pcl research paper Hogan Development Survey & OPQ32i by Gillian Hyde
Reported here are the results of a study looking at the relationship between the HDS and the OPQ32i using a sample of 98 executives. We would like to thank Maria Yapp and Seana McLachlan of Xancam for providing us with the data for this study.
Hogan Development Survey (HDS) Based on research into management derailment, the HDS identifies 11 patterns of dysfunctional interpersonal leadership behaviour. These ‘dark side’ tendencies erode trust, loyalty and enthusiasm and are of particular concern in relation to supervisory, managerial and leadership roles as they can seriously hinder career progression. The HDS, written by Bob Hogan, measures eleven flawed interpersonal styles that become exaggerated under pressure and are difficult to detect in interviews.
OPQ 32i The OPQ 32i is based on an occupational model of personality, developed and published by SHL. There are 32 scales arranged around the three themes of "Relationships with People", "Thinking Style" and "Feelings and Emotions". These themes are then further broken down into components measuring Influence, Sociability and Empathy (Relationships with people), Analysis, Creativity and Change and need for Structure (Thinking style), and Emotion and Dynamism (Feelings and Emotions). Table 1 presents the results of correlations between the HDS and OPQ32i.
Relationships between the OPQ32i and the HDS at the scale level All of the scales on the HDS significantly correlated (at the .01 level) with at least one OPQ32i scale, with the exception of the HDS Passive Aggressive scale. It is also worth noting that while the HDS Eccentric scale did correlate at the .01 level with two of the OPQ32i scales, the size of these coefficients was less than .30. Taking each of the remaining HDS scales in turn we will discuss the three OPQ32i scales that they have the strongest relationships with.
Enthusiastic-Volatile This scale has its three strongest correlations with Optimism (-.35**), Relaxed (-.34**) and Outspoken (.32**) indicating that high scorers on HDS Volatile tend to focus on the negative, feel tense and find it hard to unwind, and can be inclined to make their disagreements with others clear. This latter quality of being candid is an aspect of HDS Volatile that is often overlooked and so it is interesting to see it highlighted in this result.
Shrewd-Mistrustful The HDS Mistrustful scale has its three strongest correlations with the OPQ32i scales of Trust (-.52**), Competitive (.41**) and Persuasive (.30**). In OPQ32i terms this suggests that high scorers on HDS Mistrustful are suspicious of others and find it dif-
Copyright © 2008 Psychological Consultancy Ltd www.psychological-consultancy.com
pcl research paper Hogan Development Survey & OPQ32i by Gillian Hyde
Table 1 Correlations Between the OPQ 32i and the HDS
VOL
MIS
CAU
DET
PAS
ARR
MAN
DRA
ECC
PER
DEP
Pers
.05
.30**
-.26**
-.29**
.01
.25*
.42**
.33**
.26*
-.07
.09
Cont
.09
.17
-.14
-.09
.08
.41**
.29**
.27**
.23*
.14
-.09
Outsp
.32**
.21*
-.01
-.09
-.04
.07
.16
.03
.07
.00
-.34**
Ind
.25*
.26**
.18
.29**
.22
.13
.01
-.15
.17
.13
-.23*
.28**
.58**
.39**
.20
-.31**
-.11
.00
.30**
.17
-.07
-.26**
.07
Out
-.03
.13
-.36**
-.50**
-.02
Aff
.00
.11
-.03
-.29**
.07
Soc
-.19
.02
-.43**
-.28**
-.14
.00
.37**
.16
-.17
-.02
Mod
-.08
-.02
.32**
.21*
-.02
-.38**
-.37**
-.25*
-.16
.02
-.06
Dem
-.11
-.11
-.06
-.09
-.07
-.02
.11
-.09
-.06
.02
.31**
Care
-.16
-.21*
.12
.02
.06
-.29**
-.19
-.05
.24*
Data
-.06
-.27**
.11
.16
.06
-.10
-.47**
-.28**
Eval
