Conservacion y bienestar animal by Parque Jaime Duque

Publicación del Parque Jaime Duque - Bioparque Wakatá

ISSN: 2500-6231 (En línea)

Número 3 / Junio 2018

Título: Revista de Conservación y Bienestar Animal Publicación: N° 3 Fecha: Junio, 2018, Tocancipá Periodicidad de la publicación: Semestral Editor: Catalina Rodríguez Álvarez Editorial: Parque Jaime Duque Diseño y diagaramación: Comunicaciones Parque Jaime Duque Fotografía de portada: Maria Angelica Velásquez Fotografía de contraportada: Maria Angelica Velásquez

www.parquejaimeduque.com Km 34 Autopista Norte, Tocancipá - Cundinamarca PBX 6200681

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EVIDENCIAS FÍSICAS DE LAS PROPUESTAS Y ACTIVIDADES DE ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL EN UN MONO AULLADOR EN EL ZOOLÓGICO DE CALI EN PRO DE MEJORAR SU CALIDAD DE VIDA SALDAÑA, Yamileth, Fundación Zoológica de Cali SÁNCHEZ QUINTERO, Jorge Iván, Fundacion Zoologica de Cali GIRÓN FLOREZ., Adriana, Fundacion Zoologica de Cali

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT WORKSHOP FOR KIDS ALZOLA, Carla Iris, Jardín Zoológico y Botánico de la cuidad de La Plata

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FROM ZOO TO IN-SITU: TRANSFERRING ENRICHMENT SKILLS TO THE FIELD. MCLAREN, Deleece, Paignton Zoo

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A FURTHER STEP IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PRESA, Maria Florencia, Fundacion Temaiken

INTRODUCTION OF ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN MONKEY CENTRE FUJIMORI, Yui, Japan Monkey Centre WATANUKI, Koshiro, Japan Monkey Centre

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT TO OPTIMIZE BEHAVIORAL DIVERSITY MILLER, Lance, Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo

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TO FEAR OR NOT TO FEAR – ENRICHING THE LIVES OF CAPTIVE WOLVES THROUGH SOCIALIZATION KIIROJA, Laura, University of Tartu

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EFFECTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA GROUP (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) MAINTAINED IN LOROPARQUE ZOO BOHÓRQUEZ ALONSO, Martha Lucia, Universidad de La Laguna

COGNITIVE ENRICHMENT: SOCIAL LEARNING AND RESOLUTION OF A PROBLEM IN MARMOSETS AND KEAS MOLINA BORJA, Miguel, Universidad de La Laguna SÁNCHEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Paula, Universidad de La Laguna BOHÓRQUEZ ALONSO, Martha, Universidad de La Laguna

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ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL‚ MÁS QUE PONER PIÑATAS UNA PERSPECTIVA ACTUAL Y SUS FUTUROS ALCANCES TZUC SALINAS, Ángel Josué, Jardín Zoológico Payo Obispo

COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENTS TO INCREASE BEHAVIORAL DIVERSITY OF TWO SPECIES OF FELINE LIVING IN SMALL ENCLOSURES. OKABE, Kota, Kyoto City Zoo YAMANASHI, Yumi, Kyoto University SUDA-HASHIMOTO, Naoko, Kyoto University OGURA, Tadatoshi, Kitasato University HAGIWARA, Shin’ Taro, Fukuyama City Zoo MITSUYA, Shiori, Kyoto City Zoo YAMAZAKI, Saika, Tama Zoological Park

OLFACTORY ENRICHMENT FOR THREE CARNIVORES: SMELL‚ SOCIALITY‚ AND PHYLOGENY OGURA, Tadatoshi, Kitasato University SUHARA, Mika, Kitasato University TAKAHASHI, Seira, Kitasato University

STRESS IN MALE JAPANESE MACAQUES LIVING IN VEGETATED AND NON-VEGETATED ENCLOSURES PASTRANA, Josue Alejandro.

MIXED-PRIMATE ENCLOSURES: FOUR CASES AT JAPAN MONKEY CENTRE WATANUKI, Koshiro, Kyoto University / Japan Monkey Centre

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OLFACTORY ENRICHMENT FOR THREE CARNIVORES: SMELL‚ SOCIALITY‚ AND PHYLOGENY OGURA, Tadatoshi, Kitasato University SUHARA, Mika, Kitasato University TAKAHASHI, Seira, Kitasato University

MIXED-PRIMATE ENCLOSURES: FOUR CASES AT JAPAN MONKEY CENTRE WATANUKI, Koshiro, Kyoto University / Japan Monkey Centre

EXPERIENCIAS DE ENRIQUECIMIENTO EN CÓNDORES ANDINOS EN CAUTIVERIO. PROYECTO CÓNDOR HUASI‚ ZULETA‚ ECUADOR POTAUFEU, Yann, Fundacion Galo Plaza Lasso

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT FOR FACILITATING BEHAVIORAL ACQUISITION IN CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES: MAINTAINING BEHAVIORAL DIVERSITY AMONG ZOO POPULATION YAMANASHI, Yumi, Kyoto University MATSUNAGA, Masayuki, Kyoto City Zoo ITO, Fumio, Kyoto City Zoo BANDO, Haruna, Kyoto City Zoo SHIMADA, Kanae, Kyoto City Zoo MIZUNO, Akihiro, Kyoto City Zoo KADO, Ryuichiro, Kyoto City Zoo TANAKA, Masayuki, Kyoto City Zoo

BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS AND LEVELS OF CORTISOL IN A GROUP OF JAGUARS AND A GROUP OF PUMAS AT BIOPARQUE WAKATÁ Rodríguez Álvarez, Catalina, Bioparque Wakatá – Parque Jaime Duque Arias Bernal, Leonardo, Bioparque Wakatá – Parque Jaime Duque

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AROMATERAPIA COMO ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL OLFATIVO Y TERAPIA COMPLEMENTARIA DE SALUD ANIMAL EN EL BIOPARQUE WAKATÁ Basa, Diego, Bioparque Wakatá – Parque Jaime Duque

