Consequential Deltas: Machining Sturgeon Landscapes

Consequential deltas: Machining sturgeon landscapes Architectural Association School of Architecture Landscape Urbansim 2014 - 2015

Da Kuang, Polina Lyzlova

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2014/15 ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE LONDON, UK DIRECTORS ALFREDO RAMIREZ EDUARDO RICO STUDIO MASTER CLARA OLORIZ HISTORY & THEORY TUTOR DOUGLAS SPENCER TECHNICAL TUTORS GUSTAVO ROMANILLOS GIANCARLO TORPIANO VINCENZO REALE MACHINING LANDSCAPES TUTOR TOM SMITH

Submitted by Da Kuang Paulina Lizlova

Figure 1. The unique lake landscape in the west part of the volga delta

Content

I. Abstract

8

Engaging with the concequential nature of the Delta

8

II.Reciprocal Delta Landscapes

10

1.Volga Delta: A desertiication process

10

1.1 Upstream intervention - dams construction

12

1.2 Sea level luctuation - delta growth

14

1.3 Artiicial channels - dredging techniques

16

1.4 Western lakes area

18

1.5 Ural delta

20

2. Atlas

22

2.1 Atlas of consequential landscapes

24

2.2 Fragile but productive territories

32

2.3 Speak to eyes – the power behind statistical map

36

III Russian sturgeon: Unique caviar in Blak sea and Caspian region

40

1. Sturgeon extinction

42

2. Sturgeon life cycle

44

3. Sturgeon atlas

46

4. Caviar market – shifting from natural to artiicial

50

IV Caviar production

54

1. Volga ishery in the past

56

2. Volga present: sturgeon as social formation

58

3. Field trip

60

VI Machining sturgeon landscapes

66

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management

68

1.1 Current water regime

70

1.2 Waterlow control mechanism

72

1.3 Lakes manipulations: construction techniques

80

1.4 Lakes development through time

82

1.5 Reservoir strategy: rainfall scenarios

90

1.6 Case study of California Central Valley Project development during last 80 years

94

2. Farms strategy: new sturgeon productive cycles

100

2.1 Productive grounds: from intensive to extensive ishfarm

102

3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements

108

3.1 Collective form

110

3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

112

Figure List and Reference

128

Appendix

132

Abstract ‘Deltas are dynamic landforms at the boundary of land and sea, involving intricate mazes of rivers and small waterways, wetlands, estuaries and coastal barrier islands. They are home to over half a billion people. Deltas are also home to rich ecosystems, such as mangroves and marshes. They are economic hotspots, supporting much of the world’s isheries, forest products, and extensive agriculture’ (Marchand & Ludwig, 2014).

However, deltas are also fragile territories. The article of ‘Dynamics and Vulnerability of Delta Systems’ mentions that intensive human development, population growth, as well as recent human-induced global changes are degrading deltas, often transforming them into increasingly hazardous coastal regions.

Research projects under the Deltanet organization, led by the European Union, also claim that dams in upstream rivers have resulted in the current dispreading of deltas in Europe. Generally, deltas as reciprocal and consequential landscapes are believed to be inluenced by both local and upstream activities. As designers, any proposal or intervention within these environments must consider their fragility based on both the natural phenomena and the social activities that formed the landscape (Chiara Tosi, 2015).

Our project aims at engaging with the consequential nature of the Volga Delta in Russia as an example of an on-going reshaping process which is seriously affected by upstream dams. They have triggered, as a consequence, a desertiication process that threatens the socio-economic and ecological environments of the delta.

Our project, rather than resisting the desertiication process, is going to adapt to the dam inluence and the desertiication process through the consequence mechanisms inherent to this territory. As designers, our proposal proposes punctual interventions inside the delta, whose consequences attempt to shift the current social and economic situations. Rather than proposing an overall solution that attempts to deal with the vast extension of the Volga Delta, we have decided to propose a highly intensive intervention, intending to transform the chosen area into highly manufactured grounds, sturgeon ish farming machine. This way, we change the developing vectors in the particular site, and together inluence the whole delta formation.

8

Figure 2. The map of Volga delta.

9

II.Reciprocal Delta Landscapes 1.Volga Delta: a desertiication process

1.1 Upstream intervention - dams construction 1.2 Sea level luctuation - delta growth 1.3 Artiicial channels - dredging techniques 1.4 Western lakes area 1.5 Ural delta

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Figure 3. A desertiication process in Volga delta

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1. Volga Delta: a desertiication process

The number of dams of the Volgo-Cama cascade built over the Volga river during the irst part of the 20th century caused the lack of water in the delta, which is the main source to feed the Caspian sea. As a result, the sea level is going down and the delta is growing extremely fast; water distribution is changing and the sedimentation process is underway.

People have to dredge the shallow canals for navigation and for ish to be able to pass, and artiicial canals inluence the growing contours of the delta. Due to dams, water distribution is changing. During the nonlooding period, almost no water goes to the western area which are unique lakes, cut nowadays from the water low by sediments.

Figure 4 . The Volga Hydroelectric Station

12

morphology

ribution in volga delta

1950 1970 1990 2010 future delta contours

Legend Different level of water volume in volga delta

Figure 5 . Water distribution in Volga delta.

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1. Volga Delta: a desertiication process 1.1 Upstream intervention - dams construction

Legend

Sediment Transport

Main Dams in Europe

Dams Inluence Delta or Estuaries

Sediment Store at Dams

Figure 6. Map of dams.

Volga-Kama cascade of dams and hydropower plants in the Volga river basin is the largest transport and water-power system in Europe, with the majority of buildings built in the Soviet period. At the beginning of 2010s, in the pool built 800 reservoirs with a total usable capacity of about 100 cubic kilometres, allowing to adjust upto 40% of the average annual low of the river (254 cubic kilometres).

The Volga Hydroelectric Station (complete on 10 September 1961) is the largest hydroelectric station in Europe and is the last of the Volga-Kama Cascade of dams, before the Volga River lows into the Caspian Sea. One of the most negative results that the dam caused was that it disrupted the traditional path of Caspian ish migration to their breeding grounds. The most affected became the beluga, crucial to the Black Caviar industry. The ishery canal turned out to be ineficient, and from 1962 to 1967 the annual rate was 15% of the pre-dam.

Figure. 7 The Volga Hydroelectric Station

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1. Volga Delta: a desertiication process 1.2 Sea level luctuation - delta growth

Legend Under sea territorry area

Delta growh 1990 - 2010

Delta growh 1970 - 1990

VolgaDifferent Case level Study Delta formation of water

Delta growh 1950 - 1970 Figure 8 . Delta formation during last 50 years

volume in volga delta

Due to its very low gradient and absence of tide and surf, the Volga delta is an extreme example of the luvially dominated type. However, it differs from all other large delta systems in that it borders a closed basin, the Caspian Sea, now at -26 m below global sea-level. Caspian sea-level is much more dynamic than that of the world oceans, and rises at present about 1.5 cm/yr, a hundred time the eustatic rate.

The recent sea-level rise seems to be due to a combination of higher Volga discharges and lower evaporation from the Caspian Sea surface.

The combination of increasing Volga discharge and sea-level rise leads to accelerated vertical growth of sediment bodies, and eventually onlapping sedimentary sequences. Lowering sea-levels lead to increased channel erosion and rapid seaward progradation of the delta at limited vertical aggradation, giving rise to oflapping sequences.

m

Caspian Sea Level changes

-26

Outside sea-level = 0

-27

-28

-29

1826

1853

1927

1959

1977

1997

Sea level keep stable

Sea level decrease

Sea level relatively stable

Sea level increase

Delta growth constantly around 250/year

A rapid growth in delta and reach in 400m/year in 1930

A new dam was constructed in 1959.

Growth rates decrease and remain about 40m/y

Delta keep stable

Figure 9. Diagram of the Volga delta growth

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1. Volga Delta: a desertiication process

river part of the chanel 86 km

1.3 Artiicial channels - dredging techniques

The largest artiicial waterway in the area is the Volga-caspian shipping channel in the western part of the delta, created in 1874.

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Due to sedimentation process it is periodically dredged, and the dredge spoils are piled along the edge of the channel in A mounds. Surrounding wetlands are partially inundated. Flood waters with muddy sediment stream from the distributaries along channel, producing long streamers along the low direction.

86

dam embankment

dredged area

A

trap for the sediments

Catching sea sedimets and bringing new by it's waters, this channel creates the new delta contours.

dam embankment

5.1 m

100

trap for the sediments dredged area

100-120 m

100-120 m

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN SPECIFIC AREAS OF V

S.V. Krivitskiy, B.V. Arkhipov, V.V. So Institution of Russian Academ

the most sedimentated area

sea part of the chanel 102 km

120

Heighth of waves Without protection

150

With protection Figure 11. Image was taken a few days after heavy rains in early September 2006 looded parts of Russia to the north, and captures the lood waters emptying into the Caspian Sea

188 Figure 10. The Volga-Cama channel

16

S

1.3 Artiicial channels and sedimentation process

A

A

dam embankment

dredged area

trap for the sediments

5.1 m

dam embankment

trap for the sediments dredged area

100-120 m

Figure 12. Dredging techniques in volga delta.

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1. Volga Delta: a desertiication process 1.4 Western lakes area

Figures 13 .Pictures show westerm lakes area desertiication process

WSI Typology: The distinctive features of the landscape of the area are the linear and parallel mounds (Baer knolls), which are up to 20 km long, 200 to 800 meters wide and 20 meters high. Between the mounds are located Erika and ilmenite, and the depth of the lake is 1-1.5 m.

On the territory of the reserve, there are several different territorial units: •Fresh and salted deep-ilmenite with coastal reed bushes, whose area is approximately 1,800 hectares; this is 27% of the total area of the reserve of the ilmenite Bantur, Tabi-Hurdun, River Herd, Large Hamata and Jora.

•Fresh and salted with the looded ilmenite (solid) reed-mace thickets (1,000 ha - 15%) ilmenite Karemta, Pichkin-Hamata, Big and Small Herd, Achra-Kul, Amta, Yuvyal and part Ilmen Bantur.

• Eric (river bed reservoirs) with coastal willow-cane thickets, depth of 2-3 meters (150 hectares - 2.2%): Erik Buntur Green and Reed.

• Ridge of sand and clay hills (Baer knolls) with forb-sagebrush vegetation and loess soils (1,500 ha - 22%): mounds Hamata, Big Jora, Small Jora, Keremta, Salgin-Tata Buntorol, Nogent, Andyr-Boro, Herd, Ubyr, Bathanta, Aktyryak-Buck, and others.

• Plain is presented by forb-grass meadows on the temporarily looded land, willow forests and salt marshes (2 250 hectares - 34%).

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Legend Figure 14 . Western substeppe ilmens

Different level of water volume in volga delta

A region adjacent to the west of the Volga river delta is known as "western substeppe ilmens" (WSI). Ilmenite are elongated water bodies about 1-1.5 m depth appearing during the spring loods and stretching from east to west. The Volga waters used to reach dozens of kilometres deep into the Precaspian desert, but due to various natural and human-induced impacts, many of them have become isolated from the Volga fresh waters which resulted in their drying-up and salinization. Water supply after looding is mostly artiicial.

Figure 15 land degration in lakes area

зообентоса в массе развиваются личинки насекомых (в основном хирономид) первой генерации текущего года и молодь других групп животных. От июня к августу происходит непрерывное уменьшение численности и биомассы, вызванное с одной стороны интенсивным выеданием организмов рыбой, а с другой их цикличностью развития. С августа и до конца вегетации количественные показатели вновь

Amount per m2

возрастают.

5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Buntur Golga Parpos Kisin

IV

V

VII

VII

VIII

IX

X

Month

Рис. 86. Динамика численности зообентоса в некоторых озёрах Волго Figure 16 . ChangesАхтубинской in the number of zoobenthos in some of поймы в 1979 г. the lakes of the WSI area

омасса, г/кв.м

25 20 15 10

Кривое Круглое Кудаевские Вшивое

Western Lakes Description Area: 100,000 hectares, including water surface—82,000 hectares.

Physical features Topography, hydrograph: The characteristic elements of the landscape are linear parallel hills, from 5 to 20 meters in height (averaging at about 8 meters), called “Baer's mounds”. Relief depressions between the mounds are occupied by numerous lakes—ilmenite, as well as vast areas of plains.

Lakes are different in size and coniguration. They are characterised by gentle slopes, and their depth ranged between 1.5 and 2.5 meters.

Hydrology: The main source of water in the area is the river low of the Volga River delta during the spring lood. Due to the long-term downward trend in water supply (1951 – 1978 gg.), many lake systems are watered artiicially; this is done by construction of canals and by pumping the water out of the sleeves of the Volga delta.

Seasonal luctuations of the water level in the lakes reach 1.5 m.

Maximum looding is between late May and early June.

The climate is dry, continental.

Flora: The vegetation grown close to the lakes is represented by different species of sedge and couch grass.

Fauna: Lake-estuary forms: pike, roach, perch, rudd, tench, and crucian carp. There are also bream, white eye, blue bream, and goldish. During the lood period, one can ind roach, chub, catish, and ide. For ishbreeding purposes, one settles with sturgeon, carp, silver carp and grass carp Social and cultural importance of land: The lands represent favourable conditions for farming and ranching. It is a place for mass spawning and pasturing of valuable ish species. It is also easily accessible and user-friendly site for research, especially for the study of the natural communities of desert and semi desert areas.

Ownership of land: Legally, the land belongs to the users with the collective ownership—joint-stock companies. Further, small areas are transferred into private ownership.

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1. Volga Delta: a desertiication process 1.5 Ural delta

Ural delta

Volga delta Figure 17 . The location of Volga delta and Ural delta

Ural Delta The analogue is the other delta in the Caspian region - the Ural Delta. The city Atyrau (Kazakhstan) was on the sea coast in the past.

Now, because of the overuse of the waters of the Ural river and due to the decline of the sea level, Atyrau is a desertiied area quite far from the sea.

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Figure 18. Atyrau.

