Superkampung research report by Patrícia Capanema A. Fernandes

superkampung the densest, liveliest and most diverse FIRST YEAR STUDIO

Studio Professors: Winy Maas, Ulf Hackauf, Daliana Suryawinata Studio Participants: Ryoichi Aida, Sanne van den Breemer, Najmus Chowdhry, Patricia Fernandes, Kyung Su Jung, Heejung Kil, Chi Li, Zhongqi Ren, Miyuki Yamamoto Superkampung has been made possible with the support of

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PatrĂcia Capanema Ă lvares Fernandes

Superkampung: The Densest, Liveliest and Most Diverse Introduction and Studio Brief

Foreword

Superkampung studio is a collaboration project of The Berlage Institute (Rotterdam), The Why Factory (Delft) and Tarumanagara University (Jakarta). The studio aims to propose optimistic urbanistic strategies for kampungs in Jakarta. Kampungs are urban villages -they are not slumsalthough most of them lack basic infrastructure. It is a place for social interaction. Some kampungs contain a mixture of high, middle and low income classes. We did not select kampungs which are illegal (e.g. by the riverbank or by the railway), since for those kampungs, an urbanistic and architectural solutions cannot be proposed without solving more basic issues such as land tenureship, extreme poverty, etc. Throughout our research we discovered that many kampungs in Jakarta have a spontaneous tendency to specialize. We sample nine kampungs which possess inherent potentials for specialization: Kampung Kebon Kacang (Textile), Kampung Rawajati (Herbs), Kampung Penjaringan (Fishery), Kampung Tegal Parang (Protein), Kampung Karet (CBD), Kampung Jaksa (Tourism), Kampung Tanjung Duren (University), Kampung Poncol (Shopping), and Kampung Bantar Gebang (Waste). We argue that specialization with diversity is key in maintaining the characteristics of kampungs (e.g. its dynamic streets and high social capital) while empowering the inhabitants in the kampungs to become entrepreneurs in their fields. Our hypothesis is that by having a successful specialized business/ activity, a kampung can defend its existence while becoming a part of the city, at the same time competitive yet complementary. The studio is accompanied with a field trip and a workshop engaging local and international participants from Berlage Institute and The Why Factory/ TU Delft. This workshop was hosted by the architecture department of Tarumanagara University in Jakarta. In total 60 participants, 20 lecturers and 10 jury members were involved in the process in November 2010. We were very glad with the results of the workshop, as they provide excellent bases for the Berlage participants to continue. The materials in this report are not final, but a capture of work-in-progress a week before the final review. The studio does not end on 8 February 2011, instead we will approach the ministries in Indonesia for a follow up, as suggested by Mr. Darrundonno, an Indonesian lecturer who received Aga Khan Award for Kampung Improvement Program after seeing our presentation in Jakarta in November 2010. Winy Maas, Ulf Hackauf, Daliana Suryawinata

This studio focuses on the architectural and urbanistic interventions based on a hypothesis of super specialization of kampungs. By specializing in certain programs, the kampungs will be able to compete economically with the rest of the city and thus can sustain their existence and become prosperous while at the same time maximizing their intrinsic qualities. We work with 9 kampungs and propose 9 specialization programs taking into account that the seeds of specialization are already existing. They are: Kampung Kebon Kacang (Textile), Kampung Rawajati (Herbs), Kampung Penjaringan (Fishery), Kampung Tegal Parang (Protein), Kampung Karet (CBD), Kampung Jaksa (Tourism), Kampung Tanjung Duren (University), Kampung Poncol (Shopping), and Kampung Bantar Gebang (Waste). Superkampung is based on a fascination of the other urban fabric, the informality, the unestablished standards which are being practiced and are parts of urban processes in Jakarta and the cities of Global South. Kampungs are rich with intrinsic qualities, among others: mixed programs, dynamic density, rich spatial experiences, mixture of diverse income classes, community and capacity for changes. They possess elements which qualify them as Jane Jacobs’ lively and successful neighbourhoods (The Life and Death of Great American Cities, 1961), which are preconditions towards prosperity. Extending Jo Santoso, planner and author of Kota Tanpa Warga in 2006, we could even think of kampungs as the potential holders of the characteristics which may compose the identity of Jakarta, which is very important for the city. The kampung model can be seen as an eye-opening alternative to the existing gated communities, be it a middle-income real estate complex or social housing of the marginal income. Yet some kampungs face standardized issues such as hygiene and fire safety. The informal appearance of kampungs suggests temporality, which is sometimes unwanted and thus it is often replaced by a more approved, city-like development (e.g. superblocks, shopping malls). Superkampung would like to extract all the best from existing kampungs and maximize their potentials, so they can serve as an alternative planning/ design strategy – as a superior model for a prosperous habitat - applicable to any growing cities which demand density, liveability, diversity. We explore and exploit specific site potentials which we hope to lead the design into new interesting spatial, sociological, political, and economical propositions. On-site analysis and research provide bases for argumentation and proposals. Winy Maas, Ulf Hackauf, Daliana Suryawinata

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Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

HYPOTHESIS WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF URBAN VILLAGES ?

BUILDING TYPE

buildinges

HO N

block building 2 milion

CRISIS

in ld

SING

PORE

ck b lo

i bu

s ge

block building village

？

1 milion

number of building type

3 milion

ON G

blo ck

HOW TO DEVELOP

O AP NG ur

OR AP NG

n ba

an rb Eu

villages

village

villages

1950

Over the last years, the pressure on many fast growing cities has lead to an increasing densification. Large new buildings have been constructed, mostly monotonous blocks, that gradually replace the urban villages. We’re heading towards a Crisis of Monotony.

