VELODROME
TRACK CYCLING STADIUM, LUCKNOW
Pawan kumar Mishra A/2553/2013 5th YEAR B.Arch
Design Guides : Prof. M. L. Bahri, Prof. Rahoul B. Singh Research Guide : Prof. Rahoul B. Singh
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CANDIDATE DECLARATION 06 June, 2019
The thesis titled Track cycling Velodrome, Lucknow has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, India under the supervision of Ar. Rahoul B. Singh & Prof. Motilal Bahri (Design Guides) and Ar. Rahoul B. Singh (Research Guide). The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Further-more this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.
Pawan Kumar Mishra A/2553/2013 Section B
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CERTIFICATE
06 June, 2019 We certify that the Thesis titled indoor track cycling Velodrome by Pawan Kumar Mishra roll no A/2553/2013 was guided by us in January – May 2019 and placed in front of the Jury by the candidate on 16 – 17th May 2019. On completion of the report in all respects, including the last chapter, by the candidate and based on the declaration by the candidate hereinabove, we forward the report to the Department to be placed in the library of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.
Prof. Motilal Bahri (Design Guide)
Ar. Rahoul B. Singh (Design Guide, Research guide)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank the following people: Ar. Rahoul B. Singh, Prof. Motilal Bahri, and Ar. Shiriesh Malpani for their valuable design and technology crits and valuable inputs on research, and making this report possible. Subhi, Chaitanya, Priyanka, Dev, Abhay, Sumit, Arjun, Rishav from the SPA family for their help in discusssions, presentation, sheets and model. Ar. Abhin Alimchandani, Director at STUP Consultants and Ar. Vivek Pathak, Principal Architect at STUP Consultants, Delhi, for sharing information and responding patiently to my queries about Yamuna Velodrome, New Delhi, in person, and Ar. Binoy Samanta for coordinating. Mr. Navneet Singh, Anti-Doping Team member / Liaison Officer of Foreign Teams at Asian track cycling Championship, 2018 (Yamuna Velodrome), for sharing doping procedure. Mr. Parminder Singh Dheendhsa, President, Cycling Federation of India (CFI), for interaction regarding the conduct of Asian Track Cycling Championship 2018. Ms. Rajat, and Ms. Kavita, Indian team track cyclists, for sharing their humbling experiences in the discipline of track cycling.
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सारांश ट्रैक साइक्लिंग साइकिल चलाने के तीन विषयों में से एक है जिसमें सीएफआई राष्ट्रीय चैंपियनशिप आयोजित करता है। राष्ट्रीय स्तर के प्रशिक्षण के लिए, साथ ही साथ राष्ट्रीय ट्रैक घटनाओं के आयोजन के लिए एक स्थान प्रदान करने की आवश्यकता है, विशेषकर चूंकि भारत एक टीम के रूप में, अंतर्राष्ट्रीय ट्रैक घटनाओं में बेहतर प्रदर्शन करने के लिए अपने प्रशिक्षण को फिर से शुरू कर रहा है। लखनऊ, बड़ी संख्या में साइकिल चालकों के पास अप्रयुक्त क्षमता के रूप में, एक आदर्श स्थान है। अपने मुख्य निर्मित घटक के रूप में इंडोर वेलोड्रोम (ट्रैक साइक्लिंग क्षेत्र) के साथ वेलोड्रोम, का उद्देश्य पेशेवर और मनोरंजक साइकिलिंग दुनिया को एक साथ लाना है, इस प्रकार दोनों को समृद्ध करना है। साइकिल वास्तुकला, समावेशी गतिशीलता और साइकिल चालक पहचान की अवधारणाओं की खोज करते हुए अनुसंधान एक खेल के रूप में साइकिल चलाने के संगठन और एक वेलोड्रम के तकनीकी पहलुओं पर केंद्रित है। मिश्रित उपयोग और सामुदायिक कार्यों के साथ केस स्टडी को चुना जाता है। क्षेत्र का कार्यक्रम सीएफआई (साइक्लिंग फेडरेशन ऑफ इंडिया), भारतीय ट्रैक साइकिल चालकों, और यमुना वेलोड्रोम के प्राथमिक अवलोकन, जो भारत में एकमात्र इनडोर वेलोड्रोम है, के साथ व्यक्तिगत बातचीत द्वारा व्युत्पन्न है, जबकि यूसीआई (यूनियन साइक्लिस्ट इंटरनेशनेल) ट्रैक डिजाइन के लिए दिशानिर्देशों का पालन करता है। वेलोड्रोम की व्यवहार्यता बनाए रखने के लिए स्थानीय और शहर स्तर के राजस्व जन सुविधाओं को शामिल करना शामिल है। डिजाइन का उद्देश्य जनता को ट्रैक साइकलिंग के पेशेवर दायरे के साथ बातचीत करना है, अन्यथा इस गूढ़ अनुशासन में, और साइट के स्तर पर साइकिल को बेहतर गतिशीलता, स्थिरता और भलाई के प्रतीक के रूप में बढ़ावा देना है।
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SYNOPSIS Track cycling is one of the three disciplines of cycling in which CFI conducts National Championships. There is a need to provide for national level training, as well as a venue for conducting national track events , especially since India as a team, is revamping its training to perform better at International track events. Lucknow, with large number of cyclists as untapped potential, is an ideal location. The velodrome, With an Indoor velodrome (track cycling arena) as its main built component aims to bring together the professional and recreational cycling worlds, thus enriching both. The research focuses on the organisation of cycling as a sport, and technical aspects of a velodrome, while exploring concepts of bicycle architecture, inclusive mobility, and cyclist identities. Case studies with mixed use and community functions are chosen. The area program is derived by personal interactions with CFI (Cycling Federation of India), Indian Track Cyclists, and primary observation of Yamuna Velodrome, the only indoor velodrome in India, while following UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale) guidelines for track design. There is an incorporation of local and city level revenue generating public facilities to maintain the feasibility of the velodrome. The design aims to let the public interact with the professional realm of track cycling, in this otherwise esoteric discipline, and at the site level aims to promote cycling as a symbol of better mobility, sustainability and wellbeing.
