Thesis Folio_Patrick Bullen

Th

is es

t Por

fo lio

- O pp or tunis

tic

Ur

nd herine Su ermann & An dy F : Kat ors erg Tu t u

s

ba

ni

sm

Food for the Mouth, Mind & Soul Patrick J Bullen 2016

“Food is the one thing that brings us all together�

Ninny Duarte Spangen local in Netherlands and active community participant

Acknowledgements The creative response and research of this thesis investigation was only possible with the local knowledge provided from Ninny Duarte, my travel experience and the exposure to many guest speakers and workshops excellently orgainised by Andy and Katherine.

Contents 01: Introduction & Agenda

7

02: Case Studies &Precedents

11

03: Workshops & Guests

27

04: Netherlands Experience

33

05: The Site

47

06: Process Work

59

07: Final Proposal

89

08: Conclusion

117

01

Introduction & Agenda This travelling thesis was a two-way exchange between two contrasting metropolises: Melbourne, a sprawling monocentric city and South Holland (the Southern Randstad), a polycentric urban region comprising Rotterdam, Delft, the Hague and Leiden.

The themes that initially intrigued me to overlay on the brief was what is unique about Australia? what do we have that they (the dutch) don’t? and how could it benefit their already successful high density environment.

Our architectural identity is made up from a collection of predominantly British and European imports. We as Australian designers always look outside our own country for inspiration. This was instantly evident in our first studio class, where everyone made the assumption that the thesis investigation would be about how “dutch thinking� could benefit Melbourne.

Throughout this thesis investigation there are two main themes. Blue - the personal, experiential and qualitative information.

Yellow - Others ideas and influencers, quantitative data and the larger urban and architectural discourse.

7

“It took me four years to paint like Raphael, but a lifetime to paint like a child�

Pablo Picasso

8

Hypothesis

Doe Normaal “Just be normal already” Today in the 21st century, the world has become so cultivated, inevitably through this cultivation process certain human values have been given precedence and credence. The Netherlands is a country that exemplifies this, where order is put over disorder, logic over intuition and stability over change. The dutch expression “Doe Normaal” which translates to “just be normal” demonstrates their rigid cultural expectations of social conventions. According to lifestyle magazine Monocle one of their main issues is a lack of diversity in urban fabric and program. This has lead to significant social issues where minority groups are excluded, a large portion unable to complete education and get jobs.

Spangen, an economically deprived neighbourhood is located in west Rotterdam and is considered to be one of the poorest in Netherlands. The urban area is infamous as a “no-go” zone from the early 1990’s when there was a high level of heroin use, prostitution and violence.

Current day Spangen has moved beyond its old perception with numerous residential and renovation projects undertaken which have attracted many new inhabitants, mostly young families. Therefore Spangen has a high youth population however there is a lack of energy and happiness due to the urban area having an underutilised public realm caused through social and cultural tension among minority groups which make up over 70% of the population.

How can capricious architecture and program be inserted into Spangen to enliven the neighbourhood and alleviate social tensions, creating an environment where a diverse range of people can connect with one another?

9

“The wall is to be displayed in its pristine bareness, only this way can its capacity to shape space be displayed�

Hendrik Petrus Berlage

10

02

Case Studies & Precedents Throughout the semester many local and dutch case studies were undertaken analysing both the successful and failed elements of some well known and not so well known urban and architectural projects.

I started the semester looking at Michiel Brinkmann’s perimeter block Justus Van Effenstraat which is located in Spangen (Rotterdam) and through coincidence ended up being my site for the final design response.

The Uniform block has central units that form two interior courtyards. Brinkman creates an urban element by having two blocks relationship form into one, enabling access from all sides and acting as a hub.

The above ground level maisonettes are able to have personal entrances through a walkway strip that was one of the first “streets in the air�. The window size and sill heights were designed to maximise natural lighting, ventilation and access to solar heat. The exterior facade is uniform and bland framing important access paths. Compared to the interior which has three elements to eliminate monotony, entrance halls on ground level, balconies on first floor and continuous deck on second floor.

11

>> Narrow plans separated by external deck spaces >> Clad in a single material sitting discreetly above preserved shopfronts >> Communal backyard and parking at rear of property

12

Melbourne

Project Name:

Simpson Street Apartments

Architects:

Baracco + Wright Architects

Location:

Northcote, Melbourne

Completed: 2006 Typology:

Shophouse Apartment

Two two-bedroom apartments and one studio apartment straddle the two shopfront buildings on the first floor. The apartments are wedge-shaped in both section and elevation with the highest part pointing away from the street, yet they sit behind the existing brick parapet in order to preserve the existing shopfronts. Simple pergolas complete the form through the front and rear. Clad in a single material, the forms sit foreign yet quietly above the jumbled shopfronts. The narrow plans are arranged so that each apartment is bookended and separated by external deck spaces, resulting in the living room facing the courtyard for its entire length rather than just on one side. Understated in its street elevation, this project explores a new hybridisation of a shophouse and apartment typology.

13

>> High density, low rise dwelling, 100 dwellings per hectare >> 30-50% internal voids in every dwelling >> All dwellings designed individually by different architects and designers

14

South Holland

Project Name: Borneo Architects:

West8 and various architects

Location:

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Completed: 1996 Typology:

Townhouses

The Masterplan for the Borneo Project by West 8 reinterpreted the traditional Dutch canal house by exploring low rise family terraces within a high density environment using a framework to provoke innovative dwellings within the boundaries of the ‘terrace’ typology’. Various architects independently designed each dwelling using a design code which dictated building height, plot width, materials and access.

A unique feature to the project is its implementation of the requirement for 30-50% of the plot being used as a void, allowing natural ventilation, daylighting and outdoor space within a high density residential development.

15

>> Common outdoor space that feels private >> Axial rotation of apartments >> Height + setbacks sympathetic to street context

16

Melbourne

Project Name:

32 Kerr Street

Architects:

NMBW Architects

Location:

Fitzroy, Melbourne

Completed: 2010 Typology:

Hybrid Townhouse Block

This apartment block consists of seven spacious townhouses, two or three stories high. The ground floor consists of glass-fronted garages that could be adapted into showrooms or retail. In this the design allows for a less car-dependent future, and a potential for live-work situations.