Atyrau

Figure 19. Ural delta

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II.Reciprocal Delta Landscapes 2. Atlas

2.1 Atlas of consequential landscapes 2.2 Fragile but productive territories 2.3 Speak to eyes – the power behind statistical map

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Figure 20. European DeltaNet partners. The location of deltas and estuaries which take part in the DeltaNet project.

This chapter reviews the current problems faced by deltas in Europe and the relative government response. Firstly, this chapter reviews the DeltaNet project, which is a European union’s response to the delta problems. The main goal of this project is to ind the common problems faced by European deltas and estuaries. The ive common problems—the outcome of this project—have been listed in the following pages. After collecting information from this project and combining some other reference material from relative bibliography, the second part of this chapter shows a new atlas, which relects the current formation process of deltas and estuaries. Dams are believed to be one of the main causes for sediment imbalances. Then, the last part of this chapter will study in detail the two delta examples, which both relect that delta is a fragile space that currently faces lots of challenges, but it is also a productive space that is suitable for agricultural and isheries development.

Delta regions are geographically sensitive areas as their sustainable development is constantly endangered through many natural/environmental and economic demands. In addition, it is also a consequential landscape that is inluenced by upper stream activities. The DeltaNet project has organised several meetings, wherein eight partners (igure) joined in to discuss the current problems. It was found that, currently, some natural delta areas are densely urbanised regions, often related to port development that uses the river delta as an important gateway (RhineScheldt, Tagus, Elbe, and Severn). Other delta regions consist of more rural, agricultural use of the high fertile riverside land (Ebro, Danube, Vistula and Minho). More than 20 problems have been discussed in this meeting. However, the participants listed the ive most important and common problems. Our project study European delta as material to show the consequential delta environment. It tells us delta as a fragile space can be easilly inluenced by human activities.

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Figure 21. Elbe Estuary sedimentation. This diagram shows that sediment deposit at estuaries generates problems for navigation

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From European Deltanet to the Delta Coalition Calling for Integrated Delta Approach

The delta regions are geographically sensitive areas as their sustainable development is constantly endangered by many natural/environmental and economic demands. In addition, it is also a consequential landscape that is influenced by upper stream activities. The DeltaNet project has organised several meetings and eight partners (figure) joined the meetings to discuss the current problems. The meetings found that, currently, some natural delta areas tend to be densely urbanised regions, often related to port development that use river deltas as an important gateway (Rhine-Scheldt, Tagus, Elbe, and Severn). Other delta regions consist of more rural, agricultural use of the high fertile riverside land (Ebro, Danube, Vistula and Minho). More than 20 problems have been discussed in there meeting. However, they inally list 5 most important common problems.

DeltaNet DeltaNet is a project, proposed by The Interregional Cooperation Programme (INTERREG IVC) and financed by the European Union's Regional Development Fund in 2010. It aims to help the regions of Europe work together in order to share experiences and good practice in the areas of innovation, knowledge economy, and environment and risk prevention.

Coalition, is being proposed to help confront the issues faced by river deltas around the world.

Delta Coalition Delta Coalition was launched by a group of national governments with the goal of becoming a multistakeholder platform. It is intended to act in a way to bring deltas to the forefront of global policy discussions on sustainable development.

The Netherlands, Colombia and Japan will lead and organise this coalition through its initial stages, providing a foundation from which the partnership can begin to work and further develop. These countries will play a key role in establishing this initiative through facilitating preliminary discussions: i) to develop commitment criteria for member nations and partners, ii) to develop initial proposals on governance, structure and plan of action, and iii) to support activities for the Delta Coalition’s inception period (Vistula and Minho).

Finally, the Delta Coalition is quite a new organisation.

However, with the attention from governments, it has the potential to see to the rapid development of delta projects in the near future.

According to Jane Huttons, river delta is a fragile space, a consequential landscape. Any interventions in the upstream influence these delta areas. The European delta regions are geographically sensitive areas sharing many similar characteristics and challenges. These common problems were also found by the European Union. Hence, recently, the DeltaNet project was established to try to develop an integrated approach to solve delta problems.

Integrated approach In Europe’s delta areas, the regional policy measures are often inefficient and ineffective as an integrated approach, and sustainable approach is often absent.

Considering climate change, population growth, rapid urbanisation, land-use changes and increased asset values, water-related disasters in deltas also occur more frequently. Generally, current problems in delta environment have higher impacts and are one of the major global risks (impact and probability) for businesses, governments and citizens. The aim of developing an integrated approach will result in finding a way that can solve the general problem.

In the same context, another organisation, the Delta

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2. Atlas 2.1

Atlas of consequential landscapes

Figure 22. European DeltaNet participation. Deltas and Eustuaries share similar problems.

Delta regions are geographical sensitive areas as their sustainable development is constantly endangered through the many natural/environmental and economic demands. In addition, it is also a consequential landscape that inluenced by upper stream activities. The deltanet project organized several meetings and 8 partners (igure 22) joined in to discuss the current problems. It found that currently, some natural delta areas tend to be densely urbanised regions, often related to port development using the river delta as an important gateway (Rhine-Scheldt, Tagus, Elbe, and Severn).

Other delta regions consist of more rural, agricultural use of the high fertile riverside land (Ebro, Danube, Vistula and Minho). More than 20 problems have been discussed in there meeting. However, they inally list 5 most important common problems.

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Common delta and estuary challenges in Europe (1) Insufficient flood risk & sediment imbalance management (2) Unbalanced delta approach (3) Deteriorating environment (4) Lack of delta awareness (5) Lack of sustainable coordinated Delta Policy

1. Insuficient lood risk & sediment imbalance management Delta regions are sensible to flood risk, not only from the sea but also from the river. Furthermore sediment management is a problem in the Delta regions, either through an accumulation of sand in the river mouth (with consequences for the access of ships and some migratory ish species such as salmon, shad or bass) or a lack of sediments arriving in the delta (due to sediment retention by dams) which leads to subsidence and increasing lood risk 2. Unbalanced Delta approach Characteristic of the Delta regions is the competition between the highly important economic developments for the ports and the specific ecologic value of the Delta areas. These two aspects (economy & ecology) are competing and often result in an unbalanced Delta development.

3. Deteriorating environment The original habitats, wetlands and its biodiversity are endangered because of the intensive use of the Delta regions. This causes high risks also because of the climate change.

1. The Severn Estuary 2.The Rhine-Scheldt Meuse Delta 3. The Elbe River Estuary

4. Lack of Delta awareness There is a lack of clear communication and public participation. Material such as maps and an atlas to show the characteristics of Delta regions and training/ educational material on the environmentally special areas are absent

4. The Vistula Estuary 5. The Danube Delta 6. The Ebro Delta 8. The Minho Delta 7. The Tagus Estuary

5. Lack of sustainable coordinated Delta Policy The current regional policies are not recognising suficiently the need for a coordinated approach, including all stakeholders.

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2. Atlas 2.1

Atlas of consequential landscapes

Flooding risk in deltanet

Figure 23 . The looding risk in different deltas and eustuaries region

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Atlas of Consequential Landscapes European delta Sediments imblance

As we mentioned in the deltanet project, there is luck of awareness on delta enviornment. Materias such as maps and atlas are suficient to relect the delta challenges. This atlas here producing is to response to such situation and visual the problem of delta in Europe territory scale.

Among most of main rivers in Europe, sediments are transferring imbalance, which may result in flooding and excess deposition in downstream.

It is a common problem for both deltas and estuaries. In Some deltas, like Ebro and Danube, because of lack of sediments deposition in river mouth area, agriculture land is losing and people are under risk of flooding. However, in some area, like Rhine delta, Elbe estuary, and Vistula, sediments are deposition at river mouth which has threaten the navigation. As for reasons, dams and reservoirs are wildly accepted as the main factor to cause the imbalance. During this study, we are going to research on the sediment transferring process in rivers.

The Atlas shows the consequencial formation of the delta, which seriously influenced by dams located in the upper river. The power of mapping relies on the capacity of collecting scientiically data and reinterpreting it through visual tools.

The information of the deltas and estuaries in this atlas is collected from Deltanet and the base map is produced with digital elevation data through arcmap.

A visual anlysis of different river delta's in Europe is helpful to understand the simillar challenge. 8 deltas and Estuaries which seven of them are participants of Deltanet have been refelected in the Atlas.

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2. Atlas 2.1

Atlas of consequential landscapes

European delta Atlas

Legend

Sediment Transport

Main Dams in Europe

Sediment Movement Forced by Tidal

Dams Inluence Delta or Estuaries

Sediment Store at Dams

Sediment Balance

Figure 24. European Delta Atlas. This atlas shows that current dams block rivers and cause sediment imbalance in European deltas and estuaries.

30

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2. Atlas 2.2

Fragile but productive territories

Ebro Delta

Lengend Water distribution

Lagoon

Urban area

Rice Field

River Length

Drainage basin

Main water use

928 km

85,530 km2

Drinking water Hydropower Cooling nuclear power plants Irrigation Municipal and industrial waste

Sediment trapping in reservoirs

3

Flooding risk

High

Vegetable ield

Main areas threaten by looding

Lower parts in the delta get looded because of storm surges

Settlements in the lower river area

About 64,117 inhabitants in the delta. (15,600 in the main towns)

Contaimination in sediments

Yes

Sources of containminants

Industry

Flooding prevention targets

Flood regulation in lower areas.

Wetland restoration

Current sediments transfer

Deicit

Productive land River delta is always a productive space due to its fertile soil and abundant water. The Ebro delta is located in Catalonia (NE Spain), its seaward end at 40º 43’ N of latitude and 0º 53’ E of longitude. This delta plain has a surface of 320 km2, and the two existing bays account for another 68 km2. Because of the fertile soil in deltas, the delta areas have been drained for agricultural purposes over the centuries.

Up to 80 % of the delta area has been developed (250 km2), mostly for rice ield agriculture (210 km2), with only 56 km2 of wetlands left untouched. However, with the reduction of the lowing water, the river delta is going to disappear. Currently, more than 90% of the sediments of the Basin are retained in the upstream dams. This lack of sediment low causes problems of regression and subsidence of the deltas. Research developed, both by the Spanish Ministry and Catalonian Government, shows clearly the loss of deltaic surface due to the rise of the sea level, as a result of climate change, which worsens the effects of the lack of sediments.

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Top: Figure 25 . Geomophology map of Ebro delta. Ebro delta has been highly developed for agriculture. At the same time, current delta is disappearing due to lack of sediments.

Down: Figure 26 . General information about Ebro delta.

Ebro Delta agriculture development

Figure 27. A scenario of Ebro delta agriculture development.

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2. Atlas 2.2

Fragile but productive territories

Danube Delta

settlements

River Length

Drainage basin

2,850 km

801,463 km2

Agriculture land

Main water use

Drinking water Hydropower Navigation Industrial processes Municipal and industrial waste

Restoration area

Sediment trapping in reservoirs

3

Flooding risk

High

Main areas threaten by looding

Vast areas of loodplain have been afected by river regulation or lood defence measures.

Fish ponds

Settlements in Contaimination in sediments the lower river area

Isolated villages in the Delta (≈15,000 inhabitants)

Yes

Sources of containminants

Industry

Agriculture

Flooding prevention targets

Restoration lateral connectivity and loodplain wetland restoration.

Current sediments transfer

Deicit

The Danube delta has also been well developed to be a productive space. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, many canals were dredged in the interior of the delta with the purpose to increase ish production and to improve transport. Further, in the 1920 – 1940, several more canal diggings were performed to facilitate inlands and for economic reasons, with a total disregard for ecological requirements, which created a very dense drainage network to supply ish-farms, agricultural terrains, reed and forest exploitations. Many canals have completely disturbed the natural water circulation system, which were followed by severe consequences for the entire normal evolution of the area.

The Danube delta has recently suffered an important impact of human activity, both from inside and outside the area. The major human interventions started at the end of the 19th century, when measures to improve the navigability of Sulina branch were undertaken—thus, shortening and deepening in the area were carried out between 1862 and 1902 to serve marine navigation. Through this work, maritime ships received access to upstream ports such as Galati and Braila. The lakes in the area also began to dry out because of the dredging.

Top: Figure 28 . Geomophology map of Danube delta. The Danube delta has been highly developed for agriculture and ishery.

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Down: Figure 29 . General information about Danube delta.

Danube Delta Development timeline

Agriculture, FisingďźŒGrazing

Agriculture, FisingďźŒGrazing

Daming, canals,

Wetlland restoration

1880s - 1980s

Before 1880s

2000 - 2015

Figure 30, Danube delta land use shifts during last 200 years.

Population dynamic in Danube delta In Danube delta, population decrease recently because of looding and other problems in this region.

19,718 17,806

14,295

1912

1930

1966

1977

1992

1997

1999

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2.3 Speak to eyes – the power behind statistical map Speak to eyes - The Power behind statistical map

By Da Kuang Introduction Data and information visualization is concerned with showing quantitative and qualitative information so that a viewer can see patterns, trends or anomalies, constancy or variation, in ways that other forms like text and tables do not allow (Michael, 2008). William Playfair, who is a Scottish engineer and the pioneer of statistical maps, claims that the best way to capture the imagination is to speak to the eyes. Currently, the modern techniques of data visualization are widely used in different ields (transport, geography, arts, engineering, and so on). However, many graphics were down without understanding their antecedents (Michael, 2008). It is worth studying the development history of data visualization because many of our modern methods of statistical graphics can be traced to the past and have came to fruition over a period of time. This essay is going to research on the developing history context of statistical graphics.

It was recognized that the 19th century was a prosperous time for the statistical theory and graphics development. The development of the statistics theory and printing technology are regarded to be the two main powers that drive the appearance and development of statistical graphics.

This essay will go into detail to research the inluence of these two powers at that time. Some of the ‘milestone’ graphics will be mentioned.

History of the Statistical Graphics The graphics of data visualization has a long history (Friendly, 2008), but modern statistical graphics and maps only began around the 19th century.

According to Friendly’s statistics (Figure 1 and Figure 2), there is a great increase in the production of statistical graphics during the 19th century, and this period was regarded as the golden age of statistical graphics by a researcher named Michael. The development of the statistic theory was regarded as the main power that resulted in these changes. The following part will introduce the inluence of statistics on graphics.

