PAVING (A)WAY: Envisioning the 21st century public market Brussels/Sint- Jans-Molenbeek

PAVING (A)WAY

envisioning the 21st century public market

Brussels/Sint- Jans-Molenbeek Payam Tabrizian

Payam Tabrizian Thesis submitted to obtain: Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning [MaUSP] Academic year: 2010-2011 Promotor: Prof. Bruno De Meulder

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning [ASRO]

Permission for Use of Content: The author herewith permits that the present dissertation be made available for consultation; parts of it may be copied, strictly for personal use. Every other use is subject to strict copyright reservations. Particular reference is made to the obligation of explicitly mentioning the source when quoting the present dissertation’s results.

Leuven, 2011 2

Acknowledgment First and foremost, I would like to thank my mentor Prof. Bruno De Meulder for his endless patience, support and advice during this studio. A special thank you also goes out to Prof. Kelly Shannon, for her remarkable comments and insight.

Special thanks to Brian McGrath, Associate Professor of Urban Design and Miodrag Mitrasinovic, Associate Professor of Design Studies at Parsons The New School of Design, New York City, for their Hospitality and inspiring feedback in New York .

Thanks also to Christian Nolf for his valuable inputs and updates , Saman Seifollahi for sharing his time and knowledge and assistance in preparing this booklet .

To my friends and family, especially my parents, thank you for your endless support: and encouragement.

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Urbanisms of Inclusion 1: Sint jans- Molenbeek/Brussels Bruno De Meulder

INCLUSIVE LANDSCAPES OF EMPOWERMENT

BRUSSELS/SINT-JANS-MOLENBEEK

A theoretical approach to the public markets theme

Contexualising the public market theme

The Inclusive economy

Brussels a competitive city

Definition of the public market

Ethnic entrepreneurship

Public markets and unemployment

Public markets in Brussels

Public markets and the question of inclusion

Molenbeek within the market chain of Brussels

The 21st century public market

Molenbeek center market A design toolbox for the 21st century public market 6

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PAVING (A) WAY Envisioning the 21st century public market West station Design concept and strategy Site analysis Design proposal Possible scenarios

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Inclusive landscapes of Empowerment A theoretical approach to the Public Markets Theme

The Inclusive economy An introduction Definition of the public market Public markets and unemployment Public markets and the question of inclusion The 21st century public market

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Inclusive Landscapes of Empowerment A theoritical approach to the Public markets theme

The inclusive economy An Introduction

Cities are engines of development and poverty fighters for they attract a lot of investment that stimulates development. But “Even in one of the most competitive regions of the world economy, the employment market offers no guarantee for improving the fate of the poorest population, nor does it guarantee quick integration and the upward social mobility of newcomers to the urban Community.”

(Kesteloot et al 2009) Moreover, the financial rewards of the “flagship project” have tended to produce more menial jobs than meaningful ones.

With increasing urban poverty and economic downturn, embracing innovative approaches to urbanism becomes necessary. The image of an inclusive city is aptly captured as “…a place of cooperation where people work together to create collectively a dynamic economy from a diversity of operations, skills, resources, knowledge, personal drive, etc.“ ( Mutter et al, 2002) Public space has social and economic importance as a place for trade and communal activities, or as a channel for movement in cities. For 2,000 years, the organization of public space in the city has by and large been predicated on commercial operations, the logistics of production, and trade exchange. (Lyster, C, 2006) The public space naturally works best when developed efficiently with a combination of spatial interventions and social innovation with a respect for the component parts and contributors to the economic processes – primary and supportive, creative and enabling, producer and consumer”.

(Mutter et al, 2002) There is an economic argument in support of this: that every inhabitant is a contributor to the city economy whether or not formally employed. The lowest

income population is the gold dust of the city economy, the lowest business people should be empowered to develop as part of the city’s own dynamic evolution. This approach appreciates the importance of public spaces that connect everything together, and that public gathering places are inextricably related to the potential for economic opportunity and upward mobility of lower-income people.

One of the most evident but perhaps least addressed, methods of providing social integration in public spaces and providing job opportunities for the communities are public markets (Ford Foundation study, 2003). Markets as landscapes of exchange were historically social crossroads, places where the first towns and cities sprung to life (Spitzer et al, 2005). There are countless reports on the evolution of towns the beginnings of which were signaled by commercial activity and the presence of a public market, because they were either on trade routes or in advantageous geographical situations. (Miranda,2009) In fact public markets can address many more complex problems of the contemporary urban environments: the need to bring people of different ethnic groups and incomes together, the need to empower and leverage lowand moderate-income neighborhoods and to support small-scale economic activity; the need to provide fresh, high-quality products to inner-city residents; and the need to preserve and safeguard the landscape from speculative development. The following section of this research seeks for a coherent understanding public market definition and its characteristics, its efficiency as a tread in tackling the complex socio-economic challenges of the cities today.

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Definition of the public market The term public market has positive connotations for many People, but a concrete collective definition of a public market can sometimes be elusive. For many, the iconic image of a public market is the row of tents covering vendors in an public market; for the others, it is the colorful displays of food and crafts along the stalls of a market hall. These different perceptions, in fact stems from the rich diversity of public markets in each context and around the world.

As confusing it seems, this broad range of market types is ultimately an asset, allowing them to address a great variety of demands of different communities and significantly interpret the values of the contemporary society as it had in the past. Nevertheless a public market regardless of its typology form and content, can be clearly characterized by three aspects: First, public markets must have public goals. Public goals give a defined urban character to the market activity. Typically, these goals have included attracting shoppers to a lower-income or ethnic commercial district, providing affordable retailing opportunities to small businesses, activating an underused public space, or displacing an undesirable or hegemonic use of potentially good public space.

Second, public markets are located in and/or create a public space in the community. This is the evident feature of a market: the creation of an inviting, safe, and lively place that attracts a larger spectrum of people. As an effective place where people mix, public markets can become the heart and soul of a community, its common landscape, a place where people interact freely, and a setting where the every day rhythms of life are fluid and community activities

take place. (Spitzer et al,1995), Third, public markets are made up of local entrepreneurship, unlike the ubiquitous franchises that dominate retailing today. This helps account for the local flavor of public markets and the uniqueness of the shopping experience.

Public markets are searching for local entrepreneurs and businesses and therefore offer an alternative to common retail practices.

Public markets and unemployment When it is a commercial activity, a public market is, above all, about forming a survival strategy for the informal sector, and is thus part of the tertiary field of the urban economy.

On the other hand, this type of entrepreneurship as a prosperous and growing phenomenon of the global economy and a potential source of development. Cross(2000) Public markets have immense economic benefits for the vendors, customers and to the broader society. Vendors benefit from the remarkably low barriers to enter the job market, in particular the low investment needed for starting the business, Which is important for the migrants entrepreneurs who are challenging to finance their own businesses .It is as well an ideal setting for micro-finance loan programs through which small amount of budget can be lent to start-up business people without under going strict procedures of conventional lending (Project for Public space, 2010).

Another economic benefit of the market is the catalytic effect public markets can have on the surrounding commercial fabric. People attracted to the market may also patronize the neighboring businesses around outside market.

This phenomenon so called “spin-off effect “could take the form of local jobs produced by the market; boosting surrounding retail business; or support from other local nonprofits through profit-sharing. By becoming more attractive public spaces the markets will start to advance their spinoff benefits on their surrounding communities, making them safer for pedestrians, encouraging more investment, small-scale entrepreneurship, and local economic activity, and improving sociability and community-cohesion, among other things. The spin-off effects, in-turn, will attract bigger numbers of customers to the market propelling its profitability and quality.

Public markets and the question of Inclusion As public markets play a constantly decreasing role in public life in towns and cities today, their survival seems to be running against the tide, yet they provide a meetingplace, establish new relations and valuable cultural interchange. Just like the traditional Iranian bazaars studied by Nejad (2005), public markets are not just commercial hubs in towns and cities, but also milieus of cultural, social and even political activities. The importance of public markets to towns and cities is not only a regional or even national phenomenon, it is possible to identify places that have become cultural reference points in numerous cities around the world. Cities of today, by trying to bring consistent activities to their public areas, have been regularly using public markets to transform streets, squares, and parking lots into ‘people places’, thus attracting vitality and trade back to the public area in the center of cities and neighboring areas (Spitzer and Baum 1995).

In a Public market distribution and consumption takes place within culturally, historically and socially frames of reference. Although it can be interpreted as an economic phenomenon, a distribution format, but it is embedded in common mental frameworks, which are intimately intertwined with social and cultural values and therefore can be an appropriate reflection to the question of inclusion.

Described as “ Instilling community spirit and cultural exchange “, public markets can be one of the best treads in tackling the excluded communities and ethnic enclaves.

Markets manifest themselves as landscapes in which people are encouraged to freely “gather, make connections and discover their similarities and celebrate their differences “(Ford study, 2003).

The human exchange not only occurs among customers, but act of commerce in its rich historical sense allows a high level of human interaction and cultural exchange to happen. In the markets, a buyer has to interact with half of a dozen or more vendors in order to make his or her purchases. The entangled coexistence of vendors in very small amount of space in regular (at least weekly) basis, the bidding act in the fish market, changing the money at the neighbor vendor, all vividly render the diversity of interactions that can happen in a market day. Public markets are civic institutions and therefore can function both as casual and planned gathering landscapes, where people of all background, ethnicities and socio-economical levels can mix comfortably.