PROMOCIÓN DEL USO DE HÁBITAT A TRAVÉS DEL ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL EN UN TIGRE EN EL BIOPARQUE WAKTÁ. Velásquez, María Angélica, Bioparque Wakatá – Parque Jaime Duque

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IT’S ALL ABOUT CONTROL Conscious Behaviour Management Gabrielle Harris - SAAMBR Frantisek Susta - Prague Zoo

THE BALANCE BETWEEN ENRICHMENT AND TRAINING Margaret R Hawkins, Taronga Conservation Society Australia

A PERSPECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT: WHAT WORKS, WHAT DOES NOT WORK, AND WAYS TO MOVE FORWARD David Shepherdson Ph.D. - Oregon Zoo

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R YOU GOING TO EVALUATE YOUR OBSERVATIONS? VISUALISING AND ANALYSING ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT DATA IN THE R STATISTICAL PROGRAM Thomas Quirke

Conservaciรณn y Bienestar Animal

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Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

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he moment we decide to work with animals we take on a huge responsibility for their welfare. It is no secret that environmental enrichment is a practice that helps ensure both the behavioral and physical well-being of animals under our care, but science advances and with it the knowledge we have about species, so environmental enrichment should also advance, aiming to achieve a better quality of life for animals. The Shape of Enrichment is an organization that promotes the exchange of ideas around environmental enrichment, and every two years leads the International Conference on Environmental Enrichment. Jaime Duque Park had the honor of hosting the 13th Conference in 2017 and this issue is dedicated to presenting the abstracts of the talks that were part of this event. We want to thank all the attendees for their participation, and we are extremely grateful for a week full of learning. Catalina Rodríguez Álvarez Directora de Conservación y Educación

Conservaciรณn y Bienestar Animal

MEMORIAS 3

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

EVIDENCIAS FÍSICAS DE LAS PROPUESTAS Y ACTIVIDADES DE ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL EN UN MONO AULLADOR EN EL ZOOLÓGICO DE CALI EN PRO DE MEJORAR SU CALIDAD DE VIDA

SALDAÑA, Yamileth, Fundacion Zoologica de Cali SÁNCHEZ QUINTERO, Jorge Iván, Fundacion Zoologica de Cali GIRÓN FLOREZ., Adriana, Fundacion Zoologica de Cali Contact information: adrigironflorez@yahoo.es

odo el equipo de la Unidad de Bienestar Animal del Zoológico de Cali debe contribuir al éxito del programa de manejo del comportamiento‚ demostrando el compromiso que tienen para garantizar día tras día el más alto nivel de cuidado a nuestros animales y mejorando la experiencia de los visitantes. Adicionalmente a través de procesos de formación se busca lograr la comprensión de la importancia del enriquecimiento ambiental y entrenamiento en la calidad de vida de los animales y el equipo de trabajo. Para el zoológico de Cali es muy importante la calidad de vida de los animales que alberga‚ para el equipo en general todos nuestros animales tienen que contar con los mayores niveles de calidad de vida‚ así es que no se discrimina entre animales de exhibición y animales fuera de exhibición‚ aquí todos los animales tienen los mismos derechos de gozar de iguales condiciones de bienestar‚ garantizándoles salud‚ nutrición‚ ENRIQUECIMIENTO y entrenamiento‚ de manera permanente. Vicente o Rojo‚ es un mono aullador con 7 años y 4 meses‚ de conducta tranquila‚ que recibe comida directamente de la mano‚ se sienta y se deja tocar las manos‚ se interesa mucho por el forraje como nacedero‚ cacahuate‚ al igual que frutas. Realmente es un animal receptivo para trabajar con él‚ el problema surge cuando desarrolla un alto grado de Estereotipia‚ el cual se trató con mucho enriquecimiento (alimenticio‚ estructural y sensorial) y entrenamiento‚ mejorando significativamente este problema conductual y su calidad de vida‚ hasta el punto de trasladarlo a la fundación ECOSANTAFE‚ donde pudo reunirse con más individuos de su especie. Para todo el equipo es una historia feliz donde prima la importancia del bienestar de nuestros animales‚ sin importar su edad‚ especie‚ lugar en el que se encuentren‚ dejando a un lado el EGO y la SOBERBIA

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT WORKSHOP FOR KIDS ALZOLA, Carla Iris, Jardín Zoológico y Botánico de la cuidad de La Plata Contact information: carla.alzola@hotmail.com

Proposal: The proposal is that the children take a solidarity and altruistic attitude toward the animals and their surroundings, working in a team where responsibility and commitment are practiced. Objectives of the workshop: Acquire knowledge of biology and animal behavior, underlining the difference of life in nature and the needs of these under human care. Develop observation to analyze the need for animals to plan enrichment properly. Learn to work as a team in a common task on an altruistic goal. Investigate the impact of man on nature (deforestation, extinction of native animal and vegetable species, mascotism, illegal hunting, etc.) Development:

theoretical class is proposed where the meaning of environmental enrichment is read. Once acquired this, the objectives of the same, the different types are developed and as is the plan to carry it out together with the security protocol. Then an analysis of “the five freedoms” is made and the knowledge of the biology, and the animal behaviors is incorporated in both free life and human care. The next task is to observe the behavior of the animal, or group of animals to be able to do the corresponding enrichment. Once this task is completed, the design (which is approved by the areas of caregivers, veterinary and biology), the preparation and delivery of the same. When they are delivered, if they contain food, they are placed in the moment to be fresh. Enrichments are entered into the environment by a caregiver. The children accompany at all times with observation sheets to have a record of before, during and after the proposal. They also register with cameras. To complete the task, an evaluation and correction (if necessary) should be made to improve the initiative. 5

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

References:

