NASA in LEO IS-1 • Final • Spring '22
Presentation Context
01
Midterm Synopsis
02
New Focus Areas
03
Prototypes
04
Conclusion
Brief summary of our midterm presentation
New areas of focus and pivots made since the midterm
Areas of intervention for building robust LEO economies
What's next?
01. Midterm Synopsis
Midterm Synopsis
Redefining the Brief and Why? The ORIGINAL Brief: The International Space Station (ISS) recently celebrated its 20th year of hosting humans continuously in space, and the ISS is potentially being extended to 2030. The PRC now has a space station, and private companies are now consistently going to LEO. What is the future of LEO and NASA? What are new models and partnerships for the future? A new era of LEO is upon us. How do we shape it?
The REDIFINED Brief:
What is the new LEO economy and what is NASA's role within it?
Midterm Synopsis
Singular Economy to Economies Key questions
Can a singular economy meet the needs of the diverse players and entities interacting in LEO?
Do we want to replicate in LEO what is happening down on Earth?
How can these economies represent features and values that can collectively generate new interactions?
Midterm Synopsis
Singular Economy to Economies Three important touchpoints of economies
Earth LEO Social
Economic
Environmental
Positive outcomes that society receives
Results that generate a positive impact on
Positive outcomes that the
as a consequence of the activities part of
the financial results of the actors that
environment receives from the
the LEO economies. They can be
participate in the LEO economies. Their
activities in these new LEO economies.
generated for people on Earth and in
scope of action can be on Earth and in
This impact can be visible on Earth and
space.
space.
in space.
Midterm Synopsis
Existing Economies - On Earth Closed Economy
Commons Economy
Blockchain
Capitalism Community Economy Post Growth Economy
DIFFERENT ECONOMIES
Midterm Synopsis
Existing Economies - Primary Features Closed Economy
Co-operatives
Commons Economy
Neither private nor public
Blockchain
Capitalism
Open source
Financially motivated Free markets
Community Economy Post Growth Economy
DIFFERENT ECONOMIES
Finite resources
Foregrounds community wellbeing
PRIMARY FEATURES
Midterm Synopsis
Existing Economies - Secondary Features Self sufficiency
Closed Economy
Co-operatives
Commons Economy
Neither private nor public
Blockchain
Capitalism
Open cooperativism
Open source
Financially motivated
DIFFERENT ECONOMIES
Resource productivity
Borderless
Simulating competition
Free markets
Community Economy Post Growth Economy
Collective agreements
Finite resources
Foregrounds community wellbeing
PRIMARY FEATURES
Growth
SECONDARY FEATURES
Midterm Synopsis
Ideal LEO Economies Values identified within each touchpoint
Social
Economic
Environmental
Accessibility Decentralization Inclusivity Security
Anti-Monopoly Money Circulation Innovation Opportunity
Ecosystem Regeneration Self Replenishment Local Resource Mobilization
Midterm Synopsis
Ideal LEO Economies Holistic view
Accessibility Inclusivity
Self-Replenishment
Mobilizing Local Resources
Decentralization
Earth
Security
Anti-Monopoly
Money Circulation
LEO
Ecosystem Regeneration Opportunity
Innovation
The LEO Economy
LEO Economies - NASA's Goals
Accessibility Inclusivity
Self-Replenishment
Mobilizing Local Resources
Decentralization
Earth
Security
Anti-Monopoly
Money Circulation
LEO
Ecosystem Regeneration Opportunity
Innovation
The LEO Economy
NASA's Goals - ISS Transition Report
Conduct research to benefit humanity
Inspire Humankind
Lead and enable International Collaboration
Enable deep space exploration
Foster a US Commercial Space Industry
The LEO Economy
LEO Economies - NASA's Goals Values of Ideal Economies
Accessibility Inclusivity
Self-Replenishment
Mobilizing Local Resources
Decentralization
Earth
Security
Anti-Monopoly
Money Circulation
LEO
Ecosystem Regeneration Opportunity
Innovation
NASA's ISS Transition Goals
Ideal Economies: Values Accessible
Midterm Synopsis
Conduct Research to Benefit Humanity
Social
Decentralized
Inclusive Lead & Enable International Collaboration Secure
Economic
Anti monopoly
Innovation
Inspire Humankind
Constant Money Circulation
Opportunity
Environmental
Values to Actions NASA in the Picture
ISS's Transition Goals
Foster a US Commercial Space Industry
Ecosystem Regeneration Enable Deep Space Exploration Mobilizing Local Resources Self Replenishing
Ideal Economies: Values
Economic Environmental
Values to Actions NASA in the Picture
Social
Midterm Synopsis
ISS's Transition Goals
Environmental
Economic
Social
Ideal Economies: Values
ISS's Transition Goals
Key Motivations
Environmental
Economic
Social
Ideal Economies: Values
ISS's Transition Goals
Key Motivations
Role Opportunities
02. New Focus Areas
Since Midterm
New Focus Areas
Testing Assumptions
Identifying different players in LEO
Points of intervention
Testing our strategy for developing "ideal economies" and experiment how it holds under different scenarios.
