The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing Parisa Kanabar / Project 3 / Unit 1b
1. Vision
A Higher Potential The centre will help individuals reach a higher potential and put them on the right path to recovery via cognitive behavioural therapy, art and music therapy, and a daily programme of exercise. Like the Janus Condition, the user will go on a journey from beginning to end, from naive to knowledgeable, looking at their past and using it to learn for the future.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
“I chose not to choose life: I chose something else. And the reasons? There are no reasons. ” Who needs reasons when you’ve got heroin? Trainspotting, Danny Boyle
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
filming location
site
The 1996 British cult film ‘Trainspotting’, opens with the quote on the previous page. The protagonist is being pursued by the authorities during this monologue, down none other than Princes Street, the main shopping street in Edinburgh, only a short walk from the site in Cowgate. One might assume that ten years after the release of the film walking down the culturally rich streets of Edinburgh, the themes covered in the film are long gone. The stark reality however is that drug addiction and therefore poor mental health, crime and poverty is still one of the greatest problems that Edinburgh faces. Current government initiatives aimed at solving the problem can only go so far. Firstly, it takes an immense amount of courage from a drug addict to seek help, a task that is rendered even more difficult when their help is housed in an uninviting and unmarked building, such as Spittal Street Centre, the nearest help available in Cowgate. Secondly, simply giving instructional advice to a person struggling is not enough. In order to transform a difficult life, change has to be facilitated. Thirdly, these initiatives are under-funded. Mental Health receives just 9% of the NHS budget per year yet it is accountable for 23% of the disease burden in the NHS. An estimated one in four adults will experience at least one diagnosable mental health problem in their lifetime.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
“We are…different people in different places…It is architecture’s task to render vivid to us who we might ideally be.” The Architecture of Happiness, Alain de Botton
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Project Three seeks to provide part of the solution to this problem faced in Edinburgh in the form of a wellbeing and rehabilitation centre providing opportunity for therapeutic art, music and learning. Advice and cognitive behavioural therapy will only take an addict so far. The prospect of discovering a hidden talent and creating a network of support could be life changing. The scheme should speak to the users of ideals to which they aspire such as strength and resilience. Spaces will be provided for therapy, art, music and dance. A place for exercise is vital as well as a place for gathering and socialising. The centre will become a hub of community activity used by anyone regardless of their social background, breaking down barriers and the stigma attached to mental health. Accommodation will be provided for those that need it most and in due time patients could be given the opportunity for employment in the centre. The concept of a hierarchy of spaces in that only progressing users are permitted to use certain facilities could also be explored. The architecture of the building should encourage the revelation of a strength and potential within the users that they may have forgotten.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
The above image symbolises the ethos of the project - inspirting and motivating a person to find within themselves a potential they didn’t know they had.
2. Research
Site
Location
Environment
Temperature, Precipation, shadows
Qualities and Configurations of the
old town/new town plans/sections
History
timeline development of the city movement
demographics
population and spread
functional disposition of existing elements
edinburgh and surrounding area wider city site
wider planning context
materiality and zoning
1. Context
Site - Location
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Environment - temperature, Precipitation, Shadows
Edinburgh has a mild climate due to its close proximity to ths sea. Winters are fairly warm with temperatures remaining just above freezing. Summers are pleasantly cool with a maximum temperature of 21 °C. The prevailing easterly winds are often cold but relatively dry and warmer south-westerly winds coming off the North Atlantic Current often bring rain. Annual precipitation is moderate, averaging 666 mm, and is evenly distributed throughout the year. Edinburgh lacks prolonged sunshine, on average it receives less than one third of the possible sunshine for its latitude annually. Both south westerly winds and north east winds are blocked by the surrounding buildings of the site, meaning the site is fairly sheltered from prevailing winds.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
qualities and configurations of public realm - Old Town / New Town
Key Features Narrow Wynds
New Town
Old Town
Step Passages
Closes
Pubic Realms
Old Town follows a medieval street plan consisting of wynds and alleys that swell into courtyards and squares. The city is based around the ‘Crag and Tail’ land formation, allowing the castle rise above the rest of the city. The city has developed through narrow pathways running perpendicular to the ‘tail’ which forms The Royal Mile. This narrow formation was restrictive to development, so buildings tended to grow upwards rather than outwards, creating ‘high-rise’ tendencies.