Between these garages, a six-metre wide arcade runs from front to back, allowing for both vehicles and pedestrians. The private entrances to each apartment are from the garages, providing instances where residents can interact with one another in common space.

From each garage the apartments are designed with a north-south orientation, meaning each one is equal in outlook, view and cross-ventilation.

The land of 32 Kerr Street was formerly a one-storey brick warehouse. The owner, who owned and operated a car muffler company approached the architects to develop the land into townhouses. He has personally customised the functional and ornamental steel components for the building. n 0

5

First Floor Plan

17

Architects: 1. Lafour + Wijk 2. DKV 3. Kulper + Campagnons 4. NL Architects 5. Geurst + Schultze 6. De Architekten Cie 7.Dick van Gameren 8. Clause + Kaan

7

7

1 2

8

3 5 3

>> Combination of Permeter Block and Urban Villa Typology

1

2 7

3

6

3 4

2

1

>> The perimeter block serve as a buffer for noise from outside of this precinct, because it surrounded by train line and high way >> The pattern of this development is created by six different aspect; building footprint, scattered trees, pavement, grass, the location of the entrance and the connection between the entrance

18

South Holland

Project Name: Funenpark Architects:

de Architekten Cie, Geurts + Schulze, Claus + Kaan, DKV, Lafour + Wijk, Van Sambeek + van Veen, Dick van Gameren, KuperCompagnons

Location:

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Completed: 2012 Typology:

Combination of (Courtyard Perimeter Block, & Urban Villa)

Funenpark project is a concept that expressed 4 components: “Funenpark” as open space component, “Het Funen” as the pearl of 16 urban villas in the middle of courtyard typology, “Sporenboog” (curving arc), is the curving slab along the east side, and “Cruquiustkade”, is the southern slab of the development. These development have been designed by Frits van Dongen (Architekten Cie) as an urban designer and several different architect who designed the building.

The concept from urban design perspective of creating perimeter block surrounding the courtyard is to reduce the noise pollution from the railway and highway. Furthermore, in the inside of the perimeter block, Dongen set a pattern to emphasize the open space, so people can still experience urban place between apartment building. Moreover, the architect used a special laminated glass to deflect the sound away from the building. The combination between urban design aspect and architecture aspect, can create harmony for the user.

19

20

Precedent Parc de la Villette competition OMA Congestion is important to Koolhaas because it describes the contemporary metropolitan lifestyle. Urban activities are unstable, uncertain, they overlap and mutate.

Therefore to provide potential space for ever changing and unprecedented activities Koolhaas strategy is to “combine architectural specificity with programmatic indeterminacy.�

By juxtaposing and superimposing different layers of the composition,programs exchange and extend creating a horizontal congestion.

21

22

Precedent Didden Village MVRDV This rooftop house extension was the first project MVRDV realised in its hometown of Rotterdam. Situated on top of an existing monumental house , the bedrooms are conceived as separate houses, optimizing the privacy of every member of the family.

The houses are distributed in such a way that a series of plazas, streets and alleys appear as a mini-village on top of the buildings.

23

Precedents & Influencers Summary

Lebbeus Woods

Peter Zumthor

Creeds Farm - Tandem

Scofidio and Renfro

Waterloo Community Centre Mpavilion - Sean Godsell

Searle Waldron Glen Murcutt 24

Findings/What I learnt Unconventional and experimental design and how parasitic design can address opportunistic urbanism as a concept

Elegance and refinement, contrast in light and heavy through materiality. A respect for structural expression

Simplicity equals beauty. Also cheap!

Looking at water as a material and a habitable medium. Building a pavilion that doesn’t sit on land and pushes the boundaries of what is architecture How a community centre can attract people through its immediate landscaping

Structural refinement and flexibility.

Active shading.

Form gesture and roof design

The tectonics of Australian Architecture

25

26

03

Workshops & Guests The exposure to local and overseas workshops with a diverse variety of guest lectures ensured that the thesis investigation became more multilayered and thorough than your typical design studio. The “think tank�Deltametropolis Association and TU Delft proved highly useful to establish a well considered and realistic site brief for each of us.

Deltametropolis which is based in Rotterdam undertook a research project called the Atlas Zuidelijke Randstad, it aims to encourage redevelopment of underutilised sites within South Holland. Our thesis site selection was based on this research, it acts as a guide for how our strategies can link in to address at a larger scale.

The all day workshops at TU Delft for me personally were the most useful as we got to work through initial responses with local urbanists and other architecture students from around Europe. The workshops were broken into four components with a focus each day.

Workshop 1 = Design/Urbanism Workshop 2 = Development and Finance Workshop 3 = Community / Livability Workshop 4 = Government / Planning

27

TU DELFT WORKSHOPS South Holland

28

TU DELFT WORKSHOPS South Holland

29

Input Melbourne

South Holland

Nigel Bertram NMBW Architects

Marieke Hillen De Architect

Claire Cousins Claire Cousins Architecture

Rients Dijkstra TU Delft Maxwan Architects + Urbanists 30

Output

“The odd things that don’t fall into a category are often the things that stick in our minds the longest” - Thinking about architecture through the experiential scale but tieing it back to the larger issues at play

Urban design and architecture must take/make/give space physically as well as mentally - Retrofit existing unused spaces to helpful program that assists the less fortunate.

-Architecture needs to not just cater for the top 10%

“Interface determines livability of street” - use additions for maximum external effect -Design spaces that you personally are enthused by - Sense of arrival is crucial

Analyse Design Present/Present Design Analyse ADPADPADPADPADPADPADP PDAPDAPDAPDAPDAPDAPDA - This process should be done quickly - Urband design is a lot more than just physically connecting things

31

32

04

Netherlands Experience

The two and half weeks in Netherlands started in Amsterdam with a cycling field trip where we visited some of the case studies we had previously done in Melbourne and many other exemplary projects.

