FeMENism

FEMENISM.COM

ISSUE NO. 1

feMENism EXCLUSIVE ARTICLE By Saira Desai

PURPLE HIBISCUS REVIEW | RATING

ASK FEMENISM

All the answers you need!

TRENDY 'FUTURE

IS' T'S

all information available!

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT

GENDER INÂ THE MEDIA

CONTENTS 02

EDITORS NOTES

04

ASK FEMENISM

BY KELLY MARTIN INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON GENDER VIEWS

BY KELLY MARTIN A HUB OF SEXISM

BY SCOTT MOREAU

09

11 15

17 20

CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN MEDIA BY EMILIA KOSTIRIS

28

HISTORY OF GENDER INEQUALITY BY JESSICA DOBKINS

30

GENDER STEREOTYPES IN MEDIA HAS SHAPED OUR VIEWS BY AMY VAN WYK

32

FIND THE WORD

34

NORMALISATION OF SEXISM IN THE MEDIA BY SCOTT MOREAU

36

MALE VS. FEMALE BY EMILIA KOSTIRIS

38

THE “SEX SELLS” MANIFESTO

40

CROSSWORD

44

INTERVIEW WITH RUBEN GIMNASIUM

48

BIBLIOAGRAPHY

FUTURE IS FEMALE?

BY AMY VAN WYK STATISTICS

22

FILM REVIEW

BY JESSICA DOBKINS

24

BOOK REVIEW

PAGE 2

EDITOR'S NOTE My team members and I, editor-in-chief, have been tasked with an English school project, where a magazine had to be created. The magazine that was created was revolved around the universal issue, gender inequality.Â

My team consisted of Emilia Kostiris, Scott Moreau, Jessica Dobkins, Amy van Wyk and myself, Kelly Martin. Over the duration of creating the magazine, we got to learn more about gender inequality in the media. We have researched all aspects of this topic and deepened our knowledge incredibly.

Emilia Kostiris, our copy editor, was always ready to help. She checked all of our articles, created the games for our magazine and came up with questions for our Q&A with the Swedish students from Rudbeck Gimnasium.

Scott Moreau, our social media strategist, constantly uploaded photos of our efforts within the magazine. Scott was very involved with Twitter and Instagram, where all sorts of captions, comments, questions and photos were uploaded.

Jessica Dobkins, the Designer of Femenism Magazine, assisted Emilia with creating the games for our magazine, she helped Amy van Wyk with the design of the magazine and made sure all images used had copyright permission or were original.

Amy Van Wyk, the art director of Femenism Magazine, created the whole magazine, spent hours putting it all together, created our Femenism T-shirts, referenced all photos used from the internet. Amy was a real asset to the creation of the magazine.

I, Kelly Martin, as editor-in-chief, made sure all jobs were being done. I set certain deadlines, recorded all minutes spent on the magazine creation outside of Parklands College, checked through some team members articles and reviews.

In my opinion, our magazine and teamwork was a real success. Everybody did their job correctly and put in the same amount of effort as each other. I am really happy with the turnout of Femenism Magazine.

- Kelly Martin

ASK FEMENISM ADVICE COLUMNS

NEED ADVICE ON HOW TO HANDLE GENDER INEQUALITY SITUATIONS

TREVDA | 3 EGAP

QA ADVICE COLUMN

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&

THE FOLLOWING ADVICE COLUMN CONSISTS OF QUESTIONS ASKED BY TEENAGERS THAT STRUGGLE TO GRASP THE CONCEPT OF SET GENDER ROLES TO EACH GENDER AND HOW THEY CAME ABOUT.Â

FEATURE

PAGEÂ 5

ADVICE COLUMN

Q:

ASK FEMEN ISM

By Kelly Martin Photo by Scott Moreau

FEATURE

I was on Instagram on Tuesday where I saw my friend (female) posted an inappropriate photo that was very revealing. I looked in the comments section below and all of her followers were shaming her. However, later on I saw my other friend (male) posted a revealing photo as well. I looked in the comments section below and he was receiving compliments from all of his male friends and the girls were praising him. Why are females shunned upon for posting the photos that males are encouraged to post? - Jamie Maple NOMADIC

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PAGE 6

ADVICE COLUMN

FEATURE

Dear Jamie, A:There is only one reason as to why men and women are seen differently when doing the same action. It is because of the media and society that makes an individual see things a certain way. It subliminally affects your mind, making you think that when posting a revealing photo, the man is just showing off his body and the hard work that he has put into achieving the body he has. However, as far as women go, they are seen as posting inappropriate photos in order to seek attention from others on the social media platform, Instagram. Don’t let the media affect your views on gender. Encourage gender equality when coming across the comments on each individual’s photo.

Ask Femenism xo

Q:

All my friends (girls) have over one thousand friends on Facebook. They don’t know the half of them. They believe it increases their popularity. Does it?

Should I have that many friends on Facebook to increase my popularity? I asked them, “Why would you want that many strangers on Facebook.” They replied, “It is normal for a girl to have that many friends on Facebook, regardless of who they are.” Do I have to add another 854 people that I don’t know who they even are? Please help me Ask Femenism.

- Katie Monroe Dear Katie,

A:

It is very risky having strangers on any social media platform. You do not know their intention. If you’re lucky, these people on your Facebook also want many friends, but that is often not the case. Having strangers on your Facebook friend list can increase the chance of them stealing information about you or your friends. It is very easy to simply share your location, personal information and photos that those strangers can track. Do you really want strangers or even ‘friends of friends’ to have access to this information? Do not feel pressured to fit in with your friends if you are uncomfortable in the situation.

Rather choose safety over popularity. Make the smart decision.

Ask Femenism xo NOMADIC

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PAGE 7

ADVICE COLUMN

FEATURE

Q:

I was flicking through my Snapchat stories the other day where I saw all my guy friends drinking alcohol, posting embarrassing videos of them that could destroy their chances to becoming a Prefect of 2018. My friends and I have a group on Whatsapp where all the girls were laughing at the boys about their level of intoxication. A week later, the girls got together and did the same thing, intoxicating themselves and posting embarrassing videos on Snapchat for everyone to see. All the boys on our Whatsapp group began to disgrace the girls for their actions on the weekend. Why do boys get to drink and not get shamed on, when girls do the same and are seen as being out of control and attention seekers? What do I do in a situation like this?