Grassmarket
Key Features Squares
Key Features
Grid Formation and Symmetry
Crescents
Circuses
New Town was built between 1767 and 1850 as Edinburgh began to outgrow its’s old city fabric and the Age of Enlightenment brought with it the aspiration for scientific method and structure. The boundary of the city was extended to the North and the North Bridge and Earthen Mound were built to connect new to the old. The town was designed around the land’s natural contours in a grid formation, with a garden square at either end - St George’s and St Andrew’s. The three main streets were named after the King, Queen and Patron Saint of Edinburgh, hence were called George’s, Queen’s and St Giles’ Street, again emphasising a principle of the Enlightenment; the separation of Church and state. The two squares were also intended to symbolise the union of England and Scotland, being named St George’s and St Andrew’s Square, however St George’ was later renamed as Charlotte Square after the King’s wife.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Qualities and Configurations of the Public Realm - public areas
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
history - development of the city
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
history - development of the city
North Noch - replaced by railway station in 1840 - connection from other cities
- 1582 -
New Town - developed in 1801 in regular order for higher classes Site: Evolution of Edinburgh
______________________________________________________
North Noch - had been replaced by the railway station in 1840 - connection from other cities
New Town - developed in 1801 - planned before building - in regular order - for higher class people
Grass Market - gate entering the city - wide street - for cows, sheeps trading
Old Town - recovered after the fire in - organic shaped plan
- 1750 -
- 1850 -
- 1980 -
TODAY
Grass Market - gate entering the city - wide street used for cow/sheep trading
Old Town - recovered after fire in organic shaped plan
1800
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
History Movement of people People’s-Movement Edinburgh, showing Arthur’s Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
People’s Movement
Edinburgh, showing Arthur’s Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
TODAY
1800
TODAY 17001800
1700 1600
1600 1500
1500 100bc100bc
Demographics of Edinburgh - Population and spread
Edinburgh has a total population of 495, 360 people, of which 15.3% are children, 23.6% are young adults, 15.3% are middle aged and the remainder are elderly.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Functional Disposition of Existing Elements - Edinburgh and surrounding area
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Functional Disposition of Existing Elements - Wider City
Civic buildings
Leisure/Tourism
Education/Commercial
Residential
Site
Functional Disposition of Existing Elements - Site
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Wider Planning Context - materiality and zoning
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Sandstone is used in many of the modern buildings around the site, allowing the new buildings to blend in respectfully with the older buildings, preserving the historic character of the site. Large amounts of glazing are used on the newer buildings to create a feeling of openness and to allow views of the city. Many architectural features employed in the newer buildings are a nod to the history of Edinburgh, with castle like towers and and windows that resemble ramparts.
Linear and tall facades have been used elsewhere. TImber cladding and aluminium panels are also a popular material because they fit in seamlessly with the historic context whilst being modern and sleek at the same time.
highlighting the issue
recent headlines
Statistics
Drugs statistics for scotland Mental Health Statistics and funding
edinburgh provisions
current services
2. the Problem
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Various scottish news headlines from recent years
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Drugs statistics for scotland It is clear from the increasing numbers that drugs use is an on-going problem it Scotland and the situation is worsening. 706 drugs-related deaths were recorded in Scotland in 2015 - the highest number yet.
Greater Glasgow and Clyde Lothian (Edinburgh) Tayside
heroin and/or morphine
methadone
benzodiazephines
alcohol
cocaine
Number of deaths by drug type in 2015
Lanarkshire Grampian
Deaths in 2015 by NHS Board Areas
Edinburgh is the second worst city for drugs use in Scotland, preceded by Glasgow.
amphetamines
ecstacy
mental health and wellbeing statistics for scotland and funding
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Overall, average wellbeing levels for adults have changed insignificantly since 2008 so although the problem is not worsening, it shows no signs of improvement. Anxiety and depression has increased since 2008.
Mental Health levels in Scotland by age and gender
ÂŁ15 million cut in drugs and alcohol care funding for Scotland.
28%
- the total burden of disease on the NHS due to mental health
People with 2 or more symptoms of anxiety by area of deprivation
13%
of the total NHS budget used for mental health
2 years
- the
waitlist for treatment for heroin addiction in Scotland
People with 2 or more symptoms of anxiety
People that reported self-harm
25%
of patients that require mental health treatment actually receive it
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
current services in cowgate Current provisions in Edinburgh are small and insufficient and none of them provide an alternative route to overcoming the problem other than therapy. They are also mostly housed in old, uninviting buildings.
1
Priory wellbeing centre - treats anxiety, depression, addictions - PRIVATE (not free)
2 simpson house 2
- counselling service for drug addicts/people affected by someone addicted to drugs - recovery groups - group for children affected by drug/alcohol use in their familes - funded by NHS Lothian, City of Edinburgh Council and other Trusts - no childcare provision
1 3
3 Edinburgh and lothian council on alcohol 6
- free advice, information and support focusing on alcohol - drop-in sessions - one to one counselling - telephone counselling - women’s group
4 spittal street centre - free advice, information and support focusing on alcohol - drop-in sessions - one to one counselling - telephone counselling - women’s group
5
4 5 Community drug problem service - referral only treatment for drug addiction
6 crew 2000 - different approach to drug addiction ‘we neither condemn nor condone drug use’ - free counselling, training, information and advice
4
2
5
accessibility
local and wider scale
deprivation
local and wider scale
existing built fabric
buildings around the site and their uses
sketches
3. Site qualities
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Accessibility - Local and Wider Scale The site itself is penetrable from many different access points around the island, allowing my project to have open or more secluded access points, perfect for this kind of scheme. The legibility of the site is also good meaning that people would be able to locate the project easily. Edinburgh itself is widely accessbile via bus and for cyclists and pedestrians meaning that the centre could easily be accessed by someone living close by or someone living on the outskirts of the city. Edinburgh Waverly train station is only a short walk from the site too meaning that people from further afield could access the centre and GPs all over the country could refer their patients here and know that access would not be a problem.