Most of our time was spent in Rotterdam as that’s where we based ourselves and proved to be easy and quick to travel to places like Delft from there. In Rotterdam we visited the respected firms KCAP and MVRDV gaining a fresh insight into the way they handle large scale projects. No day was ever the same, every day was a unique and unpredictable experience as there was always a lot variables changing e.g different locations/instructors, other students joining in and topic changes.

Deltametropolis was a focal point with lectures and our Mid Semester presentations being undertaken there. It was great to make the connection to the place we were first introduced to in our first class via skype with Dan and Annastasia. A large focus of our time was collectively visiting the atlas sites that the class had been allocated and then selecting the one which worked best with our hypothesis. A critical part of my experience was through a workshop with Marieke Hillen getting put in touch with Ninny Duarte a local of my selected site Spangen. I and another student undertook a four hour tour of Spangen with her and did an interview.

33

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

34

9:00 MEET AT AMSTERDAM CENTRAAL STATION (WITH BIKE) HAARLEMMER HOUTTINEN HOUSING (1982), HERMAN HERTZBERGER SILODAM (2002), MVRDV HOUSING EIGEN HAARD & POST OFFICE (19131920), M DE KLERK WOODEN HOUSES (2013) M3H ARCHITECTEN LOOTSBUURT HOUSING COMPLEX (2008) ANA ARCHITECTEN APOLLOSCHOLEN AMSTERDAM ZUID (1980-83) HERMAN HERTZBERGER AMSTERDAM SCHOOL PRECINCT (1930S) DE KLERK AND OTHERS; HENDRIK BERLAGE EXTENSION DUIKER OPEN AIR SCHOOL (1927-1930) J. DUIKER, B. BIJVOET DRIVE IN WONINGEN (1937) VAN TIJEN, STAM, C.I.A, STAM-BEESE, H.A MAASKANT MONTESSORISCHOOL (1935) VAN TIJEN, STA, C.I.A, STAM-BEESE 13:00 – 14:00 LUNCH IN DE PIJP

KATHS SECTION

AMSTERDAM ZUID BERLAGE SUPERBLOCK (19171925), BERLAGE AND OTHERS NIEUMARKT REDEVELOPMENT (1975), ALDO VAN EYCK & VAN BOSCH THE DOUBLE INFILL HOUSING (2015), WIEL ARETS HUBERTHUIS (1978), ALDO VAN EYCK HOUSING COMPLEX FUNENPARK (2011) LANDLAB LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & FRITS VAN DONGEN URBAN DESIGN 16:30 – 17:30 TOUR OF FUNENPARK WITH CITY OF AMSTERDAM REPRESENTATIVES BORNEO-SPORENBURG (1993-1996) WEST 8 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND OTHERS PIRAEUS HOUSING BLOCK (1989-1994) KOLLHOFF UND TIMMERMANN WITH CHRISTIAN RAPP JAVA EILAND (1991-2000) SJ. SOETERS 18:30 – 20:00 DINNER AT PAKHUIS DE ZWIJGER EETCAFE 20:00 – 22:00 SASKIA SASSEN AT PAKHUIS DE ZWIJGER, PIET HEINKADE 179, 1019 HC AMSTERDAM AT 8:00PM. NEW DEMOCRACY, REGISTER ON WEBSITE (OPTIONAL BUT ENCOURAGED)

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

AMSTERDAM ZUID BERLAGE SUPERBLOCK (1 1925), BERLAGE AND OTHERS NIEUMARKT REDEVELOPMENT (1975), ALDO EYCK & VAN BOSCH THE DOUBLE INFILL HOUSING (2015), WI HUBERTHUIS (1978), ALDO VAN EYCK HOU COMPLEX FUNENPARK (2011) LANDLAB LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & FRITS VAN DONGEN URBA 16:30 – 17:30 TOUR OF FUNENPARK WITH AMSTERDAM REPRESENTATIVES BORNEO-SPORENBURG (1993-1996) WEST 8 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND OTHERS PIRAEUS HOUSING BLOCK (1989-1994) KO UND TIMMERMANN WITH CHRISTIAN RAPP JAVA EILAND (1991-2000) SJ. SOETERS 18:30 – 20:00 DINNER AT PAKHUIS DE Z EETCAFE 20:00 – 22:00 SASKIA SASSEN AT PAKHU DE ZWIJGER, PIET HEINKADE 179, 1019 AMSTERDAM AT 8:00PM. NEW DEMOCRACY, ON WEBSITE (OPTIONAL BUT ENCOURAGED)

AMSTERDAM FIELD TRIP

35

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

36

COMMENCE ROTTERDAM CENTRAAL DE LIJNBAAN - 1953 - VAN DER BROEK AND BAKEMA BIJENKORF DEPARTMENT STORE & B-TOWER - 1957 - MARCEL BREUER & 2013 - WIELS ARETS WIJNHAVEN PRECINCT HOGE HEREN TOWER - 2001 - WIELS ARETS KOP VAN ZUID PRECINCT DE ZUIDERSTER - 2012 - GROOSMAN KATENDRECHT PRECINCT KIEFHOEK HOUSING - 1933 - JJP OUD PARKSTAD PRECINCT DE PEPERKLIP - 1970 - CAREL WEBER DE LANDTONG APARTMENTS - 1998 - FRITS VAN DONGEN & CIE PARKLAANFLAT - 1933 - VAN TIJEN MULLERPIER PRECINCT / DELFSHAVEN MASTERPLAN - 2011 - SPUTNIK PARKBOULEVARD BIG SHOPS/DAKPARK - 2011 LA MEDI - 2008 - GEURST & SCHULZE SPANGEN QUARTER - 1921 - BRINKMAN DIDDEN VILLAGE - 2007 - MVRDV GROOT HANDELSGEBOUW - 1955 - MAASKANT & VAN TIJEN SCHIEBLOCK - 2009 - ZUS AMMERSOEISEPLEIN - 1986 - DKV HOFDIJK MASTERPLAN & HOUSING - 1983 VERHOEVEN WERELDHAVEN - 1941 - JAN WELS MARKTHAL - 2014 - MVRDV CUBE HOUSES & MASTERPLAN - 1984 - PIET BLOEM OPEN-AIR STAGE GROTEKERKPLEIN - 2011 TIMMERHUIS - 2015 - OMA KCAP OFFICE AT 5:30PM - PIEKSTRAAT 27, 3071 EL ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS (FEIJENOORD)

