XYZ DIMENSIONS OF SHOCK
MAJOR PROJECT RESEARCH SUMMARY
DIMENSIONS OF SHOCK
MAJOR PROJECT RESEARCH SUMMARY
DIMENSIONS OF SHOCK
PAULO ESTRIGA MA GRAPHIC BRANDING & IDENTITY 2011 LONDON COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION MAJOR PROJECT RESEARCH SUMMARY 3
I began my projecy by turning The Shock Doctrine into 34 pages of handwritten notes looking like the three examples shown. Along with part, chapter and page numbers for my guidance, some inter-page connections are already visible, as well as diagrammatic structures at a very basic level and boxes around several recurrent entities.
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5
I started scanning the notes, cutting them out and grouping then in subjects to be visualised. I then tried sketching out diagrammatic structures from the subjects gathered as I scanned the notes, but I found I needed to have all notes processed and all subjects complete before I started working on the structures. The cutting-out process was not practical for this.
6
7
I chose the subject of the “holy trinity of free market capitalism” to develop first, for its simplicity. I researched Christian symbology and used it as a basis for the structure. I tried to combine the subject of “the four sole roles of the state” with it, and explored structures based on the square and triangle forms.
8
9
Aachen Bold Plain
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Berliner Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!() Braggadocio MT Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Compacta Bold Plain
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Cooper Std Black
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Cresci Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*()
I began to research typefaces to get a feel for how my project should look. At this time I was looking for an 80’s style, something alluding to the dollar bill, something giving the feel of secret/religious societies or a dystopian “1984” look. This spread and the next page show examples of that selection.
10
Data 70 Plain
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%^&*() Eurostile Demi
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Garage Gothic Black
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Garamond Premier Pro Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Hadriano Std Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Helvetica Neue Lt Std 75 Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() LCD Plain
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%^&*() Linotype Killer Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$() 11
MASTERCARD
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!$%&*() Mekanik
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Minimum Anoir
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Napoleon Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() P22 Albers One
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() RETRO BOLD PLAIN
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!$%^&*() SINALOA PLAIN
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!$%&*() Ticket Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*()
12
I replaced the cutting-out process with a table bringing together notes forming subjects, with the corresponding page numbers next to them. The annotations on the table show how I continued refining the project as I built structures for the diagrams.
13
I used the table on the previous page to build structures for all the diagrams. Each of the structures was made with information taken from between one and 18 pages of the book. As I was building them, I would often combine subjects into single diagrams, resulting in the smaller list of structures on the right. This table was the basis for the visual experimentation that followed.
14
15
These are examples of tests I did while trying to further define the structure of some diagrams and their type hyerarchy. I later decided there was little use in this practice and abandoned it completely.
16
17
I researched several books, blogs and websites, and bookmarked graphics that could serve as good examples for my work. The examples on this spread are from David McCandless’s Information is Beautiful. I analysed both on this page for the “Chicago School” graphic on page 38.
18
19
I marked these examples in Diagrams because of their illustrative style, or for how they dissimulate a diagrammatic structure. Both examples above were a big influence for my “Chile� graphic on pages 40-41.
20
21
I marked these graphics in World Diagram Collection for their orginal structure (top), for the more conventional use of a flowchart structure (above) and for their pictorial style (next page).
22
23
I marked these in Data Flow mostly for their use of type and colour. The Virtual Water graphic on the top of next page was also a good influence due to its pictorial style and combination of text and image.
24
25
These examples were taken from Data Flow 2, and by analysing them I developed the vignette and grain treatment of my graphics. I also analysed their use of colour and image and in the case of the bottom two images, their diagramatic structures.
26
These are more examples marked in Data Flow 2, either for their use of image, colour, type, or structure. The example on the top right of the page was an influence for my “Chile� graphic on pages 40-41.
27
I analysed these structures marked in Graphis Diagrams when I tried to create more conventional structures for my graphics about countries in The Shock Doctrine, but it didn’t take me anywhere.
28
These images are from two books which I saw as examples of what not to do. The image on the top is from Richard Saul Wurman’s Understanding USA, an admirable endeavour which is unbearably full of chartjunk. Just about every millimeter is competing for attention and it seems to show a designer marvelled at the justdiscovered possibilities of Photoshop and Illustrator, trying out every feature he could find in those applications (which is worrying, considering it was done in 1999). The images just above are from Barnbrook Design’s The Little Book of Shocking Global Facts, which is absolutely
disastrous. It appears to show a designer trying to jump on the data visualisation bandwagon, without having the slightest knowledge about data visualisation. It has so many graphics that are wrong at so many levels that it’s absolutely shocking the hype that’s been around this book. The photo on the left shows probably one of the worst visualisations I’ve ever seen. The photo on the right however, shows something this book actually got right: the referencing system. I would later consider something similar for my own work, but it ended up not materialising. 29
The images on this spread and on the next are graphics I bookmarked for considering them good examples, whether that’s because of the use of colour, typography, image, form, structure or other. The sources were coolinfographic.com, dailyinfographic. com, infographicsshowcase.com, datavisualization.ch, vimeo.com and youtube.com.
30
31
32
33
Trade Gothic LT Std Condensed No.18
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Bold Condensed No.20
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*()
Through my research, I realised I needed a font with a complete family including condensed and extended versions for versatility. Trade Gothic was one of the strongest contenders (the other was Univers). In the end, I settled on Akzidenz Grotesk (right) as the dominant typeface for my project. I found it to be not only the most harmonious, balanced and versatile of the ones I had shortlisted, but it’s also the font used on the covers of The Shock Doctrine, so consistency with the brand is maintained.