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21st century public market The 21st century public market has been shaped by its history and is formed by the present cultural and social morphology of the landscape it is situated in. Many of the public markets were located mainly in town and city centers, thus constructing a symbiosis between commerce and local social life, all this occurs due to the power markets have of attracting large numbers of people and of entailing events and activities inherent to their relationship with the landscape.

Landscape of the 21st century public market is adaptive, flexible and anticipatory animating a public space that can accommodate different cultural means events and activities when the market is not operating — as well as an attractive space for social and recreational means. From the given scope, social integration can be related to economic success from a different perspective: It relates to a much greater extent on the market functioning as a successful public space – a “place” where people come not only for trade, but also to meet others, “hang out,” and enjoy the overall ambiance and excitement of the space. The “place” quality is not necessary for the market to succeed economically if it can attract customers based on product or price alone (although a “sense of place” can certainly help attract the necessary customers). A sense of place is necessary, however, if meaningful social integration (of

various ages, occupations, ethnicities, etc.) is to occur.

Therefore, inclusion and social integration of the markets is greatly dependent on the quality of the landscape in which they operate or interact.

Markets of today are evolved far beyond the obvious –purveyors of food and goods into creative venues in which a complex hybrid programmatic flows are operating in different scales. The street performers and musicians, the catwalk in between the fashion and textile stalls, cooking demonstrations or talks by farmers and nutrition’s, has made the markets of 21st century a landscape of education, negotiation and creativity in addition to commerce.

These new spaces can be seen as a form of imaginative escape, characterized by being highly interactive, theatrical, omnisensory, and adaptive.

Market Van Morgen Project, Rotterdam, Netherlands Source: www.demarktvanmorgen.nl/

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Brussels/Sint -Jans -Molenbeek Conextualising the public market theme

Brussels a competitive city Ethnic entrepreneurship Public markets in Brussels Molenbeek within the market chain of Brussels Molenbeek center market Field trip Report A design toolbox for the 21st century public market Conclusion

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‘Today, most studies comparing the competitive position of European cities place Brussels between the 4th and the 6th position.

The maintenance of this situation is not guaranteed.’ International development plan 2007

Brussels a competitive city An introduction

Brussels as well as many other European cities has been facing a significant growth in social and spatial inequalities during the past 30 years (Kesteloot et al 2009,Van Criekingen 2009). This has been charged by ‘global’ shifts and transformation of contemporary cities intensified or mediated by local urban policies and strategies. The reflection of such transformation has resulted to a significant transition towards a more ‘elite-driven’ market-led urban planning policy emphasizing the promotion of ‘territorial resources’ and ‘large-scale development ‘projects with speculative character (Van Criekingen 2008) such as Improving the integration of international institutions in the city, proactive development of the potential for business tourism and events and congresses, including the necessary infrastructures (Tour&Taxis, Heysel) and hosting of international financial activities, emerging country firms, etc.

1.Heysel - sho (60.000 m ), c centre (>50.0 hall (15.000 s stadium mee stantards

2.Tour & Taxis offices (40%), park 20 ha, op swimming po

1 10

3.West Statio station, new h offices and co

4.South Statio new housing businesses, h 'convivial and 2

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8 5

5.Monts des A Brussels Infor Meeting Cent shops

6.Delta - new offices, urban

7

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7.European d with offices ,s and convivial , housing(MP

8.State Admin offices (35%), facilities (5%)

9.Josaphat - e with offices, h community fa Ten strategic sites Highlighted in the International Development Plan.

1. Heysel

2.Tour and Taxis

10.Schaerbeek Formation

3.West station

4.South station

5.Mont de Artes

Source www.demainbruxelles.be (Brussels Capital Region, 2008) 6.Mont de Artes 7.Delta 8.State Administration City 9.Josephat

10.Schaerbee logistics activ football stadi standards (?)

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%

Unemployment in Brussles 2007 Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la RÊgion de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA

Sint-Jans -Molenbeek municipality

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

18000

15000

Uneven competition

12000

Socio-spatial duality of the city is not the only implication of Brussels competitive strategies .The emerging type of economy, relying on strong gains in productivity, continues to sacrifice the least qualified jobs (Vanermoeten et al 2009). This hand in hand with de-Industrialization process and replacement of service sector jobs to the periphery has dramatically decreased the opportunity for lower class to survive in the highly competitive job market. It gets much worse with it comes down to the case of migrants in lower income neighborhoods with high number of unemployment . These people also suffer from lack of bilingualism and low educational requirements to meet the job selection criteria. More concerning is to observe that normally holding a higher degree does not guarantee acquiring an appropriate job because of discrimination linked to their ethnic origin and self representation problems. Brussels therefore lacks the types of jobs that could inclusively provide employment for its inhabitants A solution to the problem of under-employment and social exclusion requires development of new strategies and concepts that could increase the opportunity for integration of the lower class in the job market .

9000

6000

3000 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Comparision of the evolution of the income habitat since 1970 Between northern and southern neighborhoods of Brussels Brussels average income Sint-jans Molenbeek , Anderlecht , Sint-Joost-ten-Node and Schaerbeek Uccle, Woluwe St Lambert and Jette 70000

154000

35000

1970

1980

1990

2000

White collar jobs Total manifacturing jobs Ocupation Availability in Brussels since 1970

2010

Available jobs

Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA

The deindustrialisation process that began in the late 1960s is still continuing. Only 38,000 manufacturing jobs are left in Brussels, a mere 5% of the Region’s total employment. “manufacturing” activities in Brussels mainly consist of headquarters or management and maintenance 18000activities rather than production per se: in 2006 51% of those on Brussels’ manufacturing payrolls were “white collar”.

(Vanermoeten et al 2009) 15000 12000

9000

6000

17

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Molenbeek Center

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Origins of customers in each shopping areas of Brussels registered during a week .Source : Atrium interview statistics www.atrium.irisnet.be/

Anderlecht Center

Brabant

Grand palace

La Chasse

Ethnic entrepreneurship The rising inflow of foreign migrants to Belgium alongside mentioned problematic of accessing the job market has made ethnic entrepreneurship one of the main sources of the migrant’s income either as a survival strategy or self-reliance principle (WAUTERS et al 2008).

This hand in hand with spatial concentration of ethnic minorities in certain neighborhoods offers the entrepreneur in some districts a clear ethnic market of a sufficient critical mass. In other words, the retail sector in Brussels reflects the socio-spatial duality of the city.

Looking at the origins of the customers the Brussels shopping districts perfectly mirrors the exclusive character of each area distinguishable in three different systems: The ethnic shopping districts are situated in the heart of the northern and western neighborhood and easily accessed via metro; they mostly provide everyday products and the basic needs of the migrant households and target a public with low purchasing power (snack shops, telephone boutiques, etc.)

The second system is trendy shopping districts which are mostly located on the neighborhoods with higher income (southern part of the old ring), Along the ring where huge shopping enterprises or famous car sellers are located and in the core of the European quarters. Either it is a famous clothing brand in the Louis Boulevard or a fancy shopping mall in Schuman; they all have their distinct audience of a certain class of the society. This system is well served by the highway and easily accessed by car.

The third is the historic city centre, which has a more inclusive character in respect to its touristic and international nature. The diversity of the tastes and demands has made an amalgam of the ethnic and Belgian busi2001 nesses to appear in the area. It seems thus that Brussels miss such landscapes in which entrepreneurship can become language of exchange and integration.

George Henri

George Henri Woluve Shopping center Tongres La Chausse

Oudergem

Brussels Shopping quarters makred by customer and vendor diversity.

Source: Atrium interview statistics www.atrium.irisnet.be/

Morrocean and Turkish distribution 2008 Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la RÊgion de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA

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2006

Public Markets The abundance and spread of the markets in Brussels represent their strong presence in the commercial cycle of Brussels. In definition they can be identified as a public market, which ensures their survival but in reality, they vividly mirror the exclusive character of the city’s retail sector and cater to certain type of demands. The landscape of such markets can be characterized as introvert, ethnic and local. Even if they act as a regional commercial node (such as Abattoir or Molenbeek center market), they attract a certain category of clients. Yet, there Mon. Tue. Wed. are some exceptions: the markets, which One-day Market Thu. Two-days Market Fri. are located in the historic city centre and inThree-days Market Sat. Everyday Market Sun. evitably cater to a diverse range of customMolenbeek Municipality Brussels Public markets ers or the markets who have an strategic Existing tress location with immediate proximity to the im-Proposed tress portant access points of the City. The best Market flows Market hall of such condition instance European Hornbeam honey locus Maple is andthe whirteSouth Poplars marMetro /Train flows ket.

It is held next to the South station, theLittle leaf linden Red maple , Sugar maple Park Flows most strategic node in public transportationAlder Parking Bicycle Tulip poplar network of the Brussels region. It is interDonald Wyman esting to observe that normally these marRER operate in weekends in order to attract kets Metro Metro holiday tourists or the regional commuters.

