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Thermal comfort in Palermo (reference Passive House)
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Cooling & dehumidification in Palermo (reference Passive House)
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Nightflushing is not always a good idea Types of Window Operation
-5 tilt (ref.)
Sensible cooling
-10
turn
-15
turn w/o humidistat
Latent cooling
-20 -25
Palermo
Torino
Madrid
-30 Seville
Heating / Cooling Demand [kWh/(m²a)]
0
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate The effect of thermal mass Madrid,no cooling Operative temperature of living room
Passive House... ...vs. no insulation
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
... the general principle works! C O N C L U S I O N
Winter • sufficient insulation: roof, walls, double low-e glazing • more windows facing south • some thermal mass? • airtightness & mechanical ventilation with heat recovery • less relevant: floor slab, thermal bridges Summer • solar control !! • less windows? • good insulation, especially in the roof • in hot climates: light colours • automatic heat recovery bypass • night ventilation (if possible) • some active cooling recommended for robustness
Thank you! For further information please visit: Passivhaus Institut - www.passiv.de IG Passivhaus - www.ig-passiv.de Passivhaus Dienstleistung GmbH - www.passivhaus-info.de
Jessica Grove-Smith Passivhaus Institut 째 Darmstadt, Germany