THESIS STUDIO | OPPORTUNISTIC URBANISM

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

SPANGEN DIDDEN V GROOT HA VAN TIJE SCHIEBLO AMMERSOE HOFDIJK VERHOEVE WERELDHA MARKTHAL CUBE HOU BLOEM OPEN-AIR TIMMERHU KCAP OFF 27, 3071 (FEIJENO

MSD THESIS STUDIO

ROTTERDAM FIELD TRIP

37

38

FUNEN PARK Amsterdam

39

40

41

42

43

Input

Spangen tour and Interview with Ninny Duarte

44

Output

MAIN STREET TO STADIUM DIVIDES LOWER SPANGEN AND IS HOSTILE WITH THE REGULAR INFLUX OF SPARTA FANS

ELDERLY MOVED TO THE EAST IN NEW HOUSING INCLUDING NINNY’S PARENTS AND ARE NOW SEPARATE FROM THE REST OF THE COMMUNITY

LACK OF CORNER SURVEILLANCE AND FEELING OF SECURITY

LACK OF VISUAL CONNECTIVITY THROUGHOUT WHOLE NEIGHBORHOOD

CAFES HAVE FAILED LIKE MANY OTHER PROGRAMS IN SPANGEN AS THEY ARE NOT DEMOGRAPHIC SPECIFIC AND PEOPLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD DON’T HAVE THE MONEY TO SUPPORT THEM

BUSIEST STREET IS BILDERDIJKSTRAAT PARENTS OF CHILDREN ARE NOT SOCIALISING TOGETHER MANY MUSLIM WOMAN STAY INDOORS A VERY DIVERSE NEIGHBORHOOD BUT THE ONE THING THEY ALL HAVE IN COMMON IS FOOD

45

46

05 The Site

Spangen is one of the poorest urban neighborhoods in Rotterdam and therefore the whole of Netherlands. Many of its inhabitants are migrants with diverse backgrounds who have extremely low incomes. The area used to be known in the 1990’s as a “no go� place due to drug dealing, prostitution and violence.

Spangen is located in west Rotterdam sandwiched between a number of infrastructural barriers. It is split into upper and lower districts by a dike and due to the low altitude, the area has an isolated impression.

The Urban design by Pieter Verhagen provided strict control of the issuance of the building blocks and architectural quality. Rigid rules - including building lines, ridge heights, the length of building blocks. Diagonal streets have schools and playgrounds. The area is also well known for its trial and error initiatives to change through introducing Kluzhizan and Wallisblok projects. Which was basically a ploy by the government to get new people into the area hoping they would fix it. Run down apartments in perimeter blocks were sold off for 1 euro and the new owners given a licence to retrofit however they wanted.

47

DORDRECHT

!

!

!

!

DANDENONG DANDENONG DANDENONG DANDENONG

FUTURE GROWTH FUTURE FUTURE FUTURE GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH FUTURE GROWTH

South Holland

South Holland

Melbourne Melbourne Melbourne Melbourne

!

HOUSING T HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING TYP TY !

!

NORTH NORTH NORTH NORTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

37%

Existing urban Existing urban Existing area urban Existing areaarea urban area Potential Growth Corridor PotentialPotential Growth Corridor Growth Potential Corridor Growth Corridor

!

LEIDEN

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Outer Melbourne Outer Melbourne Outer Melbourne Ring Outer Melbourne RingRing Ring Rail Link RegionalRegional Rail Regional Link Rail Regional Link Rail Link

34% 34% 34% 34%

!

SUNBURY SUNBURY SUNBURY SUNBURY GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

DETACHE DETACHED DETACHED DETACH H Area Area Farming Farming AreaFarming Area Farming

!

+ dwellings 250,000 420,000 dwellings +++420,000 +420,000 420,000 dwellings dwellingsdwellings POPULATIO POPULATION POPULATIO POPULATI !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

THE HAGUE

!

40% Urban Areas 60% inEstablished Established Urban Areas 60% 60% 60% inin in Established Established in Established Urban Urban Urban Areas Areas Areas !

!

!

!

!

250,000 + 250,000 dwellings dwellings + 50,000 250,000 50,000 +250,000 250,000 250,000 dwellings dwellings dwellings dwellings dwellings dwellings 17% 000 0,000 dwellings dwellings 40% % 0% 0% 40% GOUDA

!

APART APARTME APARTM APAR

!

!

!

WEST WESTWEST WEST GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

DELFT

!

!

200,000 people 200,000 200,000 200,000 people people people

!

30% 30% 30% 30%

!

!

!

!

MELBOURNE MELBOURNE MELBOURNE MELBOURNE

SCHOONHOVEN

!

!

!

!

!

19 199 19 1

0Established FEMALE: 1,629,239 (50.6%)ROTTERDAM n(49.4%) Established inin Established Urban Urban Areas Areas n in Established Established inin Established Established Established Urban Urban Urban Urban Areas Urban Areas Urban Areas Areas Areas Areas !

!

!

!

!

!

!

dblished Urban Urban Areas Areas

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

DANDENONG DANDENONG DANDENONG DANDENONG

!

FEMALE: 1,704,022 (51.0%) FEMALE: FEMALE: FEMALE: 1,704,022 1,704,022 1,704,022 (51.0%) (51.0%) (51.0%) !

3 (49.5%)

FEMALE: 1,751,861 (50.5%)

33%

2001 2001 2001 200 TOWNHO TOWNHOUSE TOWNHOU TOWNH

MALE: 1,634,682 (49.0%) MALE: MALE: MALE: 1,634,682 1,634,682 1,634,682 (49.0%) (49.0%) (49.0%) !