Trade Gothic LT Std Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Light
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Bold No.2
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Extended
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Bold Extended
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() 34
Akzidenz Grotesk BE Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Medium
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Extended Regular
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Extended Medium
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Extended Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Condensed Regular
Akzidenz Grotesk BE Condensed Medium
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*()
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*()
Akzidenz Grotesk BE Condensed Bold
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() 35
PREPARATION
SHOCK 1
READYNESS
FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS
WAR / COUP D’ETAT / TERRORIST ATTACK / NATURAL DISASTER CRISIS
SHOCK 2
SHOCK 1
FEAR AND DISORIENTATION
SHOCK 3
FEAR AND DISORIENTATION
STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY
WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK
POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION
SHOCK 2 RESULT
G H O STLY FA CTO R I E S,
ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY
G
RAS
TR U
CTU R
E, M A S S I N C A R C E R A
RE F
M ARKE T
RTU
TI N
INF
TO
R OT
POPULAR RESISTANCE
DEBT
OR EVE
WEALTH
RYO N E E L S E
FREE
TI O N
SA
ND
SHOCK 3
PREPARATION
POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS
CRISIS
SHOCK 2
SHOCK 1
SHOCK 3
FEAR AND DISORIENTATION
STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY
WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK
POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION
E V E RYB O DY E L
DEBT
TLY
This is the first diagram I designed. It contains data taken from nine pages of The Shock Doctrine. I experimented with colour, form, structure, pictorial styles, visual tone of voice and language. I used vignette, grain and shadow effects to give it a more humanistic, organic look. The images show different stages of development, throughout which I tried to reduce image/text redundancy.
36
TO R
R OT TI N G
I N F R A STR U
CTU R
ING
M ARKE T
I E S,
INK
HOS FA C
S
HR
S E: G
CIVIL
WEALTH
L I B E RTI E S
FREE
EA
ND
PREPARATION
FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS
CRISIS
SHOCK 2
SHOCK 1
SHOCK 3
FEAR AND DISORIENTATION
STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY
WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK
POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION
E V E RYB O DY E L
DEBT
TLY
TO R
R OT TI N G
I N F R A STR U
EA CTU R
ING
M ARKE T
I E S,
INK
HOS
FA C
S
HR
S E: G
CIVIL
WEALTH
L I B E RTI E S
FREE
ND
37
funds Dr Ewen Cameron’s experiments on psychiatric patients 1957–1961
ISOLATION
FORCED SLEEP
ELECTROSHOCKS
DRUGS
Isolation boxes /chambers
Sleep rooms
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
Uppers, downers, hallucinogens
- soundproofed - white noise / rubber earplugs - darkness / dark goggles
- drug-induced sleep 20–22 hrs a day
- six consecutive shocks instead of one for four treatments totalling 24 jolts per patient - later increased up to 360 jolts per patient
- LSD - PCP - chlorpromazine
nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnn - cardboard tubing to prevent patients from touching their bodies - patients in isolation for weeks
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- patients turned every two hours to prevent sores - patients awakened only for meals and toilet - paralysis-inducing Curare drug to prevent escape
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
- barbiturates
PSYCHIC DRIVING
nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
mind depatterned, blank slate ready for rewrite
Pattern - arrests at night or early morning raids for disorientation - detainees hooded, blindfolded, stripped, beaten - intense isolation - drugging
- lower intellectual efficiency - increased openness to suggestion - disorientation - dishinibition - reduction of defences
nnnnnn
- amnesia - loss of space-time image - temporary or permanent regression: - thumb-sucking - fetal position - crying for mothers - mistaking doctors and nurses for parents - forgetting how to walk, talk and eat
these experiments lead to the production of CIA’s interrogation manual in 1963
‘KUBARK’ COUNTER INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION HANDBOOK
nnnnn
nnnnn
- Nembutal - Veronal - Melicone - Thorazine
EFFECTS
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- playing of tape-recorded messages 16–20 hours a day for weeks
- sodium amytal - nitrous oxyde - desoxyn - Seconal
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
used in several countries with Americans as direct interrogators until the 70’s, from then as mentors only
Guatemala Honduras
nnnnn Vietnam
Iran Philippines Chile Uruguay
Honduras
nnn Brazil
nnnnnnn - electroshocks
nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnn
used on ‘enemy combatants’ by the US post 9/11
AFGHANISTAN
USA
GUANTANAMO
IRAQ
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
- isolation up to 30 days - deprivation of light and sound - hood
- LSD/PCP
- hoods - blackout goggles - headphones - isolation for months
US-run prisons: • dark rooms with loudspeakers on every corner • blindfolds and shackles • prisoners put in hot shipping containers without food, water or sleep for 24 hours • detainees put in 4x4ft, 20in deep cells for up to one week • senses blasted by strobe lights and heavy metal music
nnnnnn
nnnnnn nnnnnnnnn
- stripping - exploitation of phobias
- small cells with blocked-out windows - no clock or calendar - shackles - blackout goggles - headphones
nnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn
- contact only with interrogators - senses blasted with lights and pounding sounds during interrogation
In this graphic compiling data from 13 pages of the book, I used a typical flowchart structure but I made the cells look like official documents with added “redactions: to add an emotional level to the visualisation. The “grunge” photocopy 38
nnnnnnn
- senses bombarded by barking dogs, strobe lights, loud music, sounds of babies crying and cats meowing - regression
nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Iraqi-run, US-supervised prisons: • electroshocks • choking • burning with cattle prods
background (just a low-res comp here) is meant to add to that level. It’s one of the few graphics where I felt justified to use a different typeface (American Typewriter Condensed) for added immersion. Detail on the right.
