Aproximacion a una nueva cartografia regional, a partir del cluster

Page 1

6 2


,QYHVWLJDFLyQ (VFXHOD GH $UTXLWHFWXUD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 7DOFD 3DWULFLD $QGUDGHV )UDQFLVFD 0RQWHFLQRV 3URIHVRU JXtD -RVp /XLV $EDVROR $JRVWR


,QWHQFLRQHV


/D VRFLHGDG HV HO UHÁHMR GH OR TXH VXFHGH HQ HO WHUULWRULR HVWH YD DVX PLHQGR WUDQVIRUPDQGR \ GLEXMDQGR VREUH Vt ODV GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV GH UHOD FLRQHV VRFLDOHV D WUDYpV GHO WLHPSR 1DGD VH KDFH FUHD SLHQVD QL VH FDP ELD VLQR HV D WUDYpV GH ORV OXJDUHV GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ SURSLHGDGHV SDUWLFXOD UHV TXH pVWRV WHQJDQ TXH VHDQ FDSDFHV GH SRVLELOLWDU OR TXH VH GHVHD (VWi WRGR OLJDGR DO VXHOR HQ pO RFXUUHQ WRGDV ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ OD LPDJHQ TXH QRVRWURV SRGDPRV FRQFHSWXDOL]DU GH HOODV (Q GLIHUHQWHV iPELWRV SURIHVLRQDOHV \D VHD *HyJUDIRV SUR\HFWLVWDV SODQLÀFDGRUHV VRQ HOORV TXLHQHV UHHVFULEHQ ORV OXJDUHV VHJ~Q GLIHUHQWHV YDULDEOHV SUR\HFWDQ GR OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ ItVLFD GH HVWRV HOORV LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH UHHVWUXFWXUDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV GHVGH VX EDVH HO WHUULWRULR 7RGDV pVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DQWHULRUPHQ WH H[SXHVWDV HQFLHUUDQ HQ Vt HO FRQ FHSWR GH 7(55,725,$/,'$' TXH SXHGH VHU HQWHQGLGR FRPR HO ´VRSRUWHµ GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV FRPR OD ´SODWDIRUPDµ HO 0,//,(8 UHSUHVHQWDQGR HVWR 0LOOLHX &RQMXQWR GH FRQGLFLRQHV YtQFXORV UHFXUVRV \ SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV OL JDGDV D OD QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV OXJDUHV \ VX SDWULPRQLR HV GHFLU D ODV SURSLHGDGHV HVWDEOHPHQWH DGTXLULGDV SRU HVWRV HQ HO ODUJR SOD]R KLVWyULFR

0DUWtQ 5DPRV ÉQJHO (G /R XUEDQR HQ DXWRUHV FRQWHPSRUiQHRV /D HQFUXFLMDGD GH OD WHUULWRULDOLGDG XUEDQD D HG (VSDxD 8QLYHUVLGDG 3ROLWpFQLFD GH &DWDOXQ\D 83&


D WRGDV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV \ UHFXUVRV SR WHQFLDOHV TXH WLHQHQ GLYHUVRV FRQWH[WRV WHUULWRULDOHV 3RGHU ´RSHUDUµ VREUH pVWH PLOOLHX HV WDPELpQ RSHUDU HVWUDWpJLFDPHQWH VREUH HO SRWHQFLDO JHRJUiÀFR GH VX SRVLFLyQ HV RSHUDU VREUH OD ´YHQWDMD FRPSHWLWLYDµ TXH HO WHUULWRULR PDQLÀHVWH 8QR GH ORV iPELWRV GRQGH VH XWLOL]D FRPR HVWUDWHJLD HO WHUULWRULR HV OD SUR GXFFLyQ GRQGH ODV HPSUHVDV IRUPDQ HQWRUQRV TXH WLHQHQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH FRQRFHU DSUHQGHU \ DFWXDU HQWUH HOORV (Q HVWH SXQWR D QLYHO QDFLRQDO HO JRELHU QR HVWXGLy XQD HVWUDWHJLD SURGXFWLYD SUHVHQWDQGR DO ´&OXVWHUµ FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH ORJUH FRQVWUXLU XQD LPDJHQ GHO SDtV FRPR SRWHQFLD DJUtFR OD PXQGLDO 1XHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DSXQWD D PRVWUDU FRQ XQD QXHYD FDUWRJUDItD GH OD UHJLyQ HO HVWDGR GH HVWDV DJUXSDFLRQHV VHJ~Q HO JRELHUQR \ VHJ~Q QXHVWUR SURSLR DQiOLVLV GHO WHUULWRULR FRPR XQD FRP SUREDFLyQ \ SXHVWD HQ HYLGHQFLD GH OR TXH HO PLOOLHX QRV SHUPLWH HQ OD UHJLyQ DFWXDOPHQWH &RPHQ]DPRV GHÀQLHQGR HO &OXVWHU GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD DUTXLWHFWyQLFD HFRQyPLFD \ JXEHUQDPHQWDO SDUD OXH JR DQDOL]DU QXHVWUR WHUULWRULR D SDUWLU GHO &OXVWHUV YLWLYLQLFROD SURSXHVWR SRU HO *R ELHUQR /XHJR UHDOL]DUHPRV XQ SDUDOHOR HQWUH HVWD SURSXHVWD \ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH REWHQHPRV D SDUWLU GH OD FUHDFLyQ GH QXHYDV FDUWRJUDÀDV UHJLRQDOHV SDUD FRQFOXLU VL H[LVWH R QR HVWH VLVWHPD GH RU JDQL]DFLyQ \ HQ HO FDVR TXH QR H[LVWLH UD YHU VXV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH GHVDUUROOR