Statistics Development In the 17th century, the data was demonstrated to be helpful for the state’s decision making, such as the data between birth and death which can be used to relect the dynamics of the population; the data between age and mortality, which can be helpful for raising an army (Graunt, 1662). The increasing use of data has driven the appearance of the statistics. The idea of statistics came out at 1749, and the word is originally derived from the New Latin word statisticum collegium (‘council of state’) and the Italian word statista (‘statesman’ or ‘politician’). It was initially introduced

by Gottfried Achenwall to collect data for the state (Philip, 2004). The state is especially going to collect demographic and economic data. The idea was that the government would ind it better to stimulate economic development by publishing policies in high population growth areas.

Fingure1: The milestone graphics in data visualization in 18th century

Fingure 2: The milestone data visualization works in 19th century

Figure 3: Playfair's trade-balance time-series chart, published in his Commercial and Political Atlas, 1786

Figure 4: Scotland's imports and exports from and to 17 countries in 1781

This article aims to research the history of data visualization, some of the approaches have been applied in the Geomophology and Atlas drawing.

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Corresponding with the fast development of the statistics theory, the approaches for organizing the large amount of data and data illustration has driven the appearance of statistical graphics. The milestone of statistics visualization was the idea of graphical representation in the form of statistics, as introduced by William Playfair (1759–1823).

Development of the Statistical Graphics William Playfair, the pioneer of statistical graphics field, was a Scottish engineer and political economist. He published the world first line graphic (Figure 3) and bar chart (Figure 4) in 1786. The initial of his graphic work is to visualize the data for the government by using the information from the economic ield.

Data Collection It should be recognized that the collection of the data in the field of democracy and economics (import and export) was widespread in European countries during the early 19th century. This result was that most of the statistical graphics at that time focused on related topics of economics and democracy. A large amount of data accumulation has pushed the development of the statistics visualization approaches as there is a requirement for much clearer and easier ways of understanding and reading it. One of the idea is to speak to the eyes that developed by William Playfair. However, I would also argue that data collection should also regarded to be one of the constraints of the statistical graphic development.

In the early 19th century, there was little data about social issues.

The rapid increase in social data happened between 1820–1830, and this also impel the application of statistical graphics on social problems. In Britain, with the established of some non-government statistics societies, the collection of data has extending in a much wilder field. In The world’s first statistics society was created in London (Statistical Society London) in February 1834, organized by Adolphe Quetelet and Charles Babbage. The objective of the society the ‘Collection and classification of all facts illustrative of the present condition and prospects of society, especially as it exists in the British Dominions.’ However, this statistics organization was not willing to analyse and interpret the data as they feared involvement in political discussions such as crime and some social problems. The earlier statisticians always conined themselves largely to the tabular presentation of statistical facts. Graphics were not welcome into the statistical organization until the Jubilee meeting of in 1885 in Britain (Marshall, 1885). However, on the other side of the English Chanel, they have the time of the statistical graphics rapidly development.

In France, since the defeat of Napoleon, a lot of social issues outbreak such as a high rate of unemployment, murders, and robberies.

In response to this situation, the French Ministry of Justice organized the world’s irst crime information system to collect the data to

support crime reporting. The age, sex, occupation, and some other details were collected before the court. This kind of data was quickly applied on graphics (maps and diagrams) to relect some of the social issues in the way that the British statisticians who prefer table presentations couldn’t.

In 1826, Baron Charles Dupin published a thematic map showing the distribution of illiteracy in France, using shadings (from black to white). This is the irst modern statistical map (also the first known instance of what is called a choropleth map today). The result of the map is dramatic in that clear demarcation can be found in the line from northwest to southeast (Figure 5).

Dupin’s approach to visualizing the data with shades was quickly accepted by other map makers. In 1829, Guerry and Balbi wanted to illustrate the relationships between crime, person and the properties. They had set two main questions for their research: Is crime rate low where the education level is high? Did person crime and properties crime show the same or different relations? In order to ind the answers, they composed a single graphic which contained three maps to represent the data (Friendly, 2007). Their conclusion was shocking: they didn’t find any relationship between education levels and personal crime, or between education levels and property crime. Even the result of the conclusion lacks statistics theory and easy comparing (Friendly, 2007), it is worth to see that the increasing data collected from different fields has propelled and developed the use of graphics during that period.

Fingure 5: The distribution of illiteracy in France

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2.3 Speak to eyes – the power behind statistical map The development of the statistics theory and thinking has made a signiicant contribution to the development of statistical graphics.

It is not only because it provides the basic information that can be used in the graphics, but it is more about the data collected from different fields stimulating the development of different visual methods for data organization and comparison. The enthusiasm for data collection and visualization produced a lot of milestone graphic works during that time. However, as mentioned before, the statistics should be also one of the constraints of data visualization. This is because the statistics stand too close with the governments. Once the local state changes its interest on the data visualization, it would be a devastating disaster on statistical graphics. In the early 20th century, the enthusiasm for graphical analysis that characterized government-sponsored statistical atlases was curtailed. One of the reasons is that there are some debates that pictures of data came to be considered only as pictures, incapable of stating a fact. They turn the attention and enthusiasm of both theoretical and applied statisticians away from the graphic displays, back to numbers and tables, with a rise in quantiication that would supplant visualization. As a result, there is much less notable statistical graphics during the early period of the 20th century (Michael, 2007).

Developing of Technology Besides the development of the statistics theory, the progress in advanced technology also served as an important role in the development of graphics in the 19th century. It makes the graphics spread widely, and be produced much quicker and cheaper.

During the 18th century, the printing and reproduction of graphics was a serious limitation on image dissemination. Indeed, even today technology is an important constraint on how graphics can be shown (Michael, 2007). At that time, the main techniques to produce maps and diagrams is copperplate engraving. For the production, each image needs to have its own template which needs to be engraved on a copper sheet by engravers or printers.

Even though this kind of printing techniques make images much more accurate and beautiful than the previous wood engraving methods, the complete making process and expensiveness made the images production slower and harder to spread wildly. For example, the main works of Playfair were produced by copper engraving and then coloured by hand. Therefore, the numbers of its diagrams are quite limited.

The revolution in printing techniques is the invention of the lithography. Lithography is a method of printing, primarily based on the immiscibility of oil and water. Printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface.

It was invented in 1796 by a German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works. This

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Fingure 6: Flying pelican captured by Marey around 1882. He found a way to record several phases of movements in one photo

Figure 7: Etienne-Jules Marey, Linear Graph of Running Man in Black with White Stripes, ca. 1882

kind of method was widely used after the publishing of English, French, and German editions of Senefelder’s Complete Course of Lithography (Senfelder, 1819). Moreover, another important progress of graphic making on printing at that time is the use of colour. Instead of colouring by hand, the lithography method adopted colour printing and made the graphics more variable.

Nevertheless, the techniques on graphic recording also contributed to the fast development of statistical graphics in the 19th century. A notable photographic process was irst developed in 1827 by Joseph, with a print made from a photoengraved printing plate in 1825. This kind of method was further developed and used by Etienne-Jules Marey who described a number of devices to record variations over time in physiological measures, such as the sphygmograph (pulse rate), cardiograph (heart rate), and polygraphs (galvanic skin response and other measures). His works relect the dynamic of the movement (Figure 6 and Figure 7). He was a pioneer in establishing a variety of graphical techniques for the display and interpretation of quantitative data from physiological measurements.

The technology, which has changed the methods of drawing, are still continuing to influence graphics making. It should be seen that the

development of the graphic design method is not the one element to stimulate the development of the graphics, but it combines other ields (such as society, environment, and economic) to shape graphic design. However, there are also some debates regarding the advantages and disadvantages of technology on graphics making, as some authors (e.g. Tim Perkis) argue that the computer technology makes artists to be marketers of equipment. This essay would not research further about this debate, but reminded people to hold a critical view of technology development in graphic design.

Conclusion This essay has illustrated the main factors that influence and stimulate the development of the statistical graphics. It claims that the intervention of the statistics and new printing technologies, as the power behind, has resulted in the rapid development of statistical graphics. The statistics, regarded as the basic power, provided enough information for the graphic to be invented and shown. Printing technology, as the assistant, assisted the efficiency with which good looking graphics spread. However, there are also some limitations to this essay. Because the reasons that influence the evolution of the statistical graphics should be more, instead of conducting a more complex research, this essay only focuses on two main factors. However, it is clear that people should not only focus the graphics itself, but also understand the main power that drove the statistical graphics in the 19th century. ‘Speaking to the eyes’ with more information will be collected through development, the appeal for the approaches for data visualization should be more urgent. Future research may further pursue both negative and positive effects of these two powers for the future success of statistical graphics.

Reference Ball, Philip (2004). Critical Mass. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.

53. ISBN 0-374-53041-6.

Tufte, E. R., & Graves-Morris, P. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information (Vol. 2). Cheshire, CT: Graphics press.

Friendly, M., & Denis, D. J. (2001). Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization.

U RL http://www. datavis. ca/milestones.

Cleveland, W. S. (1987). Research in statistical graphics. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(398), 419-423.

Wegman, E. J., & Carr, D. B. (1993). Statistical graphics and visualization. Handbook of Statistics, 9, 857-958.

Beniger, J. R., & Robyn, D. L. (1978). Quantitative graphics in statistics: A brief history. The American Statistician, 32(1), 1-11.

Friendly, M. (2008). The golden age of statistical graphics.

Statistical Science, 502-535.

Stigler, S. M. (2002). Statistics on the table: The history of statistical concepts and methods. Harvard University Press.

Monmonier, M. A. R. K. (1988). Geographical representations in statistical graphics: A conceptual framework. 1988 Proceedings of the Section on Statistical Graphics. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, 1-10.

Cleveland, W. S. (1993). A model for studying display methods of statistical graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 2(4), 323-343.

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III Russian sturgeon: Unique caviar in Blak sea and Caspian region

1. Sturgeon extinction 2. Sturgeon life cycle 3. Sturgeon atlas 4. Caviar market - shifting from natural to artiicial

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Figure 31. Sturgeon ishing: dragging ish in Volga's bank. Created by Moynet, published on Le Tour du Monde, Paris, 1867

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1. Sturgeon extinction

Figure 32. Catch of sturgeons in Volga in XVII c. Engraving from book published in Amsterdam, 1681

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Sturgeon - On the brink of extinction

‘A sturgeon is a a ish in the family Acipenseridae, which contains over 20 known species. Humans are most familiar with the ish because it is a famous source of caviar, unfertilized roe collected from female ish. However, currently, sturgeons (Teleostei: Acipenseridae) are amongst the most threatened of ish species because of water pollution, habitat destruction and over-ishing for its much-prized caviar (Reinartz et al. 2003). More recently, dam building has affected sturgeon, with 50% of all dams in Eurasia constructed during the period 1960–1980 (Williot et al. 2002). Dams block free access to many sturgeon-spawning grounds and, therefore, are considered to be one of the main reasons for the decline of their stocks (Lenhardt et al. 2004a).

It is acknowledge that both Caspian and Black sea are the main traditional sturgeon production site in the world. However, nowadays, sturgeon living in both of them are suffering from extinction because of dams intervention, overishing and pollution.

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2. Sturgeon life cycle

Step 3

3-

7 ye ars

Step 4

Caspian

Step 2

Step1

N Figure 33. Sturgeon spawning migration in Volga delta

In order to explore the sturgeon living habitats and their environmental conditions, we propose to sturdy the sturgeon living circle in Volga delta. Sturgeons in the Volga delta always live in the Caspian Sea. When the creature is about seven or eight years old, it comes back to the Volga delta to spawn. The creatures swim upstream and ind a suitable environment to spawn. However, because of the destruction of these spawning areas, the number of sturgeons coming back is going to decrease in future. In order to protect sturgeons, the government has initiated some projects to hatch and release young sturgeons into the Caspian Sea. Velocity is one of the most important element for sturgeon spawning. In the spawning season, they need to move against velocity and migrate to upstream to lay eggs (caviar).

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Step 1

Carvia extract

Step 2

Carvia

Hatch

Grow

5 - 10month, prepare for release

Sturgeon hatchery in a ish farm

Juvenile sturgeon will be released back to Caspian

Step 3 Adult sturgeon (>7 years old) comes to delta to pass winter and prepare for spawning in next year Step 4 Sturgeon begins to move to upstream through channels in spring

Step 5 Sturgeon leaves eggs in suitable environment upstream

Living condition Sturgeon living conditions Living condition Living conditionhabitat Young-of-the-Year Young-of-the-Year habitat Young-of-the-Year habitat Void of aquatic vegetation Void of aquatic vegetation Depth 0.25 - 2m Depth 0.25 - 2m Depth

Gravel

Void of aquatic vegetation Gravel

Dissolved CO2 = 22.9mg/l Dissolved oxygen levels of 6.7 12.1 mg/l Dissolved CO2 = 22.9mg/l Water velocities 0.6 m/sec Dissolved oxygen levels of 6.7 12.1 mg/l Water temperatures 15.2 ฀ 26.5 C Dissolved CO2 = 0.6 22.9mg/l Water velocities m/sec Ph: 6.83 - 9.3 Dissolved oxygen levels Water temperatures 15.2of฀6.7 26.5 12.1 C mg/l Water velocities 0.6 m/sec Ph: 6.83 - 9.3 Water temperatures 15.2 ฀ 26.5 C sandy substrate devoid of vegetation Ph: 6.83 - 9.3

Diptera larvae for food Diptera larvae for food woody debris Diptera larvae for food woody debris woody debris

sandy substrate devoid of vegetation

Gravel

0.25 - 2m

sandy substrate devoid of vegetation

Juvenile habitat Juvenile habitat

Gravel

Dissolved CO2 = 22.9mg/l Dissolved oxygen levels of 3 mg/l Dissolved CO2 = 22.9mg/l Water velocities 0.1m/s - 0.4 m/sec Dissolved oxygen levels of 3 mg/l Water temperatures optimal 24.0 C Dissolved CO2 = 22.9mg/l Water velocities 0.1m/s - 0.4 m/sec Dissolved oxygen levels of 3 mg/l Water temperatures optimal 24.0 C Water velocities 0.1m/s - 0.4 m/sec Water temperatures optimal 24.0 C Bottem without vegetation

Gravel

Compact fine-grainized substrate Bottem without vegetation

Gravel

Compact fine-grainized substrate Bottem without vegetation

Depth habitat Juvenile 3 - 12m Depth 3 - 12m

molllusk for food molllusk for food

Depth 3 - 12m

molllusk for food

Compact fine-grainized substrate

Adult Spawning habitat Dissolved oxygen levels of

Adult Spawning habitat Void of aquatic vegetation

molllusk or other small fish for food

Void of aquatic vegetation

molllusk or other small fish for food

Void of aquatic vegetation

molllusk or other small fish for food cobble and boulders 15cm

Adult Spawning habitat Depth 1 - 5m Depth 1 - 5m Depth 1 - 5m

Gravel

cobble and boulders

15cm

Gravel

cobble and boulders

15cm

Gravel

7.5 mg/l

Water velocities 0.5m/s - 0.75 m/sec Dissolved oxygen levels of 7.5 mg/l Water temperatures 13 - 18 C Water velocities 0.5m/s - 0.75 m/sec Dissolved oxygen levels 7.5 mg/l Water temperatures 13 -of18 C Water velocities 0.5m/s - 0.75 m/sec Water temperatures 13 - 18 C Bottem without vegetation Gravel substrate Bottem without vegetation Gravel substrate Bottem without vegetation Gravel substrate

Figure 34. Sections show sturgeon environment conditions at different age

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3. Sturgeon atlas

Danube Delta

Sturgeon Living area

Current sturgeon migration routes

Sturgeon migration routes before dams construction

Figure 35, Sturgeon migration route in Danube river was blocked by Djerdap dam.