.11
-.04
.12
.19
-.05
-.02
-.32**
-.14
Beh
-.18
.09
-.14
-.25*
.07
-.03
.11
.10
.04
Conv
.13
-.05
.10
-.27**
-.41**
-.39**
-.12
Conc
.09
-.15
.18
.18
.06
-.24*
-.23*
Inn
.03
.01
-.15
-.12
-.02
Var
.12
.19
-.05
.01
-.11
Adap
.16
.18
.15
.01
-.06
Forw
-.08
.01
-.21*
-.16
-.00
Det
-.05
-.08
.07
.19
Consc
.05
-.07
.02
.07
Rule
.04
-.17
.29**
.40**
Rel
-.34**
Worr
.27**
-.28**
.30**
-.15
-.03
.50**
Tough
-.22*
-.22*
-.29**
Opt
-.35**
-.27**
Trust
-.18
-.52**
Emo
.05
.01
Vig
.04
-.04
Comp
.11
.41**
Ach
.04
Dec
-.00
.31**
-.06 .36**
.29**
.02
-.00
-.23*
.19
.17
.01
.25*
-.03
-.01 .24*
.04 .24*
-.30**
-.07
-.10
-.02
.27**
.28**
.18
-.07
-.03
-.03
.05
.11
-.00
-.27**
-.25*
-.06
.08
-.13
-.19
.12
.05
-.10
.28**
.22*
.16
.09
-.39**
-.18
-.12
.56**
-.03
.06
.06
-.20*
-.11
-.03
.41**
.01
-.06
-.12
-.31**
-.25*
.30**
.20*
.25*
.26**
.35**
.25*
.14
-.06
.01
.13
.19
.08
-.23*
.02
-.39**
-.34**
-.33**
-.27**
.03
.07 .20
-.06
-.26*
-.08
.02
.01
.03
-.18
-.08
-.01
.11
-.16
-.00
-.08
-.05
-.07
-.09
.03
.03
-.02
-.08
-.23*
-.18
-.13
-.26**
-.17
.06
-.26*
-.35**
-.35**
-.09
.19
.27**
.36**
.34** -.10
-.11
-.10
-.02
.08
.05
.06
-.06
-.08
-.24*
.05
-.08
-.11
.23*
.23*
.22*
.05
.07
-.14
.06
-.19
-.02
.02
.29**
.19
.08
.10
.04
-.13
.09
-.15
-.10
.05
.18
.21*
.31**
.15
-.25*
-.31**
Note: Pers=Persuasive; Cont=Controlling; Outsp=Outspoken; Ind=Independent Minded; Out=Outgoing; Aff=Affiliative; Soc=Socially Confident; Mod=Modest; Dem=Democratic; Care=Caring; Data=Data Rational; Eval=Evaluative; Beh=Behavioural; Conv=Conventional; Conc=Conceptual; Inn=Innovative; Var=Variety seeking; Adap=Adaptable; Forw=Forward thinking; Det=Detail conscious; Consc=Conscientious; Rule=Rule following; Rel=Relaxed; Worr=Worrying; Tough=Tough minded; Opt=Optimistic; Trust=Trusting; Emo=Emotionally controlled; Vig=Vigorous; Comp=Competitive; Ach=Achieving; Dec=Decisive N = 98 *p < .05 **p < .01 Raw data kindly provided by Xancam
Copyright Š 2008 Psychological Consultancy Ltd www.psychological-consultancy.com
pcl research paper Hogan Development Survey & OPQ32i by Gillian Hyde
ficult to trust them, like to win and enjoy competitive activities, and that they can enjoy persuading others and trying to change their views.
Careful-Cautious The HDS Cautious scale has its three highest correlations with OPQ32i Worrying (.50**), Socially Confident (-.43**) and Outgoing (-.36**). This indicates that high scorers on the HDS Cautious scale are more likely to feel nervous and worry about negative outcomes, may feel awkward in unfamiliar situations and prefer not to be the centre of attention.
Independent-Detached This scale has its three largest correlations with Outgoing (-.50**), Rule following (.40**) and equally, at .36**, with Worrying and Emotionally controlled. These relationships with the OPQ32i paint a picture of a reserved individual who doesn't like to break the rules and who is somewhat nervous and worried but who can keep their feelings and emotions hidden.
Focused-Passive Aggressive There were no significant correlations with any scales of the OPQ32i reinforcing the view that this HDS scale is particularly complex and has no obvious correlate with normal personality.
Confident-Arrogant The HDS Arrogant scale has its strongest correlations with Controlling (.41**), Worrying (-.39**) and Modest (-.38**) suggesting that those who score high on HDS Arrogant are likely to be people who take control of situations and who enjoy being in charge, they feel calm and unflustered at key events, and they probably enjoy talking about their own achievements.