&OXVWHU


(O FOXVWHU HV XQD RUJDQ]DFLyQ TXH DFWXD DWUDYpV GH OD DJUXSDFLyQLGXRV GHQWUR GH XQ VHFWRU JHRJUiÀFR GHWHUPLQDGR GH DFXHUGR D ODV FRQGLFLRQHV TXH HO WH UULWRULR 0LOOLHX HQWUHJD (O FOXVWHU RSHUD SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU FHUFDQtD


&OXVWHU \ DUTXLWHFWXUD


(O FRQFHSWR FOXVWHU QR HV QXHYR HQ DUTXL

WHFWXUD ORV 6PLWKVRQ 7HDP ; OR XWLOL]D URQ HQ XQ SULQFLSLR FRPR ´FRPRGtQµ SDUD GHQRPLQDU DVt QXHYDV WLSRORJtDV XUEDQDV /D SURSXHVWD GH ORV 6PLWKVRQ QDFLy FRPR UHVSXHVWD D ORV &,$0 \D TXH HOORV FRQ VLGHUDEDQ TXH ORV pVWRV QR UHFRQRFtDQ OD LGHQWLGDG GH ODV JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV /RV 6PLWKVRQ EXVFDEDQ OD UHFX SHUDFLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV GH OD PR GHUQLGDG VX UHÁH[LyQ DSXQWDED KDFLD HO HVSDFLR GH OD JHQWH \ DO HVSDFLR GH OD JHQWH TXH YLYH HQ pO $VSHFWRV GH WHUULWRULDOLGDG SDLVDMH PRYLOLGDG H LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD IXHURQ LP SRUWDQWHV HQ VX WUDEDMR \ GLVHxR 8QD GH VXV FRQFOXVLRQHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV HV VX UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH TXH OD FLXGDG HV FRQVWLWXLGD GH P~OWLSOHV FDSDV KHWH URJpQHDV FRQ HVSDFLRV GLVFRQWLQXRV JREHUQDGRV SRU UHODFLRQHV QR OLQHDOHV /RV 6PLWKVRQ FRQVLGHUDURQ D OD PRYLOL GDG FRPR OD FODYH SDUD HO SODQHDPLHQ WR XUEDQR WDQWR VRFLDO FRPR RUJDQL]D WLYDPHQWH \D TXH QR VROR VH UHÀHUH D OD YtDV VLQR DO FRQFHSWR HQWHUR GH XQD FRPXQLGDG PyYLO \ IUDJPHQWDGD /DV YtDV MXQWR FRQ ODV SULQFLSDOHV OtQHDV GH WUiÀFR OtQHDV HOpFWULFDV \ DOFDQWDULOODGR

0D[ 5LVHODGD 'LUN 9DQ 'HU +HXYHO (G 7HDP ,Q VHDUFK RI XWRSLD RI WKH SUHVHQW D HG 5RWWHUGDP 1HWKHUODQGV $UFKLWHFWXUH ,QVWLWXWH DQG WKH )DFXO W\ RI $UFKLWHFWXUH 'HOIW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\