Khoshen, H. (2013) Enriquecimiento y Bienestar Animal de Mamíferos en Cautiverio para Centro y Sur de América. Panamá: Creative Commons. Girón, A. (2001). El Enriquecimiento Ambiental. Cali: Fundación Zoológico de Cali. Bascheto, F. (2000). Repasando los Zoológicos en la Argentina. Argentina: Editorial Dunken. Blasco, A. (2011). Ética y Bienestar Animal. Madrid: Editorial Akal. Díaz, M (1994) Manual para la manipulación de mamíferos silvestre en cautiverio. Venezuela: Fundación Nacional de Parques Zoológicos y Acuarios.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

FROM ZOO TO IN-SITU: TRANSFERRING ENRICHMENT SKILLS TO THE FIELD. MCLAREN, Deleece, Paignton Zoo Contact information: deleece.mclaren@hotmail.co.uk

he Variegated spider monkey Ateles hybridus is a critically endangered primate and on the IUCN red list‚ it also listed as one of the top 25 primates in peril. After visiting Proyecto mono arana in Venezuela 2015‚ to assist in conducting behavioural research‚ I was asked to help with a young female rescued spider monkey they had for rehabilitation. A few aspects Included giving advice on diet and enclosure design in addition to one aspect I trialled whilst there was implanting basic enrichment concepts. The initial ideas were to engage her in activities not previous experienced and changing her daily activity from a ‘pet’ like role to animal that had some basic understanding of more complex food obtainment and stimulating the mind. This would be the basis of her rehabilitation for future concerted efforts for possible release back into the wild. These ideas were devised from the knowledge gained working at Paignton zoo. We provide an innovative enrichment programme for a range of species‚ particularly our primates. By utilising some basic ideas from the knowledge gained working in this institution‚ I was able to bring some of these concepts to benefit the life of an animal that had‚ had a somewhat traumatic life and no previous enrichment encounters.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

A FURTHER STEP IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PRESA, Maria Florencia, Fundacion Temaiken Contact information: fpresa@temaiken.org.ar

he Behavioral Husbandry Area should base its daily work on a comprehensive philosophy of animal management. Providing the highest level in animal care through enrichment and training for the animals must be our main goal. However‚ through constant challenge is the best way to provide the most suitable techniques in enrichment to improve the animal’s welfare. Even if we all know the definition of enrichment‚ in different opportunities we cannot recognize whether the applied enrichment stimulates behaviors which are proper of the species we are working with and if it actually achieves our goals. Several times we ask ourselves what material is the best to be used‚ instead of thinking what it really is that I need to stimulate in this animal. We might even have forgotten to observe the interaction with enrichment and‚ in consequence‚ we will not have enough information to plan the next enrichment scheme. Enrichment cannot be thought as a group of objects‚ but should be taken in an integral way (environment/social group/forage/type of enrichment/ stimulation/training/etc). It must produce changes in our animals. The environmental enrichment program should be a proactive one and include development of clear goals‚ observation; questions and answers should be made about the applied enrichment techniques and about the results on behavioral stimulation.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

INTRODUCTION OF ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN MONKEY CENTRE FUJIMORI, Yui, Japan Monkey Centre WATANUKI, Koshiro, Japan Monkey Centre Contact information: fujimori.yui@gmail.com

apan Monkey Centre (JMC) is a museum and zoo for nonhuman primates. There are over sixty different species and over nine hundred individuals in our zoo. JMC was founded and managed by a local private company in 1956‚ and become a Public Interest Incorporated Foundation in 2014. From then‚ we pour our more effort into not only education or research but also animal welfare than we had so far. To promote the animal welfare‚ we held study seminars with Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (KUPRI) that located adjacent JMC. Researchers and caretakers of KUPRI also presented many recent scientific findings on primatology and animal welfare. We do not have the specific section for enrichment‚ so the seminar substitutes it. The seminars were consisted of two parts. The first part was primatology session. One or two of the members talked about habitat‚ ecology or research of primates. We deepened our knowledge and understanding of primates in this session. The second part was the environmental enrichment session. In this session‚ we decided main subject in each session and implemented workshops in accordance to each subject. We learned concept‚ practical example and evaluate method of environmental enrichment. Moreover we actually made feeders or hammocks for primates and corded the animal behavioral date from video which recorded beforehand. After learning session‚ we carried out various enrichment for our animals and made presentations about his/her activity at the seminar. Furthermore‚ we make efforts to let visitors know the animal welfare or the environmental enrichment through the objects or the events at our zoo. I’d like to introduce our activities in this session.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT TO OPTIMIZE BEHAVIORAL DIVERSITY MILLER, Lance, Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo Contact information: lance.miller@czs.org

istorically‚ environmental enrichment has been used to either increase species appropriate behavior or decrease abnormal or stereotypic behavior. However‚ are we meeting the behavioral needs of the animals under our care? Recent evidence suggests that behavioral diversity may be a positive indicator of animal welfare. If animals have Low levels of behavioral diversity they are likely either engaged in stereotypic behavior or lethargic. On the other hand‚ animals with high levels of behavioral diversity may be in a positive state of welfare. The presentation will highlight some historic efforts regarding environmental enrichment‚ what has worked well‚ what hasn’t‚ and some possibilities for moving into the future. With sound science we can better understand the behavioral needs of the animals under our care and ensure our environmental enrichment programs are providing the opportunities for animals to engage in the behaviors they are motivated to perform. Through environmental enrichment we can hopefully optimize behavioral diversity to help ensure animals are in a positive state of animal welfare.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