DEVELOP VILLAGES !!

SOCIALLY HIGHLY CONNECTED COMMUNITIES

PROGRAMMATIC DIFFERENTIATION

CRIMINALITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

DENSITY

SPATIAL RICHNESS

We propose to further develop them. Make use of the big potential of the village. The urban village is located in the city. Each urban village has big potential. It has many aspects in the urban villages.

village

2050

2010

Socially highly connected communities Programmatic differentiation Criminality Infrastructure Density Spatial richness

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Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

GLOBAL URBAN VILLAGES Austerity Level of Urban Villages

40 Urban Villages

Livelihood

Living condition

Kowloon

Soweto

ity

100

ity

Cube house Chenghuang Habitat 67

Shinjuku

90 80

Olympiadorf

Habitat 67

ity

Thamrin City

Vallingby

Gandan

Pr o

Acrosanti

Pr o

100 Park Renaissance

Tulou

South Luogu Alley

Olympiadorf

Seoul Olympic Village

El Alto

Bakhor street

Rocinha

Walled city, India Kibera

Al Ram

Vauban

China Town S.Francisco

Arabella Park

Habitat 67

Gracia

Cube House

Kreuzberg

Caracas

er ity

Chenghuang

China town, San Francisco

Olympiadorf Medina

Cube house

Walled city, India

Kowloon walled city

Shenzehen Bakhor street Caracas

Rocinha

Kowloon walled city

Shenzehen

China town, San Francisco

Jadim Colombo

Employment rate (%)

Hauz Khas

Urban village

Chenghuang

Infrastructure (%)

Medina

10 Kibera

100<

Rocinha

Kibera

Central Harlem

Bakhoor street

Stuyvesant town

Walled City

Superquadra

Icksun-Dong

Tsang Tai Uk

Shenzhen

Greenwich Village

Christina

Medina

100

Population density (×1000ppl / sqkm) : Population per sqkm Infrastructure (%) : Percentage of households with access to water, enerdy, sewage and public transport Employment rate (%) : Percentage of people employed or with own business Poverty rate (%) : based on the ratio of population under poverty line to total population

Barrio La Chameca

West Bali

Kowloon Walled City

Cube House

Program Differentiation Numerous small factories and businesses thrived inside the walled city. As well as that, there was communal building (kindergarten, middle school, house for olds etc.) instead of being undercontrolled by Triads.

Poverty rate (%)

Population density (×1000ppl / sqkm)

Kapali Carsi

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Criminality Kowloon walled city was a hot bed of criminal activities such as prostitution, gambling and drug use for many years.

Spatial Richness It is 0.24 of ground coverage and 1.08 of floor area ratio. And they have 17.4% of private open space.

Density In 1987, it was estimated that 33,000 people resided in the walled city. The density reached 1,255,000 ppl/km2 that was the highest one on the world.

Infrastructure It has well connected infrastructure not only basic things such as sewage, electricity and water but also public transport system.

Socially highly connected communities It has various nationalities of inhabitants such as Indonesian, Turkish, African and European. Inhabitants have good connection to the other communities as well as the other cities.

Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMS Kampung Improvement Program(KIP), Indonesia Legends: Investment: Money from the investors from outside. Slums could be greatly developed by the help of financial support.

Housing Supply: Provide the poor people shelters. They can use it as working space or business place.

Government Support: Government could have formal plans to the slum upgrading. Government could also bring investments to the slums in a top- down way.

Social Capital: Most of the slums are rich in social capital, such as solid communities and good neighbourhoods relationship, which would be very helpful in the self development.

Infrastructure: Almost all the slums are lack of essential infrastructure, such as running water and sanitation facilities. Infrastructure could effectively improve the physical living condition.

To solve the housing problem in metopolitan Jakarta, this UNDP/World Bank program attempted the difficult task of tailoring upgrading from site to site across a large city. Community based organizations (CBOs) are created to encourage an active, innovative, and self-sustained community in which upgrading could take place. This program is considered to be one of the best urban poverty relief programs in the world.

The Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1986) UNEP Award (1990) Habitat Award (1991)

Introduction: There three phases: KIP I 1969-1979; KIP II 1979-1984; KIP III 1984The Kampung Improvement Project (KIP) phases I and II emphasized physical development. KIP III emphasizes not only physical development but also social and economic. Achievements: Improving 1.2 million people’s living environment spread over 3,008 ha Upgrading 220 km of footpaths and roads Constructing 93 Km drains and culverts Laying 56,000 meters of water pipes Building 86 public bathing, washing and toilet facilities Significant improving solid waste collection, and Constructing elementary schools and public health centers Programs: Social development through job training Housing improvement, road and footpath improvement, water and drainage, public latrines, and health posts Economic development through a small-scale credit scheme Providing urban housing and offering to the poor. Improving coordination among independent agencies linked in KIP’s implementation

Service and tertiary industry: The slum inhabitants could be very suitable for engaging the tertiary industry. Service and tertiary industry would support the slum area as well as the city.

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Urban Village Reconstruction, Shenzhen, China

Slum Improvement Authority, Dharavi, Mumbai

Slum Upgrading, Caracas, Venezuela

Favela-Bairro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Introduction and Achievements: Cost: US$ 25,000,000,000 Since 2000 By changing the local people from farmer to urban inhabitants and providing formal residential buildings and social resource, 2000villages, 3,000,000 houses are removed and rebuilt. Shenzhen is the first and only one mega city in China’s without urban village and farmer. Shenzhen government coordinated every social resource and aspects to make this big program possible. Programs: Housing-based program: all the development and reconstruction process is based and focus on the supply of residential housing. Infrastruture: transportation system, energy system, drainage system, activity zones, water and sanitation, garbage collection and public amenities Social services: culture, sports and entertain-

Introduction and Achievements: Cost: US$ 3,300,000,000 Since 1956 Overall 216 ha area, 62,50,000 people and 60% of the city slums are involved in this program. The project creates 40 million sft of commercial space and 30 million sft of residential development. Dharavi exports goods around the world of over US$ 650 million per year, in the process generating roughly 1.5% of Mumbai’s GDP.