1 5
1 - visually permeable alley with steps leading to lower level
2
4
3
5 - alley providing access from Victoria Street
2 - vehicle access via a narrow road into 3 - alley leading to Bongo Club, a hub for nightlife, entertainment the island and socialising
4 - central, derelict area of the island
Tram - very restricted with only one route from the city centre to the airport Cycle - extensive cycle routes throughout the city Bus - wide range of bus routes with many near the site Train - Edinburgh Waverly Station is a short walk from the site
Deprivation - Wider and local scale
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Research has shown that deprivation is linked to the problematic use of drugs such as heroin and crack cocaine, and influences the age of first use, progression to dependence, injecting drug use and drugs-related crime. Deprivation also means that a user is unlikely to seek out the correct care and treatment in order to overcome their problem. Further more, in these poverty-stricken areas, drug dealing becomes a source of income, making the issue much worse.
As is visibile from the map, the site is in close proximity to some of the most deprived areas of Edinburgh. It is also close to the least deprived areas, where perhaps the people living here might also require therapy and some form of help due to their stressful lives. This central location and good transport links of the site makes it perfect for a scheme such as this as it is easily accessbile to all kinds of people living all over Edinburgh, and further afield. Deprivation on a local scale (site at yellow pin)
Deprivation on a wider scale
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Existing built fabric - buildings around the site and their uses
Central Library
Shops/Residential
Shops/Offices/Residential
Nightclub
Current clinic housed in an old church making it unwelcoming and inaccessible
Shops/Residential
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Sketched Site Views
View onto Victoria Street
View onto W Bow
View onto Cowgatehead
View onto George IV Bridge
View towards George IV Bridge
drugs
why do people take drugs? How Does Drug addiction worK? The effects of drugs misuse?
mental health
What causes depression? The effects of poor mental health
treatment
How is drug addiction treated? How is depression treated?
architecturual theories
Architecture that changes us for the better The architecture of happiness social business design details for health
3. relevant theories
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
why do people take drugs? In order to provide a rehabilition service, it is important to understand why people take drugs and how addiction happens.
social situations
enjoyment
Trauma Psychological, emotional or physical trauma can lead a person to seek escape in the form of drugs
Environment Stress, unemployment, poverty, financial status are all factors that can lead to problematic drugs use
self-medication Drugs like valium are taken by people suffering from anxiety and depression and can help people to cope with feelings of anxiety and lonliness
availability/cost Drugs are widely available in Scotland and relatively cheap eg 20 valium tablets costs ÂŁ20
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
How does addiction work? In order to provide a rehabilition service, it is important to understand drug addiction. Below is a simplified version of how the process takes place:
Exposure to drugs
Drugs release dopmaine
Drug exposure can lead to the subsequent continuous use of drugs.
Drugs release dopamine in the brain, giving the user intense feelings of pleasure.
Brain becomes tolerant to drug The user continues to take drugs to achieve the ‘high’ but the more they take, the more tolerant their brain becomes of the drug, meaning that they need to take more every time to reach the high that they first experienced, creating a vicious cycle.
There is not one standard way a user can become addicted - many people take drugs regulary but will never become dependant on them. Addiction is a combination of multimple factors, such as mental health, genetics or financial status. Drug addiction can happen to anyone, regardless of their social, economic or cultural background.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
the effects of drug misuse
Sharing needles can lead to HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and many other infectious diseases
Cardiovascular problems ranging from an abnormal heart rate to a heart attack
Repiratory problems such as bronchitis or emphysema
Strokes, seizures, problems with memory, attention and decision making. Long term changes in the brain can also lead to depression and paranoia
Mortality
Taking drugs whilst pregnant can lead to premature birth, miscarriage and behavioural and cognitive problems
The number of people with a drug problem in Scotland has been increasing since 2003, showing that current initiaves aimed at solving the problem are failing. In 2010, (the latest data available)1.71% of Scottish people had a drugs use problem, equating to 59,600 people.
35% of people in Scotland take illegal drugs 2000
2003
2006
Number of people with a drug problem by year
2010
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
what causes depression? Understanding the root of a problem is key in providing a solution. Depression can be caused by a number of factors, some of which are listed below.
A life changing event such as a bereavement, losing a job or having a baby can trigger depression.
Lonliness and being cut off from friends and family
People with a family history of depression are more likely to experience it themselves
Alcohol and many drugs are depressants and can create a downward spiral
Personality traits inherited genetically or through early experiences such as low selfesteem or a tendancy to ruminate
Long-term illnesses, head injuries or an underactive thyroid
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
the effects of poor mental health
Physical symptoms include chest pain, constipation, weight loss/gain, lack of energy, insomnia
Psycological symptoms include a continuous low mood, feeling hopeless, low self-esteem, irratibility, no motivation, suicidal thoughts
Social symptoms include not doing well at work, avoiding contact with friends and family, neglecting hobbies, difficulties in home/family life
Depression has been linked to a 67% increase in heart disease and a 50% increase in cancer.