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Table of Contents Thesis Overview 8 Proposition Present Scenario Why Velodrome Stadium Areas of researchs Inferences Introduction Proposition Areas of Research Scope and Nature of project
Area of Research 15 Viewing angles and sightlines ‘C’ value Seat Fixing, types and details Other Facilities egress from stadiumNormal egress Emergency egress Entrances and exits Lighting systems Case Study 27 Yamuna Velodrome London Velodrome Community Velodrome, Edmonton, Canada Penelolen Velodrome, Chile Yamuna Velodrome London Velodrome
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Site Analysis 39 Precinct Site Connectivity Site Photographs Sun Path Analysis Other Factors Precinct Context Plan With Land use Site and connectivity Site Site Photographs SUN PATH ANALYSIS Climatic Data Charts AREA PROGRAM 49 Admin Media Athletes Other Factors Spectators VIP/CIP cumulative Relationship Diagram TECHNOLOGY 65 type of Structures Sustainability Services track Specifications Structure Sustainability The Cycle Track Long span Structure Form of Curvature Services
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Special Features in Yamuna Velodrome: Fire fighting Natural Lighting DESIGN TRANSLATION 79 Concept stage Design Stage 1 Design Stage 2 Design Stage 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101
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Thesis Overview Proposition Present Scenario Why Velodrome Stadium Areas of researchs Inferences
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Introduction Sport employs millions of people worldwide and provides safe and satisfying entertainment to billions of people. Everyone needs some form of entertainment to keep them productive, and sport provides that and keeps people fit, alleviate stress and helps them be a part of a social group. In India, cycling has been the most friendly mode of transportation in rural and urban both areas. Cycling has been popular in India and healthy citizens and developing a sporting culture in the country can really change the way we can move towards non motorised mode of transport and pollution free environmnet, hence these kind of infrastructure will introduce the different dimension of cycling. A child life starts with a cycle, two wheeled & tri – wheeled, hence, it may be mentioned that the cycling activity starts in the beginning of childhood and it becomes a sport at 10-12 years of age, Hence, by introducing cycling as a sports and culture in the children and youths will encourage cycling as an efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances.
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Project would be the sociological idea of inclusivity and interaction, by involving people of different degrees of proficiency, from professionals to people looking for recreation. Interaction between these groups of people will be beneficial in spreading the idea of wellbeing though cycling, especially valid in urban areas where the only connection we have with the outdoors are the noisy, hectic roads, and where cyclists may be discouraged because of motorised vehicles. There will be different zones in site to cater different crowds at different time by providing seperate cycle trails and activities to cater each section of society. Figures below show the popularity graph of cycle in everyday life of Indian society, hence we have have an opportunity to untap the amount of talent which exists already.
Proposition The study attempts to design an International Velodrome (indoor cycling arena) stadium that will be one of the vendors for the bidding of the national games in the year2024), in the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh with an urban setting and Kukrail forest reserve adjacent to site. So, one of the challenges is to design a large public spaces and activities without destroying the life of the place, while emerging as a unique and discrete relationship of speed, time, and precision driven Velodrome. In the United states, a national football league stadium, which holds maximum of 12 games in a season sits empty 96% of the year. A major league basetball stadium, a major league soccer stadium can go 95 % empty. For comparison, a premier league ground in England is empty roughly 94% of the year. These number only include day of games, not other activities. So that taxpayers who pay for the public buildings, would not want to spend their money in some stadium where they never set foot in, hence we need to design our stadiums which will not go vacant and that can be achieved by inviting locals and providing some recreational facilities for common man, other than just for athletes.
All velodromes are essentially oval in shape, with straight sections linked by two curved end sections. Bicycle track races are always run in a counter clockwise direction, so all turns are to the left. The turns on a velodrome are usually “banked,” or constructed at an angle, and the banking on some of the shorter tracks can reach such incredible angles that it would seem impossible for anyone to ride a bike on them. The centrifugal force generated by the rider’s speed, however, usually keeps them firmly glued to the track’s surface no matter how steep the banking may be. The oval tracks used for bivcycle track racing are called velodromes (VELo-dromes). They can be found indoors or outdoors, with surfaces of wood boards, plywood, concrete, asphalt, aluminium, and occasionally grass or dirt. There is no standard for velodrome length in any cycling governing bodies’ rules, so they vary in length from 100 to 500 meters (or more) with 250, 333.3 and 400 meters being the most common.
The aim is to integrate the large-scale sports complex into a cityscape which can thus evolve positively whilst respecting the skyline and image of Lucknow and the surrounding places. Areas of Research 1. Velodrome standards 2. Crowd Controlv 3. Form and Structure 4. Built in flexibility 5. Stadium facilities 6. Stadium Services
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Client Government of Uttar Pradesh Site 12 hectares lying adjacent to kukrail forest reserve and is connected to city via kursi road. Location Site sits into Guru Govind Singh sports college campus. Present scenario India is not par on international level performance as compared to its size, scale and population in newer kind of sports, we have the kind of skills require but we lack in good infrastructure to sustain all kind of training and better equipment. Also, we as a society lack interest in sporting activities, therefore it is necessary to improve the quality of living, both mentally and physically. A purpose-built track can also benefit user groups not currently involved in organised cycling. A project to enable schools to adopt track cycling as an optional sport would involve county or borough education departments, which could be of value to the community and augur well for the future of the venue. Scope and Nature of project The area of cycling is very vast and includes groups such as competitive cyclists, cycle tourers, BMX (bicycle motocross riders), recreational cyclists, captive cyclists, people learning to cycle etc. The CFI (Cycling Federation of India) under the SAI (Sports authority of India) organises National Games every year in the discipline of cycling in the following categories: 1. Road Cycling 2. Mountain cycling 3. Track Cycling
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Apart from this, non-govt, open events are also organised throughout the country in these disciplines, as well as BMX. While road cycling events take place on the city’s roads with traffic control, Track events need a special arena. The scope of my project is limited to track cycling for professionals and competitive national trainees, with a provision of a UCI certified BMX track, along with a public cycle park that caters to recreational cyclists. Hence the arena will host National and State level Track cycling events, as well as train and host National track cyclists, apart from being a sub city-level public space. MIXED USE: The Masterplan Delhi allows 20% floor area for Commercial activity in Sports stadia, and with the trends in newer Velodrome/ stadium projects around the world, it is more feasible to develop velodromes as community facilities where public use plays a major role, as against velodromes being only developed for a particular sporting event for elite cyclists and spectators once in a year. MULTI-CYCLING: Added to this is the concept of multi-use within the discipline of cycling. To be called a cycling hub, or a multi facility cycling complex (according to the aims and objectives mentioned above), there should be a provision for at least three different kinds of cycling disciplines that maybe chosen from the following: As cycling is an upcoming sport in the region, and considering the brief history of cycling events in the region the three disciplines chosen are: Track cycling, Road cycling (Criterium events), and BMX (Bicycle Motocross). Recreational cycling, however, is immensely popular in the surrounding residential areas, especially with young children. Hence the open cycle park will be a major component. Public retail (Mercantile) and Hostel facilities form the mixed use component of the stadium, along with pay-and use skate-park and BMX Track.
WHY BUILD A VELODROME? Cycling is an upcoming sport in India, Track cycling being one of the three kinds of events in formal competitive cycling: Road, Mountain, and Track cycling. Currently there is just one covered Velodrome in India, at IG stadium, which has been host to the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2013 Asian Track cycling recently. There are 13 other outdoor concrete tracks in India. India does have a presence in the sport, both men and women, with international cyclists hailing from Punjab, Haryana, North-east states, and some southern states like Kerala and Karnataka. Trainees should be able to use the facility and stay in hostels provided. Apart from encouraging sportspersons, more people would be encouraged to take up cycling for other reasons, just by being in vicinity of a cycling hub. Uttar Pradesh government proposed a track cycling indoor stadium in 2009 to boost the culture of cycling amongst young generation of lucknow. The Yamuna Velodrome in Delhi is now declared a UCI Satellite Centre, and is training Indian Track cyclists for the 2020 Olympic Qualifiers.