Introduction and Achievements: Cost: US$ 150,000,000 Since 1998 Urban upgrading, institutional development and micro-credit pilot project for housing upgrade. Programs: Local Co-management groups: professional staff and community leaders in decision making process Preparation of Plans: for neighborhood improvement Implementation of a social assistance outreach program: to mobilize communities at all stages of implementation Infrastruture: access (key point), footpaths, staircases, sewage, sanitation, lighting Community centers New house resettlements

Introduction and Achievements: Cost: US$ 900,000,000 Since 1995 Transforming slums into formal neighborhoods throughout physical and social integration to the city in order to minimize urban exclusion. In total 500,000 people,168 communities, 25% of the city slums were involved in the program. Communities took participation of it. Programs: Infrastruture: roads, drainage system, sports facililties,leisure areas,water and sanitation, garbage collection,street cleaning, public lightining, environmental protection Social services:,day care centers, adult education, job training, school reinforcement, programs for at-risk adolecents, counselling on domestic violence

Programs: Infrastruture Targets: roads, drainage system activity zones, water and sanitation, garbage collection, public amenities Social services: clinics, school reinforcement, vocational training centres Highrise development

ment, adult education, school and job training.

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JAKARTA Jakarta is the capital and the largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest cost of Java, it is the economical, cultural and political centre of the country. It is the most populatedcity in South East Asia and the twelfth in the World.

Dutch Colonial Era

Population (2010) DKI Jakarta: Jabodetabek:

9,580,000 26,600,000

Early Colonial Period

Area DKI Jakarta: Jabodetabek:

660 km 2 7,300 km 2

to build a new town called Batavia. In 1650 the city was completed and became the headquarters of the

Density DKI Jakarta: Jabodetabek:

In 1619, the VOC destroyed Jayakarta and started

14,515.15/km 2 3,643.83/km 2

VOC in the East Indies. Wealthy dutch constructed houses along canals within Batavia’s wall . Commercial opportunities attracted indonesians as

Pre-Dutch Colonial Era

well as chinese immigrants and little settlements started to take form outside the city’s walls.

4th Century

Batavia in the 17th Century

Besides the high population increase in the 17th and 18th centuries, the main problems of Batavia were

Capital of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara with the name of Sunda Pura. Then, with the decline of Tarumanagara, becomes part of the Kingdom of Sunda. The harbour was renamed Sunda Kelapa.

caused by the lack of sanitation and by flooding. The canals were ideal for commercial and social transportation but they were also served as solid waste dump of the city.

14th Century

Location of the Old Batavia today, in North Jakarta. It is called Kota, which means city, in indonesian

It was a major port of the Sunda Kingdom 16th Century 1522 - The king of Sunda signed a treaty with Portugal allowing to build a fort and a warehouse. 1527 - Muslim troops under the leadership of Fatahillah attacked the kingdom of Sunda, and conquered the city in 1557, changing the name to Jayakarta, meaning ‘great deed’ or “complete victory” 1596 - Arrival of dutch ships in Jayakarta 1610-1618 - dutch and british occupation, resulting in a battle in which Prince Jayawikarta, follower of the Sultan of Banten, supported the british, which resulted in the disagreement between him and Banten

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Location of English and Duch Settlements along the Ciliwung River in 1615

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Dutch Colonial Era

Sukarno Era

Late Colonial Period

1949-1965

1968-1998

In the beginning of the 19th Century, with the end

Sukarno was a product of the Japanese education

The downfall of Sukarno, backed by many

of the Java War, the dutch colonial regime began

and encouraging of nationalist feelings.

political maneuvering, lead to the appointment

to develop new residential areas towards the south

Being the founding president, he started to develop

of General Suharto as a president in 1968. His

of the city, to accommodate the growing Dutch-

Jakarta as the national capital of the New Born Nation

policy for economical development consisted of

european population.

through the construction of landmarks dedicated to

attracting foreign investments and establishing the

The city developed a pattern consisted of many

the nation such as the National Monument (Monas),

private sector as the main drive for economical

scattered subcenters allow roads from north to

the West-Irian Monument, the Peasant Monument,

growth, involved in development of housing and

south.

the Welcome Statue, etc.

infrastructure. What ultimately resulted in uneven

Local indigenous vernacular settlements started to

After the 25 years of Sukarno’s regime, Jakarta had

enrichment.

grow between the planned areas, the “bebouede

successfully established its indentiy as the national

During the transition to the new order, in 1966, a

kom” (built area), and were therefore called “niet

capital of Indonesia.

Master Plan of Jakarta (1965-1985) was established

Although little was made regarding urban planning,

by law, projecting a metropolitan area incorporating

Sukarno promoted the construction of buildings that

the cities of Tangerang, Serpong, Depok and Bekasi

would serve as symbols of a modern Jakarta, like the

as part of the strategic growth for the capital region.

Hotel Indonesia, the first five stars hotel located in

Later, in 1973 the “Jabotabek” concept evolved

a landmark location and the first department store,

incorporating also Bogor.

Sarinah.