4.3% of the global population suffer from depression
Depression is the largest single cause of disability worldwide
People with mental health disorders have a disproportionately higher disability and mortality than the general population, dying on average more than 10 years earlier.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
How is drug addiction treated? An addict has a number of treatment options, several of which can be combined, and can be referred by the GP or use self-referral:
Inpatient programmes offer medically supervised detoxification with round the clock support
Outpatient treatment patient visits hospital for treatment, a programme that offers flexibility
Sober Living Home patient lives in home with other addicts, follwing certain rules and staying sober throughout their stay
A basic standard treatment structure can be assumed:
1
Detox usually undertaken under the supervision of a Doctor in order to control withdrawal symptoms
2
Treatment a programme is chosen based on the severity of the problem
3
Support Groups important before and after treatment, support groups provide a network of help, where patients can encourage and inspire each other to remain sober
Counselling one on one therapy and an individual plan to help an addict recover
Post-rehab therapy is required to keep the addict on the right path as recovery is a life-long process
Vairous types of treatment are available. Below are the treatments that could be employed in the centre:
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy talking about thoughts, feelings, and reasons for addiction
Biofeedback Therapy learning how to control bodily processes
Holistic Therapy focuses on overall wellbeing, using therapies such as yoga, art or meditation
Experiential Therapy learning a new skill such as a musical instrument or woodwork to help an addict overcome repressed emotions
Faith Therapy addicts who value religion can use a faith-based programme to overcome their problem
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
How is depression treated? - drugs Antidepressants are the most commonly used treatment for depression. There is no clear understanding yet of how depression is caused but many scientists link it to an imbalance of hormones in the brain.
Serotonin C10H12N2O
Dopamine C8H11N2O
Norepinephrine C8H11N3O
Antidepressants are thought to work by increasing the production of prolonging the activity of these chemicals in the brain, therefore lifting the mood of the affected person. Antidepressants don’t work for everyone however and can incur nasty side affects so an alternative is important.
How is depression treated? - alternative therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy helping a person recognise their negative, dysfunctional thoughts and transforming them into postive ones.
Exercise makes the body naturally process serotonin, dopamine etc. Can also increase confidence.
Eating properly stable blood sugar levels are important in maintaining a good mood and many food can increase serotonin levels.
Nature exposure to nature can increase mood and increase levels of Vitamin D.
Meditation can increase mood and help positive thinking.
A sense of purpose getting a new job , volunteering and giving to others, learning a new skill
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
architecture that changes us for the better In 1954 Abraham Maslow theorised a hierarchy of human needs. Maslow argued that without the most basic needs an individual feels anxious, tense, and has no motivation to achieve the other needs2– they will be unhappy. These needs can be fulfilled or hindered by the architecture of our homes, our workspaces and our shopping centres. A social city is fundamental in providing these needs. The social city is happier and healthier. It is also more resilient, more productive and safer. Trust is also a key factor in the happiness of a place – Denmark is consistently rated as the happiest country and it is no coincidence that in Denmark the citizens trust each other the most out of any other country. The urban environment has a large role to play in this. Studies have shown that people living on the edge of cities connected by cars are less trusting of their neighbours than their counterparts that live in walkable, connected neighbourhoods. In the Netherlands, people who drove to work felt less joy and more fear, rage and sadness than people that cycled to work. Face to face contact and opportunities for social interaction contribute to a sense of belonging and trust. These events do not happen by chance however – they are designed. For example, Danish architect Jan Gehl found that people walk slower and pause more frequently in front of bustling, penetrable facades.8 This turns these spaces into places for interaction and exchange of ideas. Large, impermeable facades such as those that dominate large shopping centres or supermarkets on the other hand cause people to walk faster9 making the area less sociable and less safe.
dead frontage making people feel unsafe and less social
Charles Montgomery tested these findings further in the Happy Cities Experiment in which he asked actors to pose as tourists asking for directions in the centre of Seattle. He placed some actors in front of the lively, open facades and placed others in areas where the facades were closed off and blank. They found that the ‘tourists’ were more likely to be helped in the areas of active frontage because people were more trusting and friendlier in these places. Another example of designing in social interaction comes in the form of our front gardens. Gehl found that residents were most likely to talk to passers-by when their front gardens were short enough to enable conversation but long enough to allow for retreat. Psychologically this makes sense – ‘humans evolved in small groups of hunter gatherers and most of us still feel a deep need to control our exposure to people outside our core family.’This thought is echoed in the Fall of Public Man by Richard Sennet when he explains that humans actually require some distance from intimate observation by others in order to feel sociable.