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Area of Research PART A : VIEWING ANGLES AND SIGHTLINES ‘C’ VALUE SEAT FIXING, TYPES AND DETAILS OTHER FACILITIES EGRESS FROM STADIUMNORMAL EGRESS EMERGENCY EGRESS ENTRANCES AND EXITS LIGHTING SYSTEMS PART B : ORGANISATION OF CYCLING AS A SPORT VELODROMES AND THEIR VIABILITY TODAY BICYCLE ARCHITECTURE AND INCLUSIVE MOBILITY
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Viewing angles and sightlines
Optimum viewing distance
We have now evolved a schematic diagram of the proposed viewing areas which hopefully satisfies three criteria: • The spectator areas are large enough to accommodate the required number of viewers. • All spectators are as close to the action as possible,and maximum viewing distances have been kept within defined limits. • Most spectators (including those who are disabled) are located in their preferred viewing positions in relation to the playing field. The next step is to convert these diagrammatic plans into three-dimensional stand designs with satisfactory ‘sightlines’. The term ‘sightline’ refers to the spectator’s ability to see the nearest point of interest on the playing field (the ‘point of focus’) comfortably over the heads of the people in front. In other words it refers to a height, not a distance.
Calculation of maximum viewing distance is based on the fact that the human eye finds it difficult to perceive anything clearly that subtends an angle of less than about 0.4 degrees – particularly if the object is moving rapidly. In the case of a rugby ball, which is approximately 250 mm in diameter, or a football, the calculation sets the preferred viewing distance at no more than 150 m between the extreme corner of the field and spectator’s eye, with an absolute maximum of 190 m. In the case of a tennis ball, which is only 75 mm in diameter, the preferred maximum distance reduces to around 30 m.
It implies that in a velodrome, to watch a cyclist viewwing distance will be always more than 90 mt from the center. Decide a suitable ‘C’ value ‘C’ value is the assumed distance between the sightline to the playing area (or activity area), and the centre of the eye of the spectator below ,In general 150mm would be an excellent design value, 120mm very good, and 90mm reasonable. 60mm is generally regarded as an absolute minimum for most situations, with spectators able to see mostly between the heads of the people in front. or by craning their necks. For new design a ‘C’ value 20
Quality of vision is improved by increasing the heights of seats above pitch level; and by bringing the seats closer to the pitch (point of focus).
Tread, Riser Detail
Seat Fixing and types
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there are many factors to be considered before coming to a decision. These include: • The maximum numbers of seats in a row allowed by national regulations. In the UK the maximum is 28. • Police and stewards may be required to physically remove a spectator. The greater the likelihood of unruliness in the crowd, the more important a wide seatway becomes. • First-aid personnel may be required to carry out a spectator who is unwell. • During winter spectators wear large over-coats. Stadia likely to be in use during very cold weather may therefore need larger seatways than those in localities where the weather is always warm. • Cleaners may have to move along the rows, often with large garbage sacks. • Wider seatways allow spectators to get out and buy from the concessions more easily. Typical seat configuration in stadium construction
Hence we require 50 seats for wheelchair and 10 to 15 rows in seating configuration
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Private Viewing and facilities
Range of viewing standards that might be provided in a stadium
Typical Restaurant layout 23
Overall design for outward movement Normal egress from stadium This layout should follow the same pattern as the branching of a tree. Tracing the route back from the individual seat to the exit gate, one may say that the individual twigs lead to small branches, which lead to larger branches, which lead ultimately to the trunk which is the public road. The twigs or smaller branches should never be connected directly to the trunk as this may cause the flow on the branchline to hesitate, causing congestion and aggravation and (if the stadium is being emptied in conditions of emergency) serious risk. Emergency egress from stadium the escape time from any seat, in all new stadia constructed of concrete and steel, must be no more than eight minutes. Timed exit analysis This is a step-by-step computation of the time it takes spectators to move from their nearest vomitory(the journey from seat to vomitory being ignoredfor the purposes of this calculation) to a place of permanentsafety. It proceeds as follows: 1. Assume that spectators move along the level floors and ramps at 150m per minute, and downstairways at 30m per minute. Further assume that 40 people per minute can pass through one ‘exit width’ (600mm for corridors and also for doorways, gates, etc.). 2. Calculate widths of all passages and doorways or gateways along these routes in units of 600mm (i.e. a passage that is 600mm wide is ‘one unit exit width’, one that is 1200mm wide is ‘two exit unit widths’). Now check that the total number of spectators seated or standing in a particular section can actually exit in the time calculated above, and if they cannot then widths must be increased. 3. Repeat the above ‘distance’ and ‘width’ calculations for each subdivision of the stadium, so that no spectator seating or standing area has been missed out, and revise the stadium layout if necessary until the entire stadium complies with safety requirements. 24
Average unobstructed walking on staircase 30 m per minute (1.8 km/h). Spacing between people is 0.75 m.
Entrances and exits
Lighting systems
Gates and turnstiles Gates are cheap, and an open gate of a metre’swidth can permit the passage of approximately4000 spectators per hour; but they are a relatively unsophisticated form of control apparatus. Turnstilesare expensive and will allow only 500 to 750 spectatorsper hour to pass, but they offer the stadiummanagement several advantages: • They automatically count the number of spectators. • They check tickets more precisely and more reliablythan a human attendant could do, and canautomatically exclude ticket-holders from areas they should not enter.
Daylighting : can be achieved through applying
Horizontal circulation elements Spectators should be able to move from theentrances to their seats fast enough to allow thestadium to be filled in a reasonable period (say, two hours), and in the reverse direction they must be allowed to escape in a very much shorter period in case of emergency.
If a stadium is to achieve its full potential use and be operated at night or late afternoon a comprehensive lighting system is essential. Two main types of illumination are needed: • Lighting of passageways and escape routes so that spectators can enter and leave the stadium safely. • Lighting the play area so that players and spectators can see the action clearly and without strain. It may be necessary also to illuminate the venue for television cameras, in which case the requirements become more stringent. Both safety and pitch lighting are required together, since one without the other would be redundant; the only exceptions being: • Night-time concerts using their own stage lightingsystems fed from a power supply on the grounds (which is common practice); or
Vertical circulation elements Stairs they have the disadvantage of being arguably more dangerous than ramps in an emergency situation. They should be planned in pairs if at all possible, the two stairs preferably sharing a common landing so that there is always an alternative route available should one of the stairs become blocked. Maximum gradients will depend on the local buildingregulations, which must be consulted, but would normally be around 33 degrees. Within the prescribed limits a steep angle is actually an advantage as it allows a fast descent and rapid emptying of the stadium. Ramps Maximum gradient will be determined by the local building regulations, but should in the authors’ view not exceed 1:12. Minimum width will be determined by the calculation.