Dam Information

Current Conlict

Other social problems

Dam Name: Djerdap

Nowadays, due to the dams constructed, most of the wild populations of longdistance migratory sturgeons are conined to the Lower Danube River, as the large dams disrupt their migration routes from the Black Sea to former upstream spawning sites.

Illegal ishing – principally for their caviar – is also the main direct threat to the survival of Danube.

River name: Dunav Volume: 25.5 Build year: 1971

However, also populations of the native Danube freshwater sturgeons (Acipenser ruthenus, A. nudiventris and resident A. gueldenstaedti) are hindered in their migrations and their populations are fragmented by dams also above the Iron Gate gorge.

Figure 36. The djardap dam which blocks lower danube river

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"Catching a sturgeon could once have changed a Danube isherman's life but modern dams and over-ishing mean they are rapidly dying out."

----BBC

koye

Russian

Volga Delta

Sturgeon Living area

Current sturgeon migration routes

Sturgeon migration routes before dams construction

Figure 37. Sturgeon migration route in volga river was blocked by volgagradskoye dam

Dam Information

Current Conlict

Other social problems

Dam Name: Volgagradskoye

Volga delta used to be largest sturgeon production site in the world. However, nowadays, due to the dams constructed, overishing and pollution, sturgeon in the caspian is decline rapidly. They are unable to migrate further back to the river because of dam block river,

Illegal ishing – principally for their caviar – is also the main direct threat to the survival of Danube.

River name: Volga Volume: 34.45 Build year: 1961

Agriculture decline due to the desertiication process.

Figure 38. The Volgagradskoye dam.

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3. Sturgeon atlas The sturgeon atlas shows the current conflicts between dams and sturgeon in black sea and Caspian which are the world main traditional sturgeon production site.

Strugeon Atlas

Sturgeon migration route in black sea and Caspian before and currently

# # #

#

# # #

#

# #

Ukraine

#

#

# #

#

#

#

# Mariupol

#

Odessa

#

Dam Name: Kakhovskaya River name: Dnepr Volume: 18.2

Romania

Build year: 1958

#

#

#

#

#

Crimea Sevastopol

# Dam Name: Djerdap

#

River name: Dunav

Constanca

Volume: 25.5 Build year: 1971

# # # #

#

#

Bulgria

# Burgas

# #

# #

#

# Dam Name: Altinkaya

# #

#

#

Samsun

River name: Kizil Irmak

Istanbul

Volume: 5.763

#

#

Build year: 1984

#

# # # # #

#

# #

# #

Turkey

# #

# # #

# #

48

Sturgeon movenment

Dam

Sturgeon movenment Before dams construction

Dam block sturgeon move upstream

Sturgeon production city

Delta area

# #

Russia

#

# Dam Name: Volgogradskoye

#

River name: Volga Volume: 34.45 Build year: 1961

#

Dam Name: Tsymlyanskoye River name: Don

# Rostov

Volume: 23.9 Build year: 1952

#

Astrakhan

#

#

#

Novorossyisk

Kazakhastan

# Tuapse

Sukhumi

# #

Geogria # #

Poti

Dam Name: Tbilissi

#

Batumi

River name: Iori Volume: 0.308

#

Build year: 1951

#

Trabzon

Dam Name: Shamkhori

#

River name: Kura

#

Azerbaijan

#

Volume: 0.308 Build year: 1951

#

# #

#

#

Dam Name: Sefin-Roud

# # #

Volume: 1.8 Build year: 1963

Iran

#

#

#

River name: Sefid-Roud

#

N

#

#

Figure 39. Sturgeon atlas shows the current sturgeon spawning migration route in caspian and black sea..

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4. Caviar market – shifting from natural to artiicial

World location of sturgeon ish farm

Figure 40. World locations of sturgeon farms and caviar processing plants compiled from various oficial and personal information sources, relecting the status as of summer 2013

Figure 41. Estimated global caviar production from isheries and from aquaculture (1976–2012). Data compiled from various oficial sources and private contacts

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Figure 42. China family sturgeon farm. Sturgeon is wild produced in China recently.

In the past ten years, the production of caviar from ished sturgeons has almost been zero. This is because recently, through the development of the sturgeon ish farms in Asia and America, the caviar production by farmed sturgeons has increased and is contributing signiicantly to the global markets. This is shown in the diagram (igure 40), where the estimated annual total production is reported from the early 1990s, when the irst few kilograms of farmed caviar appeared on the market. By 2012 more than 260 t were produced.

The Black sea and Caspian region, which are the important sturgeon and caviar isheries production sites, are under the burden of losing their market leadership, because of the decline of the traditional isheries caused by dams and pollution. The current aquaculture methods in these regions are also restricted by the natural conditions, such as desertiication and lack of water. Market demand for caviar has shifted to Asia and America. It is believed that local people in the Caspian and Black Sea region will suffer from the decline of this production.

The shift from nature to aquaculture in the Caspian and Black Sea is slowly, because of lack of water and high investments. Most people continue illegal ishing which causes sturgeon extinction. Therefore, it is worthy to search for new methods of sturgeon production in these regions as there is a huge potential to produce much local high quality caviar.

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4. Caviar market – shifting from natural to artiicial

Tradi Black sea and Caspian region

Aqua

World caviar market demand

America, Asia (China, Vietnam)

“We’re trying to flip the market so that in 10 years it will be 98 percent farmed and two percent wild.

That’ll be good for wild sturgeon populations and for farmers.”

“Historically, farmed caviar has comprised two percent of the world’s market while 98 percent has come from wild sturgeon,” said Doug Peterson, Associate Professor of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources. However, he predicted that there should be a fast aquaculture sturgeon development in the next 10 years.

The diagram shows the main sturgeon supply in the world market—the ish farm caviar nowadays mainly comes from America and Asia. However, there is still a wild caviar (Russian sturgeon and beluga) market that works mainly on the poaching, done in Caspian and Black Sea. It is also predicted that the wild sturgeon market based on the Caspian and Black Sea is hard to replace, because of the species that live only in those regions. These species are highly required to stay in the natural environment, where there is a large amount of fresh water, as, currently, it is expensive to produce such caviar in the farm. A question and also a chance has been raised here, which considers if we can simulate a similar environment and reproduce such species in the farm at low costs.

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Aqua

Caviar demanding decrease

Illegal

Sturgeon extinction

itional fishery Legal baned

aculture Nature condition Lack of water

aculture Abundant water

Less aquaculture development, Low caviar production

Rapid aquaculture development High caviar production

Caviar demanding increase Figure 43. Caspian and Black sea region lacks of caviar market because of the competition from Asia and America

Figure 44. Sturgeon ish farm in Vietnam

Fig45. Sturgeon ish farm in America

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Figure 46. Sturgeon ishery in Astrakhan(Volga delta) in 16th.

IV Caviar production

1. Volga ishery in the past 2. Volga present: sturgeon as social formation 3. Field trip

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Figure 47. Caviar production in a ish farm.

In this section, we explore the tight relationship between sturgeon recourses and the delta’s social, economic, and productive development.

Sturgeon and caviar production were among the strongest processes that historically formed local identity.

Nowadays, the area is undergoing economic and social crises – we claim it is strongly connected to the decline of the ishing industry. Exploring the situ through the historical view and then through the social and economic conditions of the current whole delta, we then move to a close scale by visiting local ish farms to obtain an insider view.

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1. Volga ishery in the past

The black or sturgeon caviar is considered to be one of the most expensive and exquisite delicacies; also, for ages it has been known as a traditional dish of Russian cuisine. For a long time not oil, but caviar was the "black gold" of Russia.

The first mentions of black caviar, transferred by river trade routes from Caspian to Novgorod, are dated back to the 13th century. From the 15th century, the Volga caviar was shipped to the court of Grand Duchy of Moscow. Further, abundant with sturgeon, the Lower Volga became part of Russia only in the middle of the 16th century, after Russian tsar, Ivan the Terrible, conquered Kazan and the Astrakhan Khanate. Since then, the most part of sturgeon ish and black caviar belonged to Russia.

Up to the 17th century, the extraction of sturgeon in the Volga reached 50 thousand tons annually. In the domestic market, this volume was sold for about 50 thousand rubles in silver, but for the European merchants prices were even higher—at least twice the going price.

The trade in caviar from Russia consisted of a vast geography.

Russia was sailing caviar to the Netherlands, France, England, and from there it was send to Italy and Spain.

In 1676, the government established a royal monopoly price on black caviar: 16 kilograms of eggs for the European buyers were 1.5 times more expensive than the average horse. But foreign merchants did not complain as in the 17th century, they resold Russian caviar to European ports with a profit of 30 – 40%.

Wars and reforms of Peter the Great in the beginning of the 18th century demanded considerable expenses. In search of new sources of income, the royal treasury emperor turned to

Figure 48. Historical map of Astrakhan.

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black caviar. Then, the state monopoly was introduced, not only for imports of caviar overseas, but the entire production and sale of caviar in Russia. During the irst quarter of the 18th century, almost 80% of the caviar was exported. Revenues from the import of black caviar to Europe were directed to finance the Russian navy. Up to the 19th century, Russia was exporting caviar not only by sea, but also by land through Ukraine and Temernikovsky port to Austria-Hungary, Italy, Spain and Turkey.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the extraction of beluga, the largest sturgeon fish, reached its peak—from 1902 to 1907, the number of belugas caught ranged between 10 and 15 thousand tons annually. This undermined the reserves of this fish, which since that time has never restored to its previous level.

In total, in the beginning of the 20th century, in the Caspian Sea and Volga river, Russian fishermen caught up to 40 thousand tons of sturgeon annually. Presently, the catch of this delicious ish is almost 7 times lower—just about 600 tons per year.

During the years of the First World and the Civil War, ishing of sturgeon declined sharply, which led to some increase in fish stocks in the decades between 1914 and1924. Therefore, the decade before World War II was one of the peak times that enjoyed sturgeon and caviar trade. The export of caviar has become an important source of currency for industrialisation.

For example, in 1929, the USSR exported 789 tons of black caviar for $ 15 million. In contrast, according to the prices of 2014, it will be nearly a billion dollars.

Figure 49. May 11, 1922. In the Caspian Sea, near the mouth of Volga, a female beluga weighing 1.2 tonnes was caught; this ish has given almost 147 kilograms of black caviar. Today, the cost of such large number of eggs in the markets of Moscow exceed $ 6 million.

The adult beluga, not meeting in Volga, dangerous to her natural predators other than humans, lives longer than a century, and reaches the weight of hundreds of kilograms. It is the largest freshwater ish in the world. At the beginning of XX century, due to the large scale industrial ishing, the age limit and the size of belugas has halved.

Figure 50 . Large beluga was killed for caviar

Figure 51. Port in Astrachan which was used for sturgeon ishing

The scope of caviar consumption up until the early 17th century can be estimated with the help of the notes of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which annually purchased 6000 sturgeons and stellate sturgeons and almost 10 tons of caviar.

Figure 52. Fishing boats in Astrachan

Figure 53. Traditional ish Port in Astrachan

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2. Volga present: sturgeon as social formation 'Astrakhan has long been known as Russia's caviar capital — but no more. As the ish neared extinction in the 1990s, Russia declared the situation critical. It has banned all commercial sturgeon ishing in the Caspian basin and the export of all black caviar. Many villages in the Volga delta, due to government policy to protect sturgeon, have lost all ishing rights. In the village of Zelenga, the ish collective is the last local industry to shut down. Nina Saraikina, with the local government, is in despair. Sturgeon poaching is popular in volga delta as people. And now, both the sturgeon and the local people struggle to survive.

Not so long ago, Astrakhan's ish market glistened with heaps of affordable fresh caviar — sturgeon's gooey black eggs, often called "black gold." But these days, the only caviar legally available there is from government-regulated ish farms. There aren't a lot of them and they don't come near to meeting Russian and world demand for caviar — even at a whopping $1,000 to $2,000 per kilogram on the oficial market.

For now, local oficials concede poaching is the only way for some to put food on the table despite the risks.' (Anne Garrels, 2010) 'In Soviet times, oficial ishing was big, but illegal ishing was 9 or 10 times that, even then. And after the Soviet Union fell apart and all controls evaporated, poaching just exploded It's hard to catch sturgeon these days, but there are people who by chance get a ish, and it's hard to refuse a pot of gold," "Someone who earns nothing or maybe $120 a month suddenly realizes he can get $10,000 in a day.