- David Johnson Dear David,

A:

The best way to approach the situation is to not be pressured into disgracing the girls along with your guy friends on the Whatsapp group. Rather remove yourself from the situation. You cannot change an individual’s view on gender and what they believe each gender’s roles are. You are in the advantage of the situation as you have your own view, not allowing the media to change your views on gender roles. The boys involved in shaming the girls for the actions they committed to the previous weekend, have been affected by the media subliminally, allowing for their view on gender roles to be set a certain way. Both groups in your Whatsapp chat have done the same action, it is in your hands to have your own view on the situation.

Ask Femenism xo

NOMADIC

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MAKE A DIFFERENCE NOW page 8 | photo by Korban Blignault

ARTICLE

PAGE 9

INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON GENDER VIEWS AN ARTICLE WRITTEN BY KELLY MARTIN | CAPE TOWN

INDIVIDUALS obtain their gender Y ounger teenagers are also susceptible roles through social interactions and exposure to other experiences from family, peers, work and especially the media. Genetics do not influence gender roles, however, media has the capability to influence one’s life through every aspect including fashion, behaviour and physical appearance.

Media can change an individual’s point of view and lifestyle more than genetics possibly can. he media shows individuals the set T

gender roles that should be obtained by the certain gender, from an early age. Universal stereotypes have been developed over time due to the influences of media, which have caused certain genders to act a specific way, in order to fit these generalisations. Children are far more vulnerable to gender roles through the influence of television and music. (Lantagne, 2014).

to gender roles as a certain level of maturity has not been reached, leading to those individuals being inhibited to making their own decisions, in which manner they should perceive gender roles.

T here are sufficient stereotypes that

are derived from everyday life, that a limited amount of individuals are aware of. Certain stereotypes, regarding gender roles, stem from the ratio of men to women in specific fields of the workforce and the number of men compared to the number of women in the film industry.

T he number of men compared to the number of women in certain fields of the workforce is inequitable. For instance, in the newscast industry, there are very few females employed.

However, if there are females employed, they are required to be young and attractive(T.Wood,

2017)

ARTICLE

PAGE 10

"F ithin the film industry, there are a emale newscasters are expected to W be younger, more physically attractive, and less outspoken than males,” states Julia T. Wood in the Gendered Media Article (T.Wood, 2017) Whereas, men are expected to be outspoken, have smart attire and their ages vary throughout the newscast field. This is a contributing factor to the stereotypes of men being intelligent and women being attractive.

A nother example where gender

imbalance is present, is in the national newspaper journalism industry. Men dominate the industry of newspaper journalism, whereas women play a small role in this field (Greenslade, 2011).

Roy Greenslade said, “The study found that 74% of news journalists on the nationals are men and that men also dominate political and business journalism. Somewhat less surprisingly, just 3% of sports journalists are women (Greenslade, 2011). ” This statement indicates the gender imbalance that women are experiencing.

Men are more likely to be employed, as they are known to be more ‘wise in the ways of the world,’ compared to women. This results in the universal stereotype of women being undervalued and not as intelligent as men.

limited amount of roles for women (T.Wood, 2017).

Men make up majority of the roles within movies, series or advertisements in the greater number of cases.

Women are portrayed as thin, young, incredibly dependent on men, powerless and passive characters. (T.Wood, 2017) Women are often represented as sexual objects, where women are subjects to the male’s sexual desires. Men are also seen as aggressive within the majority of movies and series. They are the dominant and aggressive characters that victimise women physically and/or emotionally abusing the female. All types of media communicate the message of women being sexual objects, whilst men are seen as dominant. Movies, series, magazines and advertisements all contribute to the stereotypes regarding gender, influencing gender views on individuals Stereotypes derive from the media, causing for gender roles to be generalised, affecting societies views on genders. Media affects an individual subliminally, allowing for gender roles to be frowned upon if the roles were to be reversed.

NMULOC NOINIPO • 11 EGAP

THE MIDDLE EAST: A HUB OF SEXISM WRITTEN BY SCOTT MOREAU Egypt, Syria, Saudi-Arabia and Qatar are just a few of many Middle Eastern countries which reek of misogyny and sexism. (Kamel L. 2014.) Thousands of women in the Middle East face hardships due solely to their sex and are denied some of their basic human rights.

The question to be asked is how in this day and age is this heinous bigotry still accepted? I am truly baffled at the fact that this is even a topic open for discussion.

Let’s start with Afghanistan. Afghanistan has countless laws, yes laws, put in place by trusted elected officials that diminish women's rights. It’s outrageous. Legally Shia husbands’ have the right to neglect and starve their wives if they don't comply to sexual demands. (McCune, E. 2014.) Another law states that patriarchal figures such as fathers and grandfathers have all children guardianship rights. (McCune, E. 2014.) If you have made it this far and still do not see anything wrong with the above mentioned, unfortunately, you contribute to the problem. And here is another law to convince you: in Afghanistan there is a law in the works to make it legal for a husband to rape his wife. She may not refuse. (Boone, J. 2009.)

SHE MAY NOT SAY NO. SHE IS HIS PROPERTY.

Both treat women as second-class citizens. In Jordan wives married to a foreign spouse are stripped of their national identity. This means if they were to have a child it does not inherit the mother’s nationality and therefore does not reap social benefits such as healthcare and education. (Listverse.

2008.) Heard of Saudi Arabia? Well although not a law, they have such strong religious beliefs that prohibit women from driving as Saudi men state that women driving “undermine social values”. (The Week UK. 2017.) The worse part is that it doesn’t stop there! Women are also forbidden from swimming, competing in sports, wearing westernised clothing and even interacting with men. Failure to comply and you could be faced with severe punishment. (The Week UK. 2017.)

I COULD GO ON FOREVER,

but my goal here is not to highlight every single cruel injustice against women in the hub of sexism, as if it were, this article would be a thesis.

Rather I would like to raise awareness about the sexism that breeds not only in the Middle East but all over the world.

We need to make noise.