)RUPDQ OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD HVHQFLDO GH OD FRPXQLGDG /R PiV LPSRUWDQWH GH ODV YtDV HV TXH VRQ ItVLFDPHQWH JUDQGHV \ WLHQHQ HO PLVPR FDUiFWHU TXH FXDOTXLHU DFFLGHQWH JHRJUiÀFR SDUD FUHDU GLYL VLRQHV JHRJUiÀFDV \ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD VRFLDOHV 3RU OR WDQWR HO WUD]DGR GH XQD YtD HVSHFLDOPHQWH D WUDYpV GH XQD ]RQD FRQVWUXLGD HV XQD FXHVWLyQ LPSRUWDQWH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU ORV FDPELRV HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD VRFLDO TXH SXHGHQ FRQV WUXLU eVWDV LGHDV IXHURQ OOHYDGDV D FDER HQ H[WUHPR HQ SURSXHVWDV HQ GRQGH HO HVSDFLR S~EOLFR IXH WUDWDGR FRPR HV SDFLR LQWHUVWLFLDO HQ &OXVWHU &LW\ )LJ \ HQ &RQJORPHUDWH 2UGHQLQJ HMHPSORV TXH VH HQPDUFDQ HQ OD E~VTXHGD TXH DQWLFLSD WHPDV GH OD OODPDGD FLXGDG SRVW LQGXVWULDO


)LJ

)LJ


&OXVWHU \ HFRQRPtD


0LFKDHO 3RUWHU LQFRUSRUy DO WHUULWRULR

FRPR SDUWH FUXFLDO \ HVWUDWpJLFD GHO GHVDUUROOR \ SUHVHQWD DO FOXVWHU FRPR HO DPELHQWH SURSLFLR SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD LQGXVWULD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ OD LQQRYD FLyQ 3RUWHU PDQLÀHVWD TXH ODV UD]RQHV GHO p[LWR FRPSHWLWLYR HVWDEDQ DVRFLDGDV D GRV FDXVDV D /D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ JHRJUiÀFD GH DJHQWHV HFRQyPLFRV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV E /D SUHVHQFLD GH ORV DGHFXDGRV IDFWR UHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV GH OD FRPSHWLWLYLGDG WHUULWRULDO $PERV SXQWRV KDQ SHUPLWLGR TXH D ODV HPSUHVDV GH pVWRV FOXVWHU HVSHFLDOL]D GRV DOFDQ]DU HOHYDGRV QLYHOHV GH p[LWR &OXVWHU GHO YLQR HQ &DOLIRUQLD &OXVWHU PDUtWLPR HQ 1RUXHJD (Q VX OLEUR ´ (VWUDWHJLD \ YHQWDMD FRP SHWLWLYDµ VHxDOD TXH ORV FOXVWHU RIUHFHQ YHQWDMDV SRWHQFLDOHV D OD KRUD GH SHUFL ELU WDQWR OD QHFHVLGDG FRPR OD RSRUWXQL GDG GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ ,JXDOPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH HV OD ÁH[LELOLGDG \ OD FDSDFLGDG TXH SXHGHQ SURSRUFLR QD ORV FOXVWHU SDUD FRQYHUWLU UiSLGDPHQ WH ODV QXHYDV LGHDV HQ XQD UHDOLGDG

0LFKDHO 3RUWHU /D YHQWDMD FRPSHWLWLYD GH ODV QDFLR QHV D HG %XHQRV $LUHV 9HUJDUD


8QD HPSUHVD LQWHJUDGD SRU XQ FOXVWHU SXHGH REWHQHU UiSLGDPHQWH ORV QXHYRV FRPSRQHQWHV VHUYLFLRV PDTXLQDULDV \ GHPiV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD SR QHU HQ SUiFWLFD LQQRYDFLRQHV /RV VRFLRV \ SURYHHGRUHV SXHGHQ SDUWLFL SDU GH pVWH SURFHVR GH LQQRYDFLyQ

9i]TXH] %DUTXHUR ORV FOXVWHU YDQ FUHDQGR VLVWHPDV TXH VH DSR\DQ XQRV D RWURV JHQHUDQGR LQWHUDFFLRQHV FRPR LQWHUFDPELR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ D SDUWLU GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR 9iVTXH] %DUTXHUR VHJ~Q VX LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FODVLÀFD OD IRU PDFLyQ GH pVWRV VLVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV JHQHUDGRV HQ XQD UHJLyQ

9D]TXH] %DUTXHUR 6XUJLPLHQWR \ WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH FOXVWHUV \ PLOOLHXV HQ SURFHVRV GH GHVDUUROOR 5HYLVWD (XUH PD\R SS


6LVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV ORFDOHV IRUPDGRV SRU UHGHV GH HPSUHVDV \ FX\DV DFWLYLGD GHV SURGXFWLYDV HVWiQ LQWHJUDGDV HQ OD FDGHQD GH SURGXFFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG R UHJLyQ GRQGH VH ORFDOL]DQ

6LVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV ORFDOHV FX\DV HPSUHVDV UHDOL]DQ DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH YLQFXODQ D FDGHQDV GH SURGXFFLyQ GH RWUDV FLXGDGHV R UHJLRQHV GHELGR D TXH DOJXQD GH ODV IDVHV (VWUDWpJLFDV GH ODV FDGHQDV GH SURGXF FLyQ VH UHDOL]DQ IXHUD GHO WHUULWRULR HQ HO TXH VH ORFDOL]D OD HPSUHVD

6LVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV ORFDOHV IRUPDGRV DOUHGHGRU GH JUDQGHV HPSUHVDV TXH UHDOL]DQ WRGDV ODV IXQFLRQHV HQ OD ORFD OLGDG HQ TXH VH ORFDOL]DQ \ FX\DV DFWL YLGDGHV HVWiQ LQWHJUDGDV HQ OD FDGHQD GH SURGXFFLyQ ORFDO

6LVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV ORFDOHV DUWLFXODGRV DOUHGHGRU GH HPSUHVDV TXH IRUPDQ SDU WH GH FDGHQDV GH SURGXFFLyQ H[WHUQDV \ FDUHFHQ GH YLQFXODFLRQHV SURGXFWLYDV ORFDOHV VLJQLÀFDWLYDV


)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ


&OXVWHU \ HO JRELHUQR


(O JRELHUQR HQ VX LQIRUPH 352&+,/( FUHD SODQHV GH DFFLyQ SDUD FOXVWHU H[SRUWDGRUHV FRQ HO ÀQ GH IRPHQWDU XQD PD\RU SURGXFFLyQ \ FDOLGDG GH ORV SURGXFWRV SDUD OR FXDO KDFH XQ HVWXGLR GHO YDORU GH FDGD FOXVWHU LQGXVWULDO UH ODFLRQDQGR ODV DFWLYLGDGHV SURGXFWLYDV LQWHJUDGDV LGHQWLÀFD D ORV DFWRUHV HVHQ FLDOHV ODV LQGXVWULDV GH VHUYLFLRV ODV LQVWL WXFLRQHV GH FDSDFLWDFLyQ LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR 7DPELpQ GHÀQH HO QHJRFLR GH FDGD LQGXVWULD VHJ~Q OD QHFHVLGDG TXH VD WLVIDFH GH ORV JUXSRV GH FOLHQWHV \ OD FRPSHWHQFLD )LQDOPHQWH SUHVHQWD ORV UHVSHFWLYRV SODQHV GH DFFLyQ HQ EDVH D ORV REMHWL YRV HVWUDWpJLFRV LQGLFDQGR DFFLRQHV RUJDQLVPRV H LQVWUXPHQWRV GH IRPHQWR OD LQVWLWXFLyQ UHVSRQVDEOH \ HO SOD]R HV SHUDGR 6HJ~Q WRGR HVWH SURFHVR HO HVWXGLR SODQ WHD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH SRVLEOHV FOXVWHU HQ OD UHJLyQ &OXVWHU )UXWtFROD &OXVWHU )RUHVWDO &OXVWHU 9LWLYtQLFROD

(VWXGLR GHO LQIRUPH 3UR &KLOH &RQVXOWRUtD GH (VWXGLR H ,GHQWLÀFDFLyQ GH &OXVWHU H[SRUWDGRUHV UHJLRQDOHV &(5 HO FDVR GH OD 5HJLyQ GHO 0DXOH &(5 0DXOH