Perhaps it's not yet clear to Moscow that natural resources like sturgeon are no less valuable than oil, gas and coal, on which Russia currently lives. I think our government simply doesn't understand this can be a signiicant source of income' (Victor Chlpinov, a biologist with the Russian Academy of Sciences in Astrakhan, 2010)

.'

Figure 54. A ishing base in Volga delta

58

Social formation formation SocialSocial formation

Sturgeon catch in volga delta

Sturgeon Sturgeon catch in volgacatch deltain volga delta

Settlements

Formal sturgeon Formal migration sturgeon canals migration canals canals Current sturgeon migration

Irrigation canalscanals Irrigation canals Irrigation

Large ports Large ports Large ports

Agriculture Agricultre field field

Current sturgeon Current migration sturgeon canals migration canalscanals Formal sturgeon migration

Canals used Canals used Canals for for fishing usedishing for fishing

Fish catch Fish catch ports Fish ports catch ports

Settlements Settlements Agricultre

Settlements Agricultre

field

Sturgeon ish farm

Sturgeon migration Sturgeon migration

fish farm Sturgeon fishSturgeon farm

Formal sturgeon migration canals

Irrigation canals

Large ports

Sturgeon migration

Current sturgeon migration canals

Canals used for fishing

Fish catch ports

Sturgeon fish farm

Figure 55. Sturgeon migration routes disappear because of low water velocity in channel.

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3. Field trip

Field trip During the ield trip we visited the capital of the region—the city of Astrakhan. We also visited two sturgeon ish farms: a government farm in the town of Narimanov located in the delta area; and a private farm in the area of western lakes, close to the town Ikryanoe.

Figure 56. Fishfarm Beluga. A government sturgeon ish farm.

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Narimanov

+

Astrakhan

+

Ikryanoe

+

Figure 57. Field trip map.

61

3. Field trip Government ish farm: Narimanov Production process:

Figure 58

Figure 59

1 Broodstock holding facility (domesticated beluga and russian sturgeon broodstock held)

2 Cages for prespawn holding of broodstock Flow-through ponds simulating the environmental conditions of natural spawning grounds (e.g. substrate, low velocity) are integrated into the design

Figure 60

Figure 61

3 Incubation unit (a room with incubation systems equipped with a water treatment system)

4 Cages for fry rearing

Fish production:

Fishfarm "Beluga" is located in the delta area close to the town Narimanov.

Russian sturgeon

Feeding:

Artiicial feeding

Figure 62. Sturgeon types cultivated in the ish farm

62

Since 1994 the farm has been engaged into ish-processing and caviar production. In 1998, when the industrial ishing of sturgeon in the Caspian Sea was above 1000 ton and the ban on sturgeon catch was still years ahead, the company started experimental work on domestication of Russian Sturgeon and Caspian Beluga breeders, making gradual steps towards forming its own breed stock.

During this unique experiment caviar was produced not by conventional method (killing), but by non-mortal method (stripping off) of caviar from wild sturgeon breeders, which were later kept in artiicial environment. That work later resulted into the irst hatchery line on the Volga River.

Stellate sturgeon

Beluga

5 Administrative building, storage facilities, transportation unit.

Monoculture: separate units for different ish species

Now the hatchery contains more than 1500 domesticated breeders of Russian Sturgeon and Caspian Beluga.

Yet, the main problem the farm faces is the high price for the electriciry for create spawning conditions

1

2

3

5 4

Figure 63. Fishfarm "Beluga". Spatial organization of the farm.

63

3. Field trip Private ish farm: Ikryanoe Production process:

Figure 64

Figure 65

1. Broodstock holding facility

2. Prespawn holding of broodstock - Flow-through ponds simulating the environmental conditions of natural spawning grounds (e.g. substrate, low velocity) are integrated into the design

Figure 66

Figure 67

3 Incubation unit (a room with incubation systems equipped with a water treatment system)

Empty pond for fry rearing

Feeding: Fish production:

Ikrynoe ish farm is a polycultural mode of production. In ponds together with sturgeon other species as carp are grown .

Artiicial feeding

Carp

Sprat

Russian sturgeon

Cut reed

Paddleish

Figure

64

Figure 68. Sturgeon types cultivated in the ish farm

Polyculture: different species held together

It is less intensive mode than the farm "Beluga". Though conditions are closer to natural which inluences the caviar quality and feeding is less expensive as natural food a is a part of ponds envirionment.

We found out that the Ikryanoe faces a number of problems due to the lack of water, and so it has to be pumped, which is very expensive because of the high price of electricity.

Though according to the research of the Caspian institute, with enough quantity of water, the area of western lakes could potentially produce 30% of the total amount of the delta area ish. The lakes are well-suited to be modiied into ish ponds (in terms of their sizes, depth, clay ground which is easy to dredge, and a potentially rich plankton environment). Also, annual looding is a very important factor as a tool manage.

Figure 69. Fish farm "Beluga". Spatial organization of the ish farm.

65

VI Machining sturgeon landscapes 1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management

1.1 Current water regime 1.2 Waterlow control mechanism 1.3 Lakes manipulations: construction techniques 1.4 Lakes development through time 1.5 Reservoir strategy: rainfall scenarios 1.6 Case study of California Central Valley Project development during last 80 years

66

Figure 70. Unique landscape in westen lakes area

This chapter develops the strategies to turn the consequences of the delta into a productive space. As mentioned earlier, one of the challenges for sturgeon aquaculture development is the amount of water consumption. Our proposal aims to produce quality caviar and also control the water pumping costs. Through research, the dynamics of water volume in the Volga River, during the year, were studied—it was found that there is seasonal flooding which will automatically fill lakes in the western Volga in May. There, this chapter aims to conduct research on the low of the looding water and will try to link the sturgeon production with the nature looding process.

We start by researching the water volume in different years in the Volga River. And then, we try to find the relationship between looding and sturgeon production. During the looding time, water levels always rise by 2 meters so that the water moves into lakes in the west of the delta. Post the looding time, some of the water is stored in the lakes.

The lake area is regarded as an important barrier to slow down the desertification process. The importance of this area has been discussed by government and in order to protect the area, agriculture and ishery activities are controlled. However, this approach seems to set the area alone and cannot stop the desertiication process. In addition, this resistance approach results in a lot of people losing employment and migrating out of the region. Because many canals undergo sedimentation, flooding water cannot go much further into the east and some of the lakes do not receive water, and thus, disappear. Hence, in our proposal, we consider three actors: lakes, flooding, and sturgeons. We also know that the delta area is a sequential landscape, thus, we aim to link them together and formulate interventions in order to shift the land to be productive.

In the second part, we will introduce the reservoir strategy, which we will develop as a multi-capacity system to adapt different levels of looding water and maintain higher water levels for creating velocity for sturgeons. The inal part deals with the sturgeon ish farm, which will tell us how to convert lakes into productive sturgeon spaces.

67

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.1 Current water regime

Nowadays, the technic for stimulating sturgeon spawning is supporting hormone ejection in most of the sturgeon ish farms. Even though this is quite a cost-saving approach as it reduces the money for avoiding natural sturgeon living conditions, the taste of the caviar produced by this method is much lower than the wild ones and so the price much cheaper.

A question that has developed before in the 'from nature to aquaculture part' is how can aquaculture sturgeon produce same quality of caviar as wild sturgeon. This part we uses design to response this challenge in volga delta. A evidence was claimed by Doug Peterson, Associate Professor of isheries and aquaculture in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, that the highly controlled environment in which ish are raised means that farmed caviar can be of better quality than wild-caught. More speciically, he mentioned that by simulating the sturgeon living environments with supporting enough fresh water, the taste of the caviar could be better as fresh water low will eliminate any off tastes.

In our project, we acknowledge that product unique and quality sturgeon caviar is an efferent way to defeat competitors and bring Volga back to the higher market. We focus on developing approach to support quality caviar production. So we simulated the sturgeon spawning environment both on the material and also the water velocity. We ind the chance from the diagram that we propose to adapt the sturgeon production progress with Volga river seasonal looding progress.

Flooding season water level Other season water level

Figure 71. Water level change in Volga river between spring looding and other time

Water volume

Different month

Various amount of water in volga river from 1995 - 2004

Figure 72 Water volume in Volga delta and sturteon ish farm water consumption

68

Sturgeon farm water consumption during the year

Seasonal flooding

Prevents lakes from disappearing and desertification

Provides water and velocity for spawning

Lake landscape

Sturgeon

Current Volga Delta Region

Seasonal flooding

Prevents lakes disappearing and desertification at the same time supports sturgeon aquaculture development

Lake landscape Sturgeon

Proposed Volga Delta Region

There is seasonal flooding in Volga river which always transfers more than 5 times water during may. the upper diagram compares the river looding regime with the sturgeon ish farm water comsumption during the year.

Current conlict for aquaculture development in the volga delta is the lack of water and expensive pumping fee. What we found in this stage is the possibility of store looding water for sturgeon and provide cheap water. We link looding, sturgeon production and westen lakes together to make a new delta scenario. We propose develping sturgeon in west lake area.

The mechanism of this proposal is to collect and store higher levels of water in the reservoir area in May. Then, during the sturgeon production season, we let water low from the reservoir to the ish farm because of more water in reservoirs and lower water level in ish farm.

Figure 73. Planning for sturgeon production in lake area.

69

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management

1.1 Current water regime

Figure 74 . Western lakes area and the location of simulation site

70

Current looding routes in the lakes area

Figure 75. Simulation of looding water routes in western lakes area

In order to understand the current water low inside the western lake area. We collect the digital elevation data of site and simulate in the caesar looding model. The simulation was used to test the current looding route. As it can be seen that the main water low direction is from northeast to southeast. Present looding water is hard to access to further west area because of cannal sedimentation. So, one of the interventions in our plan is to dredge and enlarge current cannals.

Summer water level

Volga river

Figure 76. Summer water level in western lakes and river

Spring looding water level(May)

Volga river

Figure 77. Spring water level in western lakes and river

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1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management

1.2 Waterlow Developing strategycontrol mechanism

The project aims to develop a reservoir, fish farm and agricultuer integration project to stimulate the ecconomic develope of the local area . It regards the westen lakes area as mathine for sturgeon production. From rhight to left to collect flooding water in reservoir and apply the water stored for different use.

Project strategy for three sturgeon production systems

N

water distribution water distribution

Water collection for agriculture Water collection for agriculture Reservoir lake size

Urban area

Reservoir gate

Urban area

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Reservoir lake

Reservoir gate

Reservoir Fish farm size lake size

Fish farm size(providing irrigation) Water collection pool size

Fish farm lake

Water collection pool

Reservoir lake

Fish farm lake

Water collection pool size (providing irrigation) Agriculture

Water collection pool

Figure 78. Project strategy. From right to left to collect looding water storing in reservoir (Lakes). Applying water for sturgeon production and agriculture development.

Agriculture

Rents land to fish farms

Central government

Investment Flooding

Money back to support operation

Water collection

Infrastructures

Rainwater

Sales water(water market)

Drinking water

Fish farm Sale second hand water

Intensive agriculture

Extensive local agriculture

Purposes of the project

Purposes of project in drought year

1. To provide drinking water for local villages and enough water support for fish farm using

1. To provide drinking water for local villages and to provide water for intensive fish farms to reduce the loss

2. To improve water use efficiency. To construct infrastructure.

To collect and second use fish farm water for agriculture

2. To collect water from fish farms to support intensive agriculture land use.

3. Considering desertification process, to provide neccesary water amount to reduce agriculture land degration.

3. To distribute water to the most endangered area and resduce influence from environment hazard

Figure 79. Planning strategy for western lakes area development

73

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.2 Waterlow control mechanism

Project strategy in one system scale

River Reservoir

Fish farm and village

Water collection for agriculture

Figure 80. Project strategy of water management

Developing strategy

The project aims to develop a reservoir, fish farm and agricultuer integration project to stimulate the ecconomic develope of the local area . It regards the westen lakes area as mathine for sturgeon production. From rhight to left to collect flooding water in reservoir and apply the water stored for different use.

In order to do furhter detail strategy development, we focus on one system as you can find ine left diagram. The basic idea of this strategy is to store flooding water in lakes area for two months and then to support sturgeon production. In our plan, a right to left strategy is proposed to store and transfer water. In the strategy, flooding water will be first stored in reservoir in May. And then in August, the water in reservoir will be used to support sturgeon fish farm production. After fish farms, water will be collected and supportagriculture.

In order to achieve this system, main interventions include daming and dreging. The next constuction part will introduce the method. Lakes low routes will be identiied and linked to develop with ish farm location. water distribution

Water collection for agriculture

Reservoir lake size

Fish farm size

Water collection pool size (providing irrigation)

Urban area

Reservoir gate

Reservoir lake

Fish farm lake

Water collection pool

Agriculture

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3 reseervoir ensembles,28 fish farm, 21 collection lakes

Water movement Railway

Main road

Reservoir

1.0

3.0 4.0 5.0

A1 C1 A2

B3

C3 C4

C5

A5

8.

7.0

C2

Group D addition reservoir lakes

A4

B2

Group C addition reservoir lakes

A3

6.0

B1 Group B addition reservoir lakes

Group A addition reservoir lakes

2.0

9.0 10.0 11.0 D1

12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

D2

16.0 17.0 18.0 D3

19.0 20.0

A6

21.0 23.0 22.

24.0 25.0 26.0

27.0

28.0 29.0 Fish farm and villages

Intensive sturgeon fish farm infrastructures Intensive fish farm

Water Collection pond High density agcitulrure land

N

Legend

Figure 81. Project strategy.

Priority flooding lakes

Additional reservoir lakes

Intensive fish farm workshop

Semi-intensive fish farm workshop

Ex-intensive fish farm work shop

75

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.2 Waterlow control mechanism

Flooding Lakes store water Store velocity (create water level difference between reservoir & ish farm) Sturgeon production

Agriculture development

Figure 82. Topography of the western lakes and proposed strategy

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Flooding routes after interventions

Figure 83. Water movement in western lakes after interventions

Comparing with the current water flow simulation in last part, here we block the around areas through dams and dreging the central canals to help water flow. The function of the reservoir is not only used to block water, but also create water level difference. Because sturgeon spawning condition is velociity, we propose to simulate velocity during their spawning time. This kind of method is possible to save money and produce high quality caviar. It is argued that control sturgeon living environment is possible to produce high quality caviar as well as the wild caviar.