n
1957–1961
FORCED SLEEP
ELECTROSHOCKS
DRUGS
Sleep rooms
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
Uppers, downer
- drug-induced sleep 20–22 hrs a day
- six consecutive shocks instead of one for four treatments totalling 24 jolts per patient - later increased up to 360 jolts per patient
- LSD - PCP - chlorpromazin
nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- patients turned every two hours to prevent sores - patients awakened only for meals and toilet - paralysis-inducing Curare drug to prevent escape
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
- barbiturates
PSYCHIC DRIVING
EFFECTS
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- lower intellect - increased open - disorientation - dishinibition - reduction of de
- playing of tape-recorded messages 16–20 hours a day for weeks
nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
mind depatterned, blank slate ready for rewrite
nnnnnn
- amnesia - loss of space-ti - temporary or p - thumb-sucki - fetal positio - crying for m - mistaking d - forgetting h
ments uction gation 963
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
TION HANDBOOK
s for disorientation d, beaten
used in several countries with Americans as direct interrogators until the 70’s, from then as mentors only
Guatemala Honduras
nnnnn Vietnam
Iran Philippines Chile Uruguay
Honduras
nnn Brazil
39
I designed this graphic as an illustration to compensate for the thinness of data and to allow me to make a partial comment on the subject, thus influencing the viewer.
40
I continued to test colours to achieve the right level between shouting and whispering, and using the grain and vignette effects for an organic feel.
E TH
HOLY TRINIT M
Y
ARKE T.DERE GULATION
S
TAT E.PRIVA TISATION
To design this graphic about the “holy trinity” of free market capitalism, I combined research into Christian symbology (page 8) with research about the design of the dollar bill. I researched typefaces that would give
S
OCIA L.SPEND ING.CUTS
it a religious/masonic feel, but ended up dropping the most display ones and settling on Caslon.
41
POPULAR WITH:
CORPORATIONS NO PROTECCIONISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NO UNIONS • CHEAP WORKFORCE • STEEP PROFITS
1. ECONOMIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHT DISSEMINATED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BASED MOSTLY ON THE IDEAS OF MILTON FRIEDMAN
For this graphic explaining the differences between Chicago School ideology and Keynesianism, I used a “dream” theme to turn the typical flowchart structure into an illustration, trying to make it more appealing to an audience not necessarily interested in the subject. 42
I didn’t use vignette or grain in this diagram because I thought it didn’t need it, and I was more concerned at this time with serving each subject as best as I could, leaving consistency for later. This graphic was made with information from seven pages.
AGAI
INST
POPULAR WITH:
THE PEOPLE
STRONG UNIONS • GOOD SALARIES • FREE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES NARROW RICH–POOR GAP • WEALTH AND LAND DISTRIBUTION PRICE REGULATIONS • PUBLIC JOBS CREATION
2. ECONOMIC THEORY BASED ON THE IDEAS OF JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES AND THE NEW DEAL 3. PREFERRED ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN POST-WAR EUROPE 4. EMERGING ECONOMIC SYSTEM IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS IN THE POST-WAR THIRD WORLD
43
PREPARATION 70% FUNDED BY CIA
COUP CLIMATE CREATED AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, MANY STUDENTS JOIN FASCIST GROUP PATRIA Y LIBERTAD
US TRAINERS INCLUDING FROM THE CIA WHIP MILITARY INTO AN ANTI-COMMUNIST FRENZY
TOP CHILEAN BUSINESS LEADERS MEET IN 1971 TO PLAN REGIME CHANGE
SENT TO ARMY FOR APPROVAL
CHICAGO BOYS RECRUITED TO DESIGN ECONOMIC POLICY – “EL LADRILLO”
COUP 11/9/1973 MADE TO LOOK LIKE A WAR, THOUGH ALL ARMY ON ONE SIDE 24 ROCKETS SHOT INTO PRESIDENTIAL PALACE PRESIDENT SALVADOR ALLENDE COMMITS SUICIDE, GENERAL AUGUSTO PINOCHET ASSUMES POWER 13,500 CIVILIANS ARRESTED IN FOLLOWING DAYS
IMPORTANT PRISONERS TAKEN TO DAWSON ISLAND
4-DAY CARAVAN OF DEATH
THOUSANDS TAKEN TO TWO FOOTBALL STADIUMS – NACIONAL AND CHILE
HELICOPTER MISSION TO PRISONS HOLDING SUBVERSIVES IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES
TORTURE AND EXECUTIONS
EXECUTIONS
SEVERAL CHICAGO BOYS BECOME SENIOR ECONOMIC ADVISERS 1973–1974 PRIVATISATIONS INCLUDING OF SOME BANKS
ECONOMY CONTRACTED 15% IN ONE YEAR
SPECULATIVE FINANCE APPROVED
BORDERS OPEN TO IMPORTS
375% INFLATION HIGHEST IN THE WORLD
SPENDING CUT BY 10% APART FROM MILITARY SPENDING (INCREASED)
BREAD PRICE UP
NEARLY TWICE ALLENDE’S HIGHEST
PRICE CONTROLS ELIMINATED
ALL PROFITS FOR FOREIGN CORPORATIONS AND SPECULATORS (PIRAÑAS)
HUNGER
20% UNEMPLOYMENT (FROM 3% UNDER ALLENDE)
1975 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PROFESSORS MILTON FRIEDMAN AND HAROLD HARTBERGER FLY IN ADVICE: ECONOMIC SHOCK TREATMENT ACHIEVE COMPLETE FREE TRADE
CUT SPENDING BY 25% IN 6 MONTHS
SPENDING CUT BY 27%
1980 SPENDING HALVED
ABOUT 500 COMPANIES PRIVATISED
1982 EXPLODED DEBT
HYPERINFLATION 30% UNEMPLOYMENT
MAJOR DEPRESSION CAUSED BY PIRAÑAS WHO BOUGHT THE COUNTRY’S ASSETS ON BORROWED MONEY AND HAD $14 MILLION DEBTS
BAILOUT NATIONALISATION OF MANY OF THE COMPANIES
MANY CHICAGO BOYS INVESTIGATED FOR FRAUD
CHILE SAVED BY NEVER-PRIVATISED MINING COMPANY CODELCO, WHICH GENERATED 85% OF CHILE’S EXPORT REVENUES
1983 17,700 INDUSTRIAL JOBS LOST
1988 45% BELOW THE POVERTY LINE
INCOME OF 10% RICHEST UP 83% IN 15 YEARS
BY THE END OF PINOCHET’S REIGN PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM REPLACED BY VOUCHERS AND CHARTER SCHOOLS
NO MORE FREE HEALTHCARE
KINDERGARTENS, SOCIAL SECURITY AND CEMETERIES PROIVATISED
3,200 DISAPPEARED OR EXECUTED
80,000 IMPRISONED
20,000 EXILED
I managed to turn a structure which initially looked like the image above into the word “Chile”, dispensing arrows or other navigational aids. Information flows in the same direction as reading, and colours demarcate years. The flag colours along with the inverted star add a semiotic dimension to the graphic (the inverted flag is an international sign of distress, and the exclamation mark means danger). There is a letterpress effect for organicity. Information from 16 pages was used in this graphic.