We need to raise awareness.

We need to stand up for women.

NMULOC NONIPO • 21 EGAP

WHAT DO JORDAN AND LEBANON HAVE IN COMMON?

NEW IN "THE FUTURE IS" T'S

TREVDA • 31 EGAP

PHOTOS BY KORBAN BLIGNAULT

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BRINGS YOU HANDMADE, ONE OF A KIND T'S FOR

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THESE SHIRTS WERE SPECIALLY MADE TO CREATE AWARENESS THAT IS ATTAINABLE IF THE FUTURE IS FOR

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TREVDA • 41 EGAP

GENDER EQUALITY

PAGE 15 • ARTICLE

The Consequences of Gender Inequality in the Media

G

ender inequality is a certain topic that is often conversed about, but mostly it’s about complaints not solutions. This is problematic due to the fact that there are so many immense consequences that are manifested because of gender inequality in the media. It attacks the vulnerable sections of both sexes (not only women which many think are the only victims) disempowering them; which leads to a lack of performance in their truest potential. Many of the effects attack a person’s career option, body image, status, confidence and other as important aspects.

By Emilia Kostiris

PAGE 16 • ARTICLE

W

ithin media there is a constant visualization that a sex has certain job availabilities. Basic examples would be doctors are mostly men and designers are mostly woman. This deprives individuals of their dreams, they don’t strive for what they want to achieve because they can’t create an imagery of M. 2017) Subconsciously people don’t even them doing it due to these repetitive stereotypes . (McSweeney, explore the horizons of their abillities because of these restrictions and expectations. In their mind it is unordinary for them to try attempt something that society connotes to the opposite sex, so they ignore what might potentially be their passion or purpose (U.

Cambridge 2017).

I

t might just be because I am a woman, but I feel the female sex has more pressure when it comes to 2017) Not to say that men’s body images aren’t tormented with or M. body image than men (McSweeney, that media should engage more in men's imagery. But media focuses more on what women should look like or a preferred look for women. This throws many women off track and certainly some men too. The victims put all their energy and focus into how they can fit the expectations of the media instead of

A

focusing on how they can just be.

nother consequential damage of gender inequality in the media would be the impact it has on one's confidence levels. Try imagine a woman promoting ‘The Hyperloop’, an invention that is actually being

K. 2017).

Not a lot of people will take ‘this lady’ seriously due to worked on by the famous, Elon Musk (Goergia the fact that throughout decades it has mostly been men that have created new inventions or been recognized for their inventions. Because of this repetition, it has become the norm and humans don’t adjust well to deviations against what's ‘normal’. This leaves woman in a disadvantageous position because now they aren’t confident in their work. The male’s confidence is also affected because through media, it is shown that men don’t actually have feelings and that they just play around with the female’s feelings. So again, when this ‘norm’ has been deviated, it isn’t handled in the correct or most decent way. A man might get a degrading look from someone who has taken on the influences of the media and this will cause his

I

confidence to reduce

n conclusion, it is clear that the media’s portrayal of men and women have severe consequences for both genders, but more so in the case of the female sex. It is almost as though they have found a way to

effectively oppress the female mind from a young age and it is not doing humanity any favours. If women want to empower themselves, they will have to start by completely shutting out the media’s portrayals of them. As well as the males.

PAGE 17 • ARTICLE

FEMALE IS THE FUTURE? WRITTEN BY AMY VAN WYK

This battle cry has now, apparently, become the latest fashion trend.

“Future is Female”. But has this move to mainstream not harmed the real message behind this statement, maybe even reversing the role of gender inequality?

It makes sense that this catchy phrase will grab the

Everywhere it has become trendy to wear a

attention of women, as they become the main focus

plain white T with the bold text “Future is

of the future. The slogan is flattering and encourages

Female” written in the dead center. We are also

women to strive towards a ‘better’future for women,

bombarded with constant blog posts with pink

to own the future. There is a risk, however, that this

backgrounds and flowers etched on the sides

slogan will lose its true meaning because it appears

with the same slogan:

everywhere, on t-shirts and social media.

PAGE 18 • ARTICLE

There is a risk that it becomes just another meaningless blurb, loses its power and impact and quickly disappears along with all of last season's fashion items. Also, there is a risk of creating the underlying idea of competition between men and women and the need for one to dominate the other. Men and women in other words have to compete with each other for ‘The Future’. Not only may this slogan create this unwanted competition but it also does not account for anyone who identifies themselves as something other than ‘male’ or ‘female’.

Those who identify as something

other than female are not seen to have much of future according to the catch-phrase.

FUTURE IS

"Despite all the

challenges we face, I remain convinced that yes, the future is female," said Hillary Clinton, the former U.S. Secretary of State. (Alexandra Gibbs, 2017) I wonder what effect this statement will have on a young boy. Would it make him resentful, less open to the true challenges facing women in everyday life? Would it cause him to lose hope, to think that girls matter more than them? (Heather Wilhelm, 2017)

Since this message has been shoved in our faces 24/7 thanks to Social Media, this causes our end goal for Gender Equality less attainable. It may be that the focus on girls and only girls by feminist thinking has resulted in us now knowing what impact this has had on young males. It may be that as a result they are not "front and center" and that the end result will be the same for them as for women currently. I would suggest that it might be better if the slogan is changed to “The future is Ours" or "Our children of all genders and races are (Mark Sherman Ph.D., 2017) our Future.”

It is clear that EVERYONE popularizing any message can have the opposite effect of what the message Intended. Social Media trends are short lived and may reduce the message to a passing fad rather than an important social goal. Using a message like this thoughtlessly in fashion and blog posts will serve no-one's interests expect for clothing retailers and avid social media nerds. We need to pause and think about why we have the message and what it means and live our lives in a way that helps achieve the goal of the message.

THE SOUL HAS NO GENDER - Clarissa Pinkolaestes

PAGE 19 • PHOTO BY KORBAN BLIGNAULT

248 responses

The following survey was sent to grade 7-10 learners and these were the set of results we collected:

STATISTICS

No 16%

STATISTICS | Â PAGE 20

Should girls be allowed to wear trousers?

No 12%

Yes 84%

Should boys be allowed long hair?