Û

Û

*UiÀ FR 3URGXFFLyQ 5HJLyQ GHO 0DXOH PLOHV GH 86

9LQRV LQIHULRU D OWV

&HUH]DV HQ FRQVHUYD

)UDPEXHVDV \ PRUDV &LUXHODV IUHVFDV

3HUDV MANZANAS SECAS

MANZANAS SECAS

%HUULHV FRQJH ODGRV

0DQ]DQDV VHFDV 1HFWDU \ MXJR GH PDQ]DQD

0HUPHODGDV

'XUD]QRV FRPSRWDV

$UDQGDQRV

3XUH \ MXJRV GH WRPDWH

)UDPEXHVDV

.LZLV )UHVFRV

0DQ]DQDV IUHVFDV

$ /

$ /

9LQRV &HOXORVD )LJ


)UXWtFROD &OXVWHU


&RQ UHVSHFWR D OD SRVLEOH H[LVWHQFLD GH pVWH FOXVWHU HQ OD 5HJLyQ HO HVWXGLR 3UR &KLOH GHQWUR GH VX DQiOLVLV QR LQYROXFUD DO WHUULWRULR FRPR SDUWH FUXFLDO GH VX IRUPDFLyQ VLQR TXH VH FRQFHQWUD HQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH DXPHQWR \ PHMRUD GH SURGXFFLyQ \ H[SRUWDFLRQHV GH OD FD SDFLGDG GH ORV FRQVRUFLRV WHFQROyJLFRV S~EOLFRV \ SULYDGRV TXH SUHVHQWD GHO PDUNHWLQJ \ HO GLVHxR GH ORV HQYDVHV TXH VH H[KLEHQ DO H[WHULRU FRPR LPDJHQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ


)RUHVWDO &OXVWHU


(Q UHIHUHQFLD DO FOXVWHU IRUHVWDO HQ HO HV WXGLR VH PXHVWUDQ LPSRUWDQWHV YDULDEOHV TXH OH TXLWDQ IXHU]D D ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH pVWH FOXVWHU \D TXH D SHVDU GH OD H[LV WHQFLD GH XQ DPSOLR WHUULWRULR GLVSRQLEOH SDUD QXHYDV LQLFLDWLYDV \D VHD UHFXSH UDFLyQ GH VXHORV PDQHMR GH ERVTXHV R JHQHUDFLyQ GH ELHQHV \ VHUYLFLRV H LQFOXVR OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD DPSOLD UHG YLDO pVWRV HOHPHQWRV QR VRQ VXÀFLHQWHV SRU TXH QR H[LVWH XQD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD YLDO VHFXQGDULD TXH SRVLELOLWH XQ PHMRU DFFHVR D ODV FRPXQLGDGHV SURGXFWRUDV \ DO ERVTXH QDWLYR /D PD\RUtD GH ODV SODQWDFLRQHV HVWiQ HQ PDQRV GH XQ Q~PHUR PX\ UHGXFLGR GH JUDQGHV HPSUHVDV OR TXH GLVPLQX\H OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FRQ SURGXFWRUHV PHQRUHV SRU OR WDQWR HO SRVLEOH LQWHUpV GH pVWDV JUDQGHV HPSUHVDV SRU XQD PHMRUD GH ODV FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH JUDQGHV \ SHTXHxRV SURGXFWRUHV HV PX\ SRFD


9LWLYLQtFROD &OXVWHU


&XDQGR VH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD DO YLQR HO HVWXGLR PDQLÀHVWD ORV JUDQGHV SRWHQ FLDOHV GH pVWD HFRQRPtD HQ OD 5HJLyQ GHO 0DXOH SRU ODV WpFQLFDV \ FXOWLYRV GH SULPHU QLYHO DGHPiV GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD WUDGLFLyQ IDPLOLDU OR TXH HQWUH RWUDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HFRQyPLFDV GHO SDtV PXHVWUD D &KLOH FRPR XQD HFRQRPtD VHJXUD KDFLD HO H[WUDQMHUR 7DPELpQ HO HVWXGLR PDQLÀHVWD OD GHVFRQÀDQ]D H[LV WHQWH HQWUH ODV HPSUHVDV TXH VRQ UHDFLDV D FRPSDUWLU LQIRUPDFLyQ HO LQGLYLGXDOLV PR OD IDOWD GH FRKHVLyQ JUHPLDO \ OD OHMDQtD FRQ ORV SULQFLSDOHV PHUFDGRV (O LQIRUPH 3URFKLOH UHDOL]D XQD VXEGLYLVLyQ GH SRVLEOHV FOXVWHU YLWLYLQtFRODV HQ OD 5H JLyQ GHO 0DXOH HVWRV VRQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH DJUXSDGRV )LJ