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ORGANISATION OF CYCLING AS A SPORT ORGANISATION OF CYCLING AS A SPORT VELODROMES AND THEIR VIABILITY TODAY BICYCLE ARCHITECTURE AND INCLUSIVE MOBILITY
GOVERNING BODIES The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is the world governing body for the sport of cycling recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The UCI was founded in Paris in 1900, and its headquarters are now located at the UCI’s World Cycling Centre in Aigle, Switzerland. <http://www.uci.ch/ inside-uci/about/> Affiliated to the UCI, are national federations, the Indian counterpart being: CFI (Cycing federation of India) Some disciplines in the field of competitive cycling are as follows: Disciplines / categories: road track mountain bike cyclo-cross BMX BMX Freestyle trials cycle-ball artistic cycling para-cycling Among these disciplines, the CFI conducts National Championships in Road, Track and Mountain cycling. This project will cater to the national championships in TRACK cycling, which requires a Velodrome. BMX (Bicycle motocross) is another upcoming discipline, which will be provided for, in the project. The CFI is a Non-Governmental National Association, recognised by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, with non-profit making purposes of National interest related to the discipline of cycling. Its objectives are:
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To direct, develop, regulate, and control the cycling discipline under all forms countrywide. To promote cycling in all states of India and at all levels. To conduct National and Interstate Championships. To represent the sport of cycling and defend its interests before the Indian Olympic Association, Asian Cycling Confederation, and Union Cycliste International. SOURCE: CFI Constitiution, 2003 There are 24 affiliated state units, out of which 20 belong to the states of India and 4 are units like Indian Railways Sports Promotion Board, Punjab Police, Services Sports Control Board and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPETITIVE CYCLING IN INDIA
Cycling Championships at Amsterdam in 1946 & Brussels in 1949. Cycling was one of the sports in 1st Asian Games held at National Stadium, New Delhi in 1951. At that time Sh. Sohrab H. Bhoot, who was President of National Cyclists Federation of India, formally constituted the Asian Cycling Federation with himself as its founder President. India won several medals in The 1951 Asian Games in Delhi in the discipline of Cycling. From 1955 to 1961, the National Cyclists Federation of India ran into trouble for its recognition was withdrawn by the Indian Government. The dispute was resolved by the IOC (Indian Olympic Association), and Indian contingent went on to participate in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Again, after a gap of 6 years & with the persistent efforts of office bearers, a team of just 9 cyclists & 2 officials was sent to participate in the VI Asian Games, Bangkok in 1970 as a part of Indian Cycling Team.
Cycling as a sport was introduced in India with the efforts of Sh. Janki Das in mid-thirties, 30 years after UCI was founded. It found its International level representation when Sh. Janki Das, the lone Indian Cyclist participated in the British Empire Games at Sydney (Australia) in 1938 with Swami Jagan Nath as Manager. Pioneered by these two, India secured National affiliation to National Cyclists Union of England. A few years later, Sh. Sohrab H. Bhoot of Bombay & Sh. Janki Dass joined hands in promotion of cycling sports & formed the National Cyclists Federation of India in 1946 & secure affiliation of this new body with Union Cyclists International (UCI). The same year, Indian Cycling Team participated in World Cycling Championships held in Switzerland. Thereafter, Indian cycling teams participated in London Olympics in 1948 & World 27
An important observation here is that, the Indian contingent had no training at all on the standard 45 degree banked track, and hence could not put up a good performance. The reason for this is the lack of such a track in India, and the general hesitation in accepting, and providing for this sport. In 1966, the name of cycling body in India was changed to its present Cycling Federation of India in conformity with the General Regulation of Olympic Games & Indian Olympic Association, and participation in events became smoother. A HISTORY OF TRACK FACILITIES IN INDIA The first facility for cycling sports appeared in the form of a concrete track in National Stadium, New Delhi which was built around an athletic track in 1951 for 1st Asian Games with a maximum elevation of 27 degree on the curves & a length of 466 m. Second similar track was built in Vallabh Bhai Patel Stadium, Bombay in 1952. Another track was also built in Yadvindra Stadium, Patiala with bitumen surface having a length of 469 m & maximum elevation of 12 degree at the curves. One bitumen track of similar type with a slightly higher elevation at the curves was built in Ranteevra Stadium, Bangalore around 1960 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 61 & another in sport school, Rai in 1974. The first good track nearly to an International Standard was built in Punjabi University, Patiala in 1975. This is a track of concrete built around an athletic track with a length of 500 m & maximum elevation of 38 degree at curves. Since then, this track has been used for a number of National Championships. Inter University Championships, Inter Railways Championships & for National Coaching Camps to prepare Indian Cycling Team for International Competitions/Championships. Another track of similar type was constructed in Bikaner (Rajasthan) curing 1980. Having these tracks, the two cities, Patiala & Bikaner have assumed the role of nurseries of cyclists. During the IX Asian Games organized by our country in 1982, an International standard concrete track was built in New Delhi. 28
INDOOR V/S OUTDOOR VELODROMES There are approximately 800 tracks worldwide in over 75 countries throughout the five continents. Track cycling is practised intensely in all continents. Out of these, there are 14 Velodromes India. Although 95% of Velodromes are open air, this is not due to technical reasons. Most of the time it is for straightforward economic reasons since covering a Velodrome is very costly, especially since tracks are very large. Covering a 333.33 m track costs a small fortune and this is the main reason which lead to the UCI reconsidering the obligation there was at one time, to have a track measuring 333.33 m or more for holding the World Championships or Olympic Games. The current rules have reduced this requirement to 250 metres, which has lowered the investment costs considerably and lead to the creation of 250 metre indoor Velodromes. These installations have since hosted Track World Cups and World Championships on many occasions, and have been regularly training their respective national/regional teams. Hence making indoor velodromes has become more profitable.
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Case Study Yamuna Velodrome London Velodrome Community Velodrome, Edmonton, Canada Penelolen Velodrome, Chile
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Yamuna Velodrome PROJECT INFORMATION Location: Indira Gandhi Sports Complex, New Delhi, India (Temperature from 1 degree to 45 degrees) Architect: STUP Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Floor area: 24,620 SQM Ground Coverage: 15,105 SQM (excluding utilities) Estimated cost: Rs 150 Crore Construction time: 18 months Built For: 19th Commonwealth Games (Track Cycling)-INTERNATIONAL ARENA SPECIFICATIONS Track specs: 250 m Siberian Pine Banking angles: 13 to 45 degrees Number of seats: 3,800 CONTEXT AND PUBLICNESS Surrounding landuse: The velodrome is housed inside the IG sports complex which is separated from institutional landuse by the ring road. The Yamuna river flows along the west edge of the site. Road network: Ring road adjacent to the site is a national highway. The ring road outside the complex is a part of a 10 km long road training lap for national-level trainees. There is also a smaller circuit used by amateur riders. Publicness of use: Restricted entry to the sports complex. Only pay and use trainees and national trainees allowed inside the velodrome. Parents/acquaintances may view the training sessions.