active frontage making a city more trusting and happier
Whilst these ideas refer to a city rather than one individual building, the findings presented can be implemented into my design to create a social, trusting space, therefore contributing to the happiness of the users and the people in the area.
dead vs active frontage
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
the architecture of happiness by alain de botton
Alain de Botton takes a more philosophical approach to the notion that architecture affects us in ways beyond simply being a shelter for humans, in his book titled ‘The Architecture of Happiness.’ According to de Botton, our sensitivity to our environment is because we contain within us many different versions of ourselves which do not all feel like ‘us.’ He argues that our access to these different selves is decided by the surroundings we are in. Perhaps the biggest contender in proof of this is religious architecture. De Botton writes that ‘the very principle of religious architecture has its origins in the notion that where we are critically determines what we are able to believe in.’ Religious architecture is designed primarily to give us a space where the values etched into the architecture can ‘encourage and enforce the aspirations within us.’ Religious architecture can transform us and change our moods making us more hopeful, happier. It can make us forget about the outside world in a way that has no comparison. Nasir-al-Mulk Mosque, Shiraz
Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln
Swaminarayan Temple, London
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
the architecture of happiness by alain de botton Do we not, when we are upset or hurt, wish to be in a place of beauty? Is this not because the architecture of this place speaks to of us of what we want to be? Does the strength of the columns or the tranquillity of the glass façade speak to us of ideals that we find important, that we would like to attain to? At the height of our pain and misery, the building is still standing, as strong as ever. According to de Botton, this material articulation of certain qualities that we aspire to creates a sense of beauty. There is clear indication that architecture can deeply effect our happiness. Office workers in windowless offices are three times more likely to bring images of nature into their workplace. Workers feel the absence of a view so badly that they make a conscious effort to provide a substandard alternative. Clearly there are consequences to forsaking a window to meet a budget. To really emphasise the effects of a poorly designed built environment - people who endure more than a 45-minute commute are 40% more likely to divorce. Architecture can improve our social interactions, and our sense of belonging and safety. It can make us more, or less, trusting and can have a huge impact on our physical and mental health. All of these factors ultimately affect our happiness. As architects it is our duty to understand that our designs really can change a person’s life for better or for worse and affect the wellbeing of society as a whole. I would like to implement these ideas into my centre and create architecture that can change the life of a person for the better. The scheme should speak to the users of ideals to which they aspire such as strength and resilience. The architecture of the building should encourage the revelation of a strength and potential within the users that they may have forgotten.
“We are…different people in different places…It is architecture’s task to render vivid to us who we might ideally be.”
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Social businesses Social business were created by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Muhammed Yunus. A social business is:
Created and designed to address a social problem
Financially self-stable
“A charity dollar has only one life; a social business dollar can be invested over and over again.”
Profits are reinvested into the business
Seven principles of a social business:
1
Objective is to overcome poverty or other problems which threaten people and society, not maximise profit.
2
5
Gender sensitive and environmentally conscious.
6
Social Bite is a chain of sandwich shops in Scotland that donates all of its profits to charity and feeds homeless people with ‘suspended food’ in which guests are encouraged to pre-pay for a meal for a homesless person. 25% of the staff are homeless people.
Financial and economic sustainability.
Workforce gets market wage with better working conditions.
Second Shot is a coffee shop in East London that employs homeless people and trains them as baristas before helping them find employment in real coffee shops. This cafe also operates a pay-it-forward system and after hours serves as a hub for homeless people.
3
No dividend given beyond investment money
7
...Do it with joy
Cafe from Crisis London is situated in East London and is similar to Second Shot in that it trains homeless people and ex-offenders and prepares them for a job in the real world, offering interview training and accredited qualifications.
4
When investment amount is paid back, company profit stays with the company for expansion and improvement.
The Trew Era Cafe is located in Hoxton, East London and was created by comedian Russell Brand. The cafe employs recovering drug addicts, helping them to find their feet again and stay on the path of recovery.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
design details for health - making the most of designs healing potential This book contains research based details for health-based settings on the belief that design of the environment can influence behaviour. Some important ideas discussed in the book are shown below:
The centre should accommodate for the entire continuum of care:
illness
optimum health
good legibility by connecting facilities to a main atrium
community based
conveniently located
Other ideas that could be employed: - separate waiting rooms to to shielf visitors and patients from upsetting or triggering scenes - a cross-over of activity areas to provide visual stimuli - windows placed to create a sense of openess but to also advertise the centre from the outside - privacy should be provided - a child-care service - a space to educated individuals on how to assist their recovering family members - restaurant location should indicated that it is open to the community - health cooking classes
ample parking
extended hours
bears little resemblance to a traditional hospital
rehabilitation centre
maggie’s cancer centre belmont community rehabilitation centre sister margaret smith addictions treatment centre
Healthcare centre
Psychiatric centre friedrichshafen Healthcare center in tordera, carles muro + charmaine lay
community centre
Het Anker Community Centre Towada Community Plaza
public spaces
Plaza/public space design
4. Precedents
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Maggie’s Cancer Centre, Foster + Partners location area year typology
Manchester 1922 sqm 2016 rehabilitation centre
Great emphasis was placed on architecture lifting the spirits and aiding the process of therapy.
belmont community rehabilition centre, billard leece partnership location area year typology
places to gather.
replaced with homely spaces.