(Q UHODFLyQ D VX SURGXFFLyQ \ H[ SRUWDFLRQHV


)LJ


1XHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVWXGLD DO FOXVWHU YLWLYLQtFROD \D TXH VX UHODFLyQ HV PiV DOOi GH XQ VLVWHPD GH SURGXFWLYR ORFDO pVWH WLHQH OD GLIHUHQWHV DWUDFWRUHV TXH SRVLELOLWDQ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD UHG QR WDQ FHUUDGD TXH RSHUH PiV DOOi GH VROR OD SURGXFFLyQ GHO YLQR LQYROXFUD P~OWLSOHV VHUYLFLRV TXH SXHGHQ RIUHFHUVH DOUHGHGRU GHO YLQR FRQÀJXUDQGR ]RQDV PD\RUHV \ UHODFLRQDGDV SRU ODV FDUDFWH UtVWLFDV TXH WHQJD HO WHUULWRULR R HO PLOOLHX GH OD UHJLyQ /DV DJUXSDFLRQHV WLHQHQ GLIHUHQWH PRU IRORJtD GHSHQGLHQGR GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV WHUULWRULDOHV TXH SRVLELOLWHQ VX HPSOD]D PLHQWR )LJ


)LJ


)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ

)LJ


5HLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ 'HO &OXVWHU 9LWLYtQLFROD &RPR 6LVWHPD 'H 2UJDQL]DFLyQ HQ /D 5HJLyQ 'HO 0DXOH


/RV HVSDxROHV SODQWDURQ OD YLG HQ WRGDV ODV FRORQLDV HQ $PpULFD &HQWUDO \ HO &D ULEH HO FXOWLYR QR SURVSHUy IXHURQ PiV DXVSLFLRVRV HQ ORV YLUUHLQDWRV GHO &RQR 6XU HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ &KLOH 3RU HVR \D HQ HO VLJOR ;9,,, &KLOH HV HO SULQFLSDO H[SRUWDGRU GH YLQRV DO UHVWR GH ODV FROR QLDV HVSDxRODV \ HO PD\RU SURGXFWRU GH $PpULFD /DWLQD /DV EXHQDV FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV SHU PLWLHURQ TXH HO FXOWLYR VH H[WHQGLHUD HQ OD SDUWH FHQWUDO GHO SDtV (O LQIRUPH HMHFXWLYR GH 3URGXFFLyQ GH 9LQRV VHxDOD TXH ODV PD\RUHV SURGXFFLRQHV GH YLQR VH ORFDOL]DQ HQ ODV UHJLRQHV VpSWLPD VH[WD \ PHWURSROLWDQD WRWDOL]DQGR HO GHO WRWDO FRQFHQ WUDQGR OD VpSWLPD UHJLyQ HO GH OD WRWDOLGDG GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH YLQR GHO SDtV (Q OD UHJLyQ H[LVWHQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH YLxDV ODV TXH VH GLYLGHQ HQ YDOOHV (O 9DOOH GHO 0DXOH \ HO 9DOOH GH &XULFy HVWRV D VX YH] VH VXEGLYLGHQ HQ VXE YDOOHV HQ &XULFy VXE YDOOH GH /RQWXp VXE YDOOH GH 7HQR HQ 7DOFD 6XE YDOOH GHO &ODUR VXE YDOOH GH /RQFR PLOOD \ VXE YDOOH GHO 7XWXYpQ )LJ

ZZZ YLQRVGHFKLOH FO ,QIRUPH HMHFXWLYR SURGXFFLyQ GH YLQRV MXQLR 6$* GLYLVLyQ GH SURWHFFLyQ DJUtFROD VXEGHSDUWDPHQWR GH YLxDV \ YLQRV


3UB VALLE 4ENO

6ALLE #URICØ

3UB VALLE ,ONTUÏ

6ALLE DEL -AULE 3UB VALLE #LARO

3UB VALLE ,ONCOMILLA

3UB VALLE #URICØ

)LJ $ 3URYLQFLD &XULFy % 3URYLQFLD GD 7DOFD & 3URYLQFLD GH /LQDUHV ' 3URYLQFLD GH &DXTXHQHV


;/

8VR GH VXHOR $*5,&2/$


/

0


;/

*(2025)2/2*,$


/

0


3

4 /

0 1 2

6

/1 /0 /. 7

//

/2

/4

/3

8

/6

/8 0/

0.

00

01

02

03

06

04 08

1.

07 10

1/ 12 11

;/

13

22 16 14

21 20

17 18 2/

2.

23 24 26 27

28

30 3/ 3.