Speculating who could be part of LEO and how they might interact with each other.
Finding points of intervention to build robust LEO Economies. Through prototypes, identify what could make LEO economies self sustaining and robust.
03. Prototypes
From Ideal to Rich Economies
MonopoLEO
From Ideal to Rich Economies
Unpacking Ideal Economies
Are ideal economies always anti-monopolistic? Where is the tipping point?
Necessary
Dangerous
From Ideal to Rich Economies
Imagining New Economies
Economies are social agreements
Individuals can create new economies by defining what has value
Economics and sociology can be made tangible
From Ideal to Rich Economies
From "Ideal" to "Rich"
Reimagine wealth and value in non-monetary terms
Ensure economies with different values and a rich diversity of players can coexist
Exploring Richness
Personas
Exploring Richness
Personas
PLAYERS
PERSONAS
Exploring Richness
Personas
Exploring Richness
Personas - Identifying Motivations
Exploring Richness
Comic Relief
Personas Network Map Personas 0 values in common
The Excluded
Anti Monopoly Bumbling Sidekick
Frustrated Astronaut
Decentralized
Rebel
Mobilizing Local Resources
Star Crossed Lovers
Inclusive
Manic Pixie Dreamgirl
Peacemaker
Accessible
Dumb Muscle
Loyalist
Secure
2 values in common Opportunity
3 values in common
Ecosystem Regeneration
Bigot with a Badge
Values
Mad Scientist Nemesis
Environmental Social
Fuck Boy
Damsel in Distress
Self Replenishing
Economic
Sociopath
Sleazy Politician
Bad Boy Innovation
Sensei
Connections 0 values in common 2 values in common 3 values in common
Explorer
Constant Money Circulation
Swashbuckler Bystander Syndrome
The Elites Jumpship
Kirk
Tragic Hero
Decentralized
Rebel SHARED
VALUES Inclusive Secure Innovation
Mobilizing Local Resources
Inclusive
Star Cross Lovers
NASA'S POTENTIAL ROLES Peacemaker Facilitator Advisor Dumb Educator
Manic Pixie Dreamgirl
Accessible
Muscle
Loyalist
Secure
Opportunity Bigot with a Badge Mad Scientist Nemesis
Self Replenishing
Explorer
Fuck Boy
Damsel in Distress
Sleazy Politician
Sociopath Bad Boy Innovation
Sensei
The Elites
Dumb Muscle Secure
SHARED VALUES
Opportunity
Constant money
Ecosystem Regeneratio
Bigot with circulation a Badge
Innovation Opportunity
Mad Scientist
NASA'S POTENTIAL ROLES Consumer Damsel in Operator Distress Investor Advisor Sensei Leader
Fuck Boy
Sociopath
Sleazy Politician
Bad Boy Innovation
Constant Money Circulation
Swashbuckler Bystander Syndrome
Explorer
The Elites Jumpship
Kirk
Tragic Hero
Comic Relief
SHARED VALUES Opportunity Accessible Inclusive Anti-monopoly
Anti Monopoly
The Excluded Frustrated Astronaut
Bumbling Sidekick Rebel
NASA'S POTENTIAL ROLES Mobilizing Investor Local Advisor Resources Facilitator
Inclusive
Peacemaker
Dumb Muscle Secure
Opportunity Bigot with a Badge
Accessible
Comic Relief
Exploring Richness
Rich Economies, Players & Interactions
The Excluded
Anti Monopoly Bumbling Sidekick
Frustrated Astronaut
Decentralized
Rebel
Mobilizing Local Resources
Star Crossed Lovers
Inclusive
Manic Pixie Dreamgirl
Peacemaker
Accessible
Dumb Muscle
Loyalist
Secure
Opportunity Ecosystem Regeneration
Bigot with a Badge Mad Scientist Nemesis
Explorer
Fuck Boy
Damsel in Distress
Self Replenishing
Sociopath
Sleazy Politician
Bad Boy Innovation
Sensei
Constant Money Circulation
Swashbuckler Bystander Syndrome
The Elites Jumpship
Kirk
Tragic Hero
Comic Relief