Yes 88%

No 29%

Should genders be split in LO? No 23%

Yes 71%

Should genders be allowed piercings?

Yes 77%

Maybe 17%

No 3%

Should all types of sport be open to all genders?

Yes 80%

STATISTICS | Â PAGE 21

FILM REVIEW | PAGE 22

19

20th century women

By Jessica Dobkins

Film Review

Director Mike Mills really outdid himself in this Oscar-winning film set in the late 70s. 20th Century Women is an inspiring film that deals with a single mother who isn’t sure she is able to guide her teenage son on the right path to becoming a ‘man’. Mills concentrates the film around a variety of social, cultural, political and most importantly, gender identity concepts (Wendy Ide, 2017).

FILM REVIEW | PAGE 23

In this dramatic comedy, about the relationship between a confused teenage boy and his single mother, it challenges the stereotypical gender behaviours that people are so easily influenced by. Children are brought up believing that their gender determines what personality and interests they are expected to have. This film stars some well known actors, including Annette Bening, Elle Fanning and Greta Gerwig. The cast gives a convincing performance, portraying the themes of gender identity and the concept of masculinity.

The time period in which the film is set, the late 70s, has an influence on the relevant stereotypes that were enforced in those days. It displays the pressure that people felt to be the typical ‘nuclear family’, which refers to what society defined as ‘the perfect family life’. Jamie, the teenage son, struggles to figure out who he is and where he fits into society. It is only with the help of the mother’s female tenants, who show Jamie that there is so much more to life. This film teaches us that we are all human beings, responsible for our own emotions, feelings, and interests.

"YOU GET TO SEE HIM OUT IN THE WORLD, AS A PERSON. I NEVER WILL" - 20th Century Women Mike Mills effectively represents the impact of stereotypes on children growing up during this period. It’s specifically aimed at young boys who feel the pressure to have the typical ‘tough and masculine’ personality.

Society shouldn't have to dictate what we do in our lives according to our legal sex (Kara Barber, 2017).

RATING:

PURPLE HIBISCUSÂ 1. K e l l y M a r t i n 2. S c o t t M o r e a u 3. A m y v a n W y k 4. E m i l i a K o s t i r i s 5. J e s s i c a D o b k i n s

Ratings: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

BOOK REVIEW | PAGE 24

1.

In the novel,

Purple Hibiscus, written by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a beautiful story revolved around Kambili Achike’s development is conveyed throughout the novel. The story is set within an ancestral town called Enugu, Nigeria.

The novel progresses to a different set, Nsukka, Nigeria.

Kambili, the narrator, is a shy fifteen-year old girl who lives under the strict Catholic rules and dangers of a single story of her father, Papa Eugene. Throughout the novel, Kambili is exposed to a new way of life by her liberal aunt, Aunty Ifeoma. Kambili lives under immense pressure by Papa Eugene, the aggressive and dominant man who expects nothing less than perfection. Beatrice Achike, Kambili’s mother, performs her role in the novel as a dependent and passive figure in the Achike household. Beatrice receives an ongoing form of physical and emotional abuse from Papa Eugene. Nevertheless, she remains as Eugene’s wife throughout Purple Hibiscus. The abuse, anger and sinful behaviour is represented by the red hibiscus situated in Enugu.

In the beginning of the novel, Kambili has a loss of identity and struggles to find her own voice. She is a religious and obedient girl who is exceptionally academic, although not understanding of the Nigerian culture. Kambili and her brother, Jaja spend time with Aunty Ifeoma and their cousins in Nsukka. Kambili is exposed to other ways of living in faith whilst with her aunt. She experiences a different love that was never displayed at home in Enugu.

Kambili and Jaja are required to follow the set schedule and rules of Papa Eugene, however, over time they begin to rebel against Eugene’s regime. Kambili bloomed into a beautiful girl who eventually had a voice and freedom, representing the hybrid purple hibiscus flower.

Purple Hibiscus is an influential novel that transports the reader into the story. A relationship with the characters is created through the reading of Purple Hibiscus, allowing the reader to have certain feelings towards events occurring throughout the novel. Adichie created a novel in order to voice African experiences that are not displayed through Western media (Anon, 2017). I would highly recommend Purple Hibiscus.

Purple Hibiscus,

2.

winner of the 2005 Commonwealth Writers' Prize and the 2004 Wright Legacy Award (Cerep.ulg.ac.be. 2017.), was written by an exceptionally talented and gifted writer, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Adichie’s Bildungsroman skillfully integrates and highlights other important injustices and topics of discussion in the story such as abuse, patriarchy, feminism, proselytisation, sexism and language and identity. This fictional story portrays the development and newly found liberalism through the eyes of protagonist, 15-year-old Kambili Achike but also through her 17-year-old brother Jaja, mother Beatrice and father Eugene. Purple Hibiscus commences in media res, immediately captivating mine and many other readers’ attention.

The events of Adichie’s novel take place in three Nigerian regions; Abba, Enugu and Nsukka. (Zima 2011.) Kambili spent her childhood years under oppressive, patriarchal and dictatorial rule of her father Eugene in Enugu.

Kambili is kept away from the outside world and is seen as shy, conservative and even as snobs by classmates.

The Red Hibiscus represents the abuse, damage, dictatorship and controlled lives of the Achike family in Enugu.

Kambili and Jaja taste their first drop of freedom when Aunt Ifeoma invites them to her home in Nsukka for a couple days. (Guide, P. 2017.) While in Nsukka Kambili and Jaja are free from their controlled lifestyle in Enugu and for once are allowed to express, grow and evolve themselves. I believe a good example of this is how Kambili is able to laugh and find love in Nsukka.

BOOK REVIEW | PAGE 25

Purple Hibiscus is set in an era of post-colonialism after the defeat of colonial powers. The storyline is not in chronological order but is rather a flashback narrative that takes place from spring 1994 ending in spring 1998.