The main idea was to use the radial railway corridor

bebouwde kom” (unbuild area). The fabric of the niet bebouwde kom is identical to

Map locating the build areas (in red), the kampungs (in green) and field areas (light blue), in 1935.

today’s existing kampungs (in indonesian, village).

as development regions, and worked as framework for the future development of Jakarta as a metropolis. With the rapid expansion of commercial area, the reduction of housing area in the inner city, Jakarta encountered a real state boom with the development of new towns in the suburban areas, as well as new Central Business districts around the central area. The Kampungs played an important role in the city providing affordable housing for new comers in this Location of Kampungs in 1904 (above) and today (left)

areas. The boom ended with the Asian economic crisis in 1998, together with Suharto’s presidency. New Central Business District in central area

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The Fifth Layer of Urbanization

NORTH

Division of Urban Boundary

A Dualized City

The growing Kampungs are therefore even more also the reason why kampungs are in constant threat

investments and its economy is mainly based on the

of eviction, as targets of land specuation.

service sector. Its growth increases the development

Today, Jakarta is officially a province ruled by a

and densification of new central business districts, commercial areas, luxury apartments and townhouse compounds. The housing market is highly dependent on the private sector, with the government

CENTRAL

JAKARTA

significant in the fabric of the city. But location is Jakarta became extremelly dependent on private

WEST

EAST

DISTRICT

SOUTH

KECAMATAN

governor and divided in 5 municipalities, Central Jakarta, North Jakarta, South Jakarta, West Jakarta

KELURAHAN

and East Jakarta, each with its own administrative

RW BOUNDARIES

system. The official name is Daerah Khusus Ibukota

playing a very small role in providing housing for the

Jakarta, (“Special Capital City District of Jakarta”),

poor.

abbreviated to DKI Jakarta.

RT BOUNDARIES

Census of Jakarta&Jabotabek Population (Million) Surdiman Boulevard, in Central Business District

Kampung Kebon Kacang

30 26,267,849

20,437,800

JABOTABEK

20 17,105,357

11,485,019

8,374,243

8,227,766

8,347,100

1990

2000

6,071,748

9,588,198

DKI Jakarta

4,546,492 534,823

1940

Location of Kampungs (orange) and Central Business Districts (blue)

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1970 Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

1980

2010

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URGENT PROBLEMS Traffic For years, Jakarta has suffered from chronic traffic congestions and the situation continues to get worse. An important cause of today’s congestion is the suburbanisation. While most of the jobs are still located in the centre of the city, many people moved out of the centre to the peripheral areas, now commuting daily to their work. Between 1985 and 2002, the amount of commuting trips between centre and suburbs has increased by more than 9 times. Moreover, since the system of public transport is far from functioning properly, most people use their own means of transport. Private car possession has increased enormously recent years. Experts now estimate that if nothing will be done, Jakarta will attain total traffic gridlock in 2014.

1985 1.340 2002 36.600

1985 2002

1985 1.700 2002 39.400

1985 10.700 2002 117.100

1985 20.800 2002 216.100 11.500 90.100 1985 15.700 2002 139.700

1985 2002

11.400 58.300

3.100 18.800

1985 76.300 trips 2002 716.000 trips

Commuting trips 1985, 2002 (source: SITRAMP 2004)

women working in front of their home

To solve the problems, large-scale measures should be taken. On the one hand the system of public transport should be improved. On the other hand the road network should be extended. Many plans already exist for both. However, another way of solving the traffic problems is by minimizing necessary transportation. Less commuting would be needed if employment possibilities would be better distributed throughout the whole area. In this sense kampungs can be a good example of how working and living can be integrated to the smallest scale, thereby reducing the need for transportation and allowing for people to combine work with family- or community-related activities.

plan Jakarta Mass Transit System - 2015

source: http://tbelfield.wordpress.com

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Water management In the first place the lack of wastewater treatment is a problem. While only 4% of the city is connected to the sewage system, all the others have either individual systems, like septic tanks, which cause pollution of the ground water, or just throw their waste into the river, leading to an increasingly high pollution of the surface water. A second concern is clean water supply. Jakarta’s formal supply service coverage ratio lies between 43% and 63%. Therefore, many people use groundwater wells as their primary water resource. This on the one hand causes land subsidence and on the other hand health risks because of ground water contamination. Another important drinking water source is packaged water. However, this costs 20 to 40 times more than the current piped water tariff and sometimes forces Jakarta’s urban poor to spend up to 25% of their income on usable water.

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Finally the recurrent floods pose a big threat to the city. While Jakarta as a lowland area, has naturally always been subject to regular flooding, increasing urbanisation has lead to more regular and more severe floods. Several causes can be mentioned. In the first place inland deforestation is causing highly fluctuating amounts of river water supply. Secondly the high tides and rising sea level pose a threat to the city. Due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction the land subsides rapidly. Now already 40% of the city lies below sea level. Another cause of severe flooding is the decreased infiltration and retention capacity of the area, caused by the rapid urbanisation. Furthermore this urbanisation has forced many people to settle in vulnerable areas, close to river or sea. Finally, the existing waterways are malfunctioning due to bad maintenance and uncontrolled waste disposal in the water.

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high tides

high intensity rainfall

13 rivers entering the city

5 km

Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

Jakarta’s natural flood prone condition

40% of Jakarta lies below sealevel

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Measures should be taken on a large scale. To reduce water pollution the government already initiated programs, e.g. the Ciliwung River Pollution Reduction Project. This project aims at improving the water quality by providing better sewerage. To provide everyone with clean water and prevent people from further extracting groundwater, the piped water network should be extended. However, the resources of raw water are also limited, forcing the city to think more creatively about efficient water use. Maintenance and improvement of the existing waterways can decrease the flooding. At the moment the government plans to dredge the rivers and extent the flood prevention system, based on the existing water infrastructure.