Exploring Richness
Rich Points of Intervention
The Excluded
Anti Monopoly Bumbling Sidekick
Frustrated Astronaut
Decentralized
Rebel
Mobilizing Local Resources
Star Crossed Lovers
Inclusive
Manic Pixie Dreamgirl
Peacemaker
Accessible
Dumb Muscle
Loyalist
Secure
Opportunity Ecosystem Regeneration
Bigot with a Badge Mad Scientist Nemesis
Explorer
Fuck Boy
Damsel in Distress
Self Replenishing
Sociopath
Sleazy Politician
Bad Boy Innovation
Sensei
Constant Money Circulation
Swashbuckler Bystander Syndrome
The Elites Jumpship
Kirk
Tragic Hero
VIRTUOSO
Exploring Richness
Rich Points of Intervention
SPACE EXPO
Comic Relief The Excluded
Anti Monopoly Bumbling Sidekick
Frustrated Astronaut
Decentralized
Rebel
Mobilizing Local Resources
Star Crossed Lovers
Inclusive
Manic Pixie Dreamgirl
Peacemaker
Accessible
Dumb Muscle
Loyalist
Secure
Opportunity Ecosystem Regeneration
Bigot with a Badge Mad Scientist Nemesis
Explorer
Fuck Boy
Damsel in Distress
Self Replenishing
Sociopath
Sleazy Politician
Bad Boy Innovation
Sensei
HEALTH, FITNESS AND SAFETY
Constant Money Circulation
Swashbuckler Bystander Syndrome
The Elites Jumpship
Kirk
Tragic Hero
LEO ON EARTH HYPE STRATEGY
BUSINESS IN LEO
Facilitating and Driving Richness
The Hype Strategy
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Introducing Low-Earth Orbit
People do not really know what LEO is
Build hype for the LEO Economies between NASA and other players As the demand increases for LEO, so does investment, partnerships, funding and players
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Introducing Low-Earth Orbit
What will NASA achieve out of this?
Ensure NASA's needs to get more players in LEO are being met after ISS is decommissioned Use NASA's soft and hard powers to drive traction in LEO
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Introducing Low-Earth Orbit
Assumptions to test
Ensure NASA's needs to get more players in LEO are being met after ISS is decommissioned Use NASA's soft and hard powers to drive traction in LEO
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Hype Strategy: Ways to Fuel Demand
Promotions
Entertainment
Collaboration
Grants
Gamification
Education
Stories
Marketing
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Introducing "Nova" A LEO mascot that assists different target audiences in their journey to LEO.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Strategy: Testing Hypothesis Instagram Stories and Polls
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Strategy: Testing Hypothesis Instagram Stories and Polls
923 People Reached 1,129 Impressions
Facilitating and Driving Richness
The Space EXPO
Facilitating and Driving Richness
About Space EXPO Purpose
Enabling more business exposures and generating diverse partnerships around the globe. Concept
Offline Exhibition Held every 2 year Various locations Domestic : International = 8 : 2 In-depth experience Operation Each industry gets its own organization committee Inviting companies from all industries
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Why Space EXPO Benefits to LEO Economies
Benefits to NASA
Create awareness and increase the excitement of LEO exploration and investment. Provide opportunities for startups, new businesses, and STEM students from different countries. Spotlight emerging companies. Minimize political restrictions from national governments.