(Guide, P. 2017.) This period is split into 4 segments; Breaking Gods, Speaking With Our Spirits, The Pieces of Gods and A Different Silence. Breaking Gods focuses on the notable event that happened on Palm Sunday, the throwing of the missal. This event is said to be where the beginning of the end of the Achike family commenced. ‘Speaking With Our Spirits’ goes further back on the Achike family timeline to revisit multiple other events that lead to the happenings of Palm Sunday. (Guide, P. 2017.) ‘The Pieces of Gods’ deals with the repercussions of Eugen Achike’s actions on Palm Sunday. The last segment ‘A Different Silence’ wraps up the narrative and deals with the main characters and their lives in the present. To me, every section holds a powerful and moving message, each unique.

To conclude, Purple Hibiscus cleverly brings attention to real life social issues which faced many characters with incomprehensible hardships. (Schulz-Elsing, S. 2017.) By fighting through these hardships I believe that characters such as Kambili and Jaja beautifully transformed into young, independent and liberal people. I recommend this book to all who seek an emotionally moving written piece from a completely different point of view.

3.

Purple Hibiscus had you on the edge of your seat for almost every page.

This story draws you in and it is almost impossible to put the book down. The flower in the title of the book is a symbol of hope for the main character, Kambili. It gives her hope that freedom will blossom even after so much tragedy (Litcharts, 2017). I chose this book to write a review on because I find this book challenges the reader. This book takes you out of your comfort zone.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is the author of this novel. She started working on Purple Hibiscus while she was studying (Daria Tunca, 2004-2017). This novel is set in post-colonial Nigeria during the Civil War in the late 1960s.

Chimamanda chose to focus on family relationships and the religious and cultural ideals that are expected from the family.

In the beginning of the novel we are introduced to the narrator, a fifteen-year-old girl called Kambili. She is described as quiet and academically excellent. She looks up to her father (Eugene, also known as Papa) but fears his violent punishments. She drives herself to please him and says only things that she knows Papa will appreciate her saying. Kambili’s view on the world has been morphed because of Eugene’s strict Catholic Rules (Litcharts, 2017).

Kambili has an older brother who is a seventeen-year-old whose name is Jaja. Jaja is also strong when it comes to academics but not as quiet and distant as Kambili. Kambili’s father is a very well off factory owner and strict Catholic. Eugene has very strict rules at home and extremely high standards for his wife and children. If they don’t meet his standards, he turns to physical abuse. He sees this as a way of teaching them a lesson. Papa believes that Nigerian Culture is inferior to Western Culture (Litcharts, 2017). Kambili’s mother, Beatrice, is a silent and submissive woman who takes care of her children and never disobeys Eugene’s rule. She feels that she cannot leave Eugene as he is well off and very socially important.

Overall, this novel is highly informative but may affect you deeply as it exposes the harsh realities of abuse and religious and cultural intolerance. I highly recommend this book.

BOOK REVIEW | PAGE 26

A tremendous novel

4.

written by the South African author Chimamanda would have to be Purple Hibiscus. Something very significant in this book is the roles of the genders. There is a distinct line between superiority and inferiority (U. Cambridge 2017).

This contributes to the understanding of gender inequality and the effects of it.

The father Eugene is someone who seems respectable to many beings, but his trueness does not hold respect at all. He uses his power in the wrong way and he holds a lot of it. As his gender role as the man of the house, the alpha male, he has this assumption that he may do as he pleases. Due to gender stereotypes, his family accepts his awful behavior. They put up with his dominance even though it's harmful. He abuses his family if they don’t meet his expectations. For example Mama let Kambili eat when she wasn’t supposed to, furthermore, Papa beat mama because she didn’t do as she was told. The consequence of this gender inequality situation would be the harm towards the other gender due to the lack of confidence. She feels she can’t fight back for herself because it's not her place as the ‘inferior’ female wife. Some characters fight the gender stereotypes. For example, Ifeoma, the strong independent aunty that does not surrender to the illusional superiority of the males. Ifeoma encourages Mama Beatrice to stand her ground with Eugene. She believes in equality and that women are just as capable at anything as men are. Ifeoma’s character contrasts a lot with Mama's character with regards to following and not following stereotypes. (Walker, A. 1984) Beatrice is the good woman whereas Ifeoma is the real woman. What is evident in Beatrice’s character is how the book is a feminist work and it tests the likelihood of men to deprive the qualities of women (Walker, A. 1984). She portrays the expected African concept of a woman; one who stays silent in the face of humiliation, victimization, and brutality, so as to be perceived as a good woman. In conclusion, this book evidently shows that every African woman must oppose to the realities of her sexist culture and defend her rights (Anon, 2017).

This is, without doubt, a demanding choice filled with its personal risks but a woman needs to break the system and set up her own criterion within the society or gamble being treated as a menial for life .

5.

Purple Hibiscus,

written by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, tells the story of fifteen-year-old Kambili Achike growing up in Enugu, Nigeria. In this novel the protagonist, Kambili, and her older brother discover themselves and what life and love is like, beyond their father’s strict authority.

This beautiful storyline revolves a lot around the theme of gender inequality and Kambili’s struggle to find her own voice. Throughout the novel, both children learn to take significant steps towards discovering their own identities and beliefs. The family is forced to live under the shadow of Kambili’s father, Papa Eugene (Ranti Williams, 2004).

He is someone who expects nothing less than perfection from his family, who are surrounded by the constant pressure of his harsh authority (Poornima Apte, 2004). Kambili’s parents are two very contrasting characters who represent the main theme of male dominance and gender inequality in this book. Beatrice Achike, Kambili’s mother, is a passive figure in the household. It is clear to see her obvious dependence on her overpowering husband, even through the on going physical and mental abuse. Jaja and Kambili are both constantly searching for their father’s approval. We first begin to see a change in the children when they are sent to stay with their Aunt Ifeoma, whose house is filled with laugher and love. This is during the fall of Nigeria under military overthrow and can be used to represent the disintegration of Kambili’s family itself (Poornima Apte, 2004).

Purple Hibiscus is a moving story that is able to inspire anyone who reads about the struggling family, who work desperately to liberate themselves from the tyranny of Papa Eugene. Adichie gives a voice to gender inequality and the fight for freedom and identity. I would highly recommend this book.