44
PREPARATIONMEET IN 1971CHICAGO BOYSECONOMIC POLICY TOP CHILEAN BUSINESS LEADERS
FOR COUPTO
LADRILLO” PLANRECRUITED TO“EL HANDED TO
70%REGIME CHANGEPOLICYARMY DESIGN ECONOMIC
FOR APPROVAL
FUNDED BY THE CIA COUP CLIMATE CREATED AT
US TRAINERS
CATHOLIC
INCLUDING FROM
UNIVERSITY
THE CIA
JOIN FASCIST GROUP “PATRIA Y LIBERTAD”
FRENZY
WHIP THE MILITARY INTO AN
MANY STUDENTS
ANTI-COMMUNIST
11 SEPTEMBER
1973
ECONOMIC ADVISERS
PRIVATISATIONS
OF SOME
375%
INFLATION
RATE HIGHEST
IN THE
WORLD NEARLY
TWICE
BANKS HIGHEST SPECULATIVEBORDERS FINANCEOPENED TO APPROVEDIMPORTS
MADE TO LOOK LIKE A
WAR
THOUGH ALL ARMY
24 ON ONE SIDE
PRICE CONTROLS REMOVED
ROCKETS SHOT INTO
PRESIDENTIAL PALACE
PRESIDENT SALVADOR
4-DAY
COMMITS
TO NORTHERN PRISONS
ALLENDE
“CARAVAN OF DEATH” HELICOPTER MISSION
EXECUTING
SUBVERSIVES HELD
THOUSANDS 13,500PRISONERS TAKEN TO TAKEN TO
AUGUSTO PINOCHET ASSUMES
1973 1974 INCLUDING
COUP
SUICIDE GENERAL
SEVERAL
CHICAGO
BOYS BECOME SENIOR
MOST IMPORTANT
CIVILIANS
NATIONAL AND CHILE
DAWSONMANY TORTURED THE FOLLOWING DAYSISLANDAND EXECUTED POWERINARRESTED
STADIUMS
FROM ECONOMY SPENDING CUT BY
10%
EXCEPT FOR MILITARY SPENDING (INCREASED)
ECONOMY
CONTRACTS
15% IN 1 YEAR
ALLENDE’S
BREAD PRICE
UP AND
RISING HUNGER ALL PROFITS FOR
FOREIGN
19 19
CAUSED BY “PIRAÑAS”COMPANIESCHICAGO WHO BOUGHT THE COUNTRY’S ASSETSBAILED OUTBOYS ON BORROWED MONEYTHROUGH
MILTON
1983
FRIEDMAN AND ARNOLD HARBERGER FLY IN TO ADVISE
PINOCHET
ECONOMIC
SHOCK THERAPY
RECOMMENDED SPENDING TO BE
CUT BY
25%
IN 6 MONTHS
MOVE TO COMPLETE
(“PIRAÑAS”)
FREE TRADE CUT BY
AND SPECULATORS
20% UP FROM 3%
UNDER ALLENDE
INVESTIGATED FOR
FRAUD
75 80
UNEMPLOYMENT
CORPORATIONS
MAJOR DEPRESSIONFAILEDSEVERAL
SPENDING ACTUALLY
27%
AND HAD $1.4 MILLION IN DEBTSNATIONALISATION ECONOMY SAVED BY NEVER-PRIVATISED MINING COMPANY CODELCO
RESPONSIBLE FOR
85% OF CHILE’S EXPORT REVENUES
SPENDING
CUT BY
177,000
HALF
1988 1990 INDUSTRIAL JOBS LOST
SINCE THE COUP
NEARLY
500
RICHEST 10% UP
19
THE POVERTY LINESINCE THE COUP
PRIVATISED SINCE THE COUP
82 DEBTHYPER
UNEMPLOYMENT
OUT OF
INCOME OF 45% OF CHILEANS 83%
BELOW
COMPANIES
RATE AT
30%
CONTROLINFLATION
END
NO NO FREE OF PINOCHET’S REIGN
PUBLIC
SCHOOL SYSTEM KINDERGARTENS,
80,0003,200 20,000TOTAL
SOCIAL
SECURITY,TOTAL IMPRISONED AND
CEMETERIES
DISAPPEARED
PRIVATISEDTOTAL EXILEDOR EXECUTED
HEALTHCARE
45
PREPARATION
FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS
CRISIS
FUNDS DR EWEN CAMERON’S EXPERIMENTS ON PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS 1957–1961
SHOCK 2
SHOCK 1
SHOCK 3
FEAR AND DISORIENTATION
STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY
WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK
POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION
ISOLATION
FORCED SLEEP
ELECTROSHOCKS
DRUGS
Isolation boxes /chambers
Sleep rooms
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
Uppers, downers, hallucinogens
- soundproofed - white noise / rubber earplugs - darkness / dark goggles
- drug-induced sleep 20–22 hrs a day
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- six consecutive shocks instead of one for four treatments totalling 24 jolts per patient - later increased up to 360 jolts per patient
- LSD - PCP - chlorpromazine
nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnn - cardboard tubing to prevent patients from touching their bodies - patients in isolation for weeks
FREE
- patients turned every two hours to prevent sores - patients awakened only for meals and toilet - paralysis-inducing Curare drug to prevent escape
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
- barbiturates
PSYCHIC DRIVING
E V E RYB O DY E L
DEBT
MIND DEPATTERNED, BLANK SLATE READY FOR REWRITE