Increase partnerships across various industries, and seek more opportunities to develop in space. Get to know potential R&D players offering valuable services. Find new commercial and/or technological partners. Initiate cross-border contacts and cooperation.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Space EXPO Features
Matchmaking Meeting
Matchmaking & Meetings AI pre-matching Matchmaking by request
Auditorium
Conference & Networking Live and pre-recorded conference sessions Sponsored presentation videos for exhibitors and other event partners Open stage knowledge sharing
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Space EXPO Features
Media Center
Advertising & Incentives Advertising options on brochures and in live events Instant lucky draws and redeemable points to drive exhibitor engagement
Info Center
Data & Event Management Event organizer analytics and reporting Unique backends for exhibitors Review and export business data All appointment chat data collected
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Space EXPO Invites the World
Virtual Exhibition 365/7/24 Online platform International exchange Everyday engagement
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Space EXPO Vision
Businesses have room to display their work and acknowledge other products within their industry globally
Businesses start to collaborate with companies across the industries to create more projects
Diversified products and services regarding LEO and aerospace
Businesses are directly or indirectly connected with each other
Robust LEO economies
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Powered by
Facilitating and Driving Richness
What is LaunchPad?
A one-stop-shop platform for all your business, networking, and infrastructure needs in low-Earth orbit. Powered by NASA - a pioneer in space exploration and leader in LEO economies. Powered by
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Why LaunchPad?
Connect to your clients or customers with ease
List accomplishments and get LaunchPad certified and recommended
Connect with our directory of services
Get customized recommendations from experts and free resources
Catch up on the latest news and developments in LEO
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LaunchPad Players LaunchPad users can be clients and customers at the same time.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Persona - NextMed* NextMed is a well-known, innovative American pharmaceutical company that plays a significant role in the industry.
Motivation NextMed is looking for new ways to develop effective oncology treatments and be the first to market. Objectives NextMed is looking for cost-effective solutions in LEO to conduct their research Market Familiarity NextMed has already sent samples and collected research from the ISS and begun to explore potential opportunities to expand pharmaceutical R&D in LEO. *Fictional Persona based on real company
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Lab Space in LEO Use search tool to find the desired information, such as "Lab Space in LEO". Results direct businesses to industries, potential partners, news articles or business offers for every industry.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth Assumptions
Concept
People are interested in LEO enough to spend time and money to experience it.
An escape room concept with puzzles focused on the evolution of LEO as the base storyline.
Purpose
Features
Immediate Purpose To create excitement and awareness regarding going to LEO
In-person A moving trailer vehicle with features inspired by space stations in LEO that replicate a circular system, such as recycling air and powered by visitors walking the exhibition.
Future Purpose To bring the awe, thrill, and excitement of space to Earth for people who cannot go to space
Digital Web app and mixed reality simulation.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Concept
Inspired by shipping container malls
Mobile immersive experience
Amplifying the experience digitally for participants everywhere
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Key Features
Multisensory mixed reality playground
Blurring the lines between museum, entertainment, and immersion through escape rooms
People are the heart of the action
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - 5 Vital Elements
Adventure
Knowledge
Gaming
Entertainment
Leisure
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Concept NASA & ISS's Legacy
Puzzle 2
Benefit on Earth because of space exploration
Puzzle 3
Puzzle 4
Future & Evolution of LEO
Puzzle 5
Puzzle 1 Space and LEO Intro + Experience of going to LEO
Culture of sharing, wonder, and exploration
Gift Shop End
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Digital Escape Room For individuals who cannot come to the physical exhibit, digital versions will bring LEO to them.