BOOK REVIEW | PAGE 27

THE

HISTORY

OF

GENDER INEQUALITY

T

Throughout history, gender inequality has been an ongoing issue in all cultures and countries. All people have had to fight for their rights based on what gender they are. The actual idea of gender equality and equal rights for all genders is a relatively new concept. This concept cannot be discussed without understanding the history of the struggle for women’s rights. These two topics are intertwined, as gender inequality is largely the result of our origins tens of thousands of years ago as a patriarchal society.

Patriarchal societies have always favoured the dominance of the male gender, being viewed as rulers, protectors, businessmen and family heads. Patriarchy can be traced back to early civilizations and was a society where the power was held by and passed down through the elder males. When looking back on the positions of power thousands of years ago, gender determined a person’s importance (Linda Napikoski, 2017). Men were always associated with the head of the family unit, the leaders of social groups, the boss in the workplace and the heads of government.

Written by Jessica Dobkins

PAGE 28 | ARTICLE

The history of the movement for gender equality is often mistakenly represented as a ‘women’s rights’ movement. Being a female, up until the nineteenth century, meant you were excluded from participating in normal public life, especially in areas that involved politics, education and specific professions. Women had little to no independence, and have historically been labelled as lesser than men by being associated with inferiority in philosophical, medical and religious traditions (Jone Johnson Lewis, 2017). Women’s inferiority has appeared in many medieval writing pieces, also influencing the opinions of generations to come (Linda Napikoski, 2017).

This traditional patriarchal society ideal no longer fits into what is acceptable in today’s world. Discriminating against someone according to their gender is now against constitutional rights and written into labour laws that all genders are equal. Although a person’s gender no longer determines their role in life, signs of gender inequality can still be seen in today’s world, most commonly on social media. Social media has a great impact on what society views as acceptable, and so when gender inequality is represented it influences a person’s opinion and not always in a positive way.

The world has developed a long way from when women didn’t even have the vote. Today everyone is legally entitled to full and equal rights, regardless of their gender.

PAGE 29 | ARTICLE

GENDER STEREOTYPES IN MEDIA HAS SHAPED OUR VIEWS. Written by Amy van Wyk Firstly what are gender stereotypes? Unfortunately gender stereotypes are based on specific behaviours which are seen to be acceptable, suitable or even desirable depending on your sex. Gender stereotypes have been set because society has accepted them. (Wikipedia, 2017) This notion of what is regarded as a typical gender stereotype is changing with modern day technology and media, digital advertisements, online blogs, instagram posts, twitter accounts and more. Millions of different views and opinions now flood our media. With this, the notion of what are acceptable gender stereotypes is and will continue to evolve and change.

(Allison Lantagne, 2014) The influence of social media may therefore have a positive effect. Gender Stereotypes have resulted in people who act outside of their designated gender stereotype being shunned by their peers or the rest of society, or even persecuted, victimized or incarcerated. Social Media has challenged the traditional gender stereotypes and has created and shaped people’s opinions allowing greater acceptance of the fact that there are numerous gender types and behaviors.

PAGE 30 | ARTICLE

Unfortunately most media posts specifically target either the ‘male’ or ‘female’ and make no allowance for any other gender types. The male stereotype is presented as the macho, bruiser persona. So posts associate themselves with stereotypical male characteristics. So, for example, posts targeted at males tend to have a color scheme of blues, greys and blacks, (because unfortunately society has given colours genders) and have bold rigid strong text (social mediests tend to use this layout as it is seen as ‘less girly’). With these posts the typical photo of a male shirtless with massive muscles and stubble on his face is present. This photo is placed there because, “that is what men are meant to look like”. Males who do not conform with this stereotype are often seen as “queer” or “feminine”. Why can’t masculinity be classified as something else rather than a man a carrying heavy loads with popping biceps? Maybe it is because society has decided that to be male is to be this idealized being, even though very few men comply with this stereotype. Clearly, this stereotype is unrealistic and not the ‘norm’.

For a female the societal norm is to be girlish in everything they do, from dressing in a soft and graceful manner to plastering pink eyeshadow on, because you know ‘pink is a girl colour’. Posts that are directed at females tend to have sleek, thin and tall women with lacey underwear on, sexualizing even the simplest thing like a can of soda. Women that do not fit the ideal that society has selected are seen to be anything from plain to butch and unladylike. Society has warped our minds in such a way that we tend to look at people strangely if they don’t fit the norm. Once again, most women do not fit this media norm. It is unrealistic and unreal. (Malgorzata Wolska, 2011) The body image stereotyping practice is also carried through into gender stereotyping. Our society and media generally do not recognize more than two genders. Anyone outside this mold is regarded as "alternative" or strange or experimental. What is clear though is that the traditional view of gender stereotypes is as unrealistic and unreal as body image typing. No male or female fits perfectly within a male or female gender stereotype. Increasingly there is an acceptance that, for example, males can use make-up, have a skin care routine etc. Increasingly there is acceptance of females with ambition, guts, aggression, and drive etc. – qualities that were seen as "unladylike" a few decades ago.

We are all different. We share some characteristics but not all. The sooner we accept this, the sooner we can be truly who we are.

PAGE 31 | ARTICLE

PAGE 32 | GAME

FIND THE WORD

PAGE 33 | GAME

FIND THE WORD Equality Female Gay Gender Homosexual Human Lesbian Male Pansexual Sexuality Transgender Transsexual

NORMALISATION OF SEXISM IN THE MEDIA

We see it everywhere; in our music, in real life and of course throughout the media. The ‘it’ I am referring to is sexism. Why is it that sexism is being normalised in almost everything we see?

Here’s why. We as a society, male and female, have enabled, normalised and in some cases embraced it.

The reason society is to blame and not one sex specifically is because both have contributed in their own ways. In music for example, songs of many genres, typically Hip-Hop/Rap which recently became the most popular genre of music in U.S. (XXL Mag. 2017). contain ample amounts of sexism. Such songs are being performed by mega stars with millions of followers all around the world. These mega stars, male and female, release songs that are riddled with vulgar sexist remarks which hypersuxualise and denigrate women. Take male artist Big Sean’s song, “I Don’t F*ck With You ft. E-40” for example. It has over 240 million views on YouTube and contains lyrics that degrade women to a pulp by sexually exploiting them in a vulgar language. Here is a sickening example, “B**ch I don't give a f**k about you or anything that you do”. (YouTube 2017).

