Passive House in the Mediterranean

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Jessica Grove-Smith Passivhaus Institut ° Darmstadt, Germany www.passiv.de Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt: • Private research instituteMay 19th, 2009 • Quality assurance & certification of buildings and components Thessaloniki • Dissemination of information • Annual international conference

CONTENTS

• What is a Passive House?

• How does the concept work in the Mediterranean Climate?

– Cooling – Dehumidification – Thermal mass

What is a Passive House?

A Passive House is a highly energy efficient building... ...the standard achieves high thermal comfort and indoor air quality with a minimal energy requirement Building stock Heating system, 10 kW

air 21°C

surface 9°C outside -12°C

Passive House Small reheater, max 1 kW

air 21°C

surface > 17°C outside -12°C

What is a Passive House?

How to achieve this standard......

• A good building envelope one insulation layer Use the ‚pencil rule‘ to create an uninterrupted airtight layer and thermal envelope around the building.

avoid thermal bridges air-tight construction

• Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in the winter • Optimised solar gains In summer: limit solar gains e.g. with exterior blinds

heat recovery active bypassed

What is a Passive House?

1991: 1st Passive House

Wolfgang Feist, Darmstadt, Germany Architects: Bott, Ridder, Westermayer

Heating energy demand kWh/(m²a)

What is a Passive House?

90%

existing building

lowenergy house

CEPHEUS Passive Houses

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate The building has to suit the local climatic conditions!

Average annual global radiation in Europe

Source: Meteotest; database Meteonorm (www.meteonorm.com)

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate A note on thermal comfort...

inner comfort range

extended comfort range

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate

A detailed study by thermal simulation

12 - Palermo

11 - Naples

10 - Campob.

09 - Venice

08 - Torino

07 - Nice

06 - Carpentras

05 - Bordeaux

04 - Madrid

03 - Seville

02 - Porto

01 - Lisbon

00 - Mannheim

Heating/Cooling Demand [kWh/(m²a)]

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate

Conventional construction: Heating and cooling demands 350

300

250

200

150

100 Heating Latent Cooling Sensible Cooling

50

0

-50

-100

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Example Passive Houses for selected locations (conditioning over solely air-supply is possible) Madrid

Seville

25 35 20 0.72 0.7 no 15.6 0 0

20 25 15 0.72 1.2 yes 14.8 0.8 2.3

10 25 6 0.72 1.2 no 12.7 0.4 0

8 20 0 1.6 1.2 no 4.6 4.2 0

construction determined by winter conditions

floor slab not insulated

Palermo

Torino

Insulation wall [cm] Insulation roof [cm] Insulation basement [cm] U window frames [W/(m²K)] U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] Humidity control for cooling Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)]

Mannheim

insulated frame & double low-e glazing for thermal comfort

roof always well insulated

6 20 0 1.6 1.2 yes 3.1 7.2 7.2

significant cooling required

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate

Torino

Madrid

Seville

Palermo

Insulation wall [cm] Insulation roof [cm] Insulation basement [cm] U window frames [W/(m²K)] U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] Humidity control for cooling Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)]

Mannheim

Example Passive Houses for selected locations (conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)

25 35 20 0.72 0.7 no 15.6 0 0

20 25 15 0.72 1.2 yes 14.8 0.8 2.3

10 25 6 0.72 1.2 no 12.7 0.4 0

8 20 0 1.6 1.2 no 4.6 4.2 0

6 20 0 1.6 1.2 yes 3.1 7.2 7.2

no dehumidification required

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Passive House prototype performance in Seville during hot period Cooling Capacity: ~ 8 W/m²

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Passive House passive cooling, light colour, night flushing, no HR mostly sufficient, sometimes up to 30 째C

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Standard insulation passive cooling, light colour, night flushing, no HR up to 37 째C

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Dynamics with active cooling Significant peak demands

Seville: Existing building

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Dynamics with active cooling Seville: Passive House

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate

Torino

Madrid

Seville

Palermo

Insulation wall [cm] Insulation roof [cm] Insulation basement [cm] U window frames [W/(m²K)] U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] Humidity control for cooling Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)]

Mannheim

Example Passive Houses for selected locations (conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)

25 35 20 0.72 0.7 no 15.6 0 0

20 25 15 0.72 1.2 yes 14.8 0.8 2.3

10 25 6 0.72 1.2 no 12.7 0.4 0

8 20 0 1.6 1.2 no 4.6 4.2 0

6 20 0 1.6 1.2 yes 3.1 7.2 7.2

dehumidification required!

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Thermal comfort in Palermo (reference Passive House)

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Cooling & dehumidification in Palermo (reference Passive House)

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate Nightflushing is not always a good idea Types of Window Operation

-5 tilt (ref.)

Sensible cooling

-10

turn

-15

turn w/o humidistat

Latent cooling

-20 -25

Palermo

Torino

Madrid

-30 Seville

Heating / Cooling Demand [kWh/(m²a)]

0

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate The effect of thermal mass Madrid,no cooling Operative temperature of living room

Passive House... ...vs. no insulation

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate

Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate

... the general principle works!

C O N C L U S I O N

Winter • sufficient insulation: roof, walls, double low-e glazing • more windows facing south • some thermal mass?

• airtightness & mechanical ventilation with heat recovery • less relevant: floor slab, thermal bridges Summer • solar control !!

• less windows?

• good insulation, especially in the roof • in hot climates: light colours • automatic heat recovery bypass • night ventilation (if possible) • some active cooling recommended for robustness

Thank you!

For further information please visit: Passivhaus Institut - www.passiv.de IG Passivhaus - www.ig-passiv.de Passivhaus Dienstleistung GmbH - www.passivhaus-info.de

Jessica Grove-Smith Passivhaus Institut 째 Darmstadt, Germany