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SITE AND PROGRAM FEATURES Current use: Pay and use training under the “Come and Play” government scheme. Almost 50 local track cyclists are trainees. World cycling centre satellite centre; one of 5 in the world (headquarters in Switzerland) Indian team trainees (around 50). Hostel is located in the same complex. Open/semi open components: gardens used for fitness activities. Cycling related mixed use: perimeter cycle track; not used. Public component: Spectator seating is sometimes used to watch training; by parents of trainees. CONCEPT AND PHYSIOGNOMY Design directives : Barrier free viewing Fast construction was required; however that does not change the choice of structure used. Seismic Zone - IV and wind velocity 47 m/sec Commonwealth games requirements (250 m track, 7m wide, 3800 seating) Stadia structures incorporate the viewing stands for the spectators and together with various sports facilities, Medical facilities, Dope test, Players’ lounge & concourse, Warm-up Hall, Gymnasium, Change Room, Judges/ Referee/ Officials meeting room, VIP Lounge, Toilets, Utilities and offices for the many Sports Associations housed in the space underneath the galleries.
The total width and length of the stadium is 124.3m and 145.8m without having any internal column except at periphery. Built-open relationship: Most of the stadium is cut off from the site because of air conditioning requirement. However, the public concourse has glazing facing the landscaped site, and receives natural light. Trainees often engage in fitness activities in the surrounding pockets of greens. Roof structure: Two main spine steel arches curved in horizontal profile having span of 146 m and height of 38.7m are the main supporting structure of the roof. Suspenders hold the lattice girder roof, which is composed of trusses ranging from 78m to 130m supported on the RCC column at ends and at two intermediate points from the main arch through suspenders, thus reducing the span of the latticed girder. The two main spine arches are connected in plan through ties to form a vierendeel girder for stability against horizontal forces. The purlins over the cross trusses are laid to hold the double skin roof sheeting with
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Circulation and access: Circulation follows the elliptical shape of the track. On one side there are entrances for spectators, while on the other side there are separate entrances for officials and players, and media. Barrier free access to public concourse has been provided introducing two ramps and four lifts for physically challenged persons.
SERVICES AND SUSTAINABILITY: Arena Lighting: Sports lighting for 2200 lux provided with HDTV transmission and controlled by PLC. Air conditioning: 3X350TR Screw Chillers having VFD & VSD for chillers and AHU provided for energy efficiency. Ozonizers provided in the system. Sustainability features: Efficient HVAC system. Insulated roof to reduce AC demand: constructed of double skin Galvalume sheet with Rock Wool Insulation. 34
London Velodrome
Location : London, UK Architect :Hopkins Architects Track Designer: Ron Webb Site Area: 2,71,140 sqm Floor Area: 21,700 sqm Cost: RS 820 CR. Construction Time: 2 Years Built For: 2012 Olympics UCI Category:1 ARENA SPECIFICATIONS Track length: 250 M Track material: Siberian Pine Banking angles: 12 to 42 degrees Number of seats: 6000 Central areana use: Warm up and training
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Roof form: Doubly curved saucer roof Roof structure: Cable net structure Concept: The simple, smooth form symbolizes speed and movement, and form wrapping is done around the stands for minimum volume of the built mass; structural and environmental performance Built open relationship: The architect wanted views of the outside through the concourse; and the built mass is meant to be a part of the velo-park. Also, natural light is allowed through some panels in the roof.
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COMMUNITY VELODROME, EDMONTON, CANADA PROJECT INFORMATION Location: Edmonton, Canada Architect: Faulkner Browns Architects Floor area: 9100+8500= 17,600 sqm Ground Coverage: 9,100 sqm Estimated cost: Construction time: Proposed project, 2015 Built For: Community cycling and training ARENA SPECIFICATIONS Track specs: 250 m . Slow growing Siberian Spruce. The architects are currently working to find a more sustainable, locally grown wood. Number of seats: 259 permanent seats CONTEXT Surrounding landuse: Landscaped park (Coronation park), with covered swimming pool. Outside the side, the west side is Industrial, the east side is retail, and the other sides are low rise residential. Road network: The site (coronation park) is adjoining major arterial road of the city. Publicness of use: Intended to be highly public, Three public entries to central public space. The coronation park has several public fitness facilities like athletic track, football ground, lawn bowling club, swimming pool etc, scattered.
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Design directives: mix of community-focus and elite-sports expertise Usabyility throughout the year. The temperature reaches -20 degrees, and the winters are long and cold. The building can be adapted to both indoor and outdoor use. Built-open relationship: There are direct views from the building entrance through public spaces and an ‘urban basketball court’, with direct physical and visual connections through to the surrounding parkland.” According to the architects it is unique as the cycle track at the upper level will have unrivalled visibility and views of this typically isolated sport directly from the ‘social heart’ of the building.”
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Yamuna Velodrome, India
London Velodrome, Britain
Community Velodrome, Canada
Inferences
Seating capacity
3800
6000
300
Capacity of any stadium define the number of entries, parking, road width, essence of the overall project.
Sports Played
Indoor Track Cycling
Indoor Track Cycling, Cross country Cycling, BMX
Indoor Track Cycling, Basketball, outdoor swimming
Better Design does not depend upon one sport, multiple activities can keep stadium alive.
Roof Structure
Spine steel arches and lattice girder roof, composed of trusses
Cable stayed, double curved roof, Prefab modular seatings
partially covered with truss roof
Urban Influence
Building Use
Most optimum roof follows the seating and track, which can reduce the undesired spaces inside stadium, and can cut in airconditioning load. Does not create much urban Form and design is iconic and There are direct views from Uniqueness, iconicity and influence as it sets in isolation due to its postion, it became a the building entrance through publicness are important facwith the context, but well con- landmark and a public place public spaces and an ‘urban tors for any cycling stadium to nected to the campus to enjoy cycling. basketball court’, with direct become noticable as cycling is physical and visual connecnot as popular sports. tions through to the surrounding parkland.” Single functionality Multi- functionality Highly Multi- functionality Buildings designed for multi functional use are more active and alive than single functionality
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Site Analysis Precinct Site Connectivity Site Photographs Sun Path Analysis Other Factors
Velodrome Arena
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Precinct Existing Road Network 800 meters long road connects the site with Kursi road, which further connects with the ring road and Aliganj. road is an axis which connects to various different sports facilities in the complex, ie. Soccer field, Tennis, Hockey stadium and swimming pool. Currently, road is 6 mt wide and will require some extention as more venues are under construction.
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Existing Drainage system Drainage system flows from north west to south east direction through the site. and then it runs along the edge of kukrail forest reserve. Which requires a sustainable approach towards the interventions undergoing in the area. Surrounding areas are rich in biodiversity, hence the system should not be generated by building byproducts.