Figure 84. Reservoir collects water from river during spring looding time

Velocity for sturgeon spawning

Figure 85. Summer water in lakes and river dams interventions. Flooding water will be used to support sturgeon production.

Figure 86. Water low test. Simulating water velocity

77

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.2 Waterlow control mechanism

Cartogenesis Interventions of reservoir and fish farm construction

Interventions for reservoir and ish farm construction

35째

45째

25째

35째

78

Enlarge canal

Boundary of additional reservoir

Reservoir gate

both side lake area embankment

New canal dredging

Existing canal

Embankment area

chanel link to lake area embankment

Figure 87. Interventions to manage site for water store and sturgeon production.

째

Flooding water level (-24)

Drought time water level

Semi-intensive fish farm

General time water level (-26)

Intensive fish farm

Ex-intensive fish farm

Excavation routes track

N

79

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.3 Lakes manipulations: construction techniques

Dredging is one of the main technics that applied in the site, There are two main dredging that including in the cartogenesis. First is dreging the river bed, which aims to increase the water movement. The second type is to dredge the bank to enlarge or create new cannals. Soil collected from dredging will move to do dams and embankment,

Figure 88. Techniques for dredging river bed. Sand collection for dam construction.

Figure 89, Techniques for dredging a new channel. Sand transporting for dam construction.

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Dam construction In our proposal, we aim to connect dredging process with daming. According to information from Russian Environment agency, the type of the soil in the lake area is clay, which is quite suitable for dams construction,

Dam

Dam

Dam

Dam

Dredging

6

7

44 3

33 1

4 22

4 3

5 8

3

5 10

11

2-Sand Filter 1-Clay Core 5-Over Compacted Sand and Gravel 8-D/S Slope Protection

5

3-Drainage 6-Rock from Excavation

9-Ground Surface

10-Cut Off Wall

4-Sand and Gravel Shell 7- Rip-Rap and Transition 11-Bed Rock

12-Alluvium

Top. Figure 90. Dreging channels for dams construction.

Down. Figure 91. Dam section shows the materia. Dreging soil (clay) will be used to construct core.

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1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.4 Lakes development through time

Reservoir development

develop Shortest path to nearest fish farm

Phase 1

Reservoir capacity

3 intensive fish farms development

Sturgeon production

Shortest path to nearest fish farm + 3 additional small reservoirs

Phase 2

Fish farm devel

Reservoir capacity

4 intensive fish farms , 2 semi - intensive fish farms, 1 extensive fish farm Sturgeon production

Carp production

Other fish

Fish farm Fully developed

Phase 3

Reservoir capacity

6 intensive fish farms, 5 semi - intensive fish farms, 5 extensive fish farms

Sturgeon production

Carp production

Other fish

Our plan will be executed in three phases.

The irst phase involves constructing the basic part of the system. We consider that the priority looding routes will be constructed associate with initial villages and sturgeon ish farm development.

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In the second phase, with the construction of the additional reservoir, the reservoir system will be able to collect more water; we thus propose more ish farms and village development.

Figure 92. Three phases of project development

lopment

Village development

3 fish farm villages development

Construction workers

Farmers

Fish farm workers

3 fish farm villages regeneration + 1 new village development

Construction workers

Retailers

Farmers

Fish farm workers

1 fish farm village regeneration + 3 new villages development

Construction workers

Farmers

Retailers

Tourists

Fish farm workers

In the third phase, the reservoir capacity will be enlarged, and more sturgeon ish farms will be developed. The villages will also transfer from only agriculture and ish production toinclude more functions such as tourism.

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1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.4 Lakes development through time

Phase 1: 10 years development Catagenesis Second phase 10 years

Enlarge canal

Boundary of additional reservoir

Reservoir gate

both side lake area embankment

New canal dredging

Existing canal

Embankment area

chanel link to lake area embankment

84 Figure 93. Phase 1 development. The irst phase will develop the priority looding routes and support minimal sturgeon ish farm development

Flooding water level (-24)

Drought time water level

General time water level (-26)

Intensive fish farm

Semi-intensive fish farm

Excavation routes track

Urban area

N

85

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.4 Lakes development through time

Phase 2: 20 years development

Cartogenesis Second phasis 15 years

25째

35째

Enlarge canal

Boundary of additional reservoir

Reservoir gate

both side lake area embankment

New canal dredging

Existing canal

Embankment area

chanel link to lake area embankment

86 Figure 94. Phase 2 development. Reservoir capacity will increase with more lakes joining. Fish farms and villages continue to grow.

Flooding water level (-24)

Drought time water level

Semi-intensive fish farm

General time water level (-26)

Intensive fish farm

Ex-intensive fish farm

Excavation routes track

Urban area

N

87

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.4 Lakes development through time

Phase 3: 30 years development

Phasis 3 --- 30 years

45째

Enlarge canal

Boundary of additional reservoir

Reservoir gate

both side lake area embankment

New canal dredging

Existing canal

Embankment area

chanel link to lake area embankment

88 Figure 95. Phase 3 development. Reservoir will be fully developed and also ish farm will have maximum production.

35째

Flooding water level (-24)

Drought time water level

Semi-intensive fish farm

Excavation routes track

General time water level (-26)

Intensive fish farm

Ex-intensive fish farm

Urban area

N

89

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.5 Reservoir strategy: rainfall scenarios

Spring looding (May)

Figure 96. Reservoir inundation scenario during looding

Other season water level

Figure 97. Reservoir inundation scenario in other seasons

90

Reservoir Strategy

Priority looding routes

Ponds in the pritory routes

Additional reservoir part

Figure 98. Muti-capacity reservoir strategy. This map shows the priority looding routes. Our project aims to use the different of reservoir capacity to sotre different amount of looding water and control water level.

Considering the different levels of flooding in Volga River and reservoir construction process, our project aims to develop a multi-resrevoir capicity system to adapt to these flooding levels. The shortest path from the river to the ish farm site was identiied to be the main water navigation routes. Ponds along the main routes are regarded to be individual reservoirs to store water. The remaining ponds are divided into four additional small reservoir systems according to their territory location. According to the period and amount of flood water, the whole system will selectively open main routes and other additional reservoirs to achieve a relativelyhigher water levels to protect a speciic velocity transfer to ish farms.

Figure 99. Scenario of priority looding routes

Enlarge canal

Boundary of additional reservoir

Reservoir gate

both side lake area embankment

Flooding water level (-24)

Driought time water level

New canal dredging

Existing canal

Embankment area

chanel link to lake area embankment

General time water level (-26)

Intensive fish farm

91

Semi intensive fish fa

Urban area

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management 1.5 Reservoir strategy: rainfall scenarios

D

C B

A

Priority routestoto lake (shortest path) Priority routes illfill thethe lakes (shortest paths) Part 0

Part A

7 days flooding to fill

1 day looding ill 1 days to flooding to fill

A

Part B

2 days flooding to fill

B

Part C

1 days flooding to fill

C Part D

3 days flooding to fill

D

Figure 100. Reservoirs group. Each group of them can be added in the main reservoir and collect different amount of looding water to keep water level that support velocity for sturgeon spawning

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7 days flooding 0

8 days flooding

0+A

0+C

0+B

0+A+C

0+D

0+A+B

0+C+B

0+D+A

0+D+C

0+A+B+C

0+D+B

0+D+A+C

9 days flooding

10 days flooding

11 days flooding

12 days flooding

13 days flooding

0+D+B+A

0+D+B+C

14 days flooding or more

0+A+B+C+D

Figure 101. Different ways to combine lakes and to collect different amounts of looding water.

93

1. Lakes strategy: waterlow management

1.6 Case study of California Central Valley Project development during the last 80 years Title: Case study of California Central Valley Project development during the last 80 years

By Da Kuang

Introduction Central Valley Project (CVP) is one of the largest water transport systems in the world. During the last 80 years, it successfully changed lots of arid lands in central valleys to be productive farm lands (Wiltshire & Martin, 2008), It was selected as a case study as it is a quite mature and successful system that also deals with water transport in delta nearly area. This essay will analyse the development of CVP and its corresponding strategies at different times. It would argue that the CVP has been successful in large scale water transfers and has generated huge economic beneits during last 80 years of history. However, in the local scale, there is a lack of strategy and development in the eficiency using of the water in response to current water shortage problems. This essay will mainly discuss the development timeline of CVP. It will first introduce the CVP and then trace the background of the project before developing. And it will then discuss the interventions and strategies during construction. After that, the essay will go to critical analysis of the outcome of CVP and discuss the following strategies. Finally, a conclusion will be given out to summarize the essay.

What is Central Valley Project (CVP)?

During the last 150 years, California has been a leader in water resource and infrastructure development, which recently involved enabling water transfer from available sources to needy destinations (Wiltshire & Martin, 2008). The Central Valley Project (CVP) is a federal water management project in the U.S. state of California, under the supervision of the United States Bureau of Reclamation. It also works with the California State Water Project (SWP). The project was devised in 1933 in order to provide irrigation and municipal water to much of California’s Central Valley, by regulating and storing water in reservoirs in the water-rich northern half of the state, and transporting it to the water-poor San Joaquin Valley and its surroundings (Figure 1). Main facilities development includes lengthy canals, large dams and pumping stations. Figure 1 is a map for the water transfer route in California, and the blue colour is the CVP’s water transfer canal.

Background before Central Valley Project decision making (before 1930s) The recent developing history of California began with the migration of the European settlers in the 17th century, mostly from Spain. People initially constructed settlements along the Californian coast. In the 1850s, gold mines were found in California and it attracted lots of Americans to move and stay there. Lots of people moving in pushed California came to be a state and go into fast development time (Taylor, 1949). However, California’s water imbalance has caused lots of problems for the civilization. The Sacramento River watershed receives two-thirds to three-quarters of northern California’s precipitation though it only has onethird to one-quarter of the land (Cleland, 1922). However, the San Joaquin River watershed occupies two-thirds to three-quarters of northern California’s land, but only collects one-third to one-quarter of the precipitation. This situation has caused

Figure 1: Map of California

Figure 2: Current Central Valley project and State Water Project Canal System

Figure 3: California Central Valley Project plan in 1948

The case study has shown the power of the water that can transfer arid area to be productive space. In addition, this case study also introduce a success project progress that helps us later develop our phasis.

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Figure 4: Shasta dam

lots of problems for the civilization. The Sacramento River watershed receives two-thirds to three-quarters of northern California’s precipitation though it only has one-third to onequarter of the land (Cleland, 1922). However, the San Joaquin River watershed occupies two-thirds to three-quarters of northern California’s land, but only collects one-third to one-quarter of the precipitation. This situation has caused the Sacramento Valley to suffer from floods, and floods and droughts alternately afflict San Joaquin. In the 1870s, the idea appeared to transfer excess water from the Sacramento River to the often-parched tracts in the San Joaquin Valley (Hyatt, 1938). The salt water intrusion the delta which results in the lack of fresh water for agriculture land and industry also stimulates the considering feasibility of water transferring. And this idea was later developed to be the Central Valley Project (William, 1992).

The development of the CVP project (1930s–1970s) Originally, the Central Valley Project (CVP) was conceived as a state project to protect the Central Valley from crippling water shortages and devastating loods. The basic concepts and facilities of today’s massive project were included in the state water project formulated in the 1930s. In the depression area, however, the state was unable to inance the project (Becker et al., 1993). Most of the water development envisioned by the state was accomplished by the Federal CVP, beginning with its initial authorization in 1935 and fished in 1979 with the construction of the final dam New Melones (Wiltshire & Martin, 2008).

A map (Figure 2) which was created by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1948 illustrates the plan of the three development stages of the CVP. This map shows the main plan for reservoirs and routes for water transfer from the north water-rich areas to San Joaquin Valley at that time. Interventions are mainly about dam construction, new canal creation, and the setting up of pumping plants.

Figure 5: Keswick dam

During the project development, there was a lot of infrastructure.

The construction of the initial facilities started from the north of the Sacramento river, which is currently the Shasta lake. The Shasta Dam was constructed between the mountains to store water (Figure 4). At irst, the dam was assigned to be the earth dam by the Federal government. However, the state recommend that concrete is more suitable for the situation and Federal authorities accept the advice. It is the primary water storage and power generating facility of the CVP and forms the Shasta Lake, which can store over 4,500,000 acre feet of water and can generate 680 MW of power (Bowen & Brand et al., 1979). The function of the Shasta Dam is to regulate the low of the Sacramento River so that downstream diversion dams and canals can capture the low of the river more eficiently, and prevent looding in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta where many water pump facilities for San Joaquin Valley aqueducts are located. With the creation of the Shasta dam, the Keswick dam (Figure 5) was also built to assist the water distribution.

Except the reservoir construction, one of the most important parts of the CVP’s San Joaquin Valley water system is the series of aqueducts and pumping plants (Figure 6) that take the water from the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta and sends it southwards to supply farms and cities. The delta cross canal was created to divert the water to the south area without lowing into the delta area.

In addition, the CVP also constructed a reservoir in the east mountain area to store water. For example, Friant Dam crosses the San Joaquin River upstream of Mendota Pool, diverting its water southwards into canals that travel into the Tulare Lake area of the San Joaquin Valley for irrigation.

The Outcome of the CVF As introduced earlier, generally, this project was successful in its original goals of lood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power

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1.6 Case study of California Central Valley Project development during the last 80 years

generation. The project has produced more than 2,000 MW which beneits the local people. It also improved urban development, which allowed local cities to grow along the valley’s rivers which previously used to be flooded during spring. In addition, because of the redirection of the water, it transformed the semi-arid desert environment of the San Joaquin Valley into productive farmland (Figure 7). The CVP has supported water for half of California’s agricultural land which accounts for 7% of the gross state product. Figure 7 compares the irrigation area of California before and after CSV project.