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Public markets Brussels main headquarters

e level lower than Brussels average income

elevel higher than Brussels average income

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RER connection to the western (dender)valley

Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA

Distribution of 58 public markets in Brussels

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Brussels main headquarters RER Having a dominant ethnic population, Sint-Jans Molenbeek has placed or surrounded by the most important ethnic shopping streets of Brussels as well as markets. Chausse du Gand and Chausse de Ninoove are considered the RER stations Income levelas lower than Brussels average income biggest economic generators for the neighborhood(Atrium 2007)Incomelevel . Having achigher than Brussels average income cess to the regional network through South station and West station (currently Proposed flows limited connection),the neighborhood invites thousands of migrants Hard surfaceevery analysis week Main streams for commercial purposes..

Hard surface analysis

Maple and whirte Poplars

Shrubs and peren 2 4 8

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Molenbeek Centre Market a fieldwork study

Along the canal at the end of the RUE DANSAERT, between the canal and RUE DES ETANGS NOIRS, Molenbeek covers a part of the CHAUSSEE DE GAND and many surrounding streets, which has a market every Thursday. “Molenbeek Centre Market” is a 10 hectares open market in heart of Every ethnicmunicipality. market place has its own logic. Vendors and Molenbeek

consumers enact in a form of market sociability, a form of socialization connected to a web of expectations and obligations. What you are supposed to say and to do in an ethnic market promotes a certain a specific sociality among the vendors and the consumers.

If a market cater to certain sensibilities and tastes, this no way unintended or arbitrary. Instead it is a story of inclusion and exclusion .A story about the logic of a specific spatial setting with its social and cultural codes. For the thesis to understand this spatial logic, careful inspection of such landscape became compulsory.”Sint-jans Molenbeek Centre Market” became the subject of study.

The aim of the study was to understand the efficiency of a Brussels ethnic market in promoting the local economy and more importantly its challenges in providing an inclusive public market .The result assisted the research to acquire a coherent understanding of the specific spatial and programmatic requirements of the “21st century inclusive public market”.

The report is a result of observation and interviews conducted in 5 fieldwork sessions. The statistics is based on The Atrium report (Profil et habitudes de consummation, December 2007).

Profile of the Molenbeek Market Molenbeek has an ethnic profile with a large North African community and many Moroccan shops. Molenbeek market is derived from their ethnic characteristics and It is responding their everyday needs. This market is inextricable part of Molenbeek identity.

“Molenbeek Centre Market” is located in Rue Du Comte De Flandre, which begins from Chaussee De Gand and stretches to Parvis St Jean Baptiste. The ”Comte de Flandre” metro stop l in the heart of the market provides the main access.

Demographic condition of the neighborhood Addressing high rate of unemployment, Molenbeek inhabitants and its market customers except for workers, are mostly job seekers and in-home people that all belong to low-income category. In fact, scheduled time of market, every Thursday between 8 AM and 1 PM, emphasizes the locality of the market, which from the lens of inclusion and social integration brings its merits and demerits together: Although holding a market during the off-peak motivates people to participate in public sphere and subsequently increases social interactions, concurrently it drives particular groups of people to the market.

In other word, the neighborhood can take socio-economical advantages of a market in a workday, but it is not an inclusive solution for the area. Limitation of availability would cause to many customers refuse to come and emergence of a subconscious monopolisation. As a result, exclusion can be identified.

People in Molenbeek are rarely rich and make their purchases every day. In fact,Therefore, the commercial fabric of the Molenbeek is ethnical and the Thursday market reinforces this.

Customers often leave Molenbeek in order to buy branded products of superior quality and meet greater diversity of European products.

Average age 34.91 Projected population 11.51 7.59 2010-2015 (%) Age/ Marital Classification Molenbeek Brussels (Percentage) Singles more than 60 13.12 14.21 Singles less than 30 6.76 9.45 Singles more than 30 35.94 40.06 Couple with children 26.1 20.90 Age/Marital status of Molenbeek neibourhood

Nationality(Percentage)

Molenbeek

North African Turkish Black African Other European (non-Belgian)

10.61 0.93 2 3.23 8.25

Nationality of Molenbeek neighborhood inhabitants Note: There are majority of North African origin inhabitants in Molenbeek, who have Belgian nationality now.

Employment (Percentage) Unemployment Demand Employment Unemployment young Employmnet status

Molenbeek Brussels 20.75 21.44 41.97

30.31 15.27 33.31

Source: Monitoring Des Quartiersin/ IBSA

The multitude of customers during a workday (Thursday) in Molenbeek Centre Market demonstrates demography of the neighborhood.

At first look it is recognizable that in contrast with majority of non-Belgian/ North African people, there is no age or gender dominance in the market.

Consequently it is not so difficult to sum up that the neighborhood has high rate of unemployment.

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Products The first perception of costumers in Molenbeek market is kind of spatial division for different products there. Fruit/vegetable and textile/cloth are clustered. The spatial categorisation of them forms the image of market.

Spaces with variety of mixed products can be found in the rest of market.

In addition to textile and casual/ethnic cloths, the main supply and demand of Molenbeek market is food, fruit and vegetable, light appliances, kitchen implements and utensils.The offered products mainly address the dominant North-African everyday needs .

In despite of what is usually expected from this kind of markets, Molenbeek has a normative Arab market similar to many other European Arab/Muslim districts with mono line of halal food and ethnic needs product. Even costumers seldom can find non-Islamic food or drinks.

Logistics

On market days and especially during the market hours, configuration of all surrounding streets has a temporary transformation to serve the market needs of logistics.

Loading and unloading has key role to make a market more organised.

In Molenbeek market, mostly spaces in front of stalls can be used as loading points. In addition to specific space in R. De L’avenir that is serving trailers and trucks. In market hours, vendors can park their trucks or vans in parallel spaces between stall rows.

Although surrounding parallel and crossing streets are playing role as parking places during the market hours, lack of specific parking spaces are recognisable. It causes to decrease the level of availability for car owners and express a feeling of insecure and unsafe parking place for who would like to use existing provided spaces.

Moreover, mergency access and circulation is taken to consideration all over the site with aisle of 3 metres in width. Floor-cleaning vehicles and sweepers are the last groups, who come to remove and clean up all the market place after reloading the trucks and vans at the end of one-day market working. In the process of cleaning, a huge amount of the run-off goes to the city’s swage system and wasted.

25

Economy Vendors

Flows

Market is all about flows and more than it, paradox of flows; the dynamics of stops and movement, flows of chaos and order.

Broadly, quality and quantity of market circulation are both together the mystery of evaluation that a market is successful or not. In this sense, surfaces and spaces not only are able to form the flows, but also guide it.

In Molenbeek, various surfaces form minimal platforms, which next to aisles in different height structured the space of flows. For instance, during the market hours, sidewalks by transformation in both content and form cannot play their everyday role in human flows.

In the market vendors range from “casual” to “serious.” Casual vendors enjoy selling at the market, often do not expect to earn a lot of money, but have other goals, perhaps more social, in mind.

This type of vendor gravitates to open markets where operating costs are lower. Serious vendors, by contrast, depend on the market for a major portion of their income, or have a full-time business, which is closely related to the market.

The vendors with the lowest start-up With another retail costs were also the most “casual,” whereas the more “serious” vendors had higher start-up costs. With a Move to bigger apartments goal of enhancing upward mobility, it Buy a house appears that financial strategies geared Open another business to helping “casual” vendors become Pay for the children education “serious” would be highly useful.

More serioous vendor Pay for own education Afford a car Expand business

Casual Vendor

Full time- 1 Market

Pay bills

Full time- Multiple Market

Take a vacation Send funds to family

Part time with other job Part time without other job Part time with other retail location

Spin-off effect

3

0 2 1

Surfaces

0

1

2

3

1204

12000

112

10000 8000

1986

6000 4000 2000

Friday

Thursday

Saturday

Wednsday

Monday

0 Tuesday

Number of Pedesterians

14000

3936

Vendors use the sidewalk as parking, while normal parking space belongs to market on Thursday.

Street is main corridor of molenbeek makrt, which has the stalls at two sides.

Market in Molenbeek not only for vendors who have stalls, but also for shopkeepers in the area is a great opportunity to take the advantages of the customers flow. shopkeepers depends on their products and services, try to link their commercial space to the market and in deed some of them are working as a part of markets.there are also benefits for shopkeepers, who provide more alternative products or services in the sense that either preparing more attractive space for market customers or inviting more people by occasional promotions.

Informal economy

Although the mainstream in a market is regulated/formal businesses, which owners are registered by commune or legal agencies, there are informal opportunities too for informal people to do informal jobs.

Loading and unloading, tea catering or advertisement are informal jobs which can be observed during a market day. Other activities like fund raising is common in such an ethnic/local markets, which are suppose to be more related to social activities rather than a business.

In addition, illegal businesses such as selling phone SIM/top up cards or unauthorised goods can be found in market days too. These micro businesses are mostly support their ethnical needs.

1

Most of the vendors either casual or serious, same as costumers, in Molenbeek Market have North African (mainly Moroccan) origin.

Adnan (20 year-old, Moroccan origin) is a serious vendor who has sold fruits since last year, but he developed his own business 6 months ago. He has planned to extend his business first to other markets and then to a shop.

Hassan is Adnan’s cousin and as old as him. He does not have any other jobs. “I am working for Adnan in Market days to earn some money and spend my time.

It is giving tmy cousin a hand as well”, Hassan said.