Figure ground shows the ratio of built and unbuilt around the area which gradually decrease as we move towards the forest reserve. small dense area in the west shows the residential aea, parts of lesser dense area which is part of institue residential and some is of private properties.
Context Plan With Land use
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Site and connectivity
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Site
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Site Photographs Velodrome Arena
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50 Climatic Data Charts
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AREA PROGRAM Admin Media Athletes Other Factors Spectators VIP/CIP
Velodrome Arena
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ADMIN
Space
Entrance, Lobby
Reception, waiting Admin Office Work operations office Meeting Room Control room Commentary control room Pantry Store Security Room Work force briefing area Food and beverage communication Merchandising Competition MGMT. Office TOTAL
Toilet for offices
TOTAL
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Program (SQMT.)
Functional Comments
Unit Area
Primary access point and waiting space for spectators. Main assembly and ticketing space,with 320 Entry Plaza access and access by elevator or escalator to all levels. Admissions ticketing, 60 information(differently able friendly) counter 460 Workstation for 50 people 80 Workstation for 8 people 90 Meeting space for 30 people 30 workstation for 6 80 workstation for 10 210 Allow 0.3 sqmt. Of space per 100 sq 207 mt of usable area 124 100 workstation for 20 144 30 people of capacity each 44 Each having 2 booths workstaion for 12 People with 48 reception and waiting area workstaion for 5 People with 100 waiting area Add @ 40% for walls, toilets, pantries, tea-coffee vending machines, lobbies and circulation systems, janitor cupboard and stores, emegency exits, server rooms
No. of unit
AREA
1
320
1
60
76 10
6 8
460 80
30 30 10 70
3 2 8 3
90 60 80 210
69 62 50 48 21
3 2 2 3 4
124 100 144 44
96
2
48
100
1
100
207
2127
850
2977
MEDIA & TECH
Space
Program (SQMT.)
Functional Comments
Unit Area
No. of unit
AREA
1
2
Entrance Lobby And Help Desk
75 1 reception desk with waiting area
Commentary box Waiting and Media Lounge Press opertions office International Federation office Commonwealth sports fed. office Resource center Conference Hall Photographer's Lockers Press/Photo work room Broadcast Management office Broadcast Information
22 1.8*2 mtsq space per box
3.6
6
21.6
40 workstation for 4 36 workstation for 3 46 Workstation for 5 60
20 36 23 60
40 36 46 60
20 32 82 30
2 1 2 1 3 12 4 1 2
240 128 82 60
110 Workstation for 8 people 78 Workstation for 4 people
110 78
1 1
110 78
40 Workstation for 5 with 24 Workstation for 4 28
40 24
1 1
40 24 28 993.6
Tech Delegates Office Tech Officials lounge Technology Help Desk Radio Distribution Room Result printing room Technology Store TOTAL
Toilet for Media
TOTAL
240 128 82 60
Add @ 40% for walls, toilets, pantries, tea-coffee vending machines, lobbies and circulation systems, janitor cupboard and stores, emegency exits, server rooms
397
1390.6
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ATHLETES
Space
Program (SQMT.)
Toilets
TOTAL
56
Unit Area
No. of unit
AREA
Primary access point and waiting space for spectators. Main assembly and ticketing space,with Entry Plaza access and access by elevator or escalator to all levels.
Reception, waiting, Lobby, Foyer
Players living room Resting room Athlete changing and Dressing room Physiotherapy message Ceremonies Room Team meeting room Mixed Zone Atheletes Lounge Reception for Doping and treatment Lockers Area Team Cabin Cycle Stand area Medical office TOTAL
Functional Comments
280
720 600 400 140 88 160
48 30 40 35 44 40
12 20 10 4 2 4
576 600 400 140 88 160
160 80 332 150
20 40
8 2
30
5
160 80 332 150 2966
Add @ 40% for walls, toilets, pantries, tea-coffee vending machines, lobbies and circulation systems, janitor cupboard and stores, emegency exits, server rooms
1186
4152
Entrance/Spectators
Space
Entrance, Lobby Cloak room Ticketing Food & Beverage Sponser showcasing Spectators Concourse Seating Restaurants First Aid medical Treatment Lost and Found Stroller storage TOTAL Exits Toilet for spectators TOTAL
Program (SQMT.)
Functional Comments
160
Primary access point and orientation space for visitors. Main assembly and ticketing space, with Entry Plaza access and access by elevator or escalator to alllevels.
300 120 180 288 84
0.1 mtsq space per spectator 0.1 mtsq space per spectator 0.1 mtsq space per spectator 48
248
area for waiting and circulation for 6000 people 104 71
1 EMERGENCY exit per 700 people=9 0.01 sq mt of space per spectator of which 40% men, 20% women, 40% urinals
Unit Area
No. of unit
AREA
42
1 2 2 6 2
300 120 180 288 84
62 26 18
4 4 4
12000 248 104 72
60 90
13396
5358 18754
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VIP/VVIPs
Space
Program (SQMT.)
Reception Lounge/meetings VIP Waiting area TOTAL
Functional Comments
Unit Area
No. of unit
36
AREA
12
Add @ 40% for walls, toilets, pantries, tea-coffee vending machines, lobbies and circulation systems, janitor cupboard and stores, emegency exits, server rooms
Toilet
240
TOTAL
Games family
848
Space Waiting area Resting rooms Residential facilities for officials Service apartments for players Housing for permanent employees Parking Toilets Road circuit(OUTDOOR) Skills area(OUTDOOR) BMX(OUTDOOR)
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56 432 120
Program (SQMT.)
Functional Comments
750 1bhk &2bhk for 60 athletes 2BHK parking for 400 cars 1 mile circuit, 21 mt level change Childrens area, learn to ride olympic length course
Unit Area
No. of unit
AREA
25
30
106 750
34 56
40 60
3000 3360
TOTAL
Toilet
TOTAL
Add @ 40% for walls, toilets, pantries, tea-coffee vending machines, lobbies and circulation systems, janitor cupboard and stores, emegency exits, server rooms
7216
3470
10686
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Other alternate sports in areanaVELODROME which can take place with minor arrangements. PANAM JAN 16, 2012
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VOLLEYBALL COMPETITION
SCALE NTS
Other alternate sports in areana which can take place with minor arrangements.
PANAM VELODROME JAN 16, 2012
BADMINTON
61SCAL
Other alternate sports in areana which can take place with minor arrangements.
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Relationship between customers and service and their order
The trend in stadium design is away from fixed relationships between customer class and service type, towards freedom of choice between wide range of services. The diagram shows the rich network of potential cross-connections that is desirable.
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Schematic relationship between playersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and officialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; facilities, the pitch, and media facilities.
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Access to the stadium by the seven main user groups.
Schematic relationship between various playersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and refereesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; facilities.