- lower intellectual efficiency - increased openness to suggestion - disorientation - dishinibition - reduction of defences
nnnnnn
- amnesia - loss of space-time image - temporary or permanent regression: - thumb-sucking - fetal position - crying for mothers - mistaking doctors and nurses for parents - forgetting how to walk, talk and eat
THESE EXPERIMENTS LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION OF CIA’S INTERROGATION MANUAL IN 1963
TLY
TO R
R OT TI N G
I N F R A STR U
CTU R
ING
M ARKE T
I E S,
INK
HOS
FA C
S
HR
S E: G
CIVIL
WEALTH
L I B E RTI E S
nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnn
- Nembutal - Veronal - Melicone - Thorazine
EFFECTS
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- playing of tape-recorded messages 16–20 hours a day for weeks
- sodium amytal - nitrous oxyde - desoxyn - Seconal
nnnnn
EA
ND
‘KUBARK’ COUNTER INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION HANDBOOK Pattern - arrests at night or early morning raids for disorientation - detainees hooded, blindfolded, stripped, beaten - intense isolation - drugging
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
USED IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES WITH AMERICANS AS DIRECT INTERROGATORS UNTIL THE 70’S, FROM THEN AS MENTORS ONLY
Guatemala Honduras
nnnnn Vietnam
Iran Philippines Chile Uruguay
Honduras
nnn Brazil
nnnnnnn - electroshocks
nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnn
USED ON ‘ENEMY COMBATANTS’ BY THE US POST 9/11
AFGHANISTAN
USA
GUANTANAMO
IRAQ
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
- isolation up to 30 days - deprivation of light and sound - hood
- LSD/PCP
nnnnnn
- hoods - blackout goggles - headphones - isolation for months
US-run prisons: • dark rooms with loudspeakers on every corner • blindfolds and shackles • prisoners put in hot shipping containers without food, water or sleep for 24 hours • detainees put in 4x4ft, 20in deep cells for up to one week • senses blasted by strobe lights and heavy metal music
nnnnnn nnnnnnnnn
Y TRINITY HOL
- stripping - exploitation of phobias
nnnnnnnn
- small cells with blocked-out windows - no clock or calendar - shackles - blackout goggles - headphones
nnnnnnnnnn
- contact only with interrogators - senses blasted with lights and pounding sounds during interrogation
nnnnnnn
- senses bombarded by barking dogs, strobe lights, loud music, sounds of babies crying and cats meowing - regression
nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Iraqi-run, US-supervised prisons: • electroshocks • choking • burning with cattle prods
M
ARKE T•DERE GULATION
S
O
F
FR
S
OCIAL •SPENDI NG•CUTS
M
TATE •PRIVA TISATION
EE
MARKE T C
L TA A PI
IS
ACCORDING TO MILTON FRIEDMAN
Due to the growing cross-graphic inconsistency, I decided to start addressing the issue by making all graphics work together in greyscale. I found I could make any graphic using only four shades (0% (white), 20%, 50% and 90% black). The absence of 100% black avoided a lot of “shoutiness” due to high contrasts. I reduced the existing six graphics to greyscale, certain that when the time came to add colour again, if the levels of contrast and luminosity were maintained, consistency would also persist. Some tweaking was necessary to make all six graphics work in greyscale. One case was the reduction of graphic detail on the “trinity” and “CIA” graphics. I also temporarily removed all vignette, grain and shadow effects. The images on the next page include an additional version of the “Chile” graphic.
46
NO ROLE IN EDUCATION, WELFARE, HEALTHCARE, HOUSING, INFRASTRUCTURE OR ANY OTHER.
THE 4 ROLES SHOULD ALSO BE OUTSOURCED WHENEVER THEY CAN BE PERFORMED BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR AT A PROFIT.