TO FEAR OR NOT TO FEAR – ENRICHING THE LIVES OF CAPTIVE WOLVES THROUGH SOCIALIZATION KIIROJA, Laura, University of Tartu Contact information: laurakiiroja@gmail.com

olves give rise to controversy both in the wild and in captivity. Due to their innate fear of humans and neophobia‚ captive wolves are notorious for persistent escape attempts‚ selfdestructive behaviours‚ stereotypical behaviour and over-all suffering. The negative effect of human presence far outweighs the potential benefit of any attempted enrichment. Socialization with humans makes the wolves more suitable for living in captivity by reducing their fear of humans. Although proven effective‚ it is widely unknown and often misunderstood as a method of improving welfare. In this paper‚ an interdisciplinary approach is used to explain the proper methodology and benefits of socialization of species with high fear of humans. The author suggests that a zoosemiotic approach complements mainstream ethological knowledge in human–animal interactions and is capable of advancing animal welfare. The theoretical contribution will be supported by the author’s practical experiences with socialization of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in USA and Germany. Additionally‚ semi-structured interviews with world-recognized experts have been conducted. The study explains how proper socialization aims to change the human’s significance in the animal’s Umwelt from enemy to social partner. This requires hand-raising‚ comprehensive desensitization‚ using consistently non-confrontational methods of handling‚ positive reinforcement training and effective inter-specific communication. Socialization enables significantly better veterinary care‚ less stressful effect of husbandry routines and visitors‚ and provides ample opportunities for enrichment. Abundant practical examples prove how positive humananimal relationships enable enrichment within various kinds of keeper/ visitor-animal interaction. Avoiding constant fear enables the animal to display a wider range of species-specific behaviours‚ benefiting both animal welfare‚ behavioural research and education. The paper concludes that socialization is a valuable method of improving animal welfare and should evolve into a norm in future captive wolf management. Even more‚ good socialization is fundamental for successful enrichment and training of wolves.

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EFFECTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA GROUP (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) MAINTAINED IN LOROPARQUE ZOO BOHÓRQUEZ ALONSO, Martha Lucia, Universidad de La Laguna Contact information: mlbohor@ull.edu.es

nvironmental enrichment is considered to be a need for animals kept in different types of enclosures‚ including zoos. As part of a European cooperative program‚ a group of male western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is maintained in a large outdoor exhibition of Loro Parque Zoo. Several enrichment elements are being routinely applied‚ but keepers report a reduction in gorilla activity after their first feeding bout in the early morning. Therefore‚ a new enrichment element was implemented consisting of scattering food (unusual food items provided at around 12.00 h) throughout the enclosure from roofs close to it. To detect the effect of this new enrichment‚ we video-recorded gorilla’s behaviour in three moments of the day: before‚ during and after the application of “scattering food” and along a three month period. From a detailed revision of recorded videos we detected and described the behaviour patterns shown by each of the gorillas. These were subsequently grouped according to their function in the categories of “maintenance”‚ “locomotion”‚ “eating” and “aggression”. After calculating relative frequencies of each category‚ we compared them between the three experimental periods by means of a non-parametric test. Results show that the most frequent behavior categories recorded across all recording sessions were “maintenance” and “locomotion”. “Eating” was significantly more frequent before scattering food than in the other two time periods. “Locomotion” was significantly more frequent during food scattering than before‚ and “aggression” was significantly more frequent during the enrichment than in the other time periods. Therefore‚ the new enrichment strategy contributed to increasing gorilla activity during the short window of time when scattering food took place‚ although it also increased low-level social conflict temporarily. Therefore‚ we recommended modifying the temporal and spatial application of the enrichment to avoid habituation and also low-level aggressive interactions between gorillas during food scattering.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

COGNITIVE ENRICHMENT: SOCIAL LEARNING AND RESOLUTION OF A PROBLEM IN MARMOSETS AND KEAS MOLINA BORJA, Miguel, Universidad La Laguna SÁNCHEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Paula, Universidad La Laguna BOHÓRQUEZ ALONSO, Martha, Universidad La Laguna Contact information: mmolina@ull.edu.es

nvironmental enrichment must provide external stimuli adjusted to the capacities of individuals kept in captivity. In animal societies‚ the development of cognitive skills is tightly related to a complex social structure. The stimuli provided through enrichment should focus on group activities‚ not only rewarding individuals‚ and must involve a challenge to animals. We report here the activities related to using a tool by individuals of two social species: keas (Nestor notabilis) and marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi). During the task‚ at least two individuals had to cooperate in order that one of them could get access to a food located inside a wooden box‚ closed by a transparent cover. To open it‚ one individual had to pull a lever and keep the cover up. The apparatus was presented separately to individuals of each species. Animals‚ not previously trained‚ were allowed to freely explore the box. Their behaviours related to the box were videorecorded in mornings and afternoons intervals and analysed afterwards in detail. We calculated durations or frequencies of several behaviour patterns related to the box‚ separately for older and younger adults‚ and offspring marmosets‚ and for seven keas (3 males‚ 4 females). Individuals of each species exhibited a wide variety of exploratory and manipulator behaviours related to the lever-box. In marmosets these behaviours were significantly more frequent in the case of juvenile than in offspring or adults; the success in opening the box increased in the last trials‚ especially in young and offspring. Some keas cooperated to open the box by using the lever and even an individual could open the box by himself. Keas got to open the box since the first trial and also repeated the successful manipulation of the box in the same trial‚ both by the same animal and by another individual that was watching.

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ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL‚ MÁS QUE PONER PIÑATAS UNA PERSPECTIVA ACTUAL Y SUS FUTUROS ALCANCES TZUC SALINAS, Ángel Josué, Jardín Zoológico Payo Obispo Contact information: mvzangeltzuc@gmail.com

he environment enrichment is an area that has become increasingly important in institution that keep wildlife in captivity‚ it is because their interest in providing optimal animal welfare. Since Robert Yerkes (1925‚ when the importance of enrichment was recognized‚ its practices have evolved in zoos and aquariums‚ as well as it has been object of studies‚ articles‚ thesis‚ etc. The present work focused on the review of sixteen scientific articles that address different experience on environment enrichment carried out on a variety of wildlife species in captivity and with different objectives. The findings clarify the relations of environmental enrichment with other areas of interest of zoological institutions. It was found that the order of carnivores is the most studied‚ the type of enrichment more used is the food; when the enrichment is used to control or decrease presentation of stereotypic behavior‚ it has an effectivity of 53%‚ it was also observed that the natural exhibits are the ones that better satisfy the needed of the animals they harbor‚ besides contributing with a message of greater educational impact for the visitors. The main difficulty reported by the staff of this area‚ is the lack of time to perform this task. In relation to research on environment enrichment‚ it is concluded that is important to increase the size of the sample‚ variety of species‚ and apply methodology type ABAB or similar that limit the study variables. Further research is need on the relation and effects of environment enrichment in areas like conservation‚ reproduction and the perception of the visitors. In doing so‚ we would be well on our way to meeting the objectives of the global strategy of zoos and aquarium for the conservation.