Occasionally some non North African vendors can be found too. They are all serious vendors but not looking for same objectives.

Louis is Belgian and sells anti-pests. He is working in multiple markets and social aspects are more important for him than earning money. In contrast, business for Charlotte and Philippe (Belgian husband and wife) is as important as social aspect. Their truck is their bakery.

Muhammad is Italian; he became Muslim 10 years ago. He and Amir (his Iranian business partner) are in textile market for 20 years. They participate multiple markets and they have their permanent retail too.

Molenbeek Market is a place for neighborhood inhabitants to purchase their everyday needs. Some other people from other communes of Brussels are coming to this Market too. Most of them are North African or Muslims from another country. “There is no attraction for other people to come here. Molenbeek Market is a dens crowded place for who wants to buy their needs. There is no facilities or spaces for spending more time here” Muhammad, textile business owner, mentioned.

Moreover, Charlotte, Belgian mobile bakery owner, is of the opinion that products of this market are not attractive enough for tourists or people from other neighborhoods to come.

Philippe, Charlotte’s husband and colleague, considered that they expect more local customers in a market, which is held on a workday.

In addition, the Iranian colleague of Muhammad, Amir, realised that some of their loyal customers prefer to go to another market in order to find them and do their purchase. In his opinion, parking spaces is their main reason. “They’d rather go to market by their personal car. They don’t have time to come every week, so they come once in two months and buy lots of materials. They cannot carry their stuff by metro.” Amir mentioned.

2

Saied is a 19 year-old Tunisian origin tea seller. He is a job seeker. “ This work is nice, everyone knows me in this market.

I mean the vendors know me, because I’m serving tea from first moments of their work. But I don’t like it and I won’t continue as soon as I can take a better carrier”, Saied said.

He planned to learn a profession and relevant skills but there are some other people in Molenbeek Market, who would not like to have a better job than their current informal and sometimes illegal businesses.

They believe that their current business bring for them more money in comparison to working for someone else. In addition, they should not to pay tax, rental fee or any other kind of costs.

Foued, Algerian/Belgian police officer, considered that police is aware of some informal businesses but they let informal workers continue till they sell illegal products.

Selling domestic fowl, pets or any other kind of alive animal is forbidden in that Market.

“Most of them are doing this works for earning survival money. If we stop their work and destroy micro businesses, it will be a potential for more serious problems or even crimes. We have to do something more fundamental for unemployment.” Foued said.

3

27

A toolbox for 21st century public market Conclusion

Despite of the Molenbeek market success in economic aspect and empowerment of the local fabric, it is a vivid emblem of a local ethnic market with low degree of integration .Perhaps the best distinction identifying these conditions is the distinction between an “anchor” and a “magnet” put forth by ford study 2003 .

“Anchor” is used here in the same way that retail developers use it: a large store that draws shoppers, whose business smaller stores then benefit from – i.e the supermarket that anchors a strip shopping center or the Molenbeek market that anchors the shopping strip around.

A public market as a whole must be an anchor in this retail sense in order to attract enough shoppers for economic success. It must serve the same purpose as the shopping mall anchor in supporting nearby enterprises. A “magnet,” on the other hand, attracts for other, non-commercial reasons – it is a civic institution like a library or a town hall; it could be a an event space or a Museum Or it could be a “sense of place” that inheres in the market itself and that could be built in from the beginning – that same quality that is a prerequisite for social integration. An inclusive public market should be a magnet as well as an anchor. In addition to the “sense of place “, a set of programmatiand spatial elements is required to support a market as a responsive landscape for inclusion:

Spatial Requirements

Coherence / Imagability The market must be visible and approachable from as many vantage points as possible. The bustling activity of the market is one of its most important forms of attracting diverse flows.

Capacity/Space The sense of place that supports the inclusion goal requires enough square footage in excess of that required only for selling to create a successful public space.

Permeability The market must be located adjacent to mass transit. This allows the market to absorb everyday flows with a more diverse character.

Parking Making parking availability is a critical component for the market location and increasing its catchment area. Without sufficient parking spaces, markets rely more heavily on walking or biking and can only serve the neighborhood.

Parking must be considered; shoppers with mobility limitations, small children, or a large amount of purchases are among those constituents for whom car travel is an important option.

Programmatic requirements

Working days and hours The opening hours and days of the market is an important asset for the inclusiveness of the market. Markets operating in working days and hours exclude the majority of employed people. In case of Brussels it’s an important factor regarding the number of Belgian employees.

Flexibility Markets should be adaptive and flexible .As a public space they should accommodate different cultural means and activities when the market is not operating — as well as an attractive outdoor space for people to eat prepared meals from the market, or meet friends.

Events Events are great generators of an inclusive public space.

When integrated with markets the synergy encourages both integration and economic success. Events and festivals offer possibilities for human interaction, which we do not find in day-to-day life. Yet festivals are not only merely an indicator but can also assume important functions for social Integration .It is evident that festive practices provide an indication of the vital pulse for economic revival and inclusion of the market . This is precisely the case in music events because all their meanings and emotional load often imply together constitute a powerful enculturating and socialization factor. For Brussels These events have a very specific social function: they utility lies in helping to inculcate in people the need for respecting the right of difference in the city, marked by migratory influx.

Products The products offered in a market should be both inclusive and unique. A market should seek to cover as many tastes and demands in one hand and offer distinctive products on the other. Public Markets exist to fulfill a public purpose and to reflect what is distinctive about a community while serving its everyday shopping needs.

29

Paving (a)Way Envisioning the 21st century public Market

West Station Case study selection Design concept and strategy Surface analysis Design proposal Possible Scenarios

31

West station

Case study selection For developing a 21 century public market in Molenbeek ,west station site has a great potential.

Since its rebuilding in 2009, the West station is becoming a main multi modal transport hub in western Brussels which will gain importance in the framework of the Brussels RER development. The Brussels regional government now seeks to favour to literally fill the 90.000 square meters landscape with economic activities (New offices and community facilities claiming that it will encourage the use of public transport (Frenay, 2009,Van Criekingen, 2009) .

Regarding high number of unemployment of the neighborhood (43 percent) and the considerable population growth rate(13.4 percent by 2015) ,development of the site will become critical for the future of Molenbeek .Wether it will become the subject of speculative development of the competitive city or an inclusive milieu for empowerment of the neighborhood, relies on strategies and concepts developed for this majestic landscape.

Gent

Dirt Contaminated surface Metal / derelict Rail lines Metal / Operating rail lines Dirt

A

afts

& Textile

-hand

Bar

ant & Fastfood Cheese and Pastry

hicken & Meat

ducts

Vegetable

nd Toy

B

Handicrafts

ReR connection to the western periphery Cloths & Textile Low income agglomoration

Contaminated surface Metal / Fences and Gates Dirt Metal / derelict Rail lines Contaminated surface SPF .RN Ministère Low income agglomoration http://www.monitoringdesquartiers.irisnet.be/ Train electric poles MetalFinances / Operating rail linesde la RÊgion deBruxelles-Capitale - IBSA Metal / derelict Rail lines Metal / Fences and Gates Metal / Operating rail lines Dirt , Contaminated surface and metals Metal / Fences and Gates Train electric poles

ReR connection to the western periphery

A milleu for empowerment Second-hand C DWest

Catwalk can be considered as an important entry station lower Epoint forCafe & Bar income migrants residing in the western periphery specially along the parallelTransformed industrial valley Buildings F Restaurant & Fastfood river).

At this moment, it is served weekdays Vacant /on Possible future development & Cheese and Pastry G(DenderBread only, with two hourly trains to Dendermonde.RealizaAppropriated Parking spaces Fish & Chicken & Meat H tionBIOof the RER(projected to be in service 2016) network Products Extended or covered surfaces I hand in BIO hand with the on-giong displacement trend toX (Van Criekingen 2008) Puts west station in Fruit & Vegetable J wards west X Removed station building a strategic position as a receptor for the social and ecoFlower K Downgraded Streets nomical flows of the migrants across the region.

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

Bridges

urt

Market

Indoor market Open Market Event Terrace

Alder Sugar Maple

Train electric poles Dirt , Contaminated surface and metals Existing tress Transformed Buildings Dirt , Contaminated surface and metals Vacant / Possible future development Market flows Appropriated Parking spaces

Market hall

Extended Metro Stopsor covered surfaces

Metro /Train flows Market flows Park Flows

Public markets

Parking

Removed station building Ethnic shopping streets Metro Stops

Public markets Downgraded Streets

Bicycle Metro Stops

Market hall

Metro /Train flows Park Flows

Sugar Maple

West station RER statations

Red maple , Sugar maple

Market flows Maple and whir

Market hall Tulip poplar

Red maple , Su Metro /Train flows

Parking

Ethnic shopping streetsRER Public marketsBicycle Bridges Municipality division Metro Ethnic shopping streets Ethnic shopping streets West station RER Market Public markets statations Metro BrusselsRER Region ReRMunicipality network division Alder RER

Existing tress Maple and whirte Poplars

Park Flows Parking

Metro Bicycle Public Markets

Brussels main headquarters Ethnic shopping streets Municipality division Public markets West station

Tulip poplar

RER

33

Metro

Metro

Public Ma

Ethnic shopping streets

Public markets Brussels main headquarters RER stations Income level lower than Brussels averageRER income statations West station RER

Tulip poplar

Incomelevel higher than Brussels average income RER

Brussels headquarters Source : SPFmain Finances .RN Minis

The Anchor

Abattoir

Source : www.flickr.com

West station has a central position within the most important ethnic commercial Streets and markets of Brussels. At one side it is situated along two main commercial axis of Molenbeek namely ‘Chausse de Gand’ and ‘Karreveld’ .On the other it situates in the stretch of Chausee de Ninoove and ‘Duschesse De Brabant’ market. The connection to the Anderlecht however is the most important asset accentuating the potentiality of the site in dialogue with Abattoir , Cureghem and South station market ,the beats of the Brussels ethnic economy .