Charming-Manipulative This scale correlates most strongly with the OPQ32i scales Outgoing (.58**), Data Rational (-.47**) and Persuasive (.42**) indicating that high scorers on HDS Manipulative will be sociable and lively in group situations, that they like to work with opinions and feelings rather than facts and figures, and that they are happy to sell to, negotiate and persuade others.
Vivacious-Dramatic HDS Dramatic has its strongest relationships with the OPQ32i scales Outgoing (.39**), Conventional (-.39**) and Emotionally controlled (-.35**). This pattern of results indicates that high scorers on HDS Dramatic will be talkative and enjoy being the centre of attention, they will prefer unconventional approaches to work and that they may be inclined to display their emotions.
Imaginative-Eccentric As mentioned in the introduction this scale had no correlations above .30 with any OPQ32i scales. This should not really be surprising as the HDS Eccentric scale does not have any obvious links with normal personality.
Copyright Š 2008 Psychological Consultancy Ltd www.psychological-consultancy.com
pcl research paper Hogan Development Survey & OPQ32i by Gillian Hyde
Diligent-Perfectionistic This scale correlated positively with Detail Conscious (.56**), Conscientious (.41**) and negatively with Outgoing (-.31**). This reflects tendencies for high scorers on HDS Perfectionistic to be methodical, detail conscious, organised, conscientious about completing work, and perhaps quieter and more reserved in social situations.
Dutiful-Dependent This scale correlated negatively with Outspoken (-.34**), positively with Trusting (.34**) and equally but in opposite directions with Democratic (.31**) and Decisive (-.31**). These results indicate that high scorers on HDS Dependent are unlikely to openly criticise others and may not like to put forward their own opinions; they are trusting individuals who prefer not to make decisions alone and they tend to be quite cautious about making decisions.
Relationships between the OPQ32i and the HDS at the cluster level The 11 scales of the HDS fall into 3 clusters that characterise the underlying insecurity or anxiety for any particular scale.
Moving Away cluster The first 5 scales of the HDS – from Enthusiastic-Volatile to Focused Passive-Aggressive – are in the Moving Away cluster. The Moving Away scales combine themes of insecurity, mistrust, hostility and social withdrawal.
Moving Against cluster The second cluster, Moving Against, relates to the next four scales of the HDS – Confident-Arrogant through to ImaginativeEccentric. The Moving Against cluster of scales share aspects of social self-confidence, impulsivity, energy, competitiveness, and a talent for self-display.
Moving Towards cluster The final cluster, Moving Towards, contains the HDS scales Diligent-Perfectionistic and Dutiful-Dependent and these scales share themes of conformity, obedience, and eagerness to please. Looking at the relationships between the OPQ32i scales and the HDS scales, there are clearly six OPQ32i scales that show striking patterns of results across the Moving Away, Moving Against, Moving Towards themes. This pattern of results is shown graphically in Figure 1 and is described in detail below.
1. OPQ32i Outgoing scale The OPQ32i Outgoing scale has generally low or negative relationships with the Moving Away scales, generally high positive with Moving Against and negative with Moving Towards.
2. OPQ32i Modest OPQ32i Modest relates mostly at around the zero or positive level with Moving Away scales, strongly negatively with Moving Against and at around the zero level with Moving Towards.
Copyright © 2008 Psychological Consultancy Ltd www.psychological-consultancy.com
pcl research paper Hogan Development Survey & OPQ32i by Gillian Hyde
Figure 1 Noteworthy relationships between OPQ32i and HDS across the Moving Away, Against and Towards clusters
3. OPQ32i Conventional The Conventional scale has broadly low or positive relationships with Moving Away, strongly negative relationships with Moving Against and positive relationships with Moving Towards.
4. OPQ32i Innovative Innovative tends to have zero or low negative relationships with Moving Away scales, significantly positive with Moving Against (except interestingly enough, Eccentric), and zero or negative with Moving Towards.
5. OPQ32i Worrying The OPQ32i scale Worrying has strongly positive relationships with most of the Moving Away scales, strongly negative with Moving Against and zero or positive with Moving Towards.
6. OPQ32i Emotionally Controlled Finally, the Emotionally Controlled scale relates at the zero level or positively with Moving Away, strongly negatively with most Moving Against scales and non-significantly with Moving Towards. These relationships between the OPQ32i and the HDS clusters provide (a) important interpretive information for these 6 OPQ32i scales and (b) support for the HDS taxonomy and its factor structure.
Copyright Š 2008 Psychological Consultancy Ltd www.psychological-consultancy.com