Is your sexist radar pinging yet?

Written by Scott Moreau PAGE 34 | ARTICLE

I would like to make it very clear however that both sexes can be sexist. Women can be held just as accountable regarding the normalisation of sexism as men. An example of this is female artist Nicki Minaj’s song, called Anaconda. Nicki’s lyrics hypersexualise women and promotes the normalisation of sexism. The lyrics contain the same amount, if not more, of the vulgar language in Big Sean’s song mentioned previously. (Genius.

2017). These are some of the many lyrics that are being promoted by the media across multiple platforms and heard by millions upon millions of people ranging from kids to adults. By supporting and listening to such music our society is normalising sexism and in turn we are being subconsciously conditioned to it.

Sexism has its fingers tightly wrapped around multiple other platforms of media and it is affecting our younger generation of women as they are being portrayed in a manner that cultivates it. Take Daily Mail for example, a well-established news platform, which recently went under fire for making sexist news headline after a pinnacle meeting between Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May regarding the future of the United Kingdom.

The headline read; “Never mind Brexit, who won Legs-it!”. (Malkin, B. 2017). The irony in this is that even though both these women are strong, intelligent and powerful leaders who were making decisions about the UK’s future, their legs were still the focal point. You would think this headline was grabbed from an article of the 1950s. Keep in mind this was on the front page of Daily Mail News for millions of people to read (Mail Online 2017). and to be subconsciously conditioned to sexism.

The problem here is that the way the women are being portrayed throughout the media is affecting their everyday lives and is normalising sexism. We as a society cannot let this bigotry go any further. What we need is change, and the time for change, is now.

PAGE 35 | ARTICLE

WRITTEN BY EMILIA KOSTIRIS PAGE 08

MALE vs.

FEMALE As much as we are fixing this fault, which is gender equality, there still exists that unfairness towards the different genders.

B U R P I N G

I N

S E X

S W O P

P U B L I C

C L O T H I N G

There has been many scenarios when a posting of a video of a girl burping in public has had disgusting remarks because it is ‘unlady like’.

Whereas when men burp it is looked at as funny or celebrated if loud.

It is very usual for a girl to shop in the boys section and wear the guy clothes because it is ‘hipster’.

Majority of people do not frown upon girls for wearing male clothing. If a guy had to wear female clothing, he will most probably get non stop judgement. I cannot say I can see a guy wearing a skirt (besides traditional scottish men), but maybe something like women’s jeans, men would definitely get judgement for that.

PAGE 36 | ARTICLE

H A I R

B O D Y

A lady with armpit hair. How did that statement make you feel? I can bet it probably put you off or made you pull a face. Nowadays, girls are pushing for it to be acceptable, but thousands of people just despise it. Men, on the other hand, can be as hairy as they want and it is completely natural, girls do naturally grow hair by the way. Sometimes men do get shamed if they have shaved, which is also unfair because society says it is fine for girls to do it, but then boys can’t.

G I R L S

G E T

R E V E A L

M O R E

U N L I K E

J U D G E M E N T

W H E N

T H E Y

B O Y S

On social media like Facebook and Instagram, it is most definite that girls will get more judgement than guys for posting a picture in their swimsuit. Girls get shamed quite often for doing this because it is too revealing and men don’t get any remarks generally. This is unfair because they are both doing the same thing, but people perceive the gender roles differently and furthermore provide different judgements towards them.

M E N ’ S

S P O R T

W O M A N ’ S

T E L E V I S E D

M O R E

T H A N

S P O R T

On every sports channels, what is the generic program you’ll see? That’s right. Male sport.

For some reason men’s sport has more focus towards than women’s sport, there is no balance of appreciation. Both genders work as equally hard for their success. In the New Times newspaper, the headline was an olympic male runner who placed third and all his information and the heading was bold and had all your attention. Meanwhile a female olympic runner that had actually won her race was in small writing on the side and her success had basically been belittled because of the difference of focus on each gender’s achievements.

PAGE 37 | ARTICLE

THE“SEX SELLS” MANIFESTO HOW THE MEDIA HAS EXPLOITED FEMALE EMPOWERMENT

BY SAIRA DESAI

She is sweaty, with her red-painted mouth wide open and a bottle of perfume resting between her large breasts. No, this is not a crude scene from cheap online porn but a 2007 ad for Tom Ford’s fragrance for men. Before being banned, this advertisement, along with an even more vulgar one of a naked woman lying with the bottle now placed between her legs, donned the pages of elite magazines such as Vogue and Vanity Fair to promote the perfume. Though extreme, its portrayal of women being used as sexual objects is not unique.

Today, it has become near impossible to even casually flip through a magazine without being accosted with images of women dressed scantily to promote some clothing line, new perfume or designer handbag. In addition to being ironic that these women are near naked to advertise clothing, these ads highlight the mindset the media has developed that women should only be shown to be sexy or, at the very least, a socially accepted degree of attractive. This has spread from underwear ads to all brands advertising female clothing or lifestyle products. An example of this is a 2013 American Apparel ad which portrays a woman posing on an unmade bed with her legs in the air wearing a sweater, and nothing else. Here, a seemingly made twisted innocent item of clothing made to look “hotter”. (was in passive voice) The most frequent counter-argument to claims that female media portrayal is too sexual is calling such ads expressions of the female body or depictions of women embracing their sexuality. While I, of course, believe that women should be able to wear whatever they want to, the media, despite these contrary claims, does not. Instead, it is clear that they believe that women can only wear less. Even magazine covers have celebrities showing excesses of cleavage in tight dresses and, while this is perfectly alright, the fact that this is all that these women can wear, is not.

Furthermore, these conventions certainly do not apply to men. Yes, the cover of magazines such as Men’s Health do display young and attractive shirtless men with six-pack abs but this is not true for every ad or magazine cover that features a man.

For example, David Beckham appears entirely clothed on the covers of Maxwell, Harper’s Bazaar, Time, Vogue, Elle and more than twelve different GQs. His wife, Victoria Beckham, however, is almost always wearing tight clothing or posing in a seductive manner. One cover for Elle goes so far as to have her lying on a sofa wearing lingerie while eating a tray of desserts. This makes it quite evident that men and women are not given the same level of respect or personal preference in the media.