31 32

,1)5$(6758&785$


/

0


(48,3$0,(172



6XE YDOOH GHO &ODUR


/D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DSXQWD DO HVWXGLR GH OD H[LVWHQFLD R LQH[LVWHQFLD GH XQ FOXV WHU HQ OD UHJLyQ YHU ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH FRQIRUPDU XQ VLVWHPD PiV FRPSOHMR FRQ ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV \ UHFXUVRV TXH HO PLOOLHX RWRUJD 3DUD pVWH HVWXGLR QRV FRQFHQWUDPRV HQ HO VXE YDOOH GHO &ODUR SRU VX FHUFDQtD FRQ 7DOFD \ VX GLVSRVLFLyQ VREUH HO WHUUL WRULR 6LPERORJtD ÀFKDV GH ODV YLxDV GHO VXE YDOOH GHO &ODUR

1

0LUDGRU

Ë

$FFHVR GLVFDSDFLWDGRV 9LxHGRV 6DOD GH YHQWDV %RGHJD 'HJXVWDFLyQ

§Ã†

5HVWDXUDQW UHVHUYD SUHYLD -XHJRV

Æ

5HVWDXUDQWH 6SD

§+ +

+RWHO UHVHUYD SUHYLD +RWHO KHFWiUHDV OLWURV OLWURV


:,1(6 *5283 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+ +(&7$5($6


9,f$ %27$/&85$ 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f$ &+(48(1 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f('26 '(/ 0$8/( 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f$ &$/,1$ 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

1 +(&7$5($6


9,f$ +8*2 &$6$129$ 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f$ (60(5$/'$ SHUWHQHFH D OD DJULFROD YLxD HVPHUDOGD 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f$ +8,'2%52 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f$ &$6$ '21262 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

§Æ

1 §+ +(&7$5($6


9,f$ 7(55$12%/( 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


&$6$6 3$7521$/(6 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

§Æ +(&7$5($6


&255$/ 9,&725,$ 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


9,f$ &$9$6 '(/ 685 352'8&&,21

(48,3$0,(1726

+(&7$5($6


&RQFOXVLRQHV


$ SODQR LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD

/DV YLxDV VH ORFDOL]DQ DOUHGHGRU GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV UXWDV \D TXH HOODV OHV SHUPL WHQ PD\RU FRQH[LyQ FRQ ORV FHQWURV XU EDQRV ORV FXDOHV SURSRUFLRQDQ ORV LQVX PRV OD PDQR GH REUD HO LQWHUFDPELR 3ULQFLSDOPHQWH ODV FRQH[LRQHV GH ODV YL xDV VRQ FRQ OD FDUUHWHUD VXU SHUR HQWUH HOODV pVWDV JHQHUDQ FLUFXLWRV LQWHUQRV XWLOL]DQGR OD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH YtDV VH FXQGDULDV H[LVWHQWHV (Q HO YDOOH GHO PDXOH H[LVWH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH FRQVWUXLU XQ FOXVWHU FRQIRUPDGR SRU HO VXE YDOOH GHO &ODUR \ HO VXE YDOOH GH /RQFRPLOOD \D TXH ORV GLVWDQFLDPLHQWRV HQWUH HOODV \ OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD H[LVWHQWH SRGUtDQ VRSRUWDU pVWD UHODFLyQ


% SODQR DJURIUXWtFROD

(O VXHOR DJUtFROD FRPR UHFXUVR SDUWH GHO PLOOLHX SRGUtD SHUPLWLU HQ WRGD VX H[WHQVLyQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH pVWH WLSR GH DJUXSDFLRQHV HQ OD UHJLyQ QR VROR HQ HO iUHD YLWLYLQtFROD VLQR FRPSOHPHQWDUVH FRQ RWUR WLSR GH FXOWLYRV JHQHUDQGR XQD PDFUR ]RQD JUDFLDV D TXH HO GHO WHUUHQR FRUUHVSRQGH DO XVR GH VXHOR DJUtFROD \ GH pVWH HO FRUUHVSRQGH D FXOWLYRV YLWLYLQtFRODV