Abundant amounts of glazing and a lightweight timber structure create a feeling of trust and transparency.
Interestingly, the kitchen is the main focal point of the building with a large communal table. This idea of sharing meal times and eating together is something I would like to explore.
Various spaces are created including intimate spaces, a library, and exercise room and
Architectural references to hospitals such as corridors and signage have been avoided and
Materialty of the building gives a sense of warmth and the tactile finish creates connectivity and interest. Large focus is placed on greenary and natural light. Each counselling room faces onto it’s own private garden. Patients are encouraged to spend time caring for the gardens.
Reynolds Road, Belmont, Australia 600 sqm 2012 rehabilitation centre
This centre offers an active, goal-focused programme in a residential setting. The site is adjacent to a GP Practice and has an enclosed pedestrian link to the Community Health Centre. The building is located on a prominent corner, much like the site in Cowgate. White cypress timber is used as the primary external material because of its sustainability and warmth. The facade is punctured with large areas of glazing, creating an engaging and open building.
A new mobility garden is provided in a windprotected courtyard where external rehabilitation can take place. The courtyard is North-West facing taking into account solar orientation and large amounts of timber shading is provded to prevent overheating whilst maximising solar gains. The centre is single storey and each habitable room is provided with a large window to provide natural light and ventilation, with a view to the surrounding area.
sister margaret smith addictions treatment centre, kuch stevenson gibson malo architects location area year typology
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada 4831 sqm 2009 rehabilitation centre
This centre provides residential and nonresidential services for the treatment of drug, alcohol and gambling addictions, eating disorders, and other problems. The centre focuses on compassionate and holistic care, dignity and respect, faith-based care, inclusivity, and trust. Legibility of design has been used to reflect these values as well as the incorporation of natural light. The building is arranged around two landscaped courts, one for residents and one for non-
residents. A spiritual space has been provided and has a circular form in reference to the large aboriginal community in the area. The architects said that a healthy building environment is crucial to the healing process, and the building is targeting a LEED Gold rating. The long narrow corridors are something I want to avoid in my scheme as it gives an institutional feel.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Psychiatric centre friedrichshafen, huber staudt architekten location area year typology
RĂśntgenstraĂ&#x;e, Friedrichshafen, Germany 3270 sqm 2011 psychiatric centre
The design of this building follows the form of the natural slope of the surrounding area. A large green courtyard is at the centre of the building and entrances are provided on two levels, corresponding to the contour of the surrounding hills. This is very similar to the site in Cowgate. Within the courtyard is a long bridge that provides
views of the landscape. Large therapy rooms are located on the ground floor of the centre and have direct access to the gardens and plenty of natural light. The entrance areas provides lots of facilities that encourage patietns and visitors to stay for longer.
Fair-faced concrete and untreated wood are the main materials used in the building. Formworked concrete corresponds with the vertical fins of the wooden cladding which are a reference to the nearby Vorarlberg region in Austria. The raw, untreated nature of the materials gives the building an open and airy feel.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
SK yee healthy life centre, ronald lu and partners location area year typology
Tuen Mun, Hong Kong 350 sqm 2014 healthcare Centre
Located on a rooftop, the centre acts as a home, playground and garden for its patients. Patients are immersed in nature and daylight in a serene and calm environment, offering a stressfree healing experience. Each counselling room and functional space is connected to a garden, creating a constant interplay between interior and exterior, continually drawing light and air into the structure. The centre is naturally ventilated alowing the user to control their comfort and also creating a
Healthcare center in tordera, carles muro + charmaine lay location area year typology
healthy environment of fresh, clean air and a low carbon rating for the project. Greenery is abundant throughout the centre, the integrated green roof and wall design gives a green coverage of almost 60%. This serves a functional purpose of reducing air conditioning loading but also an aesthetically pleasing purpose of providing the patients with an enjoable and calm environment. Healthcare professionals were consulted from the outset of the project, creating a design suited to patients, a space filled with serenity and meaning.
Tordera, Barcelona, Spain 1600 sqm 2010 healthcare centre
This healthcare centre holds spaces for first aid, health education, surgeries, and a private staff and services area. The surgery area is arranged in groups of four in order to achieve a fragmentation of waiting rooms. Each waiting room connects to a private patio that provides natural light. Each waiting room is identified by a different colour offering a feeling of identity and giving legibility to the users. That patios also offere natural light to the surgeries and a series of skylights bring light from the patio into the lower circulation spaces.