With closure of the loop of the line 2 and the reorganization of the Brussels metro network in April 2009, all Brussels metro lines currently serve the station.

The inclusive Loop Being part of the metro loop 2&6 which gives access to main head quarters and administrative parts of the city , the station accommodates different type of flows spontaneously. In other words, West station is the central location where business and ethnic flows overlap. This will ensure the diversity of commuters and puts west station as an appropriate milieu for inclusion.

Nord Headquarters

source:www.deviantart.com

Panaroma of Brussels captured from west station adjacent housing block

West station

Metro Stops

Park Flows

Public markets

Parking

Ethnic shopping streets

Bicycle

Red maple

Tulip popla

RER

Municipality division

Metro

Metro

Ethnic shopping streets

West station

Publi

Public markets

RER statations

Brussels main headquarters

RER

RER stations

Income level lower than Brussels average income

Wes

Source : SPF

Incomelevel higher than Brussels average income Proposed flows

Hard surface analysis

Main streams

In-site Buildings

Secondry streams

Influencial edge

Tertiary streams Crosspassing/Emmergency

Hard surface analysis

In-door flows

Platforms

Bridges

Fields

Metro

Galleries

Train/RER Parkings Hubs/Distribution nodes

0

40

120

160

200 m

0

200

600

800

1000 m

0

1

3

4

0

30

90

120

5 km

150 m

35

The Magnet

2

Event spaces and venues

Framing the west station within the approximate Events spaces, music festivals and multicultural events unfolds its potential 2 synergy with highlighted venues and more importantly the capacity of the site to act as the complementary piece within the important event spaces of the Brussels. This means attracting flows of more inclusive character and generate immense economic impulses as the primary demand of Molenbeek.

6 4

3

5 1

t venue Music festival

Winter festival fair )

1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Park system6 Looking at the green structure of the western Brussels(right) 4 ,one can easily identify the railway as the “dead end” for the 3 green. The continuum of the “sub urban“ open space comprised by big parks, allotment gardens and agricultural fields when reaches the station, becomes fragmented and gradually transparent. For the project possible integration of the site 5 landscape to its surrounding biotic environment and continuity of the park system ,can be an asset providing the necessary capacity and “sense of the place” for the market .

Abattoir( the cellar) , Event venue Tour and Taxis , Events ,Music festival Belle Vue Place Sainte Catherine ,Winter festival Boulevard du Midi (South fair ) Canal Zone

Balloon Festival Boulvard du midi

Winter Festival Place Sint Catheirne

Couleur Café Tour and Taxis

Scheutbos‎ Park

Marie Jose Park

Karreveld park 37

Market-Park

Design Concept and strategy

1

2

3

What would be the spatial manifestation of the 21 century market in the West station site? How the landscape can respond to the place shifting and unpredictable requirements of the 21st century public market?

instrumental for providing the “capacity “ and “sense of place “ as two principle requirements of the 21st century public market.

For the research,these questions initiated a discussion into the shifting purpose of approach both to the landscape and the market. The public market was not anymore a mono-functional economic engine neither the landscape was not used to denote a park or place of natural growth, They both contribute in definition of the market and continuity of the landscape. Flexibility and adaptability became fore fronted as design objectives. These goals are met through the integration of “landscape” into the built urban environment: landscape as a “functioning matrix of connective tissue that organizes not only objects and spaces but also the dynamic processes and events that move through them.”(Wall ,1999) The concept of the “Market- Park” solidified and became concrete in the fundamental elements supporting the design objective: Fusion of the landscape in its all aspects, whether it is a parking lot, a social housing block or the railway platform or the street, they all contribute in generating economic impulses, continuity of landscape of the highest quality and defining a “ground structure” which organizes and supports a broad range of certain and uncertain activities. the mentioned objective translated into the design strategy for the west station landscape : taking hold of majestic infrastructure and develop on it a landscape capable of making links with the existing commercial fabric and giving coherence to what should be added there, the developments necessary for empowerment of the neighborhood, namely, a ‘Public market ‘.

2 Provide necessary infrastructure, which is able to efficiently interpret, anticipate and convey programmatic, flows of every kind (Market, every day, events and etc.)

3 Situate the site in its surrounding biotic environment encourage the continuity of the park system. This will be

The project The integrative method of landscape urbanism was primarily used to inspire a creative and experimental working methodology. In viewing the site as a layered system, all the existing surfaces (paved, natural or cultivated, those left in neglect or already built) isolated and analyzed for their productive and experiential potential .The process of layering allowed for the discovery of underlying characteristics and exciting associative possibilities of the site. An application of these surfaces in addition to set of minimal interventions defined the structure of the market system and created the necessary links providing the ground structure (network of flows).

Capacity of the surfaces tested through a scenario for the urban flow and translated into dynamic platforms adapting both to specific requirements of the market and undetermined programmatic expectation of everyday life.

Through a set of infrastructural and topographical interventions, the existing tissue of the city weaved into the site then the platforms became topographical features allowing access and staging to the site. The orientation and geometry of the proposed trees stressed on the coherence and continuity of the park system and carefully arranged to efficiently regulate the expected market and park flows. An autonomous low impact hydraulic system provides the necessary water for the market and purifies it using the natural topography of the site. Finally, the project animates a range of associative possibilities and interesting programmatic juxtapositions that occur within a single experiential space. It does not prescribe particular uses, but provides adaptable spaces for anticipated, but nevertheless unpredictable events.

39

41

Surface analysis

Hard surface is the primary need of the market while as a whole it forms the necessary infrastructure conveying the every day and market flows. Parking spaces, streets, sidewalks, parkways, even the station platforms they all considered as necessary component of the project and resources for intervention.

Parking sites The site benefits from its immediate proximity to the big shopping enterprises with huge parking areas easily accessed via national roads and highways. These spaces can be partly reincorporated for the market, which is normally happening outside the peak hours for shopping. Its obvious then through partly sharing their parking spaces with the market they will immensely benefit from the market.

Paved Surface

0

40

120

160

200 m

0

200

600

800

1000 m

Paved Surface

Existing parkings accessibility

43

On the northern(New Molenbeek) part of the site social housing towers are stretched along the railway and defining a sharp edge defining the border of the open and the built . The railway landscape acts a back site bordered by dead -end alleys and parking lots .

Comptoir Houiller Bruxellois site adjacent to the railway. Consists of 3 abandoned ware houses with a reusable structure suitable for market halls.

Cinoco SA-NV Distillery

Oxfam warehouse partly replaced the tram service station ,Second hand seller .

Existing Buildings

0

40

120

160

200 m

0

200

600

800

1000 m

44

Dirt

Parking accessessibility scheme

Contaminated surface Metal / derelict Rail lines Metal / Operating rail lines

Primary streets / National roads Secondry streets Downgraded street Local access only Parking zones In-door storage places Metro

Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat. Sun.

Train/RER

Metal / Fences and Gates Train electric poles Dirt , Contaminated surface and metals

One-day Market Two-days Market Three-days Market Everyday Market

Molenbeek Municipality

Existing tress

Proposed tress The composition of the parks and the wild landscape of the railway site have resulted to a rather diverse typology of vegetal surfaces.

The trees range from sugar maple and willow to Tulip poplars and white alder and etc. The railway site itself is mostly covered with European and Hornbeam honey locus mixed meadows, patches of dense poplars.

Maple and whirte Poplars shrubs, perennials The rather large Tulip poplars are highlighting the border of the site and social housing blocks.Little Different composition of these species leaf linden Red maple , Sugar maple hand in hand with fluctuating topographic condition of the site frame a picturesque mosaic from different experiences of landscape.

Alder

Market flows Market hall

Metro /Train flows Metro Stops

Park Flows

Public markets

Parking

Ethnic shopping streets

Bicycle

Municipality division West station RER statations RER

Tulip poplar

Donald Wyman RER

Metro

Metro

Ethnic shopping streets

Public Markets Perrenials Perrenials

Public markets

Mixed Meadows Mixed Meadows

Perrenials Perrenials

Perrenials Perrenials

Brussels main headquarters

RER stations

Income level lower than Brussels average income

West station White poplar White poplar

RER connection to the western (dender)valley Willow Willow

Hybrid Poplar

White alader

White alader

Hybridla Poplar White alader White alader - IBSA Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de RÊgion de Bruxelles-Capitale

Incomelevel higher than Brussels average income Proposed flows

Hard surface analysis

Main streams

In-site Buildings

Secondry streams

Influencial edge

Tertiary streams

Vegetation analysis

In-door flows

Platforms

Bridges

Fields Galleries

40

Meadows 0

200

Perenials or mix meadows

600

800

Trees by hights (on- site estimation)

II

Market shed Meadow Perrenial

1

Market hall

1000 m

Willow

16

Perrenial

Gallery Loading/unloading space

14

200 m 160 120 Hubs/Distribution nodes

Common Alder

Open market

10

Parkings 0

2 8

Train/RER

2 4 8 10 14 16

White Alder

Shrubs and perenials

4

Metro

Market system components

Grass and meadows

Crosspassing/Emmergency

Hard surface analysis

Vegetal Surface

Reed Reed

A

Parking space

45

Fences and barriers West station -like many other railway sites in Europe -has a polluted soil. Categorized as the second degree, the soil has petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, and heavy metals as its main source of pollution(European railway soil pollution assessment ,Rotterdam 2009). The condition becomes worse at the tail of the site where an abandoned Belgian oil company (Comptoir Houiller Bruxellois ) located on approximately 1 hectares of the surface contaminated by gas condensates,crude oil, chlorinated compounds .