However, also on a small scale measures can be taken to decrease the risk of flooding. In the first place the waste management should be improved. Starting with education, people should be taught not to through their waste directly in the river. Moreover, waste can actually be used as a means of income. While organic waste can for example be used for the production of fertilizer, some inorganic waste can be used to make handicraft. Several initiatives already exist. A way to increase water resources is the harvesting of rainwater, that can provide water for different purposes. Finally, retention holes are a way to increase infiltration capacity of the soil. Biopori can easily be made and will allow for water to quickly enter the soil and replete the groundwater.

STRATEGY of WATER SYSTEM

waste collectors (source: http://humanurbanisation.wordpress.com/

Existing improvement program in Ciliwung river,Jakarta Map of Jakarta Current Water Quality

Target Water Quality

DKI Jakarta

Ciliwung river area A 20 years later

area B

out of Jakarta

area C

area D

area E

area F

No class

class4

low

class3

clas2

quality gardening

class1

high

agriculture fishery livestock recreation

Water Utilization Classes

creating biopori by means of a simple tool (source: http://www.unpad.ac.id/archives/3589)

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drinking water http://www.scribd.com/doc/38522329/Water-and-Sanitation-01

Ciliwung River Pollution Reduction Project PatrĂcia Capanema Ă lvares Fernandes

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KAMPUNG VISION T B

What is Kampung?

5 Housing Types of Kampung Unit

In general, Kampung is considered as dwelling for marginalized community and a less secured space leading to a formation of an under developed perspective. Some say say that it needs to be developed. However, if you walk inside of kampung, you will experience a completely different scenario, a vibrant picture. Children playing carefree, elderly enjoying their life in the most satisfied way. The rich social coherence and basic amenities fulfill all their needs. The life in there is not different from other city’s except for the scale. As a matter of fact, kampung played an important role as a massive provider of shelters during last century. From 1940 to 2010 the population in Jakarta increased dramatically from half million to ten million. And now, 70% of inhabitants in

Jakarta lives in Kampung. Without such an urban village, it would been impossible to sustain the immigrant capacity which lead to the economical growth of the present day. The study reflects the true genesis of such kind of human settlement enlightening us with the vision of dual typology of Jakarta. The struggle for the lack of infrastructure still prevails, but we can learn from the way they live. It is how they changed or evolved their form of living as the response of demand.

INDEX L: Living G: Guest D: Dining B: Bed

T: Toilet K: Kitchen S: Storage P: Patio

G P

B T

G/L B

B B

Type A

K T K

K B

B B B

S K

K B

G P

D B

Type B

G/L

Type C

Type D

Type E

P B

(Source: Thesis- Considerations on Typology of Kampung House and Betawi of Kampung Luar Batang by Shuji Funo)

Building Survey

Diverse Programs and Issues INDEX L: Living G: Guest D: Dining B: Bed T: Toilet K: Kitchen S: Storage P: Patio

L/G K T

L/G

T B

K B

L/G

P S

Shop

L/G

B L/G

T T

L/G

Chicken farming Sewing

L/G

Mosque T B

High Densification Criminality

T L/G

L/G

K L/G

T B

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L/G

B K

Restaurant Community space

K B

L/G K

L/G

Dump yard

L/G

Diversity

S P

Social Capital

Parking

B B

L/G

Sanitation

K T

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10 M

Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

10 M

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SPECIALIZATION vs DIVERSITY Specialization

Diversity Diversity can create liveliness and exchange in an urban tissue. Moreover it makes an area resilient, not depending on only one specialization. However, specialization can reinforce recognisability, e.g. city branding, and can create both effectiveness and competitiveness, therefore often leading to innovation. Both can exist on different scales. Many kampungs in Jakarta have to a certain extent developed a specialization, often related to their location within the city and to the origins of their inhabitants.

City branding

Our strategy in stimulating local economy is to start from the site-specific potential, the existing specialization. We therefore chose nine different kampungs, with 9 different economies. While on the scale of the kampung this creates recognisability, on both a larger and a smaller scale this provides for a diverse urban fabric. Within the city a diversity of highly developed specialized areas will exist. On a small scale, the specialization is diversified. The Superkampung will be most diverse and most specialized.

Diversity in agriculture

Program analysis Jakarta RAWAJATI : Herb Kampung SAWAH, TANJUNG DUREN : University Kampung

PENJARINGAN : Port and Fish Market Kampung EducationWellness Sewing Laundry Sports

KEBON KACANG : Textile Kampung

Agriculture Services

Recognizability

‘Healthy cities thrive on diversity’ (J. Jacobs)

PONCOL : Mall Kampung

Retail

Shopping Centers

Primary

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BANTAR GEBANG : Waste Management Kampung

Tertiary

Transport

‘I think it’s fatal to specialize’ (J. Jacobs)

Infra-structure Construction

Transport & Communication

Clustering

Chemical & Chemical Products Food Production Motor, Vehicles & Semi-trailers Textile Handicraft Manufacture Recycling Water Non-residential Electricity, Gas & Water Supply Residential Wearing Apparel

Secondary

Financial Ownership & Business Services

KARET : CBD Support Kampung

TEGAL PARANG : Protein Kampung

Machinery & Equipment

Media

Trade, Hotel & Restaurants

KEBON SIRIH, STREET JAKSA : Backpacker’s Kampung Hotels

Restaurants

Travel Agencies

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MAP OF 30 KAMPUNGS Railway Kampung : Bantan Raya

Port & Fish market Kampung : Penjaringan .