!

36% 36% 36% 36% !

DORDRECHT

!

!

!

SOUTH EASTEAST SOUTH SOUTH EAST SOUTH EAST GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

PROJECTION ROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION FEMALE: FEMALE: 1,831,683 (51.0%) FEMALE: FEMALE: 1,831,683 1,831,683 1,831,683 (51.0%) (51.0%) (51.0%) an’ GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH MELBOURNE SPATIAL GROWTH MELBOURNE MELBOURNE MELBOURNE SPATIAL SPATIAL SPATIAL GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH

20 200 20 2

MALE: 1,760,908 (49.0%) MALE: MALE: MALE: 1,760,908 1,760,908 1,760,908 (49.0%) (49.0%) (49.0%)

Source: Plan Melbourne Source: Source: Source: Plan Plan Melbourne Plan Melbourne Melbourn ‘Gro ‘G

2011 2011 2011 201

0% 0% 0% 0% OTH OTHE OT PROJECTION SOUTH HOLLAND SPATIAL GROWTH OTHERS SPATIAL GROWTH OF SOUTH HOLLAND 2030

Source: Victorian Governement Source: Source: Source: Victorian Victorian Victorian Governement, Governement, Governeme ‘Pla‘ 2016 2016 2016 2016 MALE: 1,966,503 (49.2%) MALE: MALE: MALE: 1,966,503 1,966,503 1,966,503 (49.2%) (49.2%) (49.2%) Source: Episcope.eu, ‘The statist Source: Source: Source: Episcope.eu, Episcope.eu, Episcope.eu, ‘The ‘The statistic ‘The statistic sta of GROWTH Source: cencusdata.abs.gov.au.

‘Population Greater Melbourne’ Source: Source: Source: cencusdata.abs.gov.au. cencusdata.abs.gov.au. cencusdata.abs.gov.au.

‘Population ‘Population ‘Population Greater Greater Greater Melbourne’ Melbourne’ Melbourne’ 1.5 MILLION 1.5 1.5 1.5 MILLION MILLION MILLION Existing Urban Area Source: Axelos ‘Global Best Practice’

13%

FEMALE: 2,033,479 (50.8%) FEMALE: FEMALE: FEMALE: 2,033,479 2,033,479 (50.8%) (50.8%) (50.8%) SPATIAL GROWTH OF2,033,479 MELBOURNE 2030 SPATIAL SPATIAL SPATIAL GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH OFOF MELBOURNE OF MELBOURNE MELBOURNE 2030 2030 2030 Source: Plan Melbourne 2050 ‘Growth Corridor Plan’ Source: Source: Plan Source: Plan Melbourne Melbourne Plan Melbourne 20502050 ‘Growth 2050 ‘Growth Corridor ‘Growth Corridor Corridor Plan’Plan’ Plan’

2016 2025 2025 2025 2025 PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION POPULATION PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION POPULATION POPULATION POPULATIO HOUSIN HOUSING HOUSIN HOUSI 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH 0-0 0-10 0-1 1,000,000 people 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 people people people PROJECTED GROWTH HOUSING GROWTH HOUSING SIZE 501,559 501,559 501,559 501,559 76% 24% 76% 76% 76% 24% 24% 24% Urban Area 2025Existing PROJECTION GROWTH HOUSING GROWTH HOUSING SIZE PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING SIZE SIZE SIZE PotentialPROJECTION Growth Corridor 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 20161.85 MILLION 201 2016 201 20 Farming Area 10 10-2 101 Metro Train 4.3 MILLION 4.3 4.3 4.3 MILLION MILLION MILLION GROWTH 490,716 490,716 490,716 490,716

Potential Growth Corridor s’.

Farming Area Existing urban area Existing urban areaarea Existing Existing urban Existing urban area area urban area Existing urban Existing urban area area urban Existing Urban Area Existing Existing Existing Urban Urban Urban Area Area AreaExisting 1’ (49.4%) FEMALE: 1,806,401 (50.6%) Potential Growth Corridor Potential Growth Corridor Potential Potential Growth Potential Growth Corridor Growth Corridor Corridor Potential Potential Growth Potential Growth Corridor Growth Corridor Corridor Metro Train Pottential Growth Corridor Pottential Pottential Pottential Growth Growth Growth Corridor Corridor Corridor SPATIAL GROWTH OF SOUTH HOLLAND 2030 Farming Area Farming AreaArea Farming Farming Area Farming Area Area Farming Farming Area Farming Area Regional Rail LinkMILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION Farming Area Netherlands, ‘Population Pyramid’ Farming Farming Farming Area Area Area Source: Axelos ‘Global Best Practice’ MILLION Outer Melbourne Ring Metro traintrain OuterOuter Melbourne Melbourne Outer Ring Melbourne Ring Ring MetroMetro train train Metro Outer Melbourne Ring Outer Outer Melbourne Outer Melbourne Melbourne Ring Ring Ring Regional Rail LinkLink Regional LinkLink Regional Regional Rail Regional Link RailRegional Link Rail Regional Regional Rail Regional Link RailRail Link Rail Rail Link Regional Regional Regional RailRail Link Rail Link Link Source: Victorian Government, ‘Plan Melbourne by Numbers’ rce: ource: Source: Victorian Victorian Victorian Government, Government, Government, ‘Plan ‘Plan Melbourne ‘Plan Melbourne Melbourne by by Numbers’ Numbers’ by Numbers’

PROJECTION PROJECTION GROWTH GROWTH 1.6 1.6 MILLION MILLION 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION

Population : Million 6.0 Million Population Population Population : 6.0 : 6.0 : 6.0 Million Million 3.5 Million

37%

Existing urb

Potential Growth Corridor

Potential Gr

Farming Area

Farming Area

Outer Melbourne Ring

Metro train

Regional Rail LinkRail Link Regional R Regional Housing: 1.91.9 Million 25% 75% Housing: Housing: Housing: 1.91.9 Million Million 25% 25% 25% 75% 75% 75% Source: Cushman &Million Wakefield,’Residential Market 1.85 Million 40% 60%in the Netherlands’ 1,000,000 people