Dirt Contaminated surface Metal / derelict Rail lines Metal / Operating rail lines Metal / Fences and Gates Train electric poles Metal ,Dirt and contaminated surface

0

40

120

160

200 m

Dirt , Contaminated surface and metals 0

200

600

800

1000 m Dirt , Contaminated surface and metals

Industrial / urban dump

Existing tr

47

Design Proposal

Market system

x A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile Second-hand

C D

X Preparing the ground

Catwalk

ReR connection to the western periphery Low income agglomoration

The proposed market system is based on series of radical and minimal interventions. The minimal use of the hard surface for the open market was instrumental for design . The open market is the using the street surface running along the eastern edge of the railway site. Almost the entire stretch of the market downgraded to provide easier access for pedestrian binding the city fabric to the railway landscape. The sidewalk acts as the interface interweaving between the urban, the market and the park. A roof structure replacing the railway station provides the necessary coherence and image for the market in one hand and creates north south links on the other. As a result, the station becomes an extension of urban life: a platform for urban encounters.

The vacant and derelict sites transformed into market halls or marked for possible future housing development.

Parking surfaces of the adjacent supermarkets appropriated for the market. Two proposed bridges provide the necessary north south connections and stitching the old and new Molenbeek fabric together.

Galleries form the entrance of the open market from both ends and provide the coherence and specific identity for the market while acting as the holding structure of the roof and bridges. The distinct continuous form of the galleries animates a remarkable continuity and provides staging to the landscape .

E

Cafe & Bar

Transformed Buildings

F

Restaurant & Fastfood

Vacant / Possible future development

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

Appropriated Parking spaces

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat

I

BIO

BIO Products

J

Fruit & Vegetable

K

Flower

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

Extended or covered surfaces

X

Removed station building Downgraded Streets Bridges

Market Alder Indoor market Open Market

Sugar Maple

49

Local access only

Metal / Operating rail lines

Parking zones In-door storage places Metro

Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat. Sun.

Train/RER

Metal / Fences and Gates Train electric poles

rt , Contaminated surface and metals A Existing tress

One-day Market Two-days Market Three-days Market Everyday Market

Molenbeek Municipality

Proposed tress

Market flows Market hall

Metro /Train flows Metro Stops

Park Flows

Public markets

Parking

Ethnic shopping streets

Bicycle

European Hornbeam

Red maple , Sugar maple

Little1 leaf linden

Metro

2 Donald Wyman

Metro

Ethnic shopping streets

West station

honey locus

Alder

Tulip poplar

B

RER

Municipality division

Public Markets

I

Public markets

RER statations

Brussels main headquarters

RER

Income level lower than Brussels average income

RER stations

3 Incomelevel higher than Brussels average income

West station

RER connection to the western (dender)valley

Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la RÊgion de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA

Proposed flows

Hard surface analysis

Main streams

In-site Buildings

Secondry streams

Influencial edge

Tertiary streams

II

Platforms Fields

In-door flows

D

Parkings

Trees by hights (on- site estimation)

8

10 C

Hubs/Distribution nodes Market system Proposal

Shrubs and perenials

4

Metro

40

120

160

200 m

600

800

1000 m

Market system components

Grass and meadows

2

Bridges

Train/RER

0

Vegetation analysis

Crosspassing/Emmergency

Hard surface analysis

Galleries

Maple and whirte Poplars

14

16

0

Open market 200

II

Market shed

1

Market hall 0

4

Gallery 1

3

4

90

120

Loading/unloading space

5 km

Parking space

A

0

30

150 m

Parking spaces

Market halls

Open Market

2900 m2

2000 m2 A

1

3200 m2

2100 m2 B

2

3000 m2 3

3300 m2 C

10200 m2

1800 m2 D

4

5500 m2 E Lenght 1100 meters

Total area :17300 m2

Total area :16700 m2 Parking capacity: 3430

Area 23 hectares

Market Sheds 5300 m2

Calculation source : Neufert 2011

II

I

Market system Components

1700 m2

51

Parking accessessibility scheme

Primary streets / National roads Secondry streets Downgraded street Local access only Parking zones In-door storage places Metro

Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat. Sun.

Train/RER

metals

Flows Existing tress

One-day Market Two-days Market Three-days Market Everyday Market

Molenbeek Municipality

Proposed tress

MarketBased flows

on the market proposal,the network of flows is envisioned for the project. The idea was to mobilize European Hornbeam Market hall Maple and whirte Poplars the market and eveyday flows within the envisioned Metro /Train flows landscape .Parking sites,Railway platform and met- Little leaf linden Red maple , Sugar maple Park Flows ro stations highlighted as the expected generators Parkingof the flows. These ‘hubs’ play an important role in Alder every day flows. The flows Bicycleregulating and distribution Tulip poplar are provisioned based on the linear movement of the Donald Wyman market , most efficient use of the existing surface and landscape experience. The simultaneous experience RER of the market-park is instrumental in the flow sceMetro Metro nario. Each stream has its own logics,congestion and Ethnic shopping streets dimension based on their function and occasion. The Public Markets crosspassing and emergency access also taken into Public markets account as the necessary requirement of the market.

Brussels maincar headquarters The flows are foreseen to give access to the parking sites via the main arteries of the city ensuring the easy regulation of human flows within the site.

Brussels average income

RER stations

West station

honey locus

RER connection to the western (dender)valley

Source : SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA

Brussels average income Proposed flows Main streams

Secondry streams

Vegetation analysis

Tertiary streams

Grass and meadows

Crosspassing/Emmergency In-door flows Bridges Metro Train/RER Parkings Hubs/Distribution nodes

Market system components

Open market

Shrubs and perenials 2 4

Trees by hights (on- site estimation)

8

10

14

16

Main streams Secondry streams

II

Market shed

1

Market hall Gallery Loading/unloading space

Parking space A Human Flows diagram

In -site proposed Pedestrian flows

F

A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile

D

D

A

Handicrafts

B

ReR connection to the western periphery Low income agglomoration

D

Catwalk

E

Cafe & Bar

Transformed Buildings

Restaurant & Fastfood

Vacant / Possible future development

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

Appropriated Parking spaces

G

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat BIO

X

Restaurant & Fastfood

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat BIO

BIO Products

J

Fruit & Vegetable

K

Flower

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

Indoor market

Removed station building

Open Market

Fruit & Vegetable

Event

Downgraded Streets

Flower

Terrace Parking

Bridges

Game and Toy

M

Cafe & Bar

F

Extended or covered surfaces

BIO Products

K

Catwalk

E

I

Cloths & Textile Second-hand

C

Low income agglomoration

Second-hand

C

E

ReR connection to the western perip

Selling with truck

Food court

B

Indoor market

Market

Marshland

Alder

Meadows and shrubs

Only-morning accessibility

Tulip poplar

Terrace

Primary streets / National road Secondry streets

All trucks

C

Max 6 meters trucks

Poplar

Selling with truck

Textile and cloth

Water features

A

Parking

Vegetable and fruit

perrenials

Sugar Maple

Open Market Event

Mixed

Hedges

Downgraded street

Loading-Unloading zones

Local access only

In-door storage places

Marshland Hedges Meadows and shrubs

Vegetable and fruit Car flow diagram

Marshland

Textile and cloth

perrenials Water features

Car circulation proposal

Secondry Primary streetsstreets / National roads Secondry streets street Downgraded

All trucks

Max 6 meters trucks

Downgraded street Local access only

Loading-Unloading zones

Local Parking access zones only

In-door storage places

Parking zones In-door storage places

Truck Parking areas

Platforms

In-door storage places Metro Metro Train/RER Train/RER

Metro

Train/RER

0

40

Cross passing and emmergency zone

Market stream flow

Primary streets / National roads

Only-morning accessibility

Truck Parking areas

European Hornbeam

Mixed

120

Fields Bridges and Galleries

160

Parking zones

Benches

Park Secondary connections

Car circulation proposal

Logistics flow diagram

Maket stall

Only-morning accessibility

In-door storage places

Metro

Metro

Train/RER

Train/RER

The Truck circulation Proposal

Logistics of the market as its vital requirement is taken into account , Max 6 meters trucks the truck flows are provisioned with minimum interference with human Loading-Unloading zones flows during a market day. The access to loading/unloading sites and In-door storage places storage places for the market halls were the other factors considered Truck Parking areas by the project.