POPULAR WITH:
POPULAR WITH:
CORPORATIONS NO PROTECCIONISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NO UNIONS • CHEAP WORKFORCE • STEEP PROFITS
1. ECONOMIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHT DISSEMINATED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BASED MOSTLY ON THE IDEAS OF MILTON FRIEDMAN
THE PEOPLE AGAINST
STRONG UNIONS • GOOD SALARIES • FREE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES NARROW RICH–POOR GAP • WEALTH AND LAND DISTRIBUTION PRICE REGULATIONS • PUBLIC JOBS CREATION
2. ECONOMIC THEORY BASED ON THE IDEAS OF JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES AND THE NEW DEAL 3. PREFERRED ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN POST-WAR EUROPE 4. EMERGING ECONOMIC SYSTEM IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS IN THE POST-WAR THIRD WORLD
47
P
EL
Y SHOC LIC K O
S
KS
TROSHOC C E
DEPATTERN MINDS
SOCIETIES
ERASURE OF DISTORTING PATTERNS CAUSED BY HUMAN INTERFERENCE REACH BACK TO A NATURAL STATE MENTAL BALANCE
In this graphic, I replaced arrows with cables to give it a more illustrative feel. The lightning is made from international high voltage signage.
48
PURE CAPITALISM
1953 Iran
CIA-BACKED COUPS (PRE-CHILE)
Developmentalist leader Mohammad Mosaddegh nationalises the oil industry in 1951 CIA and MI6 organise a coup which replaces Mosaddegh with the Shah Brutal repression exerted on political dissidents (arrests, torture and executions)
1954 Guatemala President Guzmán expropriates United Fruit Company’s land with full compensation United Fruit Company lobbies the US government to intervene
1964 Brazil
The CIA funds and organises a coup which leads to the resignation of Guzmán
Developmentalist leader João Goulart, implementer of pro-poor programmes, deposed
Ten years of representative democracy end (Ten Years of Spring), 36 years of civil war ensue
Replaced by General Humberto Castello Branco
Replaced by Suharto
Chicago Boys occupy key economic positions
The CIA compiles a list of 4,500 leading leftists for Suharto and supplies its army
Pro-poor programmes reverted
STUDIED AS MODELS FOR CHILE COUP
1965 Indonesia Developmentalist, proteccionist and wealth-redistributing leader Sukarno deposed
Brazil opened to foreign investment
Leftists are systematically eliminated by Suharto’s soldiers, with reports sent to the CIA
Lack of strong-enough repression allows opposition to regroup
The shock of brutal preemptive repression causes fear and obedience
In 1968 the streets are overrun with antijunta marches, mostly led by students Slowdown of economic policy Democracy shut down, all civil liberties crushed, torture and executions become systematic
HUNDREDS OF CHILEAN STUDENTS PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO PROFESSORS PAID TO TEACH FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHILE
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE
HUNDREDS OF CHILEAN STUDENTS PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO STUDENTS FROM OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ALSO PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO
BRAZIL ARGENTINA
MEXICO
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO PROFESSORS PAID TO TEACH FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHILE
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE
CHILE PROJECT PAID FOR BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND US FOUNDATIONS 1965 EXPANSION PAID FOR BY THE FORD FOUNDATION
STUDENTS FROM OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ALSO PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO
BRAZIL ARGENTINA
MEXICO
HUNDREDS OF CHILEAN STUDENTS PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO PROFESSORS PAID TO TEACH FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHILE
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE
CHILE PROJECT PAID FOR BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND US FOUNDATIONS 1965 EXPANSION PAID FOR BY THE FORD FOUNDATION STUDENTS FROM OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ALSO PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO
BRAZIL ARGENTINA
MEXICO
CHILE PROJECT PAID FOR BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND US FOUNDATIONS 1965 EXPANSION PAID FOR BY THE FORD FOUNDATION
The image at the top shows the only map-based graphic in this stage of experimentation. It’s also the only one for which I had to resort to Wikipedia to complete the information in the book. Below, a graphic where I again investigated image, pictogram detail levels and redundancy. 49
FORD FOUNDATION CREATED IN 1956 WITH DONATIONS FROM THREE FORD MOTOR COMPANY EXECUTIVES, INCLUDING HENRY AND EDSEL FORD
rket indoctrination a m e e r in the ff o r e third fg und
1956 70’s & 80’s
Begins programme at University of California training students who will help depose Sukarno and lead the Indonesian economy:
BERKELEY MAFIA
1965
Funds expansion of Chile Project to students from the rest of Latin America, some of whom will come to hold top economic jobs in the Juntas of Chile and Argentina, and in other Latin American governments:
CHIGAGO BOYS
le a d i n
This is one of the least successful graphics. I couldn’t really find anything that would give me a visual theme so I gave it an almost editorial-like treatment, as if for a newspaper or magazine page. 50
lead in
an rights activism i n of hum the t h nder ird g fu
ow rld
HAS FORD FAMILY MEMBERS ON THE BOARD UNTIL 1976
Spends $30 million on human rights work in Latin America, backing groups like Chile’s Peace Committee and US-based Americas Watch
Funds a new generation of lawyers dedicated to freeing political prisoners in Latin American dictatorships Helps persuade the US Congress to cut funding to Chile’s and Argentina’s Juntas
ld wor
HOLDS FORD MOTOR COMPANY STOCK UNTIL 1974
Supplied to the Argentine Junta’s police by Ford Motor Company. Used for hundreds of kidnappings and disappearances.
We took out a celebratory newspaper ad in 1977 aligning ourselves with the Argentine Junta
We collaborated with the Argentine Junta to rid our assembly lines of 25 unionists, tortured in our own factories
In Brazil, we funded the Bandeirantes torture squad, along with General Motors and other corporations
We had our debts paid by the Argentine taxpayer as part of a $15–$20 billion bailout right before the dictatorship collapsed, and continued to own our assets and profits.