More speciically, the CVP today includes 18 dams and reservoirs, 11 hydroelectric power plants, and 805 km (500 mi) of major canals, apart from conduits, tunnels, and related facilities. It manages 11,100 Hm3 (9 million ac-ft) of water, delivering 77% of that for agricultural, municipal, industrial, and wildlife uses. An annual total of 5.6 billion kilowatt hours of electricity are produced, serving over two million people. It resulted in a large economic value. Compared with the original investment, it is estimated that the economic values it has produced equal 100 times of the $3 billion cost to date. It proved that by redirecting water, it is possible to achieve high economic success.

Figure 6: Harvey O. Banks Pumping Plant

However, along with the development of the project, some critical problems on the environment aspects appears. Traditionally, there is competition only between agriculture users and industry. Environmental values were never considered during the development of the Central Valley Project by the congress. After many years’ work, it was recognized that the construction of the reservoir system has resulted in the decline of the salmon population as it destroyed their spawning area and recued their migration. Water transported around the delta through huge pumping stations creates a reverse low to the south of the delta. Fish species are taken from the Sacramento River into the southern and central delta, where mortality is high because of the high temperatures of the water. Up-river migratory routes that run south of the delta have been diminished because of the reverse lows (Loomis, 1994). In addition, some of the natural river environment and history site no longer exist, like riparian zones, meanders and sandbars. The CVP was accused of drying up at least 100,000 acres of wetlands which were no longer inundated during the winter and spring loods.

Figure 8 : Drought of the Folsom lake

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Figure 7: Comparing of irrigation land in 1915 and 1975

The main issue to cause this problem is the overuse of water.

One of the reason for this situation is the competition between the environment and the stakeholders. Before the Central Valley Project Improvement Act, there are limitations that the CVP should only provide 47,000 acre feet annually on a nonreimbursable basis, and 50,000 acre feet annually for grasslands.

If there are further water needs by the environmental groups, they should compete in terms of prices with other contractors which means that water for environment may pay more money than agriculture.

The addition strategy after Central Valley Project (1990s– ).

Central Valley Project Improvement Act After a long time of discussion, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPLA) was released in 1992 to change the situation. The most controversial provision of the Act is the dedication of 800,000 acre-feet of ‘up front water’ for fish and wildlife purposes (Noll, 1993). The act also created funds for the restoration of migration environments, which aims to help develop environment infrastructures. It seems to be ambitious to protect the environment. However, the importance of the environment are still lesser than irrigation and industry. It also seems to create a conflict between environment and economic development. The main effects of this act are to require stakeholders and agriculture users to mitigate their project impacts. Both urban and agriculture areas are panicking for the decline of water supply as they have a new competitor. Especially, the competition is even more serious in a drought year. The other main effect of this act is to take water to the open water market, which makes it is possible to sell the water to outer areas which was forbidden before (Fischhendler & Zilberman, 2005).

Central Valley Project and State Water Project Drought Contingency Plan In the early of 2015, it was believed that this year should be a drought year and several groups including the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), California Department of Water Resources (DWR), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) are taken together to discuss the plan for water relocation. From the participants, it can been seen that the environment has changed to be much more important compared with before. After their discussion, a new plan called Drought Contingency Plan was published to claim for the water distribution. The main achievement of this plan is reclaiming the priority use of the water. It regulates the priority use of the water is to supply for drinking water and also lessens the economic loss during the year. After that is to use the water for reducing of salinity intrusion in the Sacramento–San

Joaquin Delta. And then it is about water support for wild life and environment protection. This plan is currently operation, so it cannot evaluate the outcome of it now. But from the preparation of the plan, it can be seen that a reliable prediction system, and a fast reaction organization to preparing the plan for drought year is quite important to reduce losses.

Summary From the development of the Central Valley project during last 80 years, it can be seen as a process of the corresponding strategy improvement and purpose changing. According to the project initial water distribution purpose, there are two main stages of the CVP. The irst stage is from 1935 to 1992, which was before the legislation of the CVPIA, there are three main purposes to allocate the use of the water—improved lood control and navigation, water for irrigation and domestic use, and hydroelectric power generation. The irrigation is the priority object and under this development strategy. The second time is after the establishment of the Central Valley Improvement Act, which is the turning point that takes ecological value to legal levels. Furthermore, it is not only an act to claim for water use and protect wildlife like salmon and other species, but it is more like an important signal to call for reforms of the land as it may tell the former water users that there will not be much more water (Dunning, 1993).

However, this act also makes the environment aspect stand on the other side of the industry and agriculture development. Their relationship is like that of competitors rather than partners.

Besides, there follow acts for the environment protection, the management of the California water system also reflects a fast risk response system. With the prediction of the drought of the California in 2015, the United States’ Bureau of Reclamation and local government associate with other environment groups fast published a plan to allocate the water using during the drought year.

As mentioned before, this essay, on one hand believed in the success of the project on water transferring on the large scale, and on the other hand, it would argue that the ineficiency of the water use is one of the main problems that reduce beneits gaining from CVP. In Giuda’s paper (2006) which discusses the CVPIA, it said that ‘with no price charged for the water itself, and few limited options to “use-it-or-lose-it”, the appropriators in California lack incentive to modernize or make their irrigation processes more efficient’. The CVP has developed infrastructures for their ‘reservoir – river – pumping plant – irrigation canal’ system and considers more about how much water they transport or sell to different areas. However, it doesn’t touch more about the local scale and developing strategies and facilities for eficient water

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1.6 Case study of California Central Valley Project development during the last 80 years

usage. Developing local scale facilities and strategies should also be well-considered to feedback solving the large scale problem. In addition, environment development should not stand on the other hand of economics, but it is better to ind a way to make environment reclamation associate with economic value. About the future water project development, it should not only focus on ‘where water is go’ but also ‘how water is used’.

Reference: Wiltshire, R. L., & Martin, J. L. (2008). California's Water Resources History and the Central Valley Project's First 75 Years. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008@ sAhupua’A (pp. 1-24). ASCE.

Nelson, B. (1993). Waters of Change: The Central Valley Project Improvement Act. San Joaquin Agric. L. Rev., 3, 35.

Hyatt, E. (1938). The Central Valley Project of California. Journal (American Water Works Association), 389-401.

Becker, L., Yeh, W. W. G., Fults, D., & Sparks, D. (1976).

Operations models for central valley project. J. Water Resour.

Plann. Manage. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.;(United States), 102.

Cleland, R. G. (1922). A History of California: The American Period.

Macmillan.

Dunning, H. C. (1993). Confronting the environmental legacy of irrigated agriculture in the west: the case of the Central Valley Project. Envtl. L., 23, 943.

Kahrl, W. L., Bowen, W. A., Brand, S., Shelton, M. L., Fuller, D. L., & Ryan, D. A. (1979). The California water atlas. California.

Taylor, P. S. (1949). Central Valley Project: Water and Land. The Western Political Quarterly, 2(2), 228-253

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1949). “Central Valley Basin.” By the Bureau (SenateDocument 113, 81st Congress), Washington, D.C.

Loomis, J. B. (1994). Water transfer and major environmental provisions of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act: A preliminary economic evaluation. Water Resources Research, 30(6), 1865-1871.

Noll, D. E. (1993). Analysis of Central Valley Project Improvement Act. San Joaquin Agric. L. Rev., 3, 3.

Pub. L. No. 102-575, § 3401, 1992 U.S.C.CAN. (106 Stat.) 47064731. The Central Valley Project Improvement Act is Title XXXIV of the Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustments Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-575, § 1, 1992 u.S.C.C.A.N. (106 Stat.) 46004769 (October 30, 1992) [hereinafter C.V.P. Improvement Act].

William Miller, The Management of Water in California 39 (Nov. 30, 1992) (unpublished monograph, on ile with the San Joaquin College of Law Agricultural Law Review).

United States v. State Water Resources Control Board, 182 Cal. App.3d 82, 92 (1986) (over 70 percent of California's stream flow lies north of Sacramento while 80 percent of the demand originates in the southern regions of the state).

Fischhendler, I., & Zilberman, D. (2005). Packaging policies to reform the water sector: The case of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act.Water resources research, 41(7).

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2015, Central Valley Project and State Water Project Drought Contingency Plan, access (http://www. waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/dro ught/ docs/2015_drought_contingency_plan.pdf)

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Giuda, A. (2006). Central Valley Project Improvement Act: Who Says Environmental Uses Are Not Beneicial, The. Alb. L. Envtl.

Outlook, 11, 304.

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Figure 102. Sturgeon ish farm proposal.

VI Machining sturgeon landscapes 2. Farms strategy: new sturgeon productive cycles

2.1 Productive grounds: from intensive to extensive ishfarm

‘Sturgeon hatcheries should comprise all necessary production, transportation, control, monitoring and management systems that would allow for a suitable living environment and conditions for the ish as well as a suitable working environment for the hatchery workers. Again, for many of the detailed requirements, much can be learned from commercial aquaculture practices, with specii c adjustments being made in line with the specii c requirements for culture systems designed to produce ish for release.’

‘Modern sturgeon hatcheries often cater for many of the required services and inputs themselves. This means that the whole process, from the collection of broodstock to the release of ingerlings, is controlled and monitored to generate an optimal output in terms of volume and quality produced, while taking into account important issues such as ish welfare and the well-being of the hatchery workers.' ( Sturgeon hatchery manual Mikhail S. Chebanov Elena V. Galich) In farms we propose to cultivate different ish species from carp to sturgeon - variety and intensity of production depends on sizes and contours of initial lakes and location in relation to the dams.

We develop 3 modes of production: Intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Each mode differs by species and ponds size. The intensity varies from the right to the left; closest to dams is always intensive, then semi-intensive and the last extensive.

In general, the design and construction of sturgeon hatchery system includes the following units; coniguration depends on production intensity: • prespawn holding unit, including long-term low temperature unit for holding of broodstock with water recirculation system; • incubation unit for egg collection and incubation; • tank unit (for grow out of larvae and fry in tanks and trays); • live food production unit; • laboratory, warehouse and subsidiary buildings (ofices, etc); • broodstock holding unit with feed preparation building; • unit for adaptation of wild breeders to artiicial holding conditions; • transportation unit.

We developed a catalogue to illustrate species variety, facilities required, feeding ect. We also propose a system of how to apply different types of ponds depending on initial lakes sizes and contours.

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Spring flooding(May, June) Open gate and fill reservoir

Summer Spawning Time Open gate between fish farm and reservoir to support sturgeon spawn

Fall Caviar producing Producing Caviar Fish farm

5 years propose

Hatch sturgeon

Bring Caviar to Caspian city Processing to sale caviar

Back to spawn in Delta

5-7 Years Sea

Figure 103. Sturgeon production diagram. The link between reservoir and sturgeon production

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2. Farms strategy: new sturgeon productive cycles 2.1 Productive Grounds: from intensive to extensive ishfarm

Intensive Mode of Production

Pools

Needs the highest level of artiicial control. The ponds are of the smallest size; it is monoculture – sturgeon only; totally artiicial feeding. Intensive production needs a number of covered pools.

Caviar

Incubation Unit

Tank Unit For Prelarval Holding And Lreval Rearing

Fish Pond Production: - Tanks for Daphnia and Artemia Culture - Oligochaete Unit

Prespawn Holding of BroodStock (June 2 Weeks) 4%

Ponds

Sturgeon Incubation

Broodstock Holding Facilities 20% Artiicial

Bester - 12,000 f/ga

Ponds for Fry Rearing 74%

Fish produced Year Month

5

1

0

July

Unit for Senior Replacement and Wild Breeders 2%

1X

1X

2X 3X

4

The Spatial Proportion of The Fish Fram

Ponds depth 1.5m Size of Fish Farm Ponds For Fry Rearing

Tanks Unit for Prelarval Holding and Larval Rearing

Tanks for Daphnia and Artemia Culture Incubation Unit Unit for Senior Replacement and Wild Breeders Broodstock Holding Facilities Storage Unit

Ponds For Fry Rearing

Intensive Fish Farm

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Figure 104. Design for Intensive Fish Farm

ws - water supply channel wo - water output channel

Intensive Mode of Production Production process depends on sturgeon life cycles, each stage requires a speciic unit.

2% of the whole area is a ‘Unit for Senior Replacement and Wild Breeders’. It is a ‘Unit for adaptation of wild breeders to artiicial holding conditions. It allows wild breeders to be held at lower water temperatures. Regardless the scheme selected, conditions placing minimal stress on the ish should be ensured’ 20 % of the total area is ‘Broodstock Holding Facility’.

Mature sturgeon is held there.

During spawning period sturgeon is placed to the ‘Unit for prespawn holding of broodstock’ (4% of the total area).

This are low-through ponds simulating the environmental conditions of natural spawning grounds (e.g. substrate, low velocity). Velocity is provided by opening reservoir dams.

Caviar extracted after spawning is placed to the ‘Incubation unit’ ‘Incubation unit comprises a room with incubation systems equipped with a water treatment system, a container for storage of water suficient for 20 min of unit functioning, systems for heating and ventilation, a laboratory and a room for duty staff. Illumination in the incubation unit should be rather faint, due to direct light negatively affecting the embryonic development of sturgeon.’

Then goes the tank unit for prerarval holding and larval rearing.

Sturgeon fries go then to the 'Ponds for Fry Rearing' (this are 74 % of the area). Ponds should be of rectangular shape with a side ratio of 1:2 or 1:3. Their pond surface area is 4 ha, while the maximum depth is 2.5 m; the pond bed is slightly sloped. The system supplying water to the ponds consists of a main canal (line) and side branch lines to each pond. The water supply system should ensure a full water exchange cycle every 1–2 d

Figure 105. Catalogue lakes for intensive sturgeon ish farm productionen

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2. Farms strategy: new sturgeon productive cycles 2.1 Productive Grounds: from intensive to extensive ishfarm Semi-intensive mode of production Requiring ponds of a larger size. It is polyculture— apart from sturgeon, some other species (like carps) can be grown. The feeding is half natural and half artiicial.