The building envelope is made up of two different types of brick - shiny black enamelled brick in the lower areas and matte black enamelled brick in the upper parts of the facade. Depending on the orientation and time of day, the different types of brick offer an exciting play of shadows and reflections. The dark and protecting envelope provides a contrast to the light, white interior of the building.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Het Anker Community Centre, MoederscheimMoonen Architects location area year typology
Zwolle, Overijssl, The Netherlands 3000 sqm 2015 community centre
This building aimed at unifying a diverse range of groups and people, much like my project. The complex caters to large groups of people taking part in sports, musical and cultural events. The centre is intended to be a meeting place, hence the need for transparency and accessibility both literally and figuratively in the design of the
building. Much like the site in Cowgate, the site comprises of varying height differences, meaning that a considerable amount of the complex is actually underground. The roof edge is zig-zagged making it one of the building’s most characteristic features.
Entrances are provided on the first floor and at street level and are connected by a staircase. The architects aimed for transparenct but also for a sense of privacy and veiling which draws the user in. They have achieved this by incorporating vertical columns into the facade which shield the inside from view.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Towada Community Plaza, Kengo Kuma & Associates location area year typology
Towada, Aomori Prefecture, Japan 1875 sqm 2014 community centre
This building serves as the the community centre for the people of Towada and gives them a place to gather. The roof shape reflects the roofs of the surrounding houses, enabling the community centre to become part of the tapestry of the city. The ceilings of the
rooms follow this form on the inside and project downwards in a v-shape. Strips of Japanese cedar wood partially cover sections of glazing, providing a screen for the different areas of play, office and kitchen. The playroom and nursery
featuers floors created by stacking disks of wood, providing an indoor landscape that reflects the outdoors, for children to play in when bad weather prevails. An open central area is provided where all parts of the building converge beneath a skylight.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
plaza/public space design
ARTS Plaza / Atelier HAY + Drury University / Jiangsu Sheng
Origami / Group 8 / Geneva
Ribbons / Cliff Garten Studio . Union Street Plaza Garage, San Francisco
Täby Torg / Polyform / Täby, Sweden
As part of my project, I would like to implement some kind of public space to emphasise the community aspect of the centre. This plaze would also be a good place to address the level change of the site and could perhaps become an outdoor space used for activites as well as circulation. Some kind of connection between public/private is necessary and I would also like to integrate the furniture into the design, like many of the examples have here. Active frontage is also important in order to create a social, trusting space.
3. Approach
summary
summary of aims and ambitions
programme
key spaces arrangment of spaces timeline of spaces
1. Programme
Summary of aims and ambitions The main aim of this scheme is to turn the lives of a drug addict or a person afflicted by a mental health condition around. Drug addiction is a major problem in Edinburgh and Scotland as a whole and not enough is being done to tackle the problem. The centre aims to be part of the solution for this. It takes an immense amount of courage and strength for a drug addict or mentally ill person to actively seek help, so the centre must be open and friendly, trusting and safe. Furthermore, too often when a person seeks help, they are offered drugs that can potentially have some unpleasant side affects and for some people, don’t even work. There are other ways to overcome these problems and the centre will provide an alternative, healthier route to which a GP can refer their patient. This will be achieved through cognitivie behavioural therapy, art, music and faith therapy, and integrating a daily programme of exercise. The centre also aims to reduce the divide between classes that is so apparent in Scotland and bring the community together regardless of social background, race, or financial status. This will be achieved by creating a core for the building in which all people will come together. Horizontal lines, glazing and visible structure will encourage transparency and openness. The centre will have a community aspect, bringing the people of Edinburgh together and integrating the programme with the surrounding area. Visual connectivity between outside and inside will unlock the potential of the site to become a hub for community activity. A central public plaza will become a public space that people in the city will use for gathering and socialising and community meetings can be held within the centre. Anyone can use the centre, regardless of the social background, breaking down barriers and making the hub a social, lively hub of activitiy in Edinburgh.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
programme
dining public cafe
good legibility by connecting facilities to a main atrium
kitchens
workshop
studios
learning spaces services
Main atrium
community hall fitness centre
staff facilities
counselling Consultation rooms (GP)
shop public spaces child care Faith space
Waiting rooms residential spaces
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
spatial arrangement
community hall
shop public cafe
public spaces
kitchens
dining
fitness centre
residential spaces
workshop
services
studios
staff facilities
Main atrium
Waiting rooms
Consultation rooms (GP)
child care
counselling learning spaces
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Timing of spaces
12am
12am
main atrium 9am
5pm
counselling 8am
5pm
child care 8am
8pm
fitness centre 8am
10pm
studios
faith 8am
cafe
residential
7pm
spatial qualties
main atrium waiting, consultation and counselling fitness centre child care workshop/studios/learning community hall
sizing
estimated floor areas site feasibility
2. room book
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
spatial qualities - main atrium
The atrium will be the central core of the scheme and will help to connect the project to the surrounding area, providing connectivity and continuity between the heme and the community.
The atrium needs to open and friendly to encourage the community to use the centre. It should not have an institutional feel, it should be modern, clean and open. Large amounts of glazing should be used to enable visual connection.
Everyone that uses the centre will pass through this core, reducing the stigma attached to mental health and helping everyone to feel as though they are a valued member of the community, regardless of social status or background.