Metro All trucks

Train/RER

200 m

53 0

0

200

1

600

3

800

4

1000 m

5 km

Platforms

A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile

ReR connection to the western periphery Low income agglomoration

Second-hand

C D

Catwalk

E

Cafe & Bar

Transformed Buildings

F

Restaurant & Fastfood

Vacant / Possible future development

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

Appropriated Parking spaces

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat

Extended or covered surfaces

I

The envisioned flow system is spatially translated to a “ladder� structure system of platforms and fields. The width and the proportion of the platforms are based on the minimal idea of the market stalls while their heights and levels conform to the topographical logics. The platforms provide multitude of connections to the surrounding urban fabric in anticipation of potential and changing uses over time .

From sidewalks and station platforms to entire infrastructural matrix of the park the dynamic platforms will act as fields of action and will be able to operate in wide range of scales and adapt to the given program either it is an open market, event space or every day use.

BIO

BIO Products

J

Fruit & Vegetable

K

Flower

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

X

Removed station building Downgraded Streets Bridges

Market Alder Sugar Maple

Indoor market Open Market Event

Tulip poplar

Terrace Parking

Poplar

Selling with truck

Marshland Hedges

European Hornbeam

Mixed Vegetable and fruit

Marshland

Meadows and shrubs perrenials

Textile and cloth

Market stream flow

Water features Only-morning accessibility All trucks

Max 6 meters trucks

Loading-Unloading zones

In-door storage places Truck Parking areas Metro

Train/RER

Mobile Truck 1.5 X 2.5 m

Cross passing and emmergency zone Benches

Maket stall

Park Secondary connections

Primary streets / National roads Secondry streets Downgraded street Local access only

Parking zones

In-door storage places Metro Train/RER

Platforms Fields Bridges and Galleries

Food courts Large 4 x 10 m

Demonstrator 2 x 3 m

Walk in 4 x 6 m

Food court 2 x 5 m

Basic stall with table 2X5 m

An overview of the platforms in relation to topography

Sections

The diverse topographical boundaries and development conditions carried by these stratified surfaces(platforms) was realized by making several slices throughout the entire rail way landscape .Then the urban fabric (social housing plots ,the adjacent park , the sidewalk)weaved into the landscape through a set of topographical interventions .

Existing condition

Proposal

55

Detail of the bridge , gallery and the Market shed

Elevation from Chausse de Ninoove The distinct form of the galleries provides coherence invitation and image for the market .The galleries can be used as exhibition spaces or Market while seving as a sheltered side walk for everyday flows.

In the staion renewal proposal, The Station platform functioning is no longer limited as a regular transportation hub. It is penetrated, extended and explored. Its surfaces are activated by the daily routines of urban dwellers and the market .As a result, the station becomes an extension of urban life: an inclusive platform for empowerment.

ASPHALT

CONCERETE

Pre-cast concrete planks Pre-cast concrete gray/brown Concrete exposed aggregate Wood Marble

Attraction

pre-cast concrete planks with open joints

asphalt concrete

STONE

Permeability Washability cast in place concrete sidewalk stone

Gravel

Event spaces

Sand Electricity supply

Children friendly/playground pre-cast concrete gray-brown

Sport Attraction Permeability

marble

SAND/GRAVEL

Glossy concrete glossy cement

Washability

sand

Event spaces Children friendly/playground concrete exposed aggregate

Sport

WOOD

gravel

Glossy

Proposed surface typology The surfaces selected Based on thier adaptability with the given condition and possible programmatic expectation (sports ,playground ,event spaces and etc.) The washability and hygenic condition in relation was an important asset for the market surface.

Created or modified surfaces

57

Existing trees

Proposed trees

58

Tree geometry

A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile

ReR connection to the western periphery Low income agglomoration

Second-hand

C D

Catwalk

E

Cafe & Bar

Transformed Buildings

F

Restaurant & Fastfood

Vacant / Possible future development

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

Appropriated Parking spaces

Orientation of the proposed trees inspired by the exFish & Chicken & Meat H isting geometry of the adjacent parks, stresses on the BIO Products I continuity and coherence as a whole while conducting & Vegetable the proposed flows on the site Jscale. Fruit The veil of the Flower K trees emphasize on the privacy and while the single L Game and Toy rows stress on the linear movement of the market.

The Food court selected trees are based on their imagability,shadow M railway screening and aesthetic characteristics. Soil remediation capacity of the trees was an asset tackling the post-industrial and railway surface .

Extended or covered surfaces

BIO

Indoor market Open Market

X

Downgraded Streets Bridges

Park flow Market Alder Sugar Maple

Sidewalk Market flow

Event Terrace

Removed station building

2.5 4.5

Tulip poplar

3

Cross passing

Parking Selling with truck

Poplar

Market flow

Mixed

Marshland Hedges

Study of the tree arrangement in relation to flows

Vegetable and fruit

Marshland

Meadows and shrubs Textile and cloth

perrenials

All trucks

Max 6 meters trucks

Loading-Unloading zones

In-door storage places Truck Parking areas

Maket stall

Park Secondary connections

Downgraded street Local access only

Parking zones Metro

Train/RER

Benches

Primary streets / National roads Secondry streets

Maket stall

In-door storage places

Metro

Cross passing and emmergency zone

Market stream flow

Water features Only-morning accessibility

4.5

European Hornbeam

Train/RER

Wetland

Platforms Fields Bridges and Galleries

Shopping stream flow (Directional)

Cross passing and emmergency zone (non Directional) Vehicular flows Benches Park secret connections

Black Alder (European Alder)

Hybrid Poplar

Honey locust

Flame Maple

European hornbeam

Mature Height 12-18 Meters Mature Spread 6-12 Meters Growth Rate Rapid Sun Exposure Full /Partial Sun Flower Color Redish brown Fall Color Yellow Foliage Color GlossyGreen Shadow level : Good Ideal for soil remidiation and railway Screening

Mature Height 15-21 Meters Mature Spread 15-18 Meters Soil Type Widely Adaptable Mature Form Pyramidal Growth Rate Rapid Sun Exposure Full/Partial Sun Flower Color Green Catkins Fall Color Yellow Foliage Color Green Shadow level : Good Suitable for Market and Park

Mature Height 12 to 20 meters Mature Spread 30 to 70 meters Soil Type Widely Adaptable Moisture Moist Mature Form Round Growth Rate Fast Sun Exposure Full Sun Flower Color N/A Fall Color Yellow Foliage Color Yellow Shadow level : Good Ideal for park

Mature Height 4.5-6 meters Mature Spread 4.5-10 meters Soil Type Widely Adaptable Mature Form Round, Multiv-Stemmed Growth Rate Moderate Sun Exposure Full Sun - Full Shade Flower Color White, Fragrant Fall Color Red Foliage Color Green Shadow level : Good Ideal for park

Mature Height Mature Spread Soil Type Mature Form Growth Rate Sun Exposure Flower Color Fall Color Foliage Color Shadow level : Ideal for Market

Proposed tree typology

12-18 meters 5 - 28 meters Widely Adaptable Pyramidical Moderate Full Sun - Full Shade White, Fragrant Yellow-gren Green Good

source : URBAN HORTICULTURE INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA, NEW YORK

59

Autonomus low-impact water management system diagram

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3.5 m

6m A-A

1.Percipitation 2.Collecting , retaining the rain water 3.Cleaning ,serving the market 4.Infiltration 5.Purification 6.Passing through the park 7.Evacuated to the city sewage system

A

Clean water A

Rain and market run-off Planted water basins Marshland Permeable Surfaces

Water management system

When a market system is integrated with a park ,the question of water supply and evacuation of the dirty run-off becomes an issue, specially when the surface is partly contaminated.

The project sought to tackle the issue trough proposing an autonomous low impact water management system.

The specific topographic condition of the site infrastructure became an asset for directing the water in two different directions and using a wetland system as a sponge for purification of the polluted run-off.

At the highest point of the site a 1600 cubic meters rettion pool collects and stores the rainwater and serving the requirements of the market and the park. A parallel system of ditches are providing the clean water and collecting the contaminated surface water simultaneously. Using the natural topography of the site, the water passes through permeable surfaces partly infiltrates, purified in the wetland and directed to the site. Time by time the clean water forms the linear water basins creating aesthetic qualities while providing the water for landscaping.

The other system takes form of planted ditch that collects rain water of the roof, market and side walk runoffs. The water is stored until it is removed by infiltration absorbed by plant roots, evaporates or for excess amounts flows into the wetland system or the city main drainage system.