& SODQR JHRPRUIRORJtD

(O VXHOR DJUtFROD HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ HO YDOOH FHQWUDO SHUR pVWD FRQGLFLyQ QR LPSLGH TXH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO FOXVWHU VH H[ WLHQGD KDFLD DPEDV FRUGLOOHUDV \D TXH HQ pVWDV ]RQDV H[LVWHQ YDULDGRV DFFLGHQ WHV JHRJUiÀFRV TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ FRPR XQD RSRUWXQLGDG \ XQ FRPSOHPHQWR SDUD ORV FOXVWHU SRU OD YDULHGDG GH SUR JUDPDV WXUtVWLFRV TXH HQ HOORV H[LVWHQ OR TXH SRGUtD JHQHUDU XQD UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV YLxDV SDUD FRQIRUPDU XQ VLVWHPD PiV FRPSOHMR HQWUH WXULVPR \ YLxDV


' SODQR HTXLSDPLHQWR 3RVWHULRU D OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV FDUWRJUD ItDV \ DQiOLVLV SDUWLFXODU GHO VXE YDOOH GHO &ODUR SRGHPRV FRQFOXLU ‡(O &OXVWHU VXE YDOOH GHO &ODUR DSDUHFH FRPR XQD H[WHQVLyQ GH OD FLXGDG 6X ORFDOL]DFLyQ HV HQ XQ HVSDFLR WUDQVLWR ULR HQWUH 6DQ &OHPHQWH \ 7DOFD ‡6H SUHVHQWD FRQ XQD DPSOLD LQIDUHV WUXFWXUD TXH SHUPLWH VX UHODFLyQ FRQ RWUR WLSR GH DFWLYLGDGHV ‡'HELGR D OR DQWHULRU pVWH FOXVWHU SRGUtD VHU DFWLYDGR \D TXH KR\ VROR H[LVWH FRPR WDO SRU VX PDQHUD GH HPSOD]DU FH QR SRU OR TXH HV FDSi] GH JHQHUDU FRPR VLVWHPD GH DJUXSDFLyQ FRRSHUD FLyQ LQQRYDFLyQ FRQRFLPLHQWR ‡6X ORFDOL]DFLyQ HV HQ UHODFLyQ D ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH JHQHUDQ ORV UHFXUVRV WXULVWLFRV GHO PLOOLHX GH PDQHUD GH DEDUFDU RWUR WLSR GH SURJUDPDV \ HTXL SDPLHQWRV ‡(VWD ORFDOL]DFLyQ SRU OR WDQWR SUHVHQWD ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ VLVWHPD PiV FRPSOHMR \ PHQRV ORFDOL]D GR TXH XQ FOXVWHU XQD UHG XQ QHWZRUN TXH DEDUTXH WDQWR SURGXFFLyQ DJUtFROD FRPR UHFXUVRV WXUtVWLFRV \ HTXLSDPLHQ WRV


‡3DUD SRGHU ORJUDU XQ VLVWHPD PXOWLSU JUDPiWLFR HV QHFHVDULR PHMRUDU \ DFWL YDU ODV UXWDV GH FRQH[LRQHV VHFXQDGULDV GH PDQHUD GH ORJUDU H[SDQGLUVH HQ HO WHUULWRULR \ QR VROR DOUHGHGRU GH ODV YtDV SULQFLSDOHV IDFLOLWDQGR ODV UHODFLRQHV HQ WUH ORV LQGLYLGXRV \ HO WHUULWRULR ‡$O ORJUDU VXPDU HTXLSDPLHQWRV HQ VHFWRUHV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV \ SHUPLWLU OD RFXUUHQFLD GH pVWDV UHODFLRQHV VH SXH GH FRQVHJXLU XQD PD\RU SHUPDQHQFLD GHQWUR GH XQ QXHYR VLVWHPD PXOWLSURJUD PiWLFR PiV FRPSOHMR TXH SUHVHQWH D OD UHJyQ FRPR XQD SRWHQFLD D WUDYpV GH XQ VLVWHPD TXH LGHQWLÀTXH HO PLOOLHX GH OD UHJLyQ






,QGLFH ,QWURGXFFLyQ &OXVWHU &OXVWHU \ DUTXLWHFWXUD &OXVWHU \ HFRQRPtD &OXVWHU \ HO JRELHUQR )UXWtFROD FOXVWHU

)RUHVWDO FOXVWHU

9LWLYLQtFROD FOXVWHU

5HLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO FOXVWHU 9LWLYLQtFROD FRPR VLVWHPD GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ HQ OD 5HJLyQ GHO 0DXOH

6XE 9DOOH GHO &ODUR &RQFOXVLRQHV 3ODQLPHWUtD DGMXQWD

$ ,1)5$(6758&785$ % $*52)87Ì&2/$ & (48,3$0,(172 ' ,1)5$(6758&785$


2 2 2


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.