Rail Station Kampung : Pejambon

Port Kampung 2 : Luar batang (the oldest area of Jakarta)

Textile Kampung : kebon kacang

Slaughter village Kampung : Kelurahan, Penjagalan

Railway 2 Kampung : Djati

Garbage Kampung : Jawa

Portugese village : Tugu

University Kampung : Tomang

Old2 Kampung : Bali

the Densest Kampung : Rawa

NORTH WEST

Drug Kampung : Mangarai

CENTRAL

Green village : Toplang(Topeng)

CDB Support Kampung : Karet

Cemetry Kampung : Kawi kawi Kuningan

EAST

SOUTH

CBD Kampung : Rawa Barat

Kampung Rawa Bebek

Mall Kampung : Poncol

Artistic Kampung : Utan Kayu

Protein Kampung : Tegal Parang

Backpacker’s Kampung : Kebon Sirih, street Jaksa

Mayor Office Kampung : Pulo

Waste Management Kampung : Bantar Geban

Venacular Kampung : Baru, Teragong

River Kampung : Melayu Tanjakan

Rasdan : Leisure Kampung

Showcase Kampung : Situ babakan

SUPERKAMPUNG

Herb Kampung : Rawajati 30KAMPUNG MAP OF JAKARTA

Farming Kampung : Depok

BERLAGE INSTITUTE 2010

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Kebon Kacang The Textile Kampung

By Patrícia Capanema Á. Fernandes The name of Kebon Kacang means, literally, peanuts or beans field, which relates to its function in the past. The history of the kampung dates back in the turn of the 20th century, when it was a native settlement in the colonial area. Attracted by the commercial opportunities of the growing Batavia, its inhabitants came from villages around the city like Banten, Tangerang and Bogor. It is located in the heart of Jakarta’s most important Central Business District (CBD), the Golden Triangle, between the international Tanah Abang market and the skyscrapers of Thamrim Boulevard. Among these there are the UN headquarters, the Japanese Embassy, the Grand Hyatt Hotel, and the Grand Indonesia mall, one of the most luxurious in town. This area of 71 ha (or 0.71 square kilometers) holds a approximate population of 23,000, meaning a density of 324 inhabitants per hectare. With the constant growth of the neighbor CBD many changes to the old kampung can be observed. From mainly residential it is becoming everyday more commercial, with a great number informal economic activities, such as food stalls, laundry services, print/copy shops, telecommunication/internet shops, and so on. It also provides opportunities to formal employment in the service sector, making the area more attractive for new comers. The new inhabitants consist not only of white collar workers of CBD, which enhances the lodging activity, but also poorer citizens of the whole Java island.

Tanah Abang market is, likewise, of great importance to Kebon Kacang. It dates from the 19th century and it is the greater in Asia’s textile industry. Several people come to trade from all over, including Africa. Clothing home-industries can be found all over this area, proving the high influence or the market in the kampungs economy. Their production is on small scale, specially of traditional Sumatra clothing, called Songket, and traditional Muslim garments. Despite all said, the kampungs economy production is still very low and several inhabitants still find themselves unemployed and unoccupied. Kampungs, or villages as the name says, have a long story of being detached from the city and neglected by the government. Despite the very strong social capital and high economic potentialities, the population still live in very poor conditions regarding sanitation, infrastructure and housing, bringing up the urgency of a bottomup strategy for empowerment.

Therefore, the local population is not at all homogeneous, going from middle and middle upper class to the poorest, which end up habitating the riverside in bad condition non-permanent houses. The land value is going extremely high, forcing citizens that can barely make a living, seduced by rapid cash, to sell their properties and move to the periphery. Being as such, they lose their economic activities and their social connections, having to start a new life again.

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Textile Industry The Kampung has promissing potentialities of taking great advantage of an already successful textile industry, nurtured by the Tanah Abang Market. As existing facilities we can list: •

Strong community links - HIgh Social capital. The sense of community is very strong, bonded specially by religion, origin, ethnic and gender

•

Skilled sewers - workers already acting in clothing production

•

Shipping services - the area already counts on some distribution companies, located in the kampung because of low price rent and proximity

•

Ethnical groups - groups that are strongly linked

•

Textile waste - waste generated from existing productions that could be reused for learning processes or making new products.

•

Housing - affordable housing

•

“Nasi Uduk” restaurants - kampung is already famous for the coconut rice, attracting many people for eating.

The targets, or the actors involved are: •

Tanah Abang Market - the market is already a substantial trader of textile products

•

CBD Workers - due to proximity, they come to the area for lunch and shopping

•

Kampung Inhabitants - are also potential consumers

•

Ethnical groups - groups that consume traditional clothes and pieces

•

Immigrants consumers

potential

workers

and

•

Tourists - consume traditional goods

•

Jakarta Citizens - the general citizen of Jakarta as a consumer

Issues

Production

Despite all the promising facts, the wealth within the inhabitants is still unbalanced. This is due to the differences between too main actors: bosses and sewers. Like any other capitalist structure there are bosses, that hire workers. The first take the profits while the other get the salary. In this case, the sewers, normally from outside Jakarta only have to offer their skills. While the bosses provide them with housing, equipment and designs but in extremely poor conditions, very low salary and no chances of empowerment, since they have no knowlegde of the market know-how, no contacts and no designs.