Pools

Caviar

Incubation Unit

Tank Unit For Prelarval Holding And Lreval Rearing

Fish Pond Production: - Tanks for Daphnia and Artemia Culture - Oligochaete Unit

Prespawn Holding of BroodStock (June 2 Weeks) 4%

5

Artiicial

Bester - 12,000 f/ga

Ponds for Fry Rearing 96%

Year Month

Sturgeon Incubation

1 0

July

Grass Carp - 0.03 f/ga

Silver Carp - 0.03 f/ga

Cut Plant (Reed)

Zooplancton - Type1

Zooplancton - Type 2

Zooplancton - Type 3

Fish Produced

The Spatial Proportion of The Fish Fram

5 - 20 ha

Size of Fish Farm Ponds For Fry Rearing

Tanks Unit for Prelarval Holding and Larval Rearing Incubation Unit

Broodstock Holding Facilities

Ponds For Fry Rearing

Semi - intensive Fish Farm

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Figure 106. Design for Semi - Intensive sturgeon ish farm

Storage Unit

Semi-intensive Mode of Production Different from intensive farm mainly on variety of species (it is polyculture) and on less amount of types of ponds required. Generally, semi-intensive production needs ponds for fry rearing (size from 5 up to 20 hectares) and incubation unit (the incubation process is same that imtensive).

Figure 107. Catalogue lakes for semi-intensive sturgeon ish farm productionen

Extensive Mode of Production Reminding one of natural lakes with rich polyculture environments and totally natural feeding. The only difference is that sturgeon doesn’t spawn naturally, and so has to be artiicially placed into spawning ponds annually.

Sterlet

Paddleish

Grass Carp - 0.03 f/ga

The Spatial Proportion of The Fish Fram

Figure 108. Propose for extensive sturgeon ish farm

Fish Produced

Silver Carp - 0.03 f/ga

Extensive Fish Farm

105

2. Farms strategy: new sturgeon productive cycles 2.1 Productive Grounds: from intensive to extensive ishfarm

Extensive production

106

Figure 109. Proposed sturgeon ish farm

Semi-intensive production

Intensive production

Spawning ponds

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VI Machining sturgeon landscapes 3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements

3.1 Collective form 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

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Figure 110. Model of sturgeon ish farm

Our view on the village development strategy considers the process of helping the village grow and taking it into the developing phases of large infrastructure projects. Sturgeon ish farms are regarded as a chance to shift the degradation space into a productive area. Furthermore, considering the large ish farm developing process, our project aims to search for a collective form to support the increase in sturgeon production by constructing ponds. In this chapter, we irst study Fumihiko Maki's collective form, which inspired us to ind the way to develop a productive system. Later, we developed the idea of sequential developing path and units, which will be the mechanism for village growth. After that we catalogued the space and considered the project phases.

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3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.1 collective form

Figure 111. A japenese village which was shown in Fumihico's 'Collective Form'. From the main road to back is the house, yard, bar, road and agriculture. The village growth through the central road and form a productive system

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Towards a productive village system Fumihiko maki's collective form

Composition form

Mega form

Group form

Figure 112. Three kindS of typical form towards collective form.

"Collective form represents groups of buildings and quasi-buildings -- the segment of our cities.

Collective form is, however, not a collection of unrelated, separate buildings, but buildings that have reasons to be together."

The inappropriate land use was always regarded to be one of the main reasons that caused environment degradation and economic recession in the delta region. However, the delta area as a fertile space, currently, faces a lack of sustainable approach for agricultural development.

In Volga delta, the formal soviet inappropriate agriculture system has seriously damaged the local ecology and this resulted in land desertiication and harvest reduction. The aim of this local-scale research aims to develop a new productive system taking into consideration Fumihiko's collective form idea. In Fumihiko's theory, two ideas were found and applied to our village proposal: to deine a sequential development path and to design a unit.

111

3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.1 collective form

1. To deine a sequential developing path.

The idea is to reinforce a path in nature landscape which will catalyze and give direction to new development along its couse. In our project, we propose the path that follows the construction of the ponds in sturgeon ish farm. The idea of this path is to adapt villages growth into ish farm construction process.

Crest of the hill

Intensive sturgeon fish farm area

Semi-Intensive fish farm area

Ex - intensive fish farm area

Figure 113. Set developing routes. The growth of the route will follow sturgeon ish farm contours

2. To design a unit A unit will be used to repeat in the sequential path to suport for village growth. In our project, one unit are deined with its different function that can include different elemets like, house, agriculture, ish farm work shop, public space or other infrastructures. A detailed introduction of the unit will be shown in the next page.

Unit

Intensive sturgeon fish farm area

Figure114. Unit will be set through the developing path

112

Semi-Intensive fish farm area

Ex - intensive fish farm area

Road Residential Agriculture

Yard Barn

Sturgeon workshop

channel

channel

Unit

Figure 115. From unit to village. This diagram shows the growth strategy of the village corresponding with sturgeon fish farm development

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3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

Intensive fish farm area 100 - 150m Initial development

After regeneration

Units: Fish farm workshop, agriculture and household

Unit: Fish farm workshop, public space, residential, retails

150 - 200m Initial development

After regeneration

units: fish farm workshop, agriculture, house hold

unit: fish farm workshop, retails, office, public space, workers’ house

Office unit

Residential unit

Open space unit

Figure 116. Catalogue of the different land use types according to the width of the land near sturgeon ish farm.

114

Fish pond Figure 117. Section of the ish farm.

Caviar workshop

House

Road Fish pond

House

Leisure space

Caviar workshop

Fish pond

115

3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

Initial development

200 units: Fish farm building, agriculture, household

After regeneration

unit: Fish farm building, agriculture, large infrastructure

unit: Fish farm building, Residential area

unit: Fish farm building, Park, office

Semi intensive fish farm area 100 - 150m units: house hold agriculture, extensive fish farm building

units: residential, extensive fish farm building

150 units: house hold agriculture, extensive fish farm building

units: residential, public space, extensive fish farm building

units: residential, public space,retail, extensive fish farm building

Figure 118. Catalogue of the different land use types according to the width of the land near sturgeon ish farm.

Fish pond

116 Figure 119. Fish farm section.

Semi - intensive fish farm work shop

Agriculture

Household

Road Fish pond

Retail

House

House

Caviar workshop

117

3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

Figure 120. Village development in phase 1. It can be linked with the whole project phase introduced before. During this time, the main function of the area is agriculture and sturgeon production.

The phase 1 is to develop enough buildings that can support the minimal operation of the sturgeon fish farm. Unit functions at this period are most for ish farm production and agriculture. Inside one unit, buildings which were constructed near ish ponds are adapted for sturgeon production. Behind the working building is house hold agriculture land.Water after ish farm use will be pumped to agriculture land.

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Caviar workshop

Agriculture

House

Figure 121. Section of the ish farm and near village in phase 1.

Setting unit As we introduced before, in initial development, a unit always includes working space and house hold agriculture function. The development of the village is to growth with the fish farm development. And the village is expanding with adding more units in. Inside one unit, buildings which were constructed near fish pond are adapted for sturgeon sturgeon production progress and providing workers residential.

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3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

Figure 122. Village development. New route will grow out when land comes to be wider.

Growth of the villages According to the rules we set before, units were repeated throught the developing path with the construction of ish ponds. Once the land grows to be wide enough (more than 150m), there will be a new route comes out to arrange more housesholds.

120

Caviar workshop

Agriculture

House

Square

Figure 123. Section of ish farm and village.

Growth of the villages In this part, building function shifts. Par of the agriculture land will change to be new buildings area. And buildings in the upper area will emerge retails, restaurants or other functions.

121

3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

Figure 124. Land use changes from agriculture to multi uses in this phase.

Villages function change Fish farm has been well developed during this time. Agriculture land in the center will be regenerated to be other land use..

122

Caviar workshop

Leisure space

House

Square

Figure 125. Section of ish farm and village. It shows that agriculture will be moved out after long time developed.

Regeneration Agriculture land totally disappeared. New activities will be created in the central area.

123

3. Collective farms: grounding new settlements 3.2 Material and spatial typological exploration

House

Agriculture

Caviar workshop

Fish pond 124

Fig 126. Model for village and ish farm scenario

Figure 127. Fish farm model

Figure 128. Model for small scale village and ponds

Figure 129. paper model of small scale buildings and ponds

Figure 130, a 3D model of fish farm growth from agriculture to public space

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Conclusion Delta is a fragile landscape that can be influenced by both upstream and inside activities. However, it is also a productive space that supports much of the world’s fisheries, forest products, and extensive agriculture.

As mentioned in this book, the Volga Delta is suffering from desertiication and human activities upstream (like dams and pollution) is continuing to influence the delta. Currently, no effective interventions are taken to address the problem and this causes the ‘slow and painful death’. The example of the Ural Delta, which near Volga provides a scene for potential future of Volga. To be a designer, at this stage, we propose intensive interventions that try to shift the arid land into productive territory.

The Russian government acknowledges the problem of the delta, and it has been widely discussed.

However, the present management of the delta is not successful in adapting to the desertiication progress.

Current unsustainable approaches are to forbid human economic activities such as agriculture and ishing in an effort to resist the desertification process. However, this method seems give up the benefits of a delta, and only shifts it to be a fragile space. Furthermore, this linear approach has also lead to other social problems like population migration and poaching. In our proposal, we acknowledge that the desertiication process cannot stop. In addition, we engage in the consequential nature of the Volga and propose interventions to adapt the territory progress.

Sturgeon in the Volga Delta is regarded as a characteristic product and provides the chance for shifting the land to be productive. The over exploitation of both natural and enhanced sturgeon stocks for caviar production has led to drastic declination in the natural populations. In the recent 30 years, traditional sturgeon ishery in the delta faces competition with the quantity of aquacultural caviar production from other countries like China. The underdeveloped sturgeon aquaculture approaches in the delta result in the loss of the global market. In our project, we adapt the sturgeon life circle in looding the delta, and aims to shift the caviar production from natural to aquacultural. It is also believed that the quality and characteristics of aquaculture caviar production in Volga will bring the region back to higher market.

Through our design, we develop an extremely manufactured system (like the case of the Ebro) through a consequence mechanisms inherent to this territory. However, delta as consequential landscape, we also acknowledge that this very intensive intervention will not only have consequences on our design scale (the western lake), but have wider inluence that potentially changes the formation of the whole delta. As designers, we understand that the consequence will be beyond the site and this outcome still need further research.

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Figure 131. Kid swim in the western lakes

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Figure List Figure 1: By Da Kuang Figure 2: Source http://www.artemjew.ru/en/2014/07/14/volga/ Figure 3: By Da Kuang Figure 4: Source http://www.123rf.com/photo_12638455_dam-of-a-hydroelectric-powerstation-on-volga-river-russia.html Figure 5: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 6: By Da Kuang Figure 7: Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_ (cropped).JPG Figure 8: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 9: By Da Kuang Figure 10: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 11: Source http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=7047 Figure 12: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 13: By http://www.panoramio.com/user/246558/tags/volga?photo_page=16 Figure 14: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 15 & 16: Source Hรถlzel, N., Haub, C., Ingelinger, M. P., Otte, A., & Pilipenko, V. N. (2002). The return of the steppe large-scale restoration of degraded land in southern Russia during the post-Soviet era. Journal for Nature Conservation, 10(2), 75-85.

Figure 17: Source Google Earth Figure 18: Source http://www.mapio.cz/a/106598007/ Figure 19: Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_River Figure 20 & 21: Source http://www.deltanet-project.eu/ Figure 22: By Da Kuang Figure 23: Source http://www.deltanet-project.eu/ Figure 24 - 35: By Da Kuang Figure 36: Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gate_I_Hydroelectric_Power_Station Figure 37: By Da Kuang Figure 38: Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station Figure 39: By Da Kuang Figure 40 & 41: Source Bronzi, P., Rosenthal, H., & Gessner, J. (2011). Global sturgeon aquaculture production: an overview. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(2), 169-175.

Figure 42: Source http://www.worldishing.net/news101/Comment/interviews/freshwater-ishwill-become-more-important-in-aquaculture

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Figure 43: By Da Kuang Figure 44: https://plus.google.com/111410977424240825471/posts Figure 45: Source http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703992704576307492403590636 Figure 46: Source Les voyages de Jean Struys, en Moscovie, en Tartarie, en Perse, aux Indes, & en plusieurs Autres païs étrangers. Amsterdam, La veuve J. van Meurs, 1681 Figure 47: Source http://pricom.kz/?p=33360 Figure 48: By http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/170033 Figure 49: By https://www.pinterest.com/pin/212443307396761594/ Figure 50: Source http://pricom.kz/?p=33360 Figure 51: By http://pricom.kz/?p=33360 Figure 52: By http://pricom.kz/?p=33360 https://yooniqimages.com/Images Search?q=astrakhan Figure 53: By http://www.panoramio.com/user/246558/tags/volga?photo_page=16 Figure 54: Source http://www.loctier.com/tag/sport/feed/ Figure 55 By Paulina Lizlova Figure 56: Photoed by Da Kuang Figure 57: Source http://www.artemjew.ru/en/2014/07/14/volga/ Figure 58 - 60: Source http://ishconsult.org/?p=3321 Figure 61, 63, 69 Source Google Earth Figure 62, & 64 - 68: Source http://ishconsult.org/?p=3321 Figure 70 - 73: By Da Kuang Figure 74 Source Google earth Figure 75 - 81 By Da Kuang Figure 82: Source Google earth Figure 83 - 103 By Da Kuang Figure 104 - 110: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 111 & 112 Source Maki, F. (1964). Investigations in collective form (No. 2). School of Architecture, Washington University.

Figure 113 - 125: By Da Kuang Figure 126 & 127: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 128: By Da Kuang Figure 129: By Paulina Lizlova Figure 130: By Da Kuang Figure 131: Source https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@46.312849,47.8185079,3a,75y,90t/data=!

3m8!1e2!3m6!1s89719197!2e1!3e10!6s%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fstatic.panoramio. com%2Fphotos%2Fsmall%2F89719197.jpg!7i5184!8i3456

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Appendix

Simulation site

132 GSEducationalVersion

settlements

sediment areas

agricultre field

delta timelines

0 year

5 years

10 years

15 years

20 years

25 years

Figure, simulation for delta growth

133

134

30 years

35 years

40 years

45 years

50 years

55 years

60 years

65 years

70 years

75 years

80 years

85 years

135

136

90 years

95 years

100 years

105 years

110 years

115 years

137