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Spectator flow from gate to seat. Movement will be smoothest and safest if the spectator is faced with a sequence of simple choices, as shown. 66
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cumulative Relationship Diagram
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TECHNOLOGY type of Structures Sustainability Services track Specifications
Velodrome Arena
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STRUCTURE
Cantilever Structures Cantilever structures are held down by securely fixing one end, leaving the other end to hang unsupported over the stands. This provides unobstructed viewing and can form circles or ellipses, such as the North Stand at Twickenham. However cantilevers have a tall back, which mean that they can appear intimidating from the outside, imposing on the surrounding area. Space Frame Structures A space frame is constructed from interlocking struts in a geometrical pattern using steel tubes. It draws its strength from the triangular frames that make up the truss-like rigid structure. It is lightweight, capable of spanning large distances with few supports, and can create curves to increase the visual impact. They are an expensive option but can be prefabricated in small chunks off site, ensuring the quality of workmanship and reducing the construction time. Tension Structures All the primary forces in a tension structure are taken by members acting in tension alone, such as cables. The roof covering is often a polyester or glass fibre fabric which gives an airy, festive appearance to a stadium. They can be adapted to any stadium layout, however require very sophisticated design as rain and snow can collect in ponds, overloading a concentrated area of fabric and can lead to failure. The 1972 Olympic Stadium for the Munich Olympics is a nice example of this type of structure.
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SUSTAINABILITY Flexibility and cost The type of roof chosen for a stadium has a massive impact of the flexibility of that venue. To achieve financial viability a stadium needs to bring in revenue during off-season periods and on the days when matches arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t played during the season. Most stadiums achieve this with a generous provision of conference facilities, Health Clubs and even hotels, Energy Consumption The energy consumed by a stadium is one of the most important aspects to consider at the design stage. A stadium roof should aim to allow as much daylight as possible into the building, reducing the need for artificial lighting. However, especially during winter, flood lighting is essential to ensure that not only players and spectators have visibility but also so that TV cameras can still transmit the pictures to millions of additional spectators. To minimise the energy required, floodlights can be mounted on the roof structure which will evenly distribute the light around the stadiuvm, this will also reduce the light pollution nearby houses may experience. Material Selection The materials selected for different parts of the roof will be measured against criteria based on required design life, technical aspects and aesthetics. Roof Coverings The requirements for a satisfactory roof covering include the need for the material to be lightweight, tough, water-tight, incombustible, aesthetically acceptable, cost-effective and durable. Opaque coverings such as steel or aluminium sheets are commonly used and are cheap and easy to fix. In some instances, where the roof structure is also the covering, lightweight concrete is used but it will become weathered and stained if not treated or finished. Translucent coverings are often rigid plastics, such as PVC or acrylic, which are waterproof, strong and can withstand large deformations without damage. Plastic fabrics can also be used as a non-rigid, transparent roof coverings.
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THE CYCLE TRACK the track design has something of the feel of early 19th century engineering about it, based on instinct and experience. The sport’s rules on track design are remarkably open: the track must be exactly 250 m long on the inside line and 7 m wide, and have a straight-ruled cross-section. Just about everything else – the radii of the curves, the steepness of the banking, even the material of the surface – is up to the designer. Were the track to be used for four-wheel vehicles travelling at a constant speed, the optimum shape would be calculable, with the banking precisely countering the centrifugal forces. But the competition cyclist is on two wheels, and the rider’s centre of gravity will be constantly changing, due to aggressive riding or sudden changes of direction within a field of riders. Speeds will vary accordingly, with riders sometimes slowing to a virtual standstill before sprinting off. Over the years several top designers have emerged, and each has developed his own ‘signature’ design features to address these requirements. Some prepare narrow-shaped tracks with tight bends, some fatter and more oval shapes; some have steep banking, some less steep. A track is on the ‘fat’ side, with radii of about 25 m on the inside line, banking of 42° at the apexes of the curves and 12° on the straights, and is surfaced in Siberian pine, laid in 40 mm by 40 mm laths mounted on a substantial timber framework. The ‘black art’ comes with the transition curves and the rate of change of banking, which differs considerably between the run in to the curve and the run out.
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LONG SPAN STRUCTURE Span Required: The typical barrier free span required for a 250 m indoor track is 90 m on the shorter side and 120 m on the longer side. The form of structure selected for a stadium roof will have the largest impact on the cost, time to construction and obstruction to viewing. Steel structures are the most feasible, also given the time of construction. The following systems have been identified for the above spans: Cable net structures Gridshell/dome structures Deep/articulated truss structures Cable stayed structures Tension- Compression ring structure (bicycle spoke structure) Tensigrity structures Pneumatic/fabric structure Cantilever Structures Cantilever structures are held down by securely fixing one end, leaving the other end to hang unsupported over the stands. This provides unobstructed viewing and can form circles or ellipses, such as the North Stand at Twickenham. However cantilevers have a tall back, which mean that they can appear intimidating from the outside, imposing on the surrounding area. Space Frame Structures A space frame is constructed from interlocking struts in a geometrical pattern using steel tubes. It draws its strength from the triangular frames that make up the truss-like rigid structure. It is lightweight, capable of spanning large distances with few supports, and can create curves to increase the visual impact. They are an expensive option but can be prefabricated in small chunks off site, ensuring the quality of workmanship and reducing the construction time. Tension Structures All the primary forces in a tension structure are taken by members acting in tension alone, such as cables. The roof covering is often a polyester or glass fibre fabric which gives an airy, festive appearance to a stadium. They can be adapted to any stadium layout, however require very sophisticated design as rain and snow can collect in ponds, overloading a concentrated area of fabric and can lead to failure. The 1972 Olympic Stadium for the Munich Olympics is a nice example of this type of structure.
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Form of Curvature Hyperbolic paraboloid: Formed by sweeping a convex parabola along a concave parabola or by sweeping a straight line over a straight path at one end and another straight path not parallel to the first. Structural behaviors:
The support may be a continuous wall or stiff beams between adequately spaced columns. It is interesting that the straight parts of the tie in figure, do not require ties across the building.
Depending on the shape of the shell relative to the curvature, there will be different stresses. Shell roofs, have compression stresses following the convex curvature and the tension stresses follow the concave curvature.
The thrusts are taken by shear forces through the width of the shell, and only tension forces exist in the tie.
Represents a doubly curved shell with no axis of symmetry.
shells are supported vertically at their edges, a tension tie is required around the perimeter at the intersection of the dome and the wall.
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CABLE NET STRUCTURE: The roof is suspended by a net formed by cables. These cable are made of high-tensile strength steel and the tension is taken by anchorages at the net joints. The load is taken by a peripheral beam or arch and maybe supported by arches midway.
Example: London Velodrome Advantage: Thin and lightweight roof.