Along with regular clothing, there a number of other fields that could be explored in the textile industry in Kebon Kacang. The country’s majority of muslim makes feasible the production of a large number of traditional clothing, first to attend the needs of the local population, with affordable garments, and later on, to a wider public at more profitable prices. The same works with traditional Javanese or Balinese wedding clothes that are specially ordered for these occasions. Another interesting field is the confection of uniforms that are widely worn by secretaries, cleaners and doormen in CBD offices. School uniforms can also me made and the attaching of badges that represent each school phase. Regarding the means of production, currently only the very end of the clothing production process is present, from cutting cloths to sewing and embroidering, making it extremely dependent on the market. On a large scale it would be difficult to compete with the global textile market, but on a small scale of the kampung traditional, hand craft made products have very high potential. Old-style spinning wheels could produce unique pieces of yarn, that could be weaved in looms, assembling distinctive javanese bedlinen or floor-mats. It is also possible to buy raw cotton and dye conventionally on small scale or even make use of the traditional indonesian techniques for even more authentic Batik clothes.

Targets Success - Empower skills of inhabitants - Provide business self-sufficiency through bottomup upgrading - Build successful, sustainable and recognizable Fashion Industry Liveliness - Build a positive identity and sense of belonging for inhabitants - Increase diversity - Create opportunities to live, work, learn, shop and recreate within the Kampung - Provide business self-sufficiency and income growth - Create awareness for home self-improving and infra-structure maintenance - Provide constant workshops and consulting about building technologies and kampung urban planning - Improve sewage system - Increase toilet facilities Uniforms and and access Ethnic garments school badges - Create alternative system for water Muslim collection and traditional Production of uniforms filtering for CBD companies garnments for man, women and embroiand usage hand sewing of pots and green - Encourage of plant areas. dering and Batik school badges. clothes. Density - Capacity to host new inhabitants attracted to kampung’s success - Control direction of growth, access to daylight and safety systems through community meetings and technical staff consultancy

The Berlage Institute Portfolio 2010/2012

wool

Spinning

Weaving

Dyeing

Bed LinenBed and houseware linen and Bed linen, bed covers, table cloth made of special handmade fabrics in the loom, Batik, Ikat or patchwoork out of textile waste.

Uniforms and School Uniforms and Badges Production of uniforms for CBD companies and hand sewing of school badges.

Cutting

Floor and Beach FloorMats and Beach

houseware

school badges

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cotton

Mats Patchwoork out of textile waste, Ikat, straw and bamboo fibers.

Ethnic garments

Ethnic garments Muslim traditional garnments for man,Álvares Fernandes Patrícia Capanema women and embroidering and Batik clothes.

BedCutting linen and houseware Bed linen, bed covers, table cloth made of special handmade fabrics in the loom, Batik, Ikat or patchwoork out of textile waste.

Embroidering Floor and Beach

Mats Patchwoork out of textile waste, Ikat, straw and bamboo fibers.

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Workers in RW08 buy fabrics in the maket and produce clothes to be sold in another RW.

CBD Riverside Sell Buy Make Eat

(2011)

The first step of a bottom-up economic strategy for empowerment is the setting of a home-based community center. It can make use of a worker’s house that is empty during the day to, in the first place, gather the community for the discussion of new strategies, new opportunities, ideas and knowledge exchange.

Sewing workshop

Owner’s bedroom

Secondly, it is necessary to search for donation of second hand machinery so sewing workshops can take place.

Recycle

It is also important for this moment, the input of young designers or fashion students. They can test their designs of clothes and pieces with a very low cost production as well as participate in the training of new professionals.

Tanah Abang

Home based community centre

The unemployed, together with other low skill population can join the community for being trained in a new skill. It is fundamental the participation of the already skilled sewers and textile retailers in this process.

(2010)

Current spatial and living conditions Although having a very mixed and dynamic programatic distribution, some functions are still concentrated to a specific condition or location. Inhabitants located in the centre of the kampung, next to the Tanah Abang market, are the ones with better living conditions, like owners of the textile retail business taking advantage of the proximity to the market and the arterial road on the left.

CBD Riverside Sell

The south-west, specifically RW-08, is the most welcoming area for working immigrants due to low rent housing but also the worse living conditions. This is the area that most of the thirdparty sewers are located and therefore, the area chosen for this object of study.

Community centre - Teaching - Machinery

Buy

Tanah Abang

Make Eat Recycle

By the riverside, we can find squatter settlements in extremely poor conditions next to the polluted river. On the very center of the kampung is the famous “nasi uduk” pole, attracting many visitors.

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Fashion designers

Current working and living conditinos in RW08

Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

The Berlage Institute Portfolio 2010/2012 2010

2011

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(2015) New community center

New Community Center Cutting

Clothing Production Clothing Production and Selling Recycling / Patchwork Nasi Uduk Restaurant

Patchwork Sewing

G BI WORKSHOP OPENING!!

at the new community center

textile waste dropbox

Building Technologies

Tourism Strategy

Some economy is produced in the home-based community center and, after 5 years, the community is finally able to build a new one. Arround the area, some clothing factories are emerging, and besides producing, they are selling the designer’s new garments.

As consumers of authentic hand made clothing and others, the tourists become very special clients. Interested in distinctive indonesian souvenirs and products, this truly potential buyers, are just around the corner from the kampung in one of the city’s biggest hotel cluster, so a strong attracting strategy must be made. Some marketing is done in tourist information centers and hotels and then a shuttle service, done by locals in ojeks (motorbike transport) or mini-vans will pick up the interested tourists. They will then be delivered in a stall market, strategically located in one of the luxurious shopping malls nearby (also very common destinies of tourists) which is exposing and selling kampung-made special products. So after buying somethings, the curious tourist wants so see how things are actually made. They are then taken to the inside of the kampung for having a true experience. After touring the production show-room they are directed to another shop where they can buy more. This strategy not only enhances the profit of the community center but also works as a very strong marketing device for future travelers as the news spreads around in the travelers community

The community center is attracting many people to the area, what makes convenient the opening of new restaurants and all kinds of shops and services. In the community center several workshops are taking place. They are starting with the basics of production which is cutting and sewing. As raw materials, the textile waste from the surrounding factories it being used. For the collection of those a drop-box is displaced at the street level.