2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 MILLION 6.0 MILLION MILLION MILLION 6.0 6.0 6.0

20162016

Existing urban area

Source: Plan Melbourne 2050 Source: Plan Source: Plan Melbourne Melbourne Plan Melbourne 20502050 2050 ZE Source: HOUSING GROWTH Source: Victorian Government, ‘Plan Melbourne by Numbers’

PROJECTION GROWTH

75% 25% 75% 75% 25% 25% 75% 201625%

Source: Source: Victorian Source: Victorian Victorian Government, Government, Government, ‘Plan‘Plan Melbourne ‘Plan Melbourne Melbourne

by Numbers’

by Numbers’

by Numbers’ 48 Source: CBS Statistics Netherlands, ‘Household size, compositions and position the household January’ Source: Source: CBS Source: CBS Statistics Statistics CBS Statistics Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, ‘Household ‘Household ‘Household size,size, compositions compositions size, compositions andand position position and position in the inin the household inhousehold the household January’ January’ . January’ . . .

Source: Plan Melbourne 2050 Source: Source: Source: Plan Plan Melbourne Plan Melbourne Melbourne 2050 2050 2050

617,065 617,065 617,065 617,065

20 20-3 202

CULTURAL MIGRATION South Holland

80km

TOTAL POPULATION BORN OVERSEAS 45 - 54% 35 - 44% 25 - 34% 15 - 24% 11-14% < 10%

49

CULTURAL MIGRATION South Holland

MIGRATION DOMINATED BY FORMER COLONIES

50

CULTURAL MIGRATION South Holland

51

52

Justus Van Effenstraat Klushuizen Wallesblok Mevlana Mosque Schools Children Farm Bellamyplein Dike Marconiplein Metro Station Tram

53

DEMOGRAPHICS Spangen

10 385

15 y/o

4 510

81%

21% Non Western

73%

16% 33%

19%

Dutch Morocco Antilles + Aruba Suriname Turkey Other

54

11%

3%

18%

DEMOGRAPHICS Spangen

Spangen has had numerous residential and renovation projects which have attracted many new inhabitants, mostly young families. This makes Spangen a neighborhood with many children.

• Rotterdam 37% non Western • 50% of all migrants in Rotterdam are Children.

• Spangen has the highest youth population • Average Income per capita 15 000 euros

• 60% of Spangen rank in the lowest income category

• Only 18% of Households don’t have Children

55

Souless Spangen The year is 2040, the hottest year on record. Spangen basks in the sun but there is no neighborhood activity to witness it. No children playing, no sound of bicycles or vehicles, the only sound that can be heard is the occasional splatter and clatter of rubbish being emptied onto the footpaths from the above windows.

Spangen has been through a lot since 2016. First there were the floods in 2020 that stifled any momentum of progress that the neighborhood was experiencing through some young energetic kick starters. Small local specific businesses that had just got on their feet suffered enormous losses and wreckage due to having their shops located at ground level and not enough preventable measures for a flood. Unfortunately another tragedy that occurred was the loss of life of many elderly people who were unable to evacuate on time and were the most vulnerable due to only a few years previously being relocated to ground levels to save on lift access costs.

Then there was the 2030 terrorist attack on Rotterdam Centraal that obliterated the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s soul and pride and was the last straw in dividing the population. Muslim citizens now fear for their safety with many relocating to Spangen as their last refuge. Majority of elderly have now moved further out of the city to territory they believe to be safer from flooding.

Other minority groups in Spangen are annoyed about the influx of Muslims as they feel the neighborhood character has changed due to a shift in social dynamics and schools. Ratti a Sudanese woman says her kids now feel left out at school as most of the class is Muslim including the teachers. She also laments how the parents no longer have a social life with other parents as all the Turkish Muslim woman stay indoors for safety out of fear.

56

CRITICAL WRITTEN ARTICLE

Buildings in 2040 Spangen are dilapidated the lower levels never properly repaired from flood damage, window frames are rotting, creating large air leakages. The right-wing government has ceased investing money or resources into the neighborhood, actively going out of their way to make Muslims feel unwelcome in “their” country.

Many violent atrocities have been committed on locals over the recent years from an increasingly and ever growing rabid Sparta fan squad. Violent gangs and hooligans have grown emboldened by the lack repercussions from the justice system.

The disconnect among Spangen residents even extends to among the muslim population itself. Wealthy Muslim Shiites have moved into the Klushuizen and Wallisblok projects when the old residents fled for more welcoming neighborhoods However majority of Musilims in Spangen are Sunnies who shun and envy the richer Shiites.

It is too risky for children in 2040 Spangen to play outside, as bullying among the minorities has occurred frequently further segregating families. The kids are cooped up inside whether it is at school or home and hence an over excess in energy is interfering with their learning and sleep.

Spangen’s streets and open space echo with emptiness, all potential life and energy locked away in monotonous blocks.

Souless Spangen silently screams.

57

58

06 Process Work

The initial design response to Spangen was instigated directly after meeting with and interviewing Ninny Duarte.

The process work reflects my agenda for the Spangen neighborhood which is to connect a diverse range of people curating moments that enliven the area and demographic specific program that encourages higher utilisation of existing spaces. The idea of determinancy vs interdeterminancy is really important to the Urban strategy. Interventions are not physically connected and some like the toy van are flexible moving to different locations to encourage higher utilisation of open space by children.

For the early stages of design, interventions ranged from cheap and feasible to more out there concepts, like underpasses through perimeter blocks and gridshell structures sheltering private open space. The medium of collages/montages has been heavily relied on as it defies the rigid urban and architectural methodology which is partially to blame for the issues facing Spangen. My process of working has been very much â&#x20AC;&#x153;in the momentâ&#x20AC;?. Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve tried to let go of all the baggage that plagues designers to bring a creative freshness, taking on the perspective of a child as they are my main target group for the success of the design.