PAGE 38 | EXCLUSIVE ARTICLE

What is perhaps more frightening, particularly for our generation, is the increasing sexualization of young teenage girls. A frightening example of this is 2011 Marc Jacobs ad for the perfume Oh, Lola!. Not only does the name of this perfume have eerily similarities to the novel Lolita, a book, which centres on a man infatuated with his twelve-year-old daughter, the ad showed the then-teenage Dakota Fanning wearing a sheer dress with a large bottle of the perfume between her legs. Adverts are now showing young girls in sexual positions and this, not only maintains the view that women can only be objects for sex, but it gives other young girls the idea that this is what they should aspire for. I know that, personally, I once had the misconception that being a “proper” and “sexy” woman could only entail revealing clothing, copious amounts of makeup and six-inch heels. This is not surprising given the number of magazine covers and adverts that had engrained this very idea in me throughout my life.

Women who have tried to break away from normal media depictions have faced sexist and rude comments rather than commendation for promoting the idea that women can be independent and ambitious. Hillary Clinton, former US Secretary of State, has appeared on the cover of countless magazines throughout her political career and time as First Lady. However, these covers, which usually show her dressed in suits, have been called “unwomanly” and she herself has been declared a “feminazi” both for her appearance and her desire to continue working instead of becoming a house-wife.

Moreover, women are frequently shown to be powerless and submissive in the media which only serves to suggest that women are at the mercy of men. Not only does this encourage the beliefs that men are “better” than women, it also conveys the idea that they have the right to control or dominate women as well. A 2007 Dolce & Gabbana advert which showed a woman being held down by a shirtless man while three other men watched made this degrading notion apparent and was eventually banned for promoting rape culture. While it is satisfying to know it was quickly removed from the market, the very fact that a group of marketing executives sat down and agreed to such an advert is appalling and shows that views of women in the media have not really changed in the last fifty years. This absence of progress is even more pathetic when we look back at the feminist movement of the ‘60’s and ‘70’s where a woman’s right to embrace her sexuality was painstakingly fought for by hundreds of thousands of women. For a board room full of men to twist this achievement to make money and reassert their power is truly disgusting.

Overall, the crude Tom Ford ad, which was most likely intended to entice men to buy perfume, stands as a symbol for how the media sees women as being there simply to show off their bodies and pose for the camera with alluring doe eyes. This is an issue, which is so ingrained in this business that it will take many more decades to fully eradicate and, while I am not calling for women around the world to boycott magazines and brands which show women as sexual objects (although I doubt I will ever buy a Tom Ford product), it is essential for the teenagers of our generation to not simply sigh in defeat and say that “sex sells” but to instead strive to change these ideas so that the next generation of young girls will not feel that they have to appear submissive while wearing little clothing to be a “real” woman or look like their favourite celebrity.

PAGE 39 | EXCLUSIVE ARTICLE

C R O S S 2.

1.

3.

4.

5.

6.

9.

7.

10.

11.

8.

12.

13.

14.

15.

GAMES | PAGE 40

W O R D

Q U E S T I O N S

DOWN Referring to prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, on the basis of gender.

1.

Lower in rank, status or quality

4.

Having qualities or appearance traditionally associated with men.

7.

Treatment where favouritism does not take place.

8.

A person who doesn’t experience any sexual attraction..

11.

A set and oversimplified image or idea of a certain type of thing or person

12.

Having qualities or an appearance traditionally associated with women, especially delicacy and prettiness

13.

A situation where different elements are equal or in the correct proportions... .

14.

GAMES | PAGE 41

Q U E S T I O N S

ACROSS 2.

3.

5.

6.

9.

10.

An expected level of quality or fulfillment.

Higher in rank, status or quality.

A variety of people that live together and have a certain characteristic in common.

A person who is attracted to individuals of all gender identities and any biological sex.

The absence of equality.

Having a doable and reasonable idea of what can be achieved .

GAMES | PAGE 42

A N S W E R S CROSSWORD 1.

2.

Sexism

9.

Standards 10.

3.

Superior 11.

4.

Inferior 12.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Community Pansexual Masculine Fairness

GAMES | PAGE 43

13.

14.

15.

Inequality Realistic Asexual Stereotype Feminine Balance Caitlin Jenner .

PAGE 44 | INTERVIEW

RUDBECK GIMNASIUM

EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH SWEDISH STUDENT FROM STOCKHOLM

feMENism:

RG:

Why do you think females receive more pressure from the median than men do?

When girls constantly get exposed to images of models both in commercial and online, it sets a beauty standard that vast majority of girls can't live up to. Men can also receive a similar pressure, but I think that girls start to care how they look at an earlier age than boys.

PAGE 45 Â | Â INTERVIEW

feMENism:

RG:

feMENism:

RG:

Do you think females are taken advantage of the entertainment business more so than males because the males see them as inferior?

I don't think so because from what I can tell almost no men see women as inferior.

Do you think that there should be more mixed gender sports teams?

No, at least not at a professional level. Like I said in my previous answer, due to biological differences between male and female athletes, mixed gender teams just wouldn't be fair.

feMENism:

Growing up, boys and girls usually play with different toys. For example; boys play with cars and girls play with dolls. Do you think this stereotype should be encouraged by parents?

RG:

No, I think children should be able to play with any toys they want.

PAGE 46 | INTERVIEW

feMENism:

RG:

Do you think the male should still be most powerful in the household even with changes happening in society with relation to equalising the gender roles?

There shouldn't be one person who is the most powerful in each household. I think both partners should have an equal amount of power.

feMENism:

Comment on the environment of the workplace if gender separation did not take place.

RG:

The environment would be more equal because both genders could work together. I also think that it would be more productive.

feMENism:

RG:

why do you think men's sport is more televised than women's sport?

It is more televised because in sports where physical strength and speed matter, most people would prefer the men's competition because biologically speaking, male athletes are stronger and faster than female athletes.

PATH TO SUCCESS

by Chase Fredericks

PAGE 47

PAGE 48

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