SOUTH AMERICA by the numbers
THE PUBLISHING LANDSCAPE
South America has boosted its share of the world’s research articles — but at 4%, it still underperforms slightly relative to its 5–6% share of world population and GDP.
NUMBER OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN ELSEVIER’S CITATION DATABASE SCOPUS IN 2013 (see ‘The hidden continent’ below)
By Richard Van Noorden
T
he expanding economies of South America have led to a significant rise in scientific output over the past two decades, and research spending has increased in most countries. But given the region’s share of the world’s population and gross domestic product (GDP), publication rates still fall short of what would be expected. Research quality has not kept
pace with rising output, and the continent’s research papers still struggle to attract citations from the rest of the world. There are huge inequalities across the region, too: Brazil dominates the publication record, for example, whereas Chile takes pole position in the patent landscape and Argentina scores highly in terms of the proportion of its population working in science.
GUYANA
20
46,306
BRAZIL: In the past 20 years, Brazil’s scientific output has risen by more than a factor of five, as its economy has almost tripled in terms of purchasing power. The country now accounts for more than two-thirds of South America’s entire research output — although it is broadly similar to Argentina, Uruguay and Chile in terms of articles per capita.
FRENCH GUIANA
SURINAME
25
69
1,315
COLOMBIA
4,556
ECUADOR
VENEZUELA: The only South American nation whose scientific output is declining: its publication tally fell by 29% between 2009 and 2013.
524
1,044
PERU: Nearly three-quarters of Peru’s articles involve collaborations with other countries. The most-cited articles include work on prevention of HIV, tuberculosis and lupus.
PARAGUAY
87
BOLIVIA
222
9,337
ARGENTINA: Has hauled up the impact of its research to just above the world’s average — outperforming Brazil.
South American share of world publications (%)
URUGUAY
799
4
3
2
6,794
1
0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
The hidden continent
South America’s research strength may be underestimated because its researchers often publish in journals that are not indexed in major citation databases, such as Elsevier’s Scopus or Thomson Reuter’s Science Citation Index. In 2012, for example, some 6,000 of the roughly 20,000
papers that Brazil published in SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), a subsidized collection of mainly Latin American journals, were not indexed in Thomson Reuter’s database. But last year, Thomson Reuters agreed to create a database for the SciELO index.
DESIGN BY WESLEY FERNANDES/NATURE; MAP, PUBLISHING LANDSCAPE: SCIVAL, FROM ELSEVIER/SCOPUS DATABASE; THE HIDDEN CONTINENT: ABEL PACKER/SCIELO; COLLABORATION AND EXCELLENCE: ELSEVIER/SCOPUS AND R. VAN NOORDEN/SCOPUS; RESEARCH STRENGTH: RICYT/UNESCO; RESEARCH SPENDING AND PATENTS: RICYT/UNESCO/WIPO/WORLD BANK
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CHILE: As well as its astronomical observatories, the country has also found scientific success working on food crops, such as a highly cited collaboration on the genome of the potato.
FEATURE NEWS
COLLABORATION AND EXCELLENCE
South America’s scholarly impact remains relatively low — its citation rate last year was around 80% of the world’s average (below). Peru’s articles do best, largely because most are co-authored with scientists outside the continent. Indeed, the region’s less-developed countries are generally more likely to collaborate beyond South America. In Brazil, less than one-quarter of its articles in 2008–12 involved such partnerships (right).
Collaborations involving other South American nations
Other international collaborations
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
Brazil and Argentina are central to co-authorship networks within South America, and the United States is the top international collaborator for every nation.
Citation impact weighted by research field (1 = world average) 1.8
No international collaboration
South America average
1.6
ECUADOR BRAZIL
Peru
,
12)
25
50
,
08–
PERU
Brazil
,0
Venezuela
0
(20
10
BOLIVIA
0 1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
T ot a
2012
l nu
mb
io
0
o er
at
20
0.2
li c
,0 0
0
0.4
ns
0.6
,
00
10
0
00
Colombia
0.8
0
0
Argentina Chile
1.0
00
1.2
00
1.4
fp
ub
Number of collaborative publications (2008–12)
PARAGUAY
3,000–3,500
RESEARCH STRENGTH
2,500–3,000
ARGENTINA
Brazil has more than 100,000 full-time researchers, single-handedly providing nearly two-thirds of South America’s science personnel. But Argentina has the greatest proportion of researchers, with almost 3 scientists for every 1,000 workers.
2,000–2,500 1,500–2,000 1,000–1,500 500–1,000
URUGUAY
0–500
Full-time equivalent researchers per 1,000 labour force United States China Argentina Brazil Uruguay Chile Venezuela Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Paraguay
BOLIVIA ECUADOR PARAGUAY PERU CHILE
URUGUAY CHILE COLOMBIA VENEZUELA
0
2
4
6
ARGENTINA
8
BRAZIL 0
100 Collaboration rates (%)
PATENTS GRANTED
In Brazil, nearly half of research funding comes from the business sector; in other South American nations, the share from businesses is generally much lower, a stark contrast with many industrialized countries. Poor private investment results in a small number of patents granted per capita, where South American countries look particularly weak. Domestic and foreign patents granted in 2012, per 1 million people*
Paraguay
0 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
*No verified figures for Venezuela, no up-to-date data for Peru. Data are incomplete for Ecuador and Chile.
South America
*As recorded by the World Intellectual Property Organization
Peru: 0.93
Colombia
Ecuador
Uruguay: 6.47
Uruguay
Chile: 13.52
Chile Bolivia
Argentina: 8.62
0.5
China: 112.67
Argentina
United States: 729.25
1.0
Paraguay: 0.45
According to the World Bank, economic indicators suggest that Brazil should have registered 50% more patents with the US patent office than it actually did in 2006–10.
Brazil
Colombia: 3.21
Argentina and Brazil’s spending on research and development (R&D) has shot up even faster than their economies have grown. Brazil remains the region’s only country to devote more than 1% of its economy to R&D*. In 2011, US Expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP spending was 2.8% of GDP. 1.5
Brazil: 5.17
RESEARCH SPENDING
NATURE.COM
For more on South American science see: nature.com/ southamerica
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