The waste is also used for patchwork and the profits from the product sales go back to the community. Along with sewing also building technologies workshops are happening. They provide the skills for the population to build their own houses and improve the infra-structure of the kampung with the knowledge of professionals.

H H

Tourist Scheme

Shuttle service

Tourist information

Sales

Market

H H

$ $

Shuttle service

Hotels

128 H

$ $

Kampung Production Tour

H 129

Patrícia Capanema Álvares Fernandes

The Berlage Institute Portfolio 2010/2012

Hierarchy and Distribuition

Thamrin Boulevard

K.H.M. Manyur (arterial)

Secondary

Tertiary

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(2020)

With a more empowered community, the textile business are growing fast, new shops and factories are open, and they are now able to start making self-improvements in the kampung. The appearance and well living of the kampung becomes now crucial with daily visitors and shopers and they are finally able to make some changes. The sewage is covered with low cost, low skill bamboo pieces and the pathways have been rebuild. An open air space is open in the center of the block, providing more social interaction space and more sunlight to houses. Water is being collected from roofs, going through a plant pot combined with fiber carbon filtering providing a greener kampung with drinkable water, also necessary for the dyeing process. With small hand-craft productions popping-up here and there, they are now working in all steps of the textile production.

The Kampung has, on its borders, two main north-south connections of Jakarta. On the right there is Thamrin Boulevard (purple), the very heart of the Golden Triangle. On the left Jalan K.H.M. Manyur (red), which connects the Tanah Abang market to the north and to the south of the city. The traffic in this both arteries is very intense. Jalan K.H.M. Manyur cuts the kampung in the middle representing not only a physical separation but also social detachment. The area on the right of the avenue has poorer population (the riverside) and is highly disconnected to the other areas. The secondary roads (in orange), specially the one going north-south direction and the other next to the shopping malls, in the south, also have very intense traffic, as they work as internal connections in the kampung and also a shortcut to scape from the major avenues. In order to avoid this heavy traffic inside the kampung, some distrinbuition hubs are displaced in strategic crossing points. In this hub, heavy trucks can come in to deliver goods to the kampung as well as collect exporting goods. From this hubs, the distribuition would be made inside the kampung in the narrower streets though motorbikes, bikes or smaller delivery cars.

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Bamboo Stairs

(2030)

Bamboo stairs and pathways can be build at low cost and very little time. It is ideal for the organic vertical growing of the kampung as they can be mounted and unmounted very easily.

Clothing production can work on a medium scale since there are more skilled workers in the kampung and the local textile market is bigger and recognizable. The place is a major destination for shopping, eating and socializing. It is attractive not only for visitors but moreover for living, working and starting a new business. It continues to grow in the authentic Jakarta style and as a consequence becomes even more charming and seductive. The densification leads to verticalization with the construction of new houses on the top of the existing fabric without the eviction of it. (see next page).

The structure is strong and stable and all parts can be made out of bamboos of different diameters, sliced in many ways. The connections can be made with simple screwing or fiber rope tethering. When possible they can be clamped to the building walls, reinforced with concrete, or simply supported on the top of a small foundation.

All the spaces are needed for production or entertainment so the roofs become public for dyeing, drying, storing, collectinq water or playing badminton. The street level integration is very important for the survival of the kampung. The streets are the extension of the house, where vendors make themselves more visible and women can work and watch the children at the same time, socializing at the doorstep. On higher levels this is only possible thanks to a network of stairs and suspended pathways playing the role of the streets. Public roofs Vertical Kampung ++ Density Patchword shop Designers Atelier

Community center Workshop and consulting Designers Cooking Lessons

Vertical Structures

Nasi Uduk Restaurant (Coconut rice)

Working spaces in temporary structures

Vertical stacking without destroying the previous layer can be solved with the use of steel frame structures. The new building can be build on the top of another (when not strong enought to support the extra weight) being supported by steel columns that surround the existing one without touching it. On low level buildings, the bracing can be made with horizontal connections on the slab, resisting to horizontal strains from wind and specially seismic events.

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(2060) small scale and home-industry production

The density is now closer to the limit but organic transformations are still true to the Kampung’s dinamics. Plenty of activities can happen in all layers still having liveliness, fresh air and sunlight for all from ground to top level. High vertical connectivities deliver strong social interaction for up the the 6th floor (highest) and a public elevator is necessary for distribution of people and goods. Therefore, making it possible to establish restaurants and shops on the high level and still be directly connected to the public.

large scale production of weaving and spinning are on ground level due to heavy weight machinery

The textile production works in a network basis with people participating in all parts of the process (spinning, weaving, dyeing, sewing, embroidering, etc) in medium scale or even home industry. Kebon Kacang is now established as a Fashion destination and it’s recognizable for its authenticity. In 2060, the world famous Fashin Week Jakarta takes place in the streets of the kampung.

Light grey: lower level (1st) Dark grey: highest level (6th)

Module house 1. K

B B

L/W

1. One bedroom house (possible use of living room for any kind of home-industry), 2. Two bedroom house 3. small restaurant 4. Shop 5. Clothing production 6. Artisans workshop 7.. Designers ateliers

Public Roofs

T 3. O K

4. W

Public Elevator Badminton court

5. Vertical access

A 7x7m module house that can be developed in the kampungs as a model-based for selfconstruction with little modifications. Some possible examples are:

K = kitchen T = toilet / bathroom B = bedroom L = living room W = working space / business O = office / storage

K W

W W

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