59

ANALYSIS Spangen

PHYSICAL SEGREGATION

INWARD FACING BLOCKS/PRIVATE OPEN SPACE 60

GATES/ENTRIES

UNDER-UTILISED PUBLIC SPA

ACE

ANALYSIS Spangen

MAIN STREETS / COMMERCIAL

OPPORTUNITIES/INTENSITY POINTS 61

AIM • New Local Network - Shortest Route • Defy rigid street Layout • Defy Monotony • Chanel Intensity • Wayfinding created through totems/follies/scupltures and exterior paint decoration.

62

PROGRAM • Ice cream Store • Fresh food pavilion • Sheltered Farm/covered outdoor Space • Kids toy Hire • Elderly Accommodation - ground level • Community kitchen - Sparta football players

Concept

63

64

URBAN STRATEGY

Elderly Accommodation - ground level Community Kitchen Vehicles removed new interconnected outdoor space Timber Gridshell covering outdoor space

Underpass Fresh food pavilion

Kids toy Hire

Elderly Accommodation - ground level Ice Cream Store

65

66

COVERED OUTDOOR SPACE

(GRIDSHELL)

67

68

UNDERPASS

69

SECTION AA

70

1 250

71

72

FRESH FOOD PAVILION

73

Urban Strategy

FARM

74

Chapter 7

Strategy Aim • Connect a Diverse range of People through Food and Child

Specific Activities

• Encourage Public Utilisation of Existing Open Spaces • New Local Network • Defy Rigid Street Layout • Defy Monotony • Chanel Intensity • Wayfinding created through totems/follies/scupltures/exterior paint decoration and Parasitic Dwellings • Arch Thresholds creating a new identity for Spangen branding it as a Children’s Neighborhood and creating a sense of ownership with residents

UNDERPASS

ENTRANCE FROM CANAL

PEDESTRIAN CROSSING CONNECTING UPPER AND LOWER SPANGEN

Legend PARASITE DWELLINGS

SPARTA MEMORABILIA/FAN CLUB

KEBAB STORE

FRESH FOOD PAVILION

BALLOON ARCH OVER PEDESTRIAN CROSSING

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

TRANSITORY SAUNA &TOY VAN

ICE CREAM STORE

UNDERPASS & DEMOLITION

INFLATABLE STRUCTURES/ SCULPTURES / STREET ART/ CHESSBOARD / TWISTER / PLANTS

STEPPED DECK OVER DIKE

75

Timeline

MANAGED BY /FUNDED: LOCAL IMAM KICK STARTER CAFE OWNERS/ LOCAL ARTISTS

LOCAL SCHOOLS

CURRENT TENANT

COMMUNITY

COMMUNIT

CHILDREN NURSERY SCHOOLS

CHILDREN ARTISTS COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY

WONSTAD ROTTERDA COMMUNIT

€1000

€10 000

€15 000

€5000

€10 000

BALLOON ARCH/ STREET ART

KID STRUCTURES/ PLANTS/CHESS/ TWISTER

ICE CREAM STORE (RETRO)

FOOD PAVILION

COMMUNIT KITCHEN

STAKEHOLDERS: CHILDREN CHILDREN MUSLIMS ARTISTS TOY MANUFACTURER COMMUNITY IN NEIGHBORING AREA COST: €15 000

PROGRAM: TOY VAN

YO DELTAMETROPOOL BRIEF:

SPANGEN IDENTIFIED AND LABELLED AS A NATIONAL ATLAS SITE #383 FOR SOUTH HOLLAND DU GOOD CONNECTIVITY AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR DENSITY. *OBJECTIVE IS TO ACHIEVE 50 DWELLINGS PER HECTARE 158 NEW HOMES PLANNED 76

Chapter 8

Return Brief

TY

SPARTA CLUB

CURRENT TENANT

WONSTAD ROTTERDAM

WONSTAD ROTTERDAM

GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT

AM TY

SPARTA CLUB LARGER COMMUNITY FANS

SPARTA CLUB TURKISH COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY WONSTAD ROTTERDAM

FAMILIES ELDERLY WONSTAD ROTTERDAM

OLDER YOUTH COMMUNITY

FAMILIES ELDERLY COMMUNITY

€5000

€10 000

€60 000

€5 MILLION

€100 000

€10 MILLION

SPARTA MEMORABILIA

KABAB STORE

UNDERPASS PARASITE INFRASTRUCTURE DWELLINGS

TY

Y1

LARGE DECK IN- NEW HOUSING FRASTRUCTURE & UPPER LEVEL ADDITIONS

Y5 +

UE TO ITS RELATIVE

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

88

07

Final Proposal My role is a mediator and artist curating moments for engagement to happen through food.

The final collation of work demonstrates the strategyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s success at addressing multilayered issues throughout various scales. For the most part the initial interventions are small and affordable but have enormous potential at instigating a ripple effect of change through the Spangen neighborhood and re-branding it as an art destination and a welcoming place for children to grow up in.

One of the trickier things to resolve in the urban strategy has been the engagement between the locals and the public particularly Sparta football fans. Some critiques throughout the semester have encouraged separation and others interaction. The strategy proposes a local and public route which meet on the fringes of each route respectively. These engagement points are programmed as a kebab and Ice cream store.

So the neighborhood benefits economically from the football matches but also the program gets highly used when thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s no match scheduled as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demographically appropriate. These are located on corner points with parasitic dwellings providing natural surveillance and helping re-brand the neighborhood to the public.