For this one, I researched Argentine Ford advertising of the era and wrote the text in first person to allude more to advertising language. The flowchart lines at the bottom feel unnecessary and forced. The image was made from a photo of a correct model car (and correct production year). 51
Supplied Pinochet with a caravan of golden bulletproof cars
Supplied the details of 16 union leaders to the Argentine Junta’s military, 14 disappeared forever
For these graphics, I experimented with letting the logos be the form-finding factors. Not very successful.
52
Bailed out with public money by the Argentine Junta right before the dictatorship collapsed
VÍCTOR JARA COMMUNIST SINGER-SONGWRITER, SANG ABOUT LOVE, PEACE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
VÍCTOR JARA COMMUNIST SINGER-SONGWRITER WHO SANG ABOUT LOVE, PEACE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
TAKEN TO CHILE STADIUM THE MORNING AFTER THE COUP REPEATEDLY TORTURED BY PINOCHET’S SOLDIERS, WHO ALSO BROKE HIS HANDS SO HE WOULD NEVER PLAY GUITAR AGAIN SHOT IN THE HEAD BY AN OFFICER IN A ONE-SIDED GAME OF RUSSIAN ROULETTE FURTHER SHOT WITH 43 MACHINE GUN ROUNDS BY TWO OTHER SOLDIERS DEAD BODY DUMPED IN A SHANTY TOWN
TAKEN TO CHILE STADIUM THE MORNING AFTER THE COUP REPEATEDLY TORTURED BY PINOCHET’S SOLDIERS, WHO ALSO BROKE HIS HANDS SO HE WOULDN’T PLAY GUITAR AGAIN SHOT IN THE HEAD BY AN OFFICER IN A ONE-SIDED GAME OF RUSSIAN ROULETTE FURTHER SHOT WITH 43 MACHINE GUN ROUNDS BY TWO OTHER SOLDIERS DEAD BODY DUMPED IN A SHANTY TOWN – ALL IN THE NAME OF CORPORATE PROFITS
With the top graphics, I tried two versions with different visual tones of voice. The one on the right is the only graphic in which I make a personal comment by text.
IN THE NAME OF CORPORATE PROFITS
On the bottom graphic, I experimented again with the same process that led to the “Chile” graphic, but forming the flag of Argentina with the data instead of a word.
53
FOR ABLE UNR EL I
AT T EFFEC AND ER T POP CONT ROR IVE ULA ROL ISIN TION LING G S
S ION T A OG E RR
INT
TORTURE THE WHOLE POINT OF
1979
1982
THATCHER’S COUNCIL HOUSING DIVIDE & CONQUER STRATEGY
COUNCIL TENANTS DON’T VOTE TORY
IN 1979 INCENTIVES GIVEN FOR COUNCIL TENANTS TO BUY THEIR HOMES AT REDUCED RATES
x2
THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT BECOME HOMEOWNERS
THOSE WHO CAN’T AFFORD IT SEE THEIR RENTS DOUBLE
MORE THAN HALF CHANGE PARTY AFFILIATION TO TORIES
MANY THAT CAN’T AFFORD THE NEW RENTS BECOME HOMELESS
MORE TORY VOTES
AT THE EXPENSE OF...
INCREASED HOMELESSNESS
In the “Torture” graphic at the top, I again used a completely illustrative approach to make a data-thin graphic work. On the “Thatcher housing” graphic, I disguised the structure in the illustration, and on the “UK” graphic I tried a more standard diagram.
54
25 ki
Doubled unemployment and inflation
Argentina invades Flaklands
Margaret Thatcher elected UK Prime Minister PM’s approval rating = 25%, Government’s approval rating = 18%
British counterinvasion “Operation Corporate”
65 Ar ki
1983
1985
Violent police repression
55 British illed
55 rgentinians illed
1984
Mine closures
Miners strike
MI5 British victory, nationalist wave takes hold of the country
Thatcher wins reelection and support for corporatist revolution
FOR SA
LE
Secret service infiltration and bugging of unionists
Major blow for unionist movement
Miners defeated
FOR SALE LE FOR SA FOR SALE Major leap forward towards even more privatisations
Privatisations
55
GBR
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
G
These images show the initial stages of development of the XYZ concept. The first image shows the first grid accounting for the necessary dividers. At the time I was planning to have dividers at the bottom for references and country names, however I gave up that idea to
56
simplify the concept. I also wanted the viewer to be able to browse through each book, so having a bottom edge clear of dividers was important. The black is for visualisation purposes, as the likely colour for the covers was black.
This page shows experiments on text emphasis and on the problem of punctuation affecting line spacing. I tried to avoid commas where possible and replace them with rules between connected events. For the sake of speed, I decided to adjust lines left and right in absolute terms, not accounting for optical adjustments, same going for top and bottom of curved letters. Also, any inevitable punctuation stays within the square, and I had to increase the scale of numbers when they were on the same line as letters (in Akzidenz Grotesk, numbers are slightly shorter than letters for balance with lowercase, as seen below).
X7X7X7 57
X
Y
Z
To follow each country’s shock process Place books side by side, start on a country divider on the left and follow the arrows to the next book. START
XY Z
X
Y
Z
Use the navigation section at the top of each page to situate yourself within each country’s journey through the three dimensions of shock. X
Y
Z
To browse and compare all occurrences within the same shock dimension Cycle through the pages of each book individually, across countries.