Saddle shaped cable roof <https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-dates/19870121/patents/ EP0209213NWA2/document.html>
A cable net structure gives resistance to gravity loads, and deflects down in a catenary cross section. The cables are first anchored together and the net formed is later lifted up and tightened. In the London velodrome the cable net load is transferred to the peripheral truss whose base then experiences an overturning moment at the junction, as shown in the diagram below.
rings in comression holds prestressed cable net which isv under tension. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29ST.1943-541X.0001465
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2) SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES: These structures are self-supporting, made by a network of steel, concrete or wooden members. Their form is convex from outside, unlike cable net structures. Gridshells may have greater flexibility in form than domes, but due to the symmetric nature of velodromes, domes are preferred for economy. The roof of the Montreal Olympic velodrome is a ribbed concrete shell with openings for light. The Mexico City velodrome has a shallow steel truss network shell as a roof.
3) DEEP / ARTICULATED TRUSS STRUCTURES: These are spanned across the shorter side (80 to 90 m) and may be as deep as 5m for this kind of a span in steel. Derby arena in England has such trusses. Penalolen in Mexico has articulated trusses, which act as a portal frame.
Penalolen velodrome <http://www.archdaily.com/487250/penalolen-velodrome-iglesis-prat-arquitectos>
Mexico city velodrome roof: 80 m by 120 m<http://geometrica.com/en/ long-span-domes>
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Derby arena, England <https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/faulknerbrowns-derby-velodrome
TRACK STRUCTURE AND SPECIFICATION The Profile :At any point on the track, a cross section of the track surface must present a straight line. In the bankings, the inner edge should have a curved transition onto the blue band. The banking angle ranges from 12 degrees on the straights to 45 degrees on the bends, for wooden tracks (UCI Track Guidelines) Surface :The surface of the track shall be completely flat, homogenous, non-abrasive. The tolerance of flatness for the track surface shall be 5 mm over 2 metres. The coating shall be uniform in all its aspects over the entire track surface. Coatings intended to improve the rolling qualities of one part of the track only are not permitted. (UCI Track Guidelines) Track Building materials :The following building materials can be used (Source: cycle sports facilities, sport England) Wood Concrete Asphalt However, wood is the most preferable for competitive indoor stadia, and the kind of wood used is usually pine from specific regions, because these are resistant to moisture absorption. Such a wooden track makes up 2 to 8 percent of the indoor stadium cost and is very important for performance of cyclists.
Under construction Wooden track in London Velodrome <http://road.cc/content/ news/24181-first-timbers-laid-london-2012velodrome>
Concrete track laying <http://www. kenoshanews.com/news/concrete_work_ begins_at_velodrome_484139021.php>>
Under-Track Wooden frame detailing at IG Stadium Velodrome SOURCE; STUP Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Track geometry and placement of wooden frames in IG Stadium Velodrome SOURCE: STUP Consultants Pvt Ltd.
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SERVICES The services in the scope of research are: Arena lighting Air-conditioning Fire fighting Electrical system
Special Features in Yamuna Velodrome:
1. 3X350TR Screw Chillers having VFD & VSD for chillers and AHU provided for energy efficiency. Ozonizers provided in the system. 2. Sports lighting for 2200 lux provided with HDTV transmission and controlled by PLC.. 3. Automatic Sprinkler system / wet riser with intelligent addressible fire detecArena Lighting: The lighting system must be supplemented by an emergency tion and fire alarm lighting system operating independently of mains electricity, capable of provid- system provided. ing an intensity of at least 100 Lux for 5 minutes which must be effective instan- 4. Roof in the shape of felt hat covering the entire velodrome constructed of taneously. During training sessions without spectators, vertical lighting must be double skin Galvalume at least 300 lux. During competitions at least 1400 Lux is required for the Elite sheet with Rock Wool Insulation. World Championships and the Olympic Games (category 1 velodromes), at least 5. Energy efficient system adopted for HVAC & Lighting system, Building 1000 Lux for category 2 velodromes and at least 500 Lux for category 3 and 4 Management system velodromes. Lighting should be evenly distributed along the track. SOURCE: introduced. UCI Track guidelines 6. While Homologating the stadium for use Mr Ray Godkin said “The Delhi Velodrome is absolutely marvelous facility of highest standard and probably Air –Conditioning: Air conditioning is needed to maintain moisture content of would only be surpassed by the Bejing Olympic. the pinewood used in tracks. It must be functional even during track construc- Velodrome built at cost of US$ 215 million” - Delhi Velodromw cost - US $ 34 tion, for international level velodromes. Air conditioning such a huge volume million. may require ducted VRV system , like IG Stadium velodrome.
Walkways for lighting maintenance in Yamuna Velodrome roof SOURCE: STUP Consultants pvt ltd
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Fire fighting Fire sprinkler system with smoke detectors should be used in corridors and support rooms. Fire riser shaft should be located at appropriate locations. Water storage tank with appropriate capacity will be required. Screen size and position: The size of a screen for any given location is determined in the ideal circumstances by its height, which should be 3 per cent to 5 per cent of the maximum viewing distance from the screen. The screen itself should have a proportion of four wide by three high or preferably sixteen wide by nine high. Electrical system is required to be designed for information distribution, scoreboard and video transmission, control room communication, media
For the central arena four metal pipes with pressurized water supply maybe fitted.
Firefighting hose in Yamuna velodrome arena SOURCE author
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The sustainable practices in the scope of research are:
Natural Lighting
Natural Lighting Natural ventilation and humidity control Rainwater harvesting Solar panels
Controlled natural lighting can be achieved in the arena as well as support areas by using permeable materials that allow light. However the arena will have to maintained at suitable Lux levels as specified by UCI. Example: Penalolen Velodrome, Mexico has a soft controlled daylight
These are aimed at reducing energy load for lighting and air-conditioning.
v
Natural Ventilation and humidity control: It is not desirable to have natural ventilation in the central arena to maintain the moisture level of the wooden track. However, a dessicant system can be used to maintain humidity without using as much energy as a conventional system.
Dessicant Cooling system <http://www.solair-project.eu/146.0.html.
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Wastewater norms -
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DESIGN TRANSLATION Concept stage Design Stage 1 Design Stage 2 Design Stage 3
Velodrome Arena
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Concept development
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Stage 1 :
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Stage 2 Design :
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Stage 03 Design :
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JURY COMMENTS
1) The viability of the steel ring in the roof structure was questioned. Defence: Ring is under compression and forces apply both ways horizontally and vertically,which is been further taken by trusses and then column. 2) Is it possible for unprofessionals to get benifit from proposal Defence: Facilities are provided in an order such that one can start from basic cycling or people just for cycling can come and enjoy the country circuit, BMX. 1) Unhindered and seamless pesdestrian missing at one entry, from main road. Defence: Alternate connection is provided for pedestrian not , which also connects different stadium throughout campus; Still there is a missing link for bicycle riders. 3) Amount of light and air conditioning inside the stadium was asked about Defence : Sky lights provide natural daylight and LED lights installed along the cables,supply the required 250 lumens. Air conditioning ducts run along periphery of concourse level which provide conditioned air at desired spaces. Chiller plants provide the water for AC. 4) Rainwater harvesting System Defence : saddle shape of the Roof allows water to collect at two corners, and then taken into ground floor catchment area and further taken for air conditioning.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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