Game: iss-sim.spacex.com/
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Strategy Per Puzzle Puzzle Room 1 : Experience going to LEO
Prepping for Launch Puzzle Challenge: Meet the launch deadline, or else you cannot go until next year
Spaceflight Puzzle Challenge: Deciphering code received
Space Station Puzzle
from Earth that tells them their next
Challenge: Fun aiming game
launch destination
Single Astronaut Puzzle Challenges: Space walk, showering in space, and exercising in space
Puzzle Room 4 : Future of LEO
Challenge: Play as space environmentalist vs space tourism agency to shape the future
Challenge: Private astronaut missions
Challenge: Space trade
Challenge: You are an investor, solve the
escape from space pirates
puzzles to find the investment opportunities
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Strategy Per Puzzle Puzzle Room 1 : Experience going to LEO
Prepping for Launch Puzzle Challenge: Meet the launch deadline or else you cannot go until next year
Spaceflight puzzle:
Single Astronaut Puzzle
Challenge: Deciphering code received
Space Station Puzzle
Challenges: 1) Space walk
from earth which tells them their next
Challenge: Fun aiming game
2) Shower in space experience
launch destination
3) Exercise in space
Puzzle Room 4 : Future of LEO
Challenge: Play as a space environmentalist or space tourism agency to shape the future
Challenge: Space trade Challenge: Private astronaut missions
escape from space pirates
Challenge: Find investment opportunities
Facilitating and Driving Richness
LEO on Earth - Validation Van Gogh exhibit captivated over 600,000 visitors in 4 years during its Europe tour.
Since 2014, escape rooms in have grown from 14 to over 2,200 rooms just in the US.
US Escape Room Facilities 2014-20 2,500
TeamLab Borderless in Tokyo attracted 2.3 million visitors in total in its first year.
The industry has seen over 100 million walk-ins to escape room facilities since the launch of this concept.
2,000 1,500 1,000
IThe immersive entertainment industry is valued at more than $61.8 billion.
500 0
2014
2016
2017
2019
2020
A 2019 industry report found that the average escape room generates about $315,000 a year in revenue.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Space Tourism Virtuoso
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Making Space Imaginable Our Focus
Helping people realize orbital and suborbital space tourism is a reality now. Capabilities
Information and promotion of LEO Booking and reservations Personalised experience packages Assumptions
Robust LEO economies Sufficient partners to build the industry Safe and tested Willingness to go to space
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Dream, Book, Believe
Find your package
Explore experiences
Customize each experience and day
Make some exciting choices
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Benefits of Space Tourism to Players and Users
Economies
Revenue Jobs Infrastructure
Research
Raise funds for research Motivate private players Opportunities for aspirants
Tech Advancements
Supply for demands Paradigm shifts
Humankind
Instant global consciousness Change business functions Build stronger communities
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Benefits of Space Tourism to NASA Advisor
Existing players, upcoming space companies, and individuals collaborate and grow.
Consumer
Access final products and services in LEO and bring down its R&D costs.
Researcher
Collaborate on discoveries and innovation by private players and leverage the new data collected.
Leader
Lead people and players to do better for humankind both in LEO and on Earth.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Testing Thoughts A quick survey on Instagram to collect feedback on Virtuoso as a concept.
Facilitating and Driving Richness
Learnings "This will be a life changing experience."
"Much more accessible and approachable for the common crowd than what it is today."
"Will become a trend." "A luxury destination!"
"Only available for the wealthy."
"Would it be safe?" "Looks like an awesome experience!" "Filled with satellites."
"Heavily commecialised, only the richest would be able to afford it and that too for leisure."
Health, Fitness, and Safety
Health, Fitness, and Safety of Human Beings in LEO
Health, Fitness, and Safety
Opportunity Gap NASA could take over the care for every human being in LEO.
This opportunity is two-fold: Getting a very large dataset that enables future deep space travel Protecting and providing for humans and their rights in LEO
Current Scenario Future Scenario
NASA
Private companies
Astronauts
Humans
Health, Fitness, and Safety
What's the Idea Basic needs for human sustenance
On Earth
Food Water Oxygen
In LEO
Exercise
Exercising is a key need for survival in LEO. Humans have to follow a rigorous routine to maintain muscle strength and keep the body up to standard. Without it, serious issues can arise that could lead to severe health deterioration and long term disability.