89

METRO STATION

ROUTES

INTERVENTIONS

PUBLIC LOCAL

COMMUNITY KITCHEN - FOCAL POINT

DUAL PARASITIC DWELLINGS

ICE CREAM STORE

90

Urban Strategy

URBAN STRATEGY

SPARTA FOOTBALL STADIUM

LOCAL AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT POINTS

GIANT CHESS BOARD AND ART DISPLAY KEBAB STORE AND DUAL PARASITIC DWELLINGS ABOVE TOY VAN

91

COMMUNITY KITCHEN - FOCAL POINT DUAL PARASITIC DWELLINGS ICE CREAM STORE GIANT CHESS BOARD AND ART DISPLAY/SCULPTURE KEBAB STORE DUAL PARASITIC DWELLINGS TOY VAN

92

93

CHESS ART/ SCULPTURE

ART/ SCULPTURE

PUPPY SCULPTURE ICE CREAM STORE

MARCONIPLEIN METRO STATION

Scale: 1 1000

94

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

2 FAMILY PARASITE

BILDERDI JK

ST RA AT

DWELLING

TOY VAN 2 FAMILY KEBAB STORE

PARASITE DWELLING

95

96

Ice Cream Store

97

KEBAB STORE & PARASITIC DWELLING

98

DWELLING 1 PLAN SCALE : 1 200 0

2

ELEVATION SCALE : 1 200 99

100

TOY VAN

101

102

103

GARDEN SHED

PANTRY

0

A

104

2

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

A

1200

PROJECTOR SCREEN

1200

105

106

COMMUNITY KITCHEN - NORTH ENTRANECE

107

SECTION AA 1 :1 00

108

109

110

SUNKEN PLAZA

111

ISOMETRIC OF CONNECTION BETWEEN WALKWAY & PAVILION PLATFORM SCALE: 1 20 112

INSULATED WALL DETAIL SCALE: 1 10

ADJUSTABLE STILT FOOTING SCALE: 1 10

113

114

115

COMMUNITY KITCHEN - FOCAL POINT DUAL PARASITIC DWELLINGS ICE CREAM STORE GIANT CHESS BOARD AND ART DISPLAY/SCULPTURE KEBAB STORE DUAL PARASITIC DWELLINGS TOY VAN

116

08 Conclusion

This proposal â&#x20AC;&#x153;Food for the mouth, mind and soulâ&#x20AC;? prevents Spangen from being an underutilised, socially alienated and essentially a souless place.

The community kitchen becomes the beating heart of Spangen, pumping hope and life throughout the neighborhood. It allows for people from diverse backgrounds to connect over food and teach and learn from one another. The instigation of parasitic dwellings brings in new people and life, creating a higher density and addressing South Hollandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future housing demands. A planning regulation ensures that each new Parasitic building needs to accommodate for two dwellings.

Where locals that have been displaced can move into and rent. The parasitic dwellings help to re-brand Spangen. The toy van and Ice cream store become hugely popular bringing kids out of their homes and connecting parents. The art display and large chess board get a lot of tourist attention being situated out the front of Spangen quarter. Many Turkish fathers take their children to play chess and have started engaging and interacting with the more well off tenants living in the famous perimeter block. These tenants, many of them architects are well connected in South Holland and are now spreading good words about what a changed place Spangen has become.

117

Reference List

• Rotterdam 2040 Gyz La Riviere • Hooimeijer, F. (2014). The Making of Polder Cities. A Fine Dutch Tradition. Jap Sam Books. (Chapter 1 & 2) • LSE Cities (2011) The tale of two regions: comparison between the metropolitan areas of South East England and the Randstad in Holland. Pages 3-30 • Lehnerer, A. (2009). Grand urban rules. 010 Publishers.

(Chapter 1 Rules as Tools, A token of affection) • Urhan Urban Design (2010). The Spontaneous City. BIS Publishers.

(Kath to allocate chapter) • Failed Architecture – Instagramming Architecture – IAB http:// www.failedarchitecture.com/instagrammingarchitecturekatendrechtrotterdam/ • Failed Architecture – Self Builds, between unruly real estate markets and failed housing policies http://www. failedarchitecture.com/self-builds-between-unruly-realestatemarketsand-failed-housing-policies/ • Firley, E., Stahl, C (2009). The Urban Housing Handbook. Wiley (Berlage Superblock + Front De Parc, Bercy) • Firley, E., Stahl, C (2009). The Urban Housing Handbook. Wiley (Casa Chorizo, Buenos Aires + Casa 127) • A+T Research Group (2013).10 Stories of Collective Housing: Graphic Analysis of Inspiring Masterpieces. A&T Architecture Publishers (Hillside Terrace) • A+T Research Group (2013).10 Stories of Collective Housing: Graphic Analysis of Inspiring Masterpieces. A&T Architecture Publishers (Spangen Quarter)

118

Reference List • Ring, K (2013) Self Made City: Berlin: urban design & living spaces created in self-initiative (Ten self made qualities… choose 3 projects) • Neue Hamburger Terrassen LAN Architecture - https:// vimeo. com/105240214 • R50 Housing Kreuzberg https://vimeo.com/87466748 URBAN EXPERIENCE • Gehl, J (1977) The Interface between Public and Private Territories in Residential Areas. (Initial Chapter) • Stipo - The City at Eye Level Film https://thecityateyelevel. wordpress.com/about-2/film/ • Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York.

New York: The Monacelli Press, 1994.

• OMA. Parc de la Villette, France, Paris 1982. 2007. Office for Metropolitan Architecture. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://www.oma.eu/index.php?option=com_projects&view= project&id=644&Itemid=10> • Amoroso, N., & Ebook Library. (2010). The Exposed City Mapping the Urban Invisibles (pp. 1 online resource (193 p.)). Retrieved from http://UNIMELB.eblib.com. au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=515362 • Calthorpe, P. (2011). Urbanism in the age of climate change.

Washington, DC: Island Press.

• Feireiss, K., & Feireiss, L. (2009). Architecture of change 2 : sustainability and humanity in the built environment. Berlin: Gestalten Verlag.

• Turpin, E. (2013). Architecture in the Anthropocene (E. Turpin Ed.). University of Michigan Library: Michigan Publishing.

• Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life(44), 24.

• Holl, S. (2009). Urbanisms : working with doubt. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

• Breckenridge, L. The Very Big Issue of Urban Sustainability, http://www.northeastern.edu/magazine/theverybig-issue-of-urban-sustainability/, (Accessed 13th of Aug 2016)

119

Patrick J Bullen Ph: +61 457 535 499 bullen.pat@gmail.com