Z 04
CHILE
END
BOLIVIA Y41
The top left image shows an option which I considered, but abandoned for the navigation section. I believe it was more intuitive in terms of positions, but harder to read due to the high numbers of pages in some countries. Below that, a page of instructions I decided became unnecessary as I developed the project. Just above these lines, the end pages of countries’ journeys. The bottom image is the final form, consistent with the design of the navigation section. Page numbers are placed left, centre or right depending on whether they are in the X, Y or Z book, for added situational aid. Above right are examples of the countries’ start pages. I abandoned the top map in favour of one consistent with the current design. I built that map myself to have circle size and spacing equal to the navigation section. 58
X
Y
Z
ARRESTS X
Y
Z
X11
CHILE
CHILE X11 X
Y
IRAQ
IRAQ Z34
PRIVATISATIONS CHILE Y 04 CHILE Y13 CHILE Y 21 ARGENTINA Y 26 UNITED KINGDOM Y 32 UNITED KINGDOM Z12 RUSSIA Y46 RUSSIA Y 50 RUSSIA Y 51 RUSSIA Y 52 RUSSIA Y 53 IRAQ Y 59 SRI LANKA Y 74
Y02
DEREGULATION CHILE Y 05 ARGENTINA Y 24 ARGENTINA Y 25 ARGENTINA Y 26 BOLIVIA Y 35 BOLIVIA Y 36 RUSSIA Y46 IRAQ Y49 IRAQ Y 60 IRAQ Y 61 IRAQ Y 62 IRAQ Y 63 IRAQ Y 64 IRAQ Y 72
X
Z
Y
X
Z
Z 02
CHILE
CHILE Z02 X
Z 34
Y
Z
IRAQ
IRAQ Z41
Z
Y
Z
IRAQ
IRAQ Z47
STADIUMS AS PRISONS
TORTURE
RUSSIA Z27
RUSSIA Z27 IRAQ Z30 IRAQ Z35 IRAQ Z36 IRAQ Z37 IRAQ Z38
SPENDING CUTS CHILE Y 02 CHILE Y 06 CHILE Y12 CHILE Y 21 BOLIVIA Y 34 BOLIVIA Y 35 IRAQ Y 67
X
Z15
BOLIVIA
BOLIVIA Z15 X
Z 41
Y
Y
BOLIVIA
BOLIVIA Z16
Z
Z16
Z 47
IRAQ Z39 IRAQ Z40 IRAQ Z42 IRAQ Z43 IRAQ Z44 IRAQ Z46
Y49
DEREGULATION CHILE Y 02 CHILE Y 05 ARGENTINA Y 24 ARGENTINA Y 25 ARGENTINA Y 26 BOLIVIA Y 35 BOLIVIA Y 36 RUSSIA Y46 IRAQ Y 60 IRAQ Y 61 IRAQ Y 62 IRAQ Y 63 IRAQ Y 64 IRAQ Y 72
SPENDING CUTS CHILE Y 06 CHILE Y12 CHILE Y 21 BOLIVIA Y 34 BOLIVIA Y 35 RUSSIA Y49 IRAQ Y 67
The first image shows the chosen style for the arrows. Letters are no longer needed because I made all corresponding in- and out- arrows adjacent in height across books. This arrow was made from an Akzidenz Grotesk Bold Condensed uppercase “I” for consistency. The remaining pages show how I started by trying to
have thumbnails on the reference pages, but gave up because of the high number of references in some of them and because of how much they distracted from the main page. The end result places references left, centre or right depending on whether they point to the X, Y or Z book. 59
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
“When we look at how this economic model has been implemented around the world, it’s often accompanied by three forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readies the ground,
the second is the economic shock therapy, which is the medicine that societies in crisis are told they have to swallow,
Z 03
CHILE
These images show studies for the design of the dividers and arrows. They also show the first form of the initial cross-book sentence.
X
Y
Z
“When we look at how this economic model has been implemented around the world, it’s often accompanied by three forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readies the ground,
60
X
Y
Z
the second is the economic shock therapy, which is the medicine that societies in crisis are told they have to swallow,
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
“When we look at how this economic model has been implemented around the world, it’s often accompanied by three forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readies the ground,
the second is the economic shock therapy, which is the medicine that societies in crisis are told they have to swallow,
X
X
Y
Z
Y
Z
“When we look at how this economic model has been implemented around the world, it’s often accompanied by three forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readies the ground,
the second is the economic shock therapy, which is the medicine that societies in crisis are told they have to swallow,
X
X
Y
Z
“When we look at how this economic model has been implemented around the world, it’s often accompanied by three forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readies the ground,
X
Y
Z X
Y
Z
X
Y
“When we look at and the third is the the second is the how this economic shock of repression, economic shock model has been when people resist therapy, which is implemented around those measures.” the medicine that societies in crisis the world, it’s often are told they have accompanied by three to swallow, forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readiesNaomi Klein at Occupy Wall Street the ground, 6 October 2011
X
Y
Z
and the third is the shock of repression, when people resist those measures.”
Naomi Klein at Occupy Wall Street 6 October 2011
Y
Z
the second is the economic shock therapy, which is the medicine that societies in crisis are told they have to swallow,
Z
X
Y
Z
and the third is the shock of repression, when people resist those measures.”
Naomi Klein at Occupy Wall Street 6 October 2011
61
X
Y
Z
“When we look at how this economic model has been implemented around the world, it’s often accompanied by three forms of shock: one is the shock of the crisis that readies the ground,
Here is the final design of the arrows, same as initially planned but cut out of the dividers instead of white. The sentence is now designed to have the highlighted words in one line, sticking out of the column. On the X book, those words align left, on the Y book they align centre, and on the Z book they align right, for an additional reference to the concept of the three-book-shaped diagram and its navigation.
62
X
Y
the secon economic sh which is th medicine t societies i are told th have to sw
Z
nd is the hock therapy, he that in crisis hey wallow,
X
Y
Z
and the third is the shock of repression, when people resist those measures.�
Naomi Klein at Occupy Wall Street 6 October 2011
63