Health, Fitness, and Safety
The Partnership Equinox, with its high standards toward health, safety, cleanliness, and fitness, is a fitting partner for NASA. NASA and Equinox can effectively partner to innovatively and ethically sustain life in LEO. Individuals going to LEO are put at the center of the narrative, by designing the booking and implementation process around them.
Health, Fitness, and Safety
The Partnership Provides expertise
Space Stations
Individuals
in di vi du al s
Pa ys
up
Equinox
fo ri nd iv id ua ls Private Companies
Se nd s
NASA
Provides equipment
Health, Fitness, and Safety
How it Works Customizable Gym Modules for every LEO human habitation Modules with essential health equipment that can be docked onto any type of CLDs Equipment designed and engineered in collaboration with NASA
Health, Fitness, and Safety
The Exchange Basic health-related needs will be met, and the workforce in LEO will have trust in the system to uphold their basic rights.
• Creates new market shares • Broadens the customer bases • Provides equipment in LEO • Receives payment in US Dollars
Equinox
Individuals
Private companies
NASA
• Gains research data • Provides care to the individuals
• Pays for employee's basic needs • Outsources some of the responsibilities of care
04. Conclusion
Where we started
Environmental
Economic
Social
Ideal Economies: Values
ISS's Transition Goals
Key Motivations
Role Opportunities
Where we are now
Touchpoints of Economies
Economic
Social
Environmental
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values Constant Money Circulation
Economic
Innovation
Healthy Monopolies
Opportunity
Accessibility
Social
Decentralization
Inclusivity
Security
Mobilizing Local Resources
Environmental
Self Replenishing
Ecosystem Regeneration
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values
Prototypes
Constant Money Circulation
Economic
Innovation
Healthy Monopolies
Business in LEO
Opportunity
Space Expo Accessibility
Social
Decentralization
Hype
Inclusivity
Security
Mobilizing Local Resources
Environmental
Virtuoso
LEO on Earth
Self Replenishing
Ecosystem Regeneration
Health, Safety & Fitness
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values
Prototypes
Constant Money Circulation
Economic
Innovation
Healthy Monopolies
Business in LEO
Opportunity
Space Expo Accessibility
Social
Decentralization
Hype Inclusivity
Security
Mobilizing Local Resources
Environmental
Virtuoso
LEO on Earth
Self Replenishing
Ecosystem Regeneration
Health, Safety & Fitness
Personas
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values
Prototypes
Personas
NASA's Potential Roles
Constant Money Circulation
Economic
CONSUMER
Innovation
Healthy Monopolies
Business in LEO
Opportunity
Space Expo Accessibility
Social
FACILITATOR OPERATOR
INVESTOR
Decentralization
Hype
LEADER
Virtuoso
RESEARCHER
Inclusivity
Security
Mobilizing Local Resources
Environmental
LEO on Earth
Self Replenishing
Ecosystem Regeneration
ADVISOR
MENTOR Health, Safety & Fitness
EDUCATOR
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values
Prototypes
Personas
NASA's Potential Roles
Constant Money Circulation
Economic
CONSUMER
Innovation
Healthy Monopolies
Business in LEO
Opportunity
Space Expo Accessibility
Social
FACILITATOR OPERATOR
INVESTOR
Decentralization
Hype
LEADER
Virtuoso
RESEARCHER
Inclusivity
Security
Mobilizing Local Resources
Environmental
LEO on Earth
Self Replenishing
Ecosystem Regeneration
ADVISOR
MENTOR Health, Safety & Fitness
EDUCATOR
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values
Prototypes
Personas
Touchpoints of Economies
Rich Economies: Values
Prototypes
NASA's Potential Roles
Conclusion
Key Learnings
Our transition from Ideal to Rich Economies was a pivotal point in our strategy
Richness played an essential part in our journey: economies, values, players, interactions, prototypes, and roles of NASA
NASA will have to shape its roles differently with all these different personas/players
What do you imagine LEO to be?