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aptive felines living in small enclosures are prone to express stereotypic behaviors. Enclosures of many Japanese zoos are unfortunately small mainly due to economic and physically reasons. Nevertheless‚ such stereotypic behaviors can be reduced by increasing complexity and opportunities to express natural behaviors in their enclosures. We implemented multiple environmental enrichment (EE) in the enclosures of jaguars and lions of the Kyoto City Zoo‚ Japan. The EEs listed below were created by the keepers and also at the 1st EE workshop held in collaboration with SHAPE-Japan. A. Plastic drum feeder (for jaguars): The lid was connected with the drum by chain (5 cm) and only the small gap can be used to extract foods inside the drum. B. Ryegrass roll (for jaguars): Small pieces of meats were hidden in the bundle of ryegrass to expect the behavior like a tearing skins of hunted prey. C. Sashimi of chicken (for jaguars): We cut chicken meats into “sashimi” shape and paste the pieces of meats to windows‚ logs‚ and other parts of enclosures. The jaguars jumped to get the meats and sometimes clung to the log. D. Fire hose feeder (for lions): The pieces of meats were hidden in firehose sacks. The subject lions were old and had difficulty in climbing up logs in their enclosure to sharpen their own claws. Therefore‚ this EE was created to aid to sharpen their claws as well as increase foraging duration because the EE required the lions to stand firmly when extracted the foods inside. E. Pool of fallen leaves (for jaguars and lions): This enrichment was made to increase options for their sleeping place. They used the pool more often in winter than in other seasons. Although each EE was simple‚ we could increase their behavioral diversity by combining multiple EEs. 15

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STRESS IN MALE JAPANESE MACAQUES LIVING IN VEGETATED AND NON-VEGETATED ENCLOSURES ALEJANDRO PASTRANA, Josue, Kyoto University Contact information: perequeque@gmail.com

mproving captive environments for primates has been an important tool to enhance animal welfare. To investigate the benefits in which living in naturalistic environments decreases stress and promotes general animal well-being we observed two outdoor housed groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the Primate Research Institute (PRI). One group was housed in a naturalistic vegetated enclosure‚ located at the Resource Research Station (RRS) and the other group was housed in a non-vegetated enclosure at PRI. Male activity budgets‚ rates of agonistic‚ affiliative (groom‚ play) and abnormal behaviors‚ as well as coat condition‚ were recorded. We found that males in the naturalistic enclosure had activity budgets more similar to their wild counterparts; they spent significantly more time feeding and less time moving‚ less time in agonistic interactions during the mating season‚ and immatures spent more time in social play than males in the non-vegetated enclosure. We found no differences in social grooming or self-grooming‚ but recorded better coat conditions in the vegetated enclosure and a higher incidence of abnormal behaviors in the nonvegetated enclosure. These findings suggest that animals housed in naturalistically enriched environments have significantly less stress related behaviors‚ and better quality hair coats. Our results add to the growing literature on animal welfare revealing that animals living in non-vegetated enclosures should have their housing improved to the extent possible in order to promote well-being.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

CREATIVITY AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT FUEL UNIQUE BIG CAT ENRICHMENT PROGRAM HECHT, Willow, Self-employed Contact information: ptigris73@gmail.com

ig Cat Rescue (BCR) is an accredited non-profit educational sanctuary for rescued exotic cats and advocacy organization located in Tampa‚ Florida. The sanctuary houses the largest variety of cat species of any facility in the world‚ and is the largest big cat sanctuary in the USA. Many of these species are endangered or threatened in the wild‚ and range from well-known big cats such as lions and tigers to lesserknown small cats like fishing cats and sand cats. The cats are rescued from private ownership and the entertainment and fur industries. Big Cat Rescue’s resident population is unique because of its species diversity and advanced age (75% of the cats are over age 15). Its enrichment program is an instrumental part of providing these cats with optimum quality of life in captivity‚ and requires creativity in its implementation to overcome constraints imposed by husbandry protocols and limited financial and human resources. Public engagement with enrichment via social media has proven to be indispensable in sustaining the program‚ providing benefits to the animals as well as to the organization. This engagement is driven by the clever ideas of a small group of dedicated people‚ whose goal is to provide the cats with opportunities for play and investigation. Play behavior and curiosity are traits shared by cats and humans‚ and therefore provoke empathetic responses in people witnessing enrichment practices. These interspecies commonalities provide a good vehicle by which to improve public engagement and education‚ and thereby help sanctuary organizations achieve both their missions and their sustainability.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

EIGHT YEARS OF LONG-LASTING ENRICHMENT FOR ZOO PRIMATES: SERIAL LEARNING TASK AS COGNITIVE ENRICHMENT AND EXHIBITION OF PRIMATE INTELLIGENCE IN KYOTO CITY ZOO TANAKA, Masayuki, Center for Research and Education of Wildlife; Kyoto City Zoo ITO, Fumio, Kyoto City Zoo BANDO, Haruna, Kyoto City Zoo MIZUNO, Akihiro, Kyoto City Zoo NAGAO, Mitsunori, Kyoto City Zoo Contact information: tanaka.masayuki.wrc@gmail.com

t is important to effectively‚ continuously‚ and permanently promote Environmental Enrichment (EE) species typical behaviors of target zoo animals. From 2008‚ Kyoto City Zoo provides cognitive enrichment to zoo primates such as chimpanzees‚ western gorillas‚ lar gibbons‚ and mandrill monkeys. The cognitive enrichment task was related to serial learning wherein participants learned to touch Arabic numerals on touch-sensitive monitors. The participation in this task depended on the motivation of each ape and monkey; they were never forced to participate in the task. During the period in which the task was conducted‚ a total of 18 participants participated in the cognitive task. A juvenile gorilla and an adult male chimpanzee showed very high performance (i.e.‚ they could discriminate 13 numbers and touch the correct numbers in their correct order); this helps the zoo visitors understand the intelligence of their evolutionary neighbors. Further‚ a 40-year-old (approximate age) chimpanzee and 33-year-old gibbon continued the task and demonstrated improved performance. Some participants spontaneously started to participate in the task after they observed their conspecifics engaging in such a cognitive enrichment opportunity. This type of cognitive enrichment tasks may facilitate not only infants but also adult primates to participate in the tasks.