Planted sidewalk detail

Parallell clean/ poluted collectors and distributors

Planted water Basins ,Reference: Rudolf-Bednar-Park Vienna Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf-Bednar-Park_03_.jpg

61

A

B

A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile

Low income agglomoration

Second-hand

C D

Catwalk

E

Cafe & Bar

F

Restaurant & Fastfood

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat

I

ReR connection to the western periphery

BIO

BIO Products

J

Fruit & Vegetable

K

Flower

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

Indoor market Open Market Event Terrace Parking Selling with truck

Mixed

Marshland Hedges

Vegetable and fruit

Meadows and shrubs Textile and cloth

perrenials

C

Water features Only-morning accessibility

Site Allplan trucks

63

Primary streets / National roads Secondry streets

Max 6 meters trucks

Loading-Unloading zones

0

20

D

In-door storage places Truck Parking areas Metro

Train/RER

60

80

Downgraded street

m only Local access 100

Parking zones

In-door storage places Metro Train/RER

35

7

7

12

6

5

4

6

3

5

3

Section A-A

Section C-C

A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile

ReR connection to the western periphery Low income agglomoration

Second-hand

C D

Catwalk

E

Cafe & Bar

Transformed Buildings

F

Restaurant & Fastfood

Vacant / Possible future development

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

Appropriated Parking spaces

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat

Extended or covered surfaces

I J K

BIO

BIO Products

X

Removed station building

Fruit & Vegetable

Section B-B

20 Streets 0 Downgraded

Flower

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

60

80

100 m

300

400

500 m

Bridges

Market

100

0

Alder Sugar Maple

Indoor market Open Market Event

Tulip poplar

Terrace Parking

Poplar 0

Selling with truck

Marshland Hedges

Mixed Vegetable and fruit

Meadows and shrubs perrenials

Textile and cloth

Water features Only-morning accessibility All trucks

Max 6 meters trucks

Loading-Unloading zones

In-door storage places Truck Parking areas Metro

Train/RER

Primary streets / National roads Secondry streets Downgraded street Local access only

Parking zones

In-door storage places Metro Train/RER

1

3

4

5 km

European Hornbeam

Marshland Market stream flow

0

10

Section D-D Platforms Fields Bridges and Galleries

Cross passing and emmergency zone

30Benches40

Maket stall

Park Secondary connections

50 m

65

67

0

40

120

160

200 m

0

200

600

800

1000 m

0

1

3

4

5 km

0

10

30

40

50 m

69

Possible Scenarios If the aim of this proposal is to prepare a ground structure to generate economic impulses,if it is about increasing the capacity of the surface to accommodate certain and uncertain activities associated to the 21st century public market, then concluding with a concrete programmatic prescription for the landscape appears to be naive. What seems to be necessary is to evaluate the capacity of the surface through building scenarios for different programmatic conditions.

For this thesis it was achieved through exploration of associative possibilities and interesting programmatic juxtapositions that can occur in different spatial scales ;from the entire envisioned network to the a single experiential space.

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Thursday

Anchoring the ethnic markets The project envisioned a possible agenda for working days of the market and the zones which can operate in each day. The dynamics of the existing markets were instrumental in this projection. The aim was to be complementary, not to compete by any means. Taking benefits of the existing flows while reinforcing the current shopping stream. This means providing the products and services, which is lacking in each of the other ethnic markets . The involved commercial fabric taking benefit of this synergy is projected as well.

The complementary products and range of different events and activities offered by the market park stresses on provides the magnet effect necessary for inclusion. Weekends, station peak hours, and availability of the parking spaces and diversity of the commuters in each day were the other factors determining the operating days of the markets.

Public market

Spin-off effect

71 71

M Foo

d co

4

Possible projection for diversification and clustering the market products . (Wednesday)

urt

Hall Hal

l

3

The market is divided to thematic areas. Within a demarcated area, products, related services and functions are linked together. Example of this kind of coupling include setting up a in the fresh produce section or catwalk between the textile and clothing stalls.

Caf

e&

Bar

E

C Seco

nd-h

J Fruit

& Ve

geta

ble

J Fruit

and

& Ve

geta

ble

A

Handicrafts

B

Cloths & Textile

hs &

J

Tex ti

le

Fruit

& Ve

geta

ble

B H Fish

G

, Ch

Brea

d&

G Terr roundf Catw lo ace alk : Re or: Clo stau ths Gro & Te rant und x &F fl astf tile Terr oor: Clo ood ace t h s : Ex hibi & Texti tion le

K

n&

Mea

t

Cafe & Bar

F

Restaurant & Fastfood

G

Bread & Cheese and Pastry

H

Fish & Chicken & Meat

L

k

Flow

er

Han dicr afts BIO Prod ucts

Fruit & Vegetable

K

Flower

L

Game and Toy

M

Food court

Open Market

Hal

l

Event Terrace Parking

Hall

kios

J

Indoor market

I Info

BIO Products

ese

1

M

BIO

Che

2

D A

icke

Catwalk

E

I

Low incom

Second-hand

C D

Clot

ReR conne

Gam Exh

ibitio

n

Foo

e &T oy

dco

urt

Selling with truck

Marshland Hedges

Mixe

Veg

Meadows and shrubs perrenials

Text

Water features Only-morning accessibility All trucks

Max 6 meters trucks

Loading-Unloading zones

Prima Seco

Down

Loca

Normal day

Market day

Possible programmatic embodyment of the surfaces

Festival

Public Events

Exhibition

Market

Sports field and play ground

73 73

Saturday

Sunday 75

Monday

Wednesday , Full market day

77

Music Festival

“The urban Surface is dynamic and responsive, like a catalytic emulsion, the surface literally unfolds events in time. “

( Wall 1999:233)

79

References ACTIRIS (the Brussels Region Public Employment Organisation) , www. actiris.be/

Project for public spaces website : Http://www.PPS.ORG/. accessed May,2011

Atrium interview report ,(2007), www.atrium.irisnet.be

REA.A, NAELS,C, CHRISTIAENS,J “Young people in Brussels: social inequality and cultural diversity”, Brussels Studies, Synopsis nr. 9, 2 february 2009.

ATKINS,P (2003) “Is it Urban ? the relationships between food production and urban space in Britain “,Helsinki Finish Literature society .

DECLROY J, VAN CRIEKEGEN M. (2009),”The Brussels International Development Plan (IDP): Real estate development promises and growing inequalities? , Brussels Studies ,“issue 25, 11 may 2009.

DEJEMEPPE, P. (2008) “Plan de Développement International – Feuille de route,” CROSS, J. (2000), “Street Vendors, Modernity and Postmodernity:” Conflict and Compromise in the Global Economy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol 21, n. 1/2, New York.

CLARKE ,D.B , MARCUS A. (2003) ,”The consumption reader “,Routledge , London Direction generale institution et population de Bruxelles , http://www.ibz. rrn.fgov.be/ FRENAY,P (2009),”A territorial development project associated with the Brussels RER:An analysis of the fundamental deciding factors” Brussels,Brussels Studies, Issue 31 KESTELOOT,CHR, LOOPMANS,M(2009) “Social inequalities”, Brussels Studies, Synopsis nr. 16 MIRANDA,G(2009)“Two Stages and just one Open-air Market : A Morphological Study on the Open-air Market of Caruaru (Brazil) in the Space of the Town in 1992 and in 2007 “ in:Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium,Edited by Daniel Koch, Lars Marcus and Jesper Steen, Stockholm: KTH, 2009.

LYSTER, C. (2006) “Landscapes of Exchange: Re-articulating site.” In :The Landscape Urbanism Reader, ed. Charles Waldheim, 219-237. New York: Princeton Architectural Press MUTTER ,Payne,G.(2002), Land, Rights and Innovation: Improving Tenure Security for the Urban Poor’ , Practical Action

SPITZER.T.M, BAUM,H (2005),Public markets and community revitalaization” . Washigton D.C : Urban land institute TANGIRES,H.(2003) “Public markets and civic culture in 19th century America . Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press .

VAN CRIEKINGEN, M. (2008). Towards a geography of displacement.

Moving out of Brussels’ gentrifying neighbourhoods. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 23(3), 199‐213 SPF Finances .RN Ministère de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale - IBSA http://www.monitoringdesquartiers.irisnet.be/ VANDERMOTTEN,Chr, LECLERCQ,E., CASSIERS,T.,VAYENS,B. (2009, ) The Brussels Economy. Brussels Studies, Synopsis nr. 7 WALL, Alex.( 1999) ,“Programming the Urban Surface.” In Recovering Landscape, Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, 234-249.

New York: Princeton Architectural Press, Urbis,Brussels regional informatics center, http://www.cirb.irisnet.be/ WAUTERS, B ,LAMBERT,J(2008) 'Barriers to Refugee Entrepreneurship in Belgium: Towards an Explanatory Model', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34: 6, 895 — 915

‘Urban revitalisation’…’economic ‘development’…’Internationalisation.’

The billions of Euros in public and private investment justified by these catchwords – and by the jobs that presumably go with them – have produced pitifully little in Brussels. The financial rewards of the “Flagship projects” – whether it is Big shopping mall in Place du Flagey, an office complex in European Quartiers, or a huge stadium replacing the historic Schaerbeek station have tended to intensify unemployment, the exclusion of job market and produce menial jobs rather than meaningful ones. This thesis is an effort to recognize that new definitions of “urban revitalization” and “economic development” are needed today. More specifically, it investigates how public markets enhance the potential for social integration in public spaces – attracting diverse income levels, ages, and ethnicities – and thereby create a sustainable vehicle for upward mobility and individual empowerment for low-income communities. The research kicks of by understanding the efficiency of public markets as an instrument for inclusion and empowerment, their internal dynamics and their synthesis with the rhythms of everyday life and urban flows. In the second part it explores the dynamics, potentials and delimitation of the existing public markets in Brussels. The results of the first two chapters will serve the research with appropriate methods and design tools for develop an integrated landscape development concept for the West-station area in Brussels/Sint Jans-Molenbeek .

Payam Tabrizian Summer 2011