The atrium will provide direct connections to the main public parts of the centre.
The atrium will be open as long as every centre in the facility is open and will serve as advertisement for the centre 24/7. Since there is a residential aspect, the atrium would need to be manned around the clock.
spatial qualities - waiting, consultation and counselling rooms
There will be individual waiting rooms for GP consultation, drug addiction counselling and mental health counselling to ensure that patients have sufficient privacy and feel comfortable and safe in their surroundings.
These rooms should not feel institutional or clinic-like. They should have plenty of natural light and could each have their own garden attached. The structure should be visible here to give a sense of honesty and trust.
People visiting their GP and people going for counselling will use these spaces.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
The waiting rooms will be directly connected to the atrium but will have its own reception buffer zone to offer privacy. The other rooms will be connected to their individual waiting rooms.
This part of the centre will be open normal working hours but a live-in consultant could be employed to provide round-the-clock care to the in-house patients.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
spatial qualities - fitness centre
The fitness centre will give people in rehab the chance to make themselves physically healthier but also mentally - exercise increasese levels of serotonin and dopamine.
These rooms will be minimalistic and clean. The rooms will be interconnected with glazing between to provide the opportunity for visual stimuli between activites. The centre will be private to allow people to feel comfortable whilst they are exercising.
People in rehab will use this space, as well as members of the public who have a membership to the facility.
The fitness centre will be connected directly to the atrium as it is s public facility.
This part of the centre will be open during the same hours of the consultation service to the public.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
spatial qualities - child care
Child care rooms are an essential part of a centre such as this, as covered in relevant theories. Rooms for children aged 0 - 14 will be provided.
These rooms will be colourful and friendly and in the play areas, furnishings should be soft. Various textures and landscapes will be provided and in the rooms for older children, perhaps a library space and places for making.
Children of people attending counselling or a consultation will be using this space. It is important that this space is safe and friendly to ease some of the difficulty in the lives of these children.
The childcare room will be connected directly to the atrium to prevent a cross-over between patients and children. A secure buffer-zone is needed here. Their should also be some kind of aspect of outdoor play.
This part of the centre will be open during the same hours of the consultation/counselling to ensure that patients are able to make their appointments without having to worry about finding someone to look after their children.
spatial qualities - workshop/studios/learning spaces
These spaces will help people find new skills or hobbies which will give them a sense of purpose. They can also they sell their crafts in the shop, serving as a source of income and also increasing their self-esteem.
The rooms will be simple and raw to provide a clean slate for design. They will contain lots of natural light and be open and friendly. They will have windows open to the public to create interest and connectivity.
People in rehab will use these spaces primarily, however the facilities will also be open to members of the public for art/ workshop classes. They spaces could also be hired out by artists or schools.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
These rooms will be directly connected to the atrium to allow for public access.
This part of the centre will be open during wokring hours and perhaps also into the evening so residents can work on their crafts.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
spatial qualities - community hall
The community hall will serve as a space for meeting and gathering. It should bring the community together and reduce the stigma of mental health and drug abuse, creating a better community for all, in which people help each other.
The hall should be open and transparent to encourage connectivity and trust. It should also be visible from the outside to draw people into engaging with their community.
Members of the public will use this space. The space could also be hired out for events and used for larger activities or exhibitions within the centre.
Since this room needs public access, it will be connected directly to the atrium.
This part of the centre will only be opened when it is needed.
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
estimated floor areas Below are the main spaces in the scheme and their estimated floor areas. The spaces are differentiated by public / semi-public / private spaces.
public
Approximate area: 1500sqm
studios 30sqm
shop 30sqm
atrium 350sqm including circulation
music room 24sqm
classrooms 20 sqm x 2
wifi zone 20sqm
community hall 50sqm
cafe 64sqm
waiting rooms 32sqm x 3
toilets 42sqm
eating 18sqm
staff room 45sqm
private
semi-public
plaza 300sqm
counselling rooms 20sqm x 5
consultations rooms 12sqm x 3
bedrooms 10sqm x 10
kitchen 30sqm
child care 36sqm
toilets 36sqm
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
Site feasibility By overlaying similar existing projects, it is possible to find out whether a project such as this is feasible within the constraints of the site.
Maggie’s Cancer Centre ~2000sqm This centre reflects the scale of the rehabilitation part of my centre and fits well within the site with plenty of space for outdoor areas, public spaces, a cafe and a gym.
Het Anker Community Centre ~ 3000sqm This centre reflects the scale of the community part of my centre.
Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Centre, Kuch Stevenson Gibson Malo architects ~ 4200 sqm This is an example of a large scale rehabilitaion centre which still fits well within the contraints of the site.
It is clear from these exercises that the site is capable of supporting a scheme such as mine, There is ample space for a rehabilitation centre, community spaces, a fitness centre, and more.
Approximate site area: 7200 sqm
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
references
Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
websites
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Parisa Kanabar - The Edinburgh Centre for Health and Wellbeing
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