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OLFACTORY ENRICHMENT FOR THREE CARNIVORES: SMELL‚ SOCIALITY‚ AND PHYLOGENY OGURA, Tadatoshi, Kitasato University SUHARA, Mika, Kitasato University TAKAHASHI, Seira, Kitasato University Contact information: togura@vmas.kitasato-u.ac.jp

lfactory stimuli are the crucial information signals for mammals. Although‚ carnivores have highly developed olfactory skills‚ they have few opportunities to exert such abilities in captivity. Therefore‚ some olfactory stimuli can be expected to act as environmental enrichment for captive carnivores. Foundation underlying the effectiveness of olfactory enrichment‚ however‚ has not been well studied. In this study we evaluated the effect of olfactory enrichment on the behavior of two lions (Panthera onca)‚ a cougar (Puma concolor)‚ and a north American river otter (Lontra canadensis) housed in Morioka Zoological Park‚ Japan in order to investigate the relationship among sociality‚ phylogeny‚ and effective olfactory stimuli. We located a PVC pipe containing ordinary foods‚ bananas‚ feces of bears‚ or feces of unfamiliar conspecifics as olfactory resources for enrichment. The subjects were exposed to each olfactory stimuli for 4 days in a randomized order. Behavior observation was conducted for approximately 4 hours per day. During the observation‚ sniffing behavior was counted and other behaviors were recorded using instantaneous sampling with a 60-seconds interval. The number of sniffing behavior toward an enrichment device was increased under the food condition compared to baseline in the cougar. Proportion of social behavior to daytime activity was increased during the presentation of conspecifics feces compared to baseline in the female lion (P < 0.1). In the otter‚ no significant change of behavior among the experimental conditions was observed. Thus‚ sociality may influence the effect of olfactory enrichment and effective olfactory stimuli. Speciesspecific sociality of subject animals must be considered when conducting an olfactory enrichment.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

MIXED-PRIMATE ENCLOSURES: FOUR CASES AT JAPAN MONKEY CENTRE WATANUKI, Koshiro, Kyoto University / Japan Monkey Centre Contact information: watanuki.koshiro.3r@kyoto-u.ac.jp

ell-chosen mixed-species enclosures have the potential to improve the social lives and welfare of captive animals. However‚ in Japan it is rare to house different species together‚ especially primates. Since 2014 four mixed-primate exhibits were created at Japan Monkey Centre in order to avoid rearing individuals in isolation. In Case 1 we paired a Black-headed night monkey Aotus nigriceps (female) with a Grey-legged night monkey A. griseimembra (male)‚ in Case 2 we paired a Lesser spot-nosed guenon Cercopithecus petaurista (female) with a Green monkey Chlorocebus sp. (female)‚ in Case 3 we paired a Müller’s gibbon Hylobates muelleri (female) with a Lar gibbon H. lar (male) ‚ and in Case 4 we paired a Sykes’s monkey Cercopithecus albogularis (female) with a Mustached guenon C. cephus (female). Data on introduction protocols‚ pre and post-introduction length‚ and affiliative or aggressive behavior were obtained from records and caregiver surveys. For Cases 2‚ 3 and 4‚ pre-introduction (introducing individuals across a wire-mesh) length was 38-67 days (average 48.3 days). For Case 1 no pre-introduction record existed. In Case 1‚ mixed-species housing lasted for 593 days and in Cases 2-4 between 144-255 days (average 207.3 days) until March 27th‚ 2017. In Case 1 aggressive conflicts which required medical treatment occurred on Day 387 and Day 590. In Case 2‚ aggressive conflicts occurred on Day 2 only. In Case 2‚ a third individual‚ another female Green monkey was introduced on Day 244 and they look calm until now. Overall‚ the mixed-species introductions lead to both positive behaviors such as grooming and aggressive behaviors. In mixedspecies enclosure‚ we must consider both the species characteristics and individual personality. There are not enough results to evaluate these cases at this point. However it is important to accumulate trials and built records for improving the animals’ welfare.

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romoting natural behaviors among captive animals is a key to improving animal welfare‚ serving as a central component of exsitu conservation and visitor education. However‚ the acquisition of some natural behaviors requires early experience during infancy. In this presentation‚ we will present our research projects concerning the process of behavioral acquisition in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) through environmental enrichment. The subjects were 6 captive chimpanzees living in Kyoto City Zoo in Japan. We created devices to facilitate tool-using and bed-building behaviors of captive chimpanzees. We recorded their behaviors combining direct observation and video recording between March 2014 and November 2016. The results revealed that we could promote tool-using behaviors in all the subject chimpanzees. However‚ there were differences in the ability to build a bed among adult chimpanzees‚ and only a wild-born individual could construct a proper bed from branches. The behavioral patterns related to bed-building behaviors of adult individuals did not change over the observation period‚ while the techniques of the infant chimpanzee improved over time. These results suggest that there are differences in timing of behavioral acquisition and it is necessary to provide environmental enrichment at the appropriate timing for the proper behavioral development of captive chimpanzees.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

EXPERIENCIAS DE ENRIQUECIMIENTO EN CÓNDORES ANDINOS EN CAUTIVERIO. PROYECTO CÓNDOR HUASI‚ ZULETA‚ ECUADOR POTAUFEU, Yann, Fundacion Galo Plaza Lasso Contact information: yann@fundaciongaloplazalasso.org

he Galo Plaza Lasso Foundation (GPLF) is an NGO involved in conservation‚ education and social development in Zuleta‚ a community of the northern Ecuadorian Andes‚ situated in the Imbabura province. It is‚ with other institutions and scientists‚ a founding member of the National Working Group for the Andean Condor (Grupo Nacional de Trabajo del Cóndor Andino - GNTCA)‚ working on the national strategy for the conservation of Vultur gryphus in Ecuador. Among the activities of the GPLF is the Condor Huasi Project‚ a rescue and breeding center for the Andean condor. In 2013‚ an effort was made to find and experiment enrichments for the 7 birds (3 females and 4 males) housed at the center. The enrichment plan was part of a more general behavior study‚ carried out to analyze and improve their conditions of captivity. Interactions with enrichment‚ like other kind of behavior‚ were observed and reported on ethograms by the biologist in charge and volunteers. In this presentation we will expose the different environmental (stimulation) and feeding (challenge) enrichments that were experimented. We will talk about our ideas; the successes and the failures; showing methods that could be used by other centers or zoos and could provide inspiration to develop new ideas for captive condors and vultures in general.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

he objective of this study was to establish the basis for designing and implementing an environmental enrichment program for the Panthera onca and Puma concolor groups at Bioparque Wakatá. For this, a behavioral catalog of each species was made, and behaviors associated with inactivity and activity were identified, in order to design an enrichment program that would reduce periods of inactivity and increase the use of available space in the enclosure. The behavior of each individual was evaluated before, during and after the application of the enrichment program, to determine the changes that were presented at each stage and the effect of each enricher on the behavioral categories described. Simultaneously, fecal samples were collected to analyze cortisol levels. The results showed that the environmental enrichment effectively contributed to increase the activity of the animals, also stimulated the exploration, thus increasing the rate of use of the enclosure. However, cortisol levels did not show a significant change throughout the sampling stages, which is explained by the difficulty in collecting the samples, discriminating the samples by individual and by the affectation that other variables can have on the cortisol levels. This study serves as a basis for developing an environmental enrichment program, taking into account the individual needs of each animal and pursuing clear objectives, while emphasizing the importance of measuring and evaluating the welfare of the animals that are under our care.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

AROMATERAPIA COMO ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL OLFATIVO Y TERAPIA COMPLEMENTARIA DE SALUD ANIMAL EN EL BIOPARQUE WAKATÁ Basa, Diego, Bioparque Wakatá – Parque Jaime Duque Contact information: dbasa@parquejaimeduque.com.co

l uso de terapias complementarias en la actualidad en la práctica del médico veterinario se ha venido incrementando, con necesidades presentes como disminuir los efectos fisiológicos y psicológicos adversos de algunos medicamentos, además de que se ha empezado a reconocer al paciente animal no solo como un individuo que se afecta a nivel físico sino también a nivel emocional y comportamental. En la actualidad reconocemos la aromaterapia como una terapia complementaria, de la cual uno de sus efectos está basado en un estímulo olfatorio que no solo genera una memoria para generar una conducta sino que estimula de diversas formas el sistema nervioso. La base de la aromaterapia son los aceites esenciales que se obtienen de diversas partes de la planta como flores, raíces, hojas, semillas, etc. , están compuestos principalmente de terpenos y aromáticos, y son capaces de generar grandes efectos como analgésicos, cicatrizantes, antihistamínicos, ansiolítico, moduladores inmunológicos y desinfectantes. Es importante identificar que productos a nivel comercial nos garantizan su uso tópico y oral debido a que en algunos casos se han presentado contraindicaciones, sin descartar la sensibilidad que poseen algunas especies a sustancias específicas o la sensibilidad individual de cada paciente. Actualmente en la institución se usan diluciones de estos aceites debido a que la gran mayoría al ser tan concentrados generan un estímulo muy fuerte, se pueden usar en superficies maderosas o material que posea una superficie aceitosa como plumas que ayuden a perdurar más el olor.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

PROMOCIÓN DEL USO DE HÁBITAT A TRAVÉS DEL ENRIQUECIMIENTO AMBIENTAL EN UN TIGRE EN EL BIOPARQUE WAKTÁ. Velásquez, María Angélica, Bioparque Wakatá – Parque Jaime Duque Contact information: mvelasquez@parquejaimeduque.com.co

rear cambios en las actividades diarias de los animales es un factor muy importante para proveer los mejores estándares en cuidado y manejo. El estudio fue llevado a cabo en el Parque Jaime Duque – Bioparque Wakatá en Tocancipa. Se evaluó un tigre de Bengala de 2 años con niveles altos de agresividad. Primero se realizó un catálogo comportamental acompañado de un etograma en tres momentos durante 8 meses (Septiembre 2016 a Abril 2017). El periodo de condicionamiento se venía ejecutando por medio de comandos de voz siempre otorgando una consecuencia positiva para aquellos comportamientos deseados, e ignorar los no deseados y el enriquecimiento ambiental se comenzó a ejecutar siempre en el hábitat ya que el individuo le gustaba permanecer en zonas de manejo, se usó diferentes tipos de enriquecimiento ambiental como lo fue ocupacional, alimenticio, sensorial y físico.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

El primer mes el individuo demostró un 33 % de salidas voluntarias al hábitat y 67 % salidas por enriquecimiento ambiental. El mes de octubre 45 % salidas voluntarias y 55% salidas por medio de enriquecimiento ambiental. Mes de Diciembre 56% salidas voluntarias y 44% salidas por medio de enriquecimiento ambiental. Mes de Enero 61% salidas voluntarias y 39% salidas por medio de enriquecimiento ambiental. Mes de Febrero 69% salidas voluntarias t 31% salidas por medio de enriquecimiento ambiental. Mes de Marzo 73 % salidas voluntarias y 27% salidas por medio de enriquecimiento ambiental. Mes de Abril 69% salidas voluntarias y 31% salidas por medio de enriquecimiento ambiental. Con lo que se puede concluir que el individuo cada vez tiene más aprovechamiento de hábitat voluntario, esto se debe al tiempo invertido en condicionamiento por medio de comando de voz y por enriquecimiento ambiental estimulando al individuo a promover mayor exploración y uso de su hábitat.

Conservación y Bienestar Animal

IT’S ALL ABOUT CONTROL CONSCIOUS BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT Gabrielle Harris - SAAMBR Frantisek Susta - Prague Zoo Contact information: gabby@seaworld.org.za

rimary reinforcement is defined as something that satisfies a biological need and therefore requires no conditioning. Primary reinforcement is thought to only be used in formal animal training; however it is prevalent in all aspects of behaviour and husbandry management. Food is the primary reinforcement of choice for most animal trainers. A primary reinforcer that does not receive enough attention is an animal’s control or perceived control over its environment. Control in this context is determined as an animal’s ability to choose to secure its own well-being. In this paper we will outline how stress is generated when an animal loses this perceived control. In our daily management of animals, their sense of control can be lost and re-established in many different scenarios potentially generating unnecessary stress, unwanted behaviour and even health concerns. Understanding and evaluating the need for an animal to be able to secure its own well-being provides great perspective when diagnosing and correcting any behavioural and husbandry concern. In this paper we investigate control as a primary reinforcer and outline how it is relevant in all behaviour and husbandry management activities - including enrichment and formal training. Case studies demonstrating how behaviour problems have resulted when an animal lost its perceived control will be presented, and we will outline how the concerns were diagnosed and resolved using the concept of affording control to the animal.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatá

References

1.Book chapter; Deci, E L, & Ryan, R M,; 2000; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions; Contemporary Educational Psychology. 25(1):54-67. 2.Paper; Harlow, H.F.; August 1950; Learning and Satiation of Response in Intrinsically Motivated Complex Puzzle Performance by Monkeys; Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Vol 43(4), , 289-294. 3.Harris, G., Susta, F., Parker, S., & Bodenstaff, C. (2013, September). Maintaining intrinsic motivation when using operant conditioning. Paper presented at the 41st Imata Conference, Las Vegas, NM. 4.Klappenback, S., Davis, C., & Todd, M. (Eds.). (2005). Training and behavioral terms glossary. IMATA. Retrieved 1 August 2015, from www.imata.org. 5.Lupien, S. J., Maheu, F., Tu, M., Fiocco, A., & Schramek, T. E. (2007). The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain and Cognition, 65: 209–237. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.007. PMID 17466428. 6.Yerkes R. M., & Dodson J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459–482 7.Book; Pink, Daniel H.; 2009; Drive: The Surprising Truth about what motivates us; Penguin Group, 375 Hudson Street, New York.

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THE BALANCE BETWEEN ENRICHMENT AND TRAINING Margaret R Hawkins, Taronga Conservation Society Australia Contact information: margaret.hawkins41@gmail.com

he two essential elements of behavioural management are environmental enrichment and training. Environmental enrichment provides animals with opportunity to perform species typical behaviour and some choice and control over their environment. Training facilitates the willing performance of actions valuable for husbandry and the demonstration of ability, so is an important husbandry tool. It seems that the balance between these two elements has changed in some institutions with time. Zoo management may actively support training because of its value to the visitor experience in shows and demonstrations, whereas the time needed for implementing, evaluating and modifying enrichment may be considered â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;part of the jobâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Both training and enrichment can be empowering to animal care staff. There is a current focus on animal welfare, in which enrichment is one of the component actions. This may mean there is less innovative enrichment being initiated for its own sake. Effective ongoing enrichment is not easy to provide because of the dynamic nature of behaviour and the need to continually modify to maintain novelty and challenge as skills increase. Enrichment schedules, useful to ensure enrichment is part of husbandry, may become static and thus, less enriching. Can training be sufficient enrichment? Certainly, training is cognitively enriching during the learning phase but whether it remains so, once a response is learned and becomes routine, is not confirmed. Both environmental enrichment and training are important for good animal management.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque WakatĂĄ

A PERSPECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT: WHAT WORKS, WHAT DOES NOT WORK, AND WAYS TO MOVE FORWARD David Shepherdson Ph.D. - Oregon Zoo Contact information: David.Shepherdson@oregonzoo.org

he concern of zoo & aquarium professionals to optimize the wellbeing of their animals drove the rapid acceptance of enrichment. Research continues to support the value of enrichment for improving wellbeing and as a vehicle for talking to the public in a positive way about zoo and aquarium animal welfare. The public have welcomed this way of thinking and have even adopted it for companion animals. Enrichment is a standard practice now for zoos and, like many things that are taken for granted, this is both good and bad. In order for enrichment to continue to improve animal welfare we need to incorporate it into a wider welfare centered animal husbandry framework. In this presentation I will review some of the successâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s of enrichment as demonstrated by recent research and present some ideas for continuing this progress into the future.

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R YOU GOING TO EVALUATE YOUR OBSERVATIONS? VISUALISING AND ANALYSING ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT DATA IN THE R STATISTICAL PROGRAM Thomas Quirke

Contact information: thomasquirke87@gmail.com

onducting observations to monitor the effects of environmental enrichment is of fundamental importance but so too is the effective evaluation of these observations. Appropriate data analysis and data visualisation ensures that an accurate picture is formed in relation to the effects of environmental enrichment. This also ensures that you can disseminate your findings quickly and accurately, making your research more visible. The R statistical program is a powerful, intuitive and free to download language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. This workshop will focus upon introducing you to the R environment, its language and its applications within the environmental enrichment field. The workshop will cover the basics such as entering data, checking your data for normality, how to choose the correct statistical test, in addition to visualising data and carrying out a range of statistical tests within the R environment. In particular, the workshop will utilise a number of common environmental enrichment scenarios and data sets in order to demonstrate the coding required to carry out data analysis and visualisation in R. The aim of this workshop is to stimulate interest in the R statistical program but also to provide you with the skills required to get started using R to analyse and visualise your environmental enrichment data.

Parque Jaime Duque Bioparque Wakatรก

Conservaciรณn y Bienestar Animal

ISSN ISSN